1.

Some Basic Phrases Merhab / yi gnler Hello / Good day Selm / Merhab Hi (merhab is more common) Teekkr ederim / Saol Thank you / Thanks Sonra grrz See you later zr dilerim! Sorry! Naslsnz? How are you? (formal) yiyim. I'm fine. sminiz? What's your name? (formal) Memnun oldum Nice to meet you. Nerelisiniz? Where are you from? (formal) yi akamlar Good evening Gle gle / yi gnler Bye / Goodbye (Good day) Bir ey deil / Ric ederim You're welcome / My pleasure Grrz! See you! Affedersiniz / Pardon! Excuse me! Naslsn / Nber? How are you? / Whats up? (inf.) yilik. I'm fine. (informal) smin/Adn ne? What's your name? (informal) ___ Bey, ___ Hanm Mister, Misses Nerelisin? Where are you from? (informal) yi geceler Good night Ltfen Please Ho geldiniz / Ho geldin Welcome (formal / informal) Yarn grrz See you tomorrow Hadi gidelim! Let's go! yi deilim / Fen deil Not fine / not bad Evet / Hayr / Yok Yes / no / no (common inf. use) Adm / smim My name is... Hanmlar ve Beyler Ladies and gentlemen

lym / liyim.
I am from...

Nerede oturuyorsunuz? Where do you live? (formal) Ka yandasnz? How old are you? (formal) Trke biliyor musunuz? Do you speak [know] Turkish? (formal) Anlyor musunuz? / Anlyor musun? Do you understand? (formal / informal)

Nerede oturuyorsun? Where do you live? (informal) Ka yandasn? How old are you? (informal) ngilizce biliyor musun? Do you speak [know] English? (informal)

de/da/te/ta oturuyorum.
I live in... ____ yandaym. I am ____ years old. Biliyorum / Bilmiyorum. I speak [know] / I dont speak

Anlyorum / Anlamyorum. I understand / I dont understand.

Biliyorum / Bilmiyorum. I know / I dont know.

Yardm eder misiniz? / Yardm eder misin? Can you help me? (formal / informal)

Tabii / Tabii ki Of course.

Efendim? What? Pardon me?

nerede?
Where is... / Where are...?

te / Buyurun There it is / Here you are.

var / ...vard.
There is/are... / There was/were...

Trkede ____ nasl denir? How do you say ____ in Turkish?

Bu ne? / Bunun mns ne? What is this? / What does this mean? Ne oluyor? What's happening? Acktm / Susadm. I'm hungry / thirsty. Beni ilgilendirmez I don't care. Unuttum. I forgot.

Neyin var? What's the matter?

nemli bir ey deil. It doesn't matter. Yoruldum / Hastaym. I'm tired / sick. Skldm. I'm bored. Sorun deil / nemli deil It's no problem. / It's alright.

Hi bilmiyorum. I have no idea. Yandm / dm. I'm hot / cold. Merk etmeyin / Merk etme. Don't worry (formal / informal) Gitmem lzm. I must go. Kolay gelsin! / yi anslar! (wish of success) / Good luck! (less common) Seni seviyorum. I love you (singular)

ok yaayn / ok yaa! Bless you! (formal / informal)

Tebrikler / Tebrik ederim. Congratulations!

Sra sizde / Sra sende It's your turn! (formal / informal)

Sessiz olun / Sessiz ol! Be quiet! (formal / informal)

Notice that Turkish has informal and formal ways of saying things. This is because there is more than one meaning to "you" in Turkish (as well as in many other languages). The informal you is used when talking to close friends, relatives, animals or children. The formal you is used when talking to someone who is older than you or someone for whom you would like to show respect (a professor, for example). As in many Romance languages, personal pronouns can be omitted, and they are only added for emphasis. Turkish has Vowel Harmony. Thats why we have given a choice of suffixes in the example I live in. This will be dealt with in later sections. In the examples used, we have used a vowel lengthener sign (as in , and ) to differentiate between short and long vowels. Note that it does not show the stress; rather it shows that the vowel is pronounced longer. The ^ sign is used to soften the consonant that precedes it. The length and the softening of vowels is conveyed through this one sign ^ in standard writing. Even then it is only used in certain words or phrases nowadays. For that reason we have used two different signs and have put it at every point where needed, to help the new learner.

