ivsgR siNx

ivsgR is the result of siNx rules. A ‘r!’ or ‘s!’ at the end of a pdm! becomes a ivsgR under certain situations.

But here we assume a ivsgR is already present and observe the modifications. A ivsgR depends upon a preceding
vowel for its pronunciation and always has a vowel preceding it. It is pronounced as an aspirated sound.
Therefore the following rules will consider the ivsgR and the vowel that precedes it.
A> + A ⇒ A> ⇒ the A changes to Aae & the following A is
1 izv> + Ahm! ⇒ izvae Ahm! ⇒ izvae=Ahm! dropped. (Ref. exception#1 of AyavsiNx)
any vowel,
2 A> +
except A
ram> + #CDit ⇒ ram #CDit
nm>
nm> + naray[ay ⇒
naray[ay
nra> + AqiNt ⇒ nra AqiNt
g[pit> + Avtu ⇒ g[pitrvtu
gué> + äüa ⇒ guéäRüa
AnuSvar siNx
AnuSvar ( a~ ) is a product of a m! or n! under certain circumstances. It is a product of siNx rules.
Rules of AnuSvar
1. The m! at the end of a pd will be replaced by an AnuSvar when followed by a consonant.
e.g. ¢amm! + gCDit = ¢am< gCDit.
Why ‘when followed by a consonant’ ?
1. ¢amm! + gCDit = ¢amm! gCDit. - here m! is followed by a vowel, hence no AnuSvar

2. gCDit + ¢amm! = gCDit ¢amm! . - here no consonant follows, hence no AnuSvar

2. The m! or n! that is Not the end of a pdm! will Also be replaced by an AnuSvar when followed by a consonant,
other than a nasal ('œ , |! , [! , n! , m!) or a semi-vowel (y! , r! , l! , v!) follows.

e.g. pyan!s! + # = pya<is milks / waters nouns

Aa³m! + Sy + te = Aa³<Syte

3. The AnuSvar that is followed by any consonant, other than h! , z! , ;! , s! is replaced by the nasal belonging to
the class of the following consonant.
e.g. 1 ¢amm! + gCDit = ¢am< gCDit ⇒ ¢am¼CDit ⇒ ¢am< gCDit .

e.g. 2 isNc + Ait ⇒ is<cit ⇒ isÂit.

In the above e.g.1 the pronunciation will always be ¢am¼CDit i.e. the AnuSvar takes the phonetic corresponding to
the consonant that follows it.
4. The above rule #3 is optional when the AnuSvar is at the end of a pdm!.
Note: All vowels have a nasal form. Even the following three semi-vowels have a nasal form as denoted below –
Semi-Vowel Nasal Form Vowel Nasal Form
y! y~ A A~
l! l~ # #~
v! v~ % %~
An AnuSvar followed by z! , ;! , s! , h! , r! is pronounced as ‘gm’ and written as ‘‡’ (the cNÔ ibNÊ denotes the

vowel and the hlNt denotes that there is no consonant in that place) or ‘ ’. This is used mainly in the vedas –

mainly in the k«:[ yjuveRd, only for Vedic Chanting. There is no rule by Panini for the same.

An AnuSvar followed by z! , ;! , s! , h! , r! which is the first element of the conjunct consonant becomes a ‘Gg!’ (gg).
This is also used in the Vedas for Vedic Chanting only. There is no rule by Panini for the same.