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Summary notes
Chemistry 5073 / 6092
Summary notes
* denotes important concepts or definitions that you have to know.
e.g. Naphthalene, the substance used for moth balls, has a sharp m.p. of 79oC
(means as the solid is melting, the temperature is unchanged). Impure
naphthalene will start to melt at 75oC and continue melting until 78.5oC when
all is completely melted.
An impure liquid will boil over a range of temperatures, which is higher than
that of the pure liquid at a given pressure (1 atmosphere or 101.325 kPa).
e.g. Pure water: b.p.- 100 0C , sea water 103oC at normal pressure.
Refer to the graphs in your textbook.
Sublimation: Direct transformation from solid to gas. Only for mixtures containing
I2(s), NH4Cl crystals, solid carbon dioxide and naphthalene. Solid carbon dioxide
also sublimes at a low temperature.
Separating funnel: Only for immiscible liquids, e.g. chloroform and water, oil
and water.
Topic Concepts / Explanations / Definitions
Identificatio An inorganic compound contains a cation (positively charged ion) and an
n of ions anion (negatively charged ion)
and gases To identify a compound, you will have to describe the tests carried out and
the expected observations for both cation and anion.
Tests for Add aqueous NaOH until a change is seen and then excess.
cations Add aqueous NH3 until a change is seen and then excess.
Cation NaOH(aq) NH3(aq)
NH4 + On warming, NH3 gas
the only produced, turned moist red litmus
non-metal blue.
cation *Recall: Alkalis + ammonium salt
salt + ammonia + water
Ca2+ White ppt, insoluble in excess No ppt
Cu 2+ Blue ppt , soluble in excess
Blue ppt, insoluble to form dark blue solution
CO2 CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O+ CO2 Gas formed white ppt when
passed through limewater
Cl2 Action of MnO2 (O.A.) on conc. HCl Gas turned damp blue litmus red
(O.A.) then bleached
SO2 Action of acids on sulfites Gas turned filter paper strip
(R.A.) Na2SO3 +2HCl 2NaCl + H2O +SO2 dipped in acidified potassium
Sulphite ion (SO32-) is usually not manganate, KMnO4, from
tested in the new syllabus. purple to colourless