David Herrin, Ph.D.

University of Kentucky
Modal and Harmonic Analysis using ANSYS
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Modal Analysis
g Used to determine the natural frequencies and
mode shapes of a continuous structure
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Review of Multi DOF Systems
g Expressed in matrix form as
M
1
M
2
K
2
C
2
K
1
C
1
K
3
C
3
x
1
x
2
F
1
F
2
[ ]{ } [ ]{ } [ ]{ } { } F u K u C u M + +
& & &
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Review of Multi DOF Systems
[ ]{ } [ ]{ } [ ]{ } { } F u K u C u M + +
& & &
g The mass, damping and stiffness matrices are
constant with time
g The unknown nodal displacements vary with
time
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Modal Analysis
g A continuous structure has an infinite number of
degrees of freedom
g The finite element method approximates the
real structure with a finite number of DOFs
g N mode shapes can be found for a FEM having
N DOFs
g Modal Analysis
Process for determining the N natural frequencies and
mode shapes
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Modal Analysis
g Given suitable initial conditions, the structure
will vibrate
at one of its natural frequencies
the shape of the vibration will be a scalar
multiple of a mode shape
g Given arbitrary initial conditions, the resulting
vibration will be a
Superposition of mode shapes
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Modal Analysis
g Determines the vibration characteristics (natural
frequencies and mode shapes) of a structural
components
g Natural frequencies and mode shapes are a
starting point for a transient or harmonic analysis
If using the mode superposition method
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Mode Shape of a Thin Plate (240 Hz)
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Mode Extraction Methods
g Subspace
g Block Lanczos
g PowerDynamics
g Reduced
g Unsymmetric
g Damped and QR damped (Include damping)
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Steps in Modal Analysis
g Build the model
Same as for static analysis
Use top-down or bottom-up techniques
g Apply loads and obtain solution
Only valid loads are zero-value displacement
constraints
Other loads can be specified but are ignored
g Expand the modes and review results
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
360 inches
I
ZZ
= 450 in
4
A = 3 in
2
H = 5 in
In-Class Exercise
E = 30E6 psi
2
3
lb s
8.031 4
in in
E
_
_


,
,
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
In-Class Exercise
g Set element type to BEAM3
g Set the appropriate real constants and material
constants
g Create Keypoints at the start and end of the
beam and a Line between them
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Mesh the Line and Apply B.C.s
g Set the meshing size control of the line to 5
g Fix the Keypoint at the right end of the beam
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Set Solution Options
g Change the analysis type to Modal
Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis
<Modal>
g Set the analysis options
Solution > Analysis Options
Extract 10 mode <OK>
Enter <1500> for the ending frequency
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Set Solution Options
g At this point, you have told ANSYS to find a
particular quantity of modes and to look within a
particular frequency range. If ANSYS finds that
quantity before it finishes the frequency range, it
will stop the search. If ANSYS does not find that
quantity before finishing the frequency range,
then it will stop the search.
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Set Solution Options
g Solve the load set
g ANSYS generates a substep result for each
natural frequency and mode shape
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Postprocessing
g List results summary
General Postproc > List Results > Results
Summary
g Read results for a substep
General Postproc > Read Results > First Set
Plot deformed geometry
General Postproc > Read Results > Next Set
Plot deformed geometry
David Herrin, Ph.D.
University of Kentucky
Theoretical Modal Analysis
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Structural Vibration at a Single DOF
g At a single degree of freedom
( ) t u cos
DOF nodal a of nt displaceme u
amplitude
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Structural Vibration for the Entire Structure
{ } { } ( ) t u cos
{ } nts displaceme nodal of Vector u
{ } DOF each for amplitudes of vector
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Mode Shapes
g The vector of amplitudes is a mode shape
2