3. Subject Pronouns ben I you (singular) he / she / it biz we you (formal&plural)

sen

siz

onlar

they

The plural you, siz, is also used for formal address. The subject pronouns for the third person singular and plural (o and onlar) are generally replaced by the noun they specify (i.e. the person, the object) in the spoken language. 4. General Vocabulary and but only now at the moment always never something nothing also / too again of course 5. Question Words what ne ve ama sdece imdi friend man woman boy arkada adam kadn ocuk; oul

u anda

baby

bebek

her zaman hi bir ey hibir ey de/da yine; gene; tekrar tabii; tabii ki

girl child book pencil paper dog cat

kz ocuk kitap kalem kt kpek kedi

why when where how how much / many

niye ne zaman nerede nasl ne kadar / ka hangi / hangisi kim kimi kime kimin nereden nereye

which / which one

who whom to whom whose from where to where

Nereden biliyorsun? How do you know? Kimi tanyorsun? Whom do you know? Ka dil reniyorsun? How many languages are you learning? Hangi niversitede okuyorsun? In which university are you studying? Niye glyorsun? Why are you laughing?

6. The suffix to be and Vowel Harmony ben -im sen -sin o -dur biz -iz siz -siniz onlar -drlar

I am

we are

you are (sing.)

you are (plural)

he / she / it is

they are

The suffixes dur and drlar are mostly omitted in speech, and they can sometimes be left out in the written language.

The vowels used in the suffix to be shifts with Vowel Harmony. Vowel Harmony is easy to learn. The vowels are divided into two groups for this: The A-undotted group and the E-dotted group. Note: Instead of memorizing the subtleties of each rule, it is more helpful to study the examples below by writing them down and repeating them with a loud voice, thus gaining a sense of the language. The A-undotted group includes the vowels a,,o,u. The vowel used in the last syllable of a word defines the way vowel harmony is constructed.

If the last vowel is a or , then the vowel(s) of the suffix is .

arkada >> arkada + z >> Biz arkadaz. We are friends. hasta >> hasta + snz >> Hastasnz. You are ill.

If the last vowel is o or u, then the vowel(s) of the suffix is u.

tok >> tok + um >> Tokum. I am full. The E-dotted group consists of the vowels e,i,,.

If the last vowel is e or i, then the vowel(s) of the suffix is i.

ben >> ben + im >> Benim. Its me. (lit. I am.)

If the last vowel is or , then the vowel(s) of the suffix is .

zgn >> zgn + sn >> zgnsn. You are upset. mutlu - happy ( ending in a vowel )

mutlu + y + um

I am happy

mutlu + y + uz

we are happy

mutlu + sun

you are happy

mutlu + sunuz

you are happy (plural)

mutlu

he/she/it is happy

mutlu

they are happy

If the word ends in a vowel, y is added before suffixes for I and we.

hasta >> hasta + y + m >> Hastaym. Im ill. evde >> evde + y + iz >> Evdeyiz. "We are at home."

It should be noted that there are words that end with a soft L. In this case, the endings take E dotted vowels instead. megl >> megl+z >> Meglz. We are busy.

7. To Read, Study and to Learn

okumak - to read/to study

renmek - to learn

okuyorum

okuyoruz

reniyorum

reniyoruz

okuyorsun

okuyorsunuz

reniyorsun

reniyorsunuz

okuyor

okuyorlar

reniyor

reniyorlar

Trke reniyorum. Im learning Turkish. Ne okuyorsun? What are you reading / Which subject are you studying? Edebiyat okuyorum. Im studying Literature. Harry Potter okuyorum. Im reading Harry Potter. 8. Respect Words There are respect words that are used in daily life. Instead of addressing a teacher or a professor with siz, students would prefer the word Hocam(which means app. my master or my teacher). Amca, is used to address a male who is older than the speaker. It can also be added to the name of people who are known to the person. In formal situations, the words Bey and Hanm are used after the name. They are also used to address people who are totally unknown to the speaker. In less formal situations, the endings for informal you, sen, can be used, as in the first example. Ahmet Bey, megul msn? Mr. Ahmet, are you busy? pek Hanm, misfiriniz var. Ms. pek, you have a visitor/guest. Merhab mer amca, naslsn? Hello mer amca, how are you? Merhab Hocam, naslsnz? Hello Professor, how are you?

