Fluent tutorials

Gabriel Wcel e 30th March 2009

Contents
0.1 Air heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1.1 Building geometry . . . . . . . . 0.1.2 Setting boundary condition types 0.1.3 Setting Fluent parameters . . . . 0.1.4 Performing calculations . . . . . 0.1.5 Final remarks . . . . . . . . . . . Cyclone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2.1 Building geometry . . . . . . . . 0.2.2 Setting boundary condition types 0.2.3 Meshing geometry . . . . . . . . 0.2.4 Setting Fluent parameters . . . . 0.2.5 Performing calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 7 8 9 10 11 11 15 16 17 19

0.2

0.1

Air heater

This example shows how to simplify 3D geometry of the real object and perform calculation in 2D space. Air heater geometry is given in Figure 1. The air stream ows from left to the right. There are only two opening in the heater, inlet (left) and outlet (right). The other sides (front, back, top, bottom) are insulated walls. Inside the heater 3 cylindrical pipes are positioned perpendicular to the ow. Data of the operation of the heater are given in Table 1. The ow patern in such conguration of the heater in any cross section (aligned with ow direction) is almost the same. The width of the heater is high enough to neglect inuence of the side walls (front and back) on the ow in the middle part of the heater. Hence we can simulate ow in the heater with good accuracy assuming 2D geometry (see the heater