g Use subscript i to differentiate mode shapes

and natural frequencies
{ } { } ( ) t u
i i
cos
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Appropriate Initial Conditions
g If the I.C.s are a scalar (a) multiple of a specific
mode shape then the structure will vibrate in the
corresponding mode and natural frequency
{ }
i
a ICs
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Determining Natural Frequencies
g Consider a multi DOF system
[ ]{ } [ ]{ } { } 0 + u K u M
& &
g Note that the system is
Undamped
Not excited by any external forces
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Modal Analysis
{ } { } ( ) t u
i i
cos
g If the system vibrates according to a particular
mode shape and frequency
{ } i
i
shape mode
i
i
frequency natural
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Modal Analysis
{ } { } ( ) t u
i i i
sin
&
g First derivative (Velocity)
g Second derivative (Acceleration)
{ } { } ( )
2
cos
i i
i
u t
&&
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Modal Analysis
[ ] [ ]
( )
{ } { }
2
0
i
i
M K +
g Plug velocity and acceleration into the equation
of motion
g Two possible solutions
{ } { }
0
i

[ ] [ ]
( )
2
det 0
i
M K +
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
The Eigen Problem
g The Eigen Problem
[ ] [ ]
( )
2
det 0
i
M K +
g Eigenvalue
{ }
x
g Eigenvector
[ ]{ } [ ]{ } x I x A
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Modal Analysis An Eigen Problem
[ ] [ ]
( )
{ } [ ]
2
0
i
M K +
g Natural frequencies are eigenvalues
g The mode shapes are eigenvectors
[ ]{ } [ ]{ }
2
i
K M
2
i

{ }

[ ] [ ]{ } [ ]{ }

I K M
i
2
1
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Modal Analysis An Eigen Problem
g Solving the eigen problem
[ ] [ ]
( )
{ }
0 A I x
[ ] [ ]
( )
det 0 A I
[ ]{ } [ ]{ } x I x A
[ ] [ ]{ } [ ]{ }

I K M
i
2
1
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Example Eigen Problem
1 1
2 2
2 3
3 2
i
x x
x x
1

' ) ' )
1
]
2 3 1 0
det 0
3 2 0 1
i
_
1 1


1 1
] ]
,
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Find Eigenvalues
2 3
det 0
3 2
_
1

]
,
( )( )
2
2 2 9 4 5
g Eigenvalues
1
1
2
5
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
For Eigenvector 1
1
1
( )
1
2
1
2 3 1 0 0
1
3 2 0 1 0
x
x
_
1 1

' ) ' )
1 1
] ]
,
1
2
1
2 1 3 0
3 2 1 0
x
x
+ _
1

' ) ' )
1
+
]
,
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
For Eigenvector 1
1
2
1
3 3 0
3 3 0
x
x
_
1

' ) ' )
1
]
,
2 1
x x
g x
1
can be any value
1
2
1
1 .7071
1 .7071
x
x


' ) ' ) ' )


Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
For Eigenvector 2
2
5
( )
1
2
2
2 3 1 0 0
5
3 2 0 1 0
x
x
_
1 1

' ) ' )
1 1
] ]
,
1
2
2
2 5 3 0
3 2 5 0
x
x
_
1

' ) ' )
1

]
,
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
For Eigenvector 2
1
2
2
3 3 0
3 3 0
x
x
_
1

' ) ' )
1

]
,
2 1
x x
g x
2
can be any value
1
2
2
1 .7071
1 .7071
x
x


' ) ' ) ' )

Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Example
g Equations of motions
M
1
M
2
K
1
K
2
x
1
x
2
1 1 1 1 1 2
0 M x K x K x +
&&
2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1
0 M x K x K x K x + +
&&
1
5 kg M
2
10 kg M
1
800 N/m K
2
400 N/m K
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Matrix Form
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 1 1 2 2
0 0
0 0
M x K K x
M x K K K x

1 1
+
' ) ' ) ' )
1 1
+
] ]
&&
&&
1 1
2 2
5 0 800 800 0
0 10 800 1200 0
x x
x x

1 1
+
' ) ' ) ' )
1 1

] ]
&&
&&
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Set Up Eigen Problem
[ ] [ ]{ } { }
1
2
i
M K