9. To Know People and Facts

tanmak - to know people

bilmek - to know facts

tanyorum

tanyoruz

biliyorum

biliyoruz

tanyorsun

tanyorsunuz

biliyorsun

biliyorsunuz

tanyor

tanyorlar

biliyor

biliyorlar

10. Numbers / Ordinals 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 sfr bir iki drt be alt yedi sekiz dokuz on on bir on iki on on drt on be on alt on yedi zero first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth birinci / ilk ikinci nc drdnc beinci altnc yedinci sekizinci dokuzuncu onuncu on birinci on ikinci on nc on drdnc on beinci on altnc on yedinci

18

on sekiz on dokuz yirmi yirmi bir yirmi iki otuz krk elli altm yetmi seksen doksan yz bin

eighteenth

on sekizinci

19

nineteenth

on dokuzuncu yirminci

20

twentieth

21

twenty-first

yirmi birinci

22

twentysecond thirtieth fortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eightieth ninetieth hundredth thousandth

yirmi ikinci

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1000

otuzuncu krknc ellinci altmnc yetmiinci sekseninci doksannc yznc bininci

11. The Present Tense imdiki Zaman -yorum I am ___ing you are ___ing (sing.) he / she / it is ___ing -yoruz we are ___ing

-yorsun

-yorsunuz

you are ___ing (plural)

-yor

-yorlar

they are ___ing

The Present Tense covers the uses of the Present Continuous Tense in English. Furthermore, it also covers some uses of the Simple Present Tense, especially in the oral language. It is constructed by adding the suffixes above to the verb stem. Yet, a vowel that connects the verb stem to the suffix is added in between, following the rules of Vowel Harmony. The construction is the same with the suffix to be.

If the last vowel (or the only vowel) of the verb stem is a or , then the vowel is , making yor. a- >> a + + yor >> ayor he/she/it is opening

amak to open

If the last vowel of the verb stem is o or u, then the vowel is u, making uyor. ol- >> ol + u + yor >> oluyor it is happening

olmak to become, to happen

imek to drink

If the last vowel of the verb stem is e or i, then the vowel is i, making iyor. i- >> i + i + yor >> iiyor he/she/it is drinking If the last vowel of the verb stem is or , then the vowel is , making yor. gl- >> gl + + yor >> glyor he/she/it is laughing

glmek to laugh

Verb stems ending in a vowel either drop this vowel to avoid vowel clusters, anla- >> anl + + yor >> anlyor he/she/it understands

anlamak to understand

or the final vowel mingles with the vowel and they become one. This happens if the final vowel is u, , or i. oku- >> ok + u + yor >> okuyor he/she/it is reading

okumak to read / to study

In all cases the ending yor and the personal suffixes always remain the same in all verbs in the Present Tense. Ne yapyorsun? What are you doing? imdi uyuyor. He/she/it is sleeping now. Yunus Emreyi tanyorum. I know Yunus Emre. Hemen geliyorum. Im coming right now. The verbs gitmek (to go) and etmek (to do) go through a consonant mutation when conjugated. The final consonant of the verb stem t softens to d. git- >> gid + i + yor >> gidiyor he/she/it is going et- >> ed + i + yor >> ediyor he/she/it is doing

12. Days of the Week Monday Tuesday pazartesi sal

Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday the day the week this week the weekend today tomorrow yesterday

aramba perembe cum cumartesi pazar gn hafta bu hafta

haftasonu

bugn yarn dn

To say on Monday, the expression pazartesi gn is used. It means literally on the day of Monday. This is true for other days of the week (sal gn, cuma gn etc.). Days of the week are not capitalized; unless they are used in an exact date, as in 19 Ocak Sal (January 19th, Tuesday).

13. Possessive Suffixes To say my school, his car in Turkish, we add certain suffixes to the word. anne - mother; mom ( ending in a vowel )

annem

my mother

annemiz

our mother

annen

your mother (singular)

anneniz

your mother (plural)

annesi

his/her/its mother

anneleri

their mother

Possessive suffixes follow the rules of Vowel Harmony. The construction is quite similar to the suffix to be.