[ ] [ ]
1
160 160
80 120
M K

]
160 160 1 0
det 0
80 120 0 1
_
1 1


1 1

] ]
,
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Solve Eigen Problem
160 160
det 0
80 120
_
1

1

]
,
1 1
5.011 rad/s
2 2
15.965 rad/s
1
2
1
0.7645
0.6446

' ) ' )

1
2
1
0.8601
0.5101

' ) ' )

1
5.011
.7975 Hz
2
f

2
15.965
2.5409 Hz
2
f

Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS

ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Weighted Orthogonality
[ ] 0
2
2
1
1
2
1

'

'

M
T
[ ] 0
2
2
1
1
2
1

'

'

K
T
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Modal Vector Scaling
[ ] 1
1
2
1
1
2
1

'

'

M
T
g Unity Modal Mass
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Modal Vector Scaling
1
6446
7645
10 0
0 5
6446
7645
1 1

'

1
]
1

'

X
X
X
X
T
.
.
.
.
g Unity Modal Mass
376 . X

'

'

242
287
1
2
1
.
.
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Mode 1
M
1
M
2
K
1
K
2
0.7645 0.6446
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Mode 2
M
1
M
2
K
1
K
2
-0.8601 0.5101
David Herrin, Ph.D.
University of Kentucky
Harmonic Response using ANSYS
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Harmonic Response Analysis
g Solves the time-dependent equations of motion
for linear structures undergoing steady-state
vibration
g All loads and displacements vary sinusoidally at
the same frequency
1
sin( )
i
F F t +
2
sin( )
j
F F t +
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Harmonic Response Analysis
g Analyses can generate plots of displacement
amplitudes at given points in the structure as a
function of forcing frequency
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
360 inches
I
ZZ
= 450 in
4
A = 3 in
2
H = 5 in
In-Class Exercise
E = 30E6 psi
2
3
lb s
8.031 4
in in
E
_
_


,
,
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
In-Class Exercise
g Set element type to BEAM3
g Set the appropriate real constants and material
constants
g Create Keypoints at the start and end of the
beam and a Line between them
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Mesh the Line and Apply B.C.s
g Set the meshing size control of the line to 5
g Fix the Keypoint at the right end of the beam
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Set Solution Options
g Change the analysis type to Modal
Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis
<Modal>
g Set the analysis options
Solution > Analysis Options
Extract 10 mode <OK>
Enter <1500> for the ending frequency
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Set Solution Options
g At this point, you have told ANSYS to find a
particular quantity of modes and to look within a
particular frequency range. If ANSYS finds that
quantity before it finishes the frequency range, it
will stop the search. If ANSYS does not find that
quantity before finishing the frequency range,
then it will stop the search.
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Set Solution Options
g Solve the load set
g ANSYS generates a substep result for each
natural frequency and mode shape
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Postprocessing
g List results summary
General Postproc > List Results > Results
Summary
g Read results for a substep
General Postproc > Read Results > First Set
Plot deformed geometry
General Postproc > Read Results > Next Set
Plot deformed geometry
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Forced Response
g Apply a 1.0 N load at the left end of the beam
g Set the Analysis Options
Set the solution method to Full
Set the DOF printout format to Amplitude
and phase <OK>
Set the tolerance to 1e-8 <OK>
g New Analysis > Harmonic
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Forced Response
g Set the frequency substeps
Solution > Load Step Opts Time Frequency
> Freq and Substeps
Set the Harmonic Frequency Range to
between 0 and 50 Hz
Set the number of substeps to 100
Set to Stepped
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Forced Response
g Set the damping
Solution > Load Step Opts Time Frequency
> Damping
Set the Constant Damping Ratio to 0.01
g Solve the model
Modal/ Har monic Analysis Using ANSYS
ME 599/ 699 Vibr o-
Acoust ic Design
Dept . of Mechanical Engineer ing
Univer sit y of Kent ucky
Forced Response
g Enter time history postprocessor
g Define a variable for UY at the leftmost node
g List and graph the variable
g Add a vertical truss member at the center of the
beam having an area of 10.