For the suffixes my and your, words ending in a vowel get m and n respectively, without the need of an additional vowel.

ile >> ile+m >> ilem my family araba >> araba+m >> arabam my car

If the last vowel (or the only vowel) of the word is a or , then the vowel of the suffix is .

araba >> araba+mz >> arabamz our car

If the last vowel (or the only vowel) of the word is o or u, then the vowel of the suffix is u.

uyku >> uyku+su>> uykusu his/her/its sleep

If the last vowel (or the only vowel) of the word is e or i, then the vowel of the suffix is i.

kedi >> kedi+niz >> kediniz your cat (plural)

If the last vowel (or the only vowel) of the word is or , then the vowel of the suffix is .

trk >> trk+mz >> trkmz our folk song

The suffix for their is either lar or leri, depending on the last vowel of the word being an A-undotted vowel or an E-dotted vowel.

arabalar their car(s) ev - house (ending in a consonant)

evim

my house

evimiz

our house

evin

your house (singular)

eviniz

your house (plural)

evi

his/her/its house

evleri

their house

When the word ends in a consonant, a vowel is added before the suffix. This is the same vowel with the one in the suffix, as can be seen in the examples below.

ev >> ev + i + miz >> evimiz our house

ky >> ky + + nz >> kynz your village (plural)

If the word ends in a consonant, the letter s is omitted from the suffix for his/her/its.

at >> at + >> at his/her/its horse

The suffix for their leri/lar remains unchanged even if the word ends in a consonant.

14. Months of the Year January February March April May June July August September October November December the month this month next month last month ocak ubat mart nsan mays hazran temmuz austos eyll ekim kasm aralk ay bu ay gelecek ay geen ay

the year this year

yl /sene bu sene

To say In May for instance, the expression mays aynda is used. It translates as in the month of May. The same expression is used for all months, thus; ekim aynda etc. Months are not capitalized; unless they are included in an exact date, as in 20 Mart 2002 (March 20, 2002).

15. Seasons spring bahar autumn sonbahar

summer

yaz

winter

To say in the summer or in the winter, the words yazn and kn are used. For in the spring and in the autumn, the locative suffix is used. Thus baharda and ilkbaharda.

16. Directions north kuzey east dou

south

gney

west

bat

northeast

kuzeydou

northwest

kuzeybat

southeast

gneydou

southwest

gneybat

17. Colors and the Indefinite Article red krmz turquoise turkuaz

pink

pembe

brown

kahverengi

orange

turuncu

azure

gk mvisi

yellow

sar

black

siyah

green

yeil

gray

gr

blue light blue

mvi ak mvi

white

beyaz

gold

altn rengi

purple

mor

silver

gm rengi

krmz elma

red apple

yeil yapraklar green leaves beyaz kap There is no definite article in Turkish. The indefinite article bir comes after the adjective. In poetry and creative writing, it can sometimes precede the adjective as well, but this is rare in the spoken language. Bahemizde yeil bir aa var. Gm rengi bir saatim var. Theres a green tree in our garden. I have a silver-colored watch. white door

Also note that it might be left out in some places where it is used in English. renciyim. Im a student.

Most of the time, the last consonant of bir is not pronounced in daily life. Bi hafta sonra geliyorum. Im coming in a week. Bi saat nce buradayd. He was here an hour ago.

18. Formation of Plural Nouns Formation of plural nouns is fairly easy in Turkish. To make words plural, add ler or lar to the word, according the vowel in the last syllable. If the vowel in the last syllable is an E-dotted vowel it gets ler, if it is an A-undotted vowel it gets lar. evler houses arabalar cars okullar schools hastalar patients insanlar people

There are some exceptions as well that can be memorized without much difficulty: saatler hours

festivaller

festivals

Galler Wales (i.e. the country)

19. Time Saat ka? Bir. ki//drt le vakti. Gece yars. Bei be geiyor. Sekizi eyrek geiyor. Dokuz krk be. Dokuza on var. Be otuz be. buuk. What time is it? It's one. It's two/three/four... It's noon. It's midnight. It's 5:05 It's 8:15 It's 9:45 (common use) It's 8:50 It's 5:35 (common use) It's 3:30

It is also common to give the hour and the minute simply, an easier way to tell the time (the two examples signed with parentheses show this).

20. Weather Bugn hava nasl? Hava gzel. Hava kt / bozuk. Souk. Scak. How's the weather today? The weather's nice. The weather's bad. It's cold. It's hot.

Gneli. Rzgrl. Yamurlu. Kar yayor. Bulutlu.

It's sunny. It's windy. It's raining. It's snowing. It's cloudy.

21. Family and Animals family ile sibling karde dog kpek

parents

ebeveyn

grandfather

dede

cat

kedi

husband

koca

grandmother

nine

bird

ku

wife

kar; e

grandson granddaughte r uncle

torun

fish

balk

father

baba

torun

horse

at

mother

anne

amca/day

goat

kei

son

oul

aunt

hala/teyze

pig

domuz

daughter

kz

nephew

yeen

cow

inek

child(ren)

ocuk(lar)

niece

yeen

rabbit

tavan

sister

kz karde erkek karde

cousin

kuzen

turtle

kaplumbaa

brother

relatives

akrab

mouse

fre

22. To Have and There is / are The meaning of There is, there are is conveyed through the word var. It means there is / it exists. Otoparkta be araba var. Bahemizde aa var. There are five cars in the parking lot. There are three trees in our garden.

To say There arent, there isnt, the word yok is used, which means there isnt / it doesnt exist. Apartmanmzda hi Amerikal yok. There are no Americans in our apartment.

Saying you have something is fairly easy in Turkish. For this purpose, the possessive suffixes and the word var are used together. Kk bir kaplumbaam var. I have a (lit. my) small tortoise. Shilde evi var. He/she has a (lit. his/her) house by the seaside.

For negation, yok is used in the same way. Kedimiz yok. We dont have a (lit. our) cat.

To ask questions like do you have, dont you have, var and yok are used with the question particle, making var m and yok mu. Arabanz var m? Do you have a (lit. your [pl. or formal] car) car? Bilgisayarlar yok mu? Dont they have a computer of their own?

23. Work and School doctor dentist lawyer professor teacher engineer architect writer journalist musician artist pharmacist banker carpenter barber mechanic salesman electrician postman policeman soldier pilot secretary poet doktor di hekimi / dii avukat profesr retmen mhendis mmar yazar gazeteci mzisyen ressam eczc bankac marangoz berber makine ustas satc elektriki postac polis asker pilot sekreter ir history math algebra geometry science physics chemistry zoology botany geography music art drawing (noun) painting (noun) linguistics languages drawing (verb) painting (verb) trih matematik cebir geometri fen fizik kimy zooloji botanik corafya mzik sanat izim resim dilbilim diller izim yapmak resim yapmak

nurse

hasta bakc

24. Also and To Be at a Place The meaning of being at/in one place is conveyed through the particle de or da in Turkish. Either of these endings is added to the word, according to the vowel in the last syllable. An E-dotted vowel will get de, and an A-undotted vowel will get da, similar to the plurals. arabada in the car evde at home

okulda at school Note that there is also te and ta, used if the last letter of the word is a hard consonant (one of these letters: f, s, t, k, , , h, p). ite at work Note: Proper nouns are separated from suffixes by an apostrophe in Turkish. New Yorkta in New York The particle de/da also means too, also. It is then written separate from the word and is not bound with hard consonant rules. Arkadam da ngilizce biliyor. My friend knows English too. Gkay da gelmek istiyor. Gkay also wants to come. Biz de bilmiyoruz. We dont know either.

25. Fruits, Vegetables and Meat apple orange banana grapefruit lemon peach fig grape elma portakal muz greyfurt limon eftli incir zm lettuce cabbage cauliflower asparagus spinach tomato bean rice marul lahana karnabahar kukonmaz spanak domates fasulye pirin ham meatball chicken turkey lobster water soda wine jambon kfte tavuk hindi yenge su soda arap

pear plum cherry pineapple melon watermelon strawberry raspberry blackberry

armut erik kiraz ananas kavun karpuz ilek ahududu brtlen sr eti; biftek

carrot turnip onion cucumber artichoke eggplant radish broccoli pepper

havu algam soan salatalk enginar patlcan turp brokoli biber

pork pancake corn sauce pasta beet egg cake pie

domuz eti gzleme msr sos makarna pancar yumurta kek turta; brek

beef

garlic

sarmsak

ice cream

dondurma

sausage

sosis

potato

patates

pancake with meat filling

lahmcun

26. Negative Sentences Negation in verbs is conveyed through the suffix me or ma. This suffix is added to the verb stem, forming the negative infinitive. vermek almak to give to take ver- >> ver + me >> vermemek al- >> al + ma >> almamak not to give not to take

To form the negative verb in the Present Tense, the vowels a and e in ma and me change into the vowels ,u or i, through Vowel Harmony.

If the last vowel (or the only vowel) of the verb stem is a or , then the vowel is , making myor.

ala- >> ala + m + yor >> alamyor he/she/it is not crying

If the last vowel of the verb stem is o or u, then the vowel is u, making muyor.

ol- >> ol + mu + yor >> olmuyor it is not happening, not working

If the last vowel of the verb stem is e or i, then the vowel is i, making miyor.

i- >> i + mi + yor >> imiyor he/she/it is not drinking

If the last vowel of the verb stem is or , then the vowel is , making myor.

gl- >> gl + m + yor >> glmyor he/she/it is not laughing

Verb stems ending in a vowel do not drop this vowel, unlike the positive conjugation.

anla- >> anla + m + yor >> anlamyor he/she/it does not understand Bugn okula gitmiyoruz. Were not going to school today. Sigara imiyorum. I dont smoke. ocuklar bir ey yemiyorlar. The children arent eating anything. Consonant mutation does not occur in the verbs gitmek (to go) and etmek (to do), unlike the positive conjugation. git- >> git + mi + yor >> gitmiyor he/she/it is not going et- >> et + mi + yor >> etmiyor he/she/it is not doing

27. Double Negation Double negation is observed in Turkish. Hibir ey bilmiyorum. I dont know anything (lit. I dont know nothing.) New Yorka hi gitmedim. Ive never been to New York (lit. I havent never went to New York .) Bana hi kimse yardm etmiyor. No one is helping me. (lit. No one is not helping me.)

There is one exception to this rule: Sentences in which the particles "ne.....ne (de)" are used. "ne....ne (de)" has the meaning of "neither....nor" in English. Ne o ne de kardei Almanca biliyorlar. Neither he, nor his brother know German. They neither want to stay, nor want to

Ne kalmak istiyorlar, ne bir ey yemek istiyorlar. eat something.

Yet, it should also be noted that some speakers still observe double negation with "ne....ne (de)". In either case, the meaning (neither...nor) does not change (that is, the sentence pertains the negative meaning). Ne ben ne de olum hibir ey hatrlamyoruz. Neither me, nor my son remember anything.

28. To and From Places

The meaning of the particles to, into in English is conveyed through the suffix e or a in Turkish. An Edotted vowel (one of e,i,,) in a words last (or the only) syllable gets e, an A-undotted vowel (one of a,,o,u) gets a. eve okula stanbula arkadama to the house to school to Istanbul to my friend

If the word ends in a vowel, y is included between the word and the suffix. arabaya hastneye Fransaya to the car to the hospital to France

The meaning of the particle from in English is conveyed through the suffix den or dan, while the construction remains the same. evden niversiteden ktphneden from the house from the university from the library

Note that there are also ten and tan, used if the last letter of the word is a hard consonant (one of these letters: f, s, t, k, , , h, p). Teksastan Mehmetten kitaptan from Texas from Mehmet from the book

29. Noun Compounds When two nouns come together (like school bag), they form a noun compound. Noun compounds are used very often in Turkish. In a noun compound, the first element is the possessor, and the second one is the possessed. In Turkish, the possessed noun in an indefinite noun compound takes a suffix. This is the same with the possessive suffix for the third person singular (his/her/its).

renci >> renci + si >> niversite rencisi university student If the word ends in a consonant, the letter s is omitted from the suffix, as explained in possessive suffixes. otobs >> otobs + >> okul otobs the school bus

adam >> adam + >> i adam

businessman

If the possessed noun is in plural, it takes the possessive suffix for their. yemek >> yemek + leri >> Trk yemekleri Turkish dishes

There are certain cases where no suffix is needed. Some of them are:

If the first word is an adjective.

beyaz at white horse, yksek dalar high mountains

If the first word is a name of a material.

altn yzk golden ring, tahta masa wooden table niversite rencisiyim. I am a university student. adamlar bu akam stanbulda toplanyorlar. Businessmen are meeting in Istanbul this evening. Trk yemekleri ok lezzetli. Turkish dishes are very delicious.

30. Countries and Nationalities Country Germany Argentina Australia Bolivia Bosnia Turkey Canada Columbia Costa Rica Cuba Croatia Almanya Arjantin Avustralya Bolivya Bosna Trkiye Kanada Kolombiya Kostarka Kba Hrvatistan Nationality Alman Arjantinli Avustralyal Bolivyal Bonak Trk Kanadal Kolombiyal Kostarkal Kbal Hrvat

Chile China Ecuador Egypt Georgia Spain United States Albania France India England Hungary Italy Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Lithuania Mexico Norway Poland Portugal

ili in Ekvador Msr Grcistan spanya Amerika Arnavutluk Fransa Hindistan ngiltere Macaristan talya Japonya rdn Kazakistan Litvanya Meksika Norve Polonya Portekiz

ilili inli Ekvadorlu Msrl Grc spanyol Amerikal Arnavut Fransz Hintli ngiliz Macar talyan Japon rdnl Kazak; Kazak Trk Litvanyal Meksikal Norveli Polonyal Portekizli

Russia Serbia South Africa Sweden Syria

Rusya Srbistan Gney Afrika sve Sriye

Rus Srp Gney Afrikal sveli Sriyeli

31. To Do or Make

yapmak

etmek

yapyorum

yapyoruz

ediyorum

ediyoruz

yapyorsun

yapyorsunuz

ediyorsun

ediyorsunuz

yapyor

yapyorlar

ediyor

ediyorlar

The verbs yapmak and etmek both mean to do / to make in English. While yapmak is used more as a stand-alone verb, etmek has many uses as an auxiliary verb. As noted earlier, the verb etmek goes through a consonant mutation: t turns into d when conjugated. Common verbs with etmek: reddetmek to refuse hapsetmek to imprison kabul etmek to accept emretmek to command fark etmek to notice hak etmek to deserve

32. Commands The imperative form is constructed simply by dropping the infinitive suffix from the verb root, and adding the necessary suffixes. There are no exceptions. The imperative for you (sen) does not get a suffix, as it is complied of the verb root. Vowel Harmony is observed. Studying the earlier mentioned rules of Vowel Harmony is sufficient to master the imperative construction. Person Imperative Form gitmekto go

sen siz (formal / plural) o onlar

git! gidin! / gidiniz! (more formal&less common) gitsin! gitsinler!

As in the Present Tense, t in the verbs etmek and gitmek softens to d, in the imperative form for siz.

Sabrl ol! Be patient! Buraya gelin! Come here! (formal / plural) Acele edin, ltfen! Please hurry up! (formal / plural) ocuklar uyusunlar. Let the kids sleep. una bak! Look at that!

33. Food and Meals breakfast lunch supper meal food bread roll butter meat fish vegetable s fruit cheese crackers candy sandwich ice cream kahvalt le yemei akam yemei yemek yiyecek ekmek tost ekmei ya et balk sebze meyve peynir kraker ekerleme sandvi dondurma tablecloth napkin fork knife spoon plate, dish glass cup salt saltshaker pepper pepper shaker sugar sugar bowl vinegar coffeepot teapot tray masa rts peete atal bak kak tabak bardak fincan tuz tuzluk biber biberlik eker ekerlik sirke cezve aydanlk tepsi

34. Holiday Phrases the new year birthday yeni yl doum gn

Mothers Day Fathers Day may it be blessed! Eid-al-Fitr Christmas Feast of Sacrifice

anneler gn babalar gn kutlu olsun! Ramazan bayram Noel bayram Kurban bayram

Yeni ylnz kutlu olsun! / Yeni yln kutlu olsun! (formal / informal) Happy New Year! Doum gnnz / gnn kutlu olsun! (formal / informal) Happy Birthday! Anneler gnnz / gnn kutlu olsun! Happy Mothers Day! Ramazan bayramnz / bayramn kutlu olsun! Happy Ramadan Bayram (Eid-al-Fitr)! Noel bayramnz / bayramn kutlu olsun! Merry Christmas! Kurban bayramnz / bayramn kutlu olsun! Happy Feast of Sacrifice (Eid-al-Adha)!

35. Nature air bay beach branch bridge cave city climate cloud daisy darkness dust soil grass moon mountain hava koy sahil dal kpr maara ehir iklim bulut papatya karanlk toz toprak imen ay da

water 36. Parts of the Body eye arm ear mouth eyebrow face finger hand foot forehead hair head leg knee nose shoulder tongue

su gz kol kulak az ka yz parmak el ayak aln sa ba bacak diz burun omuz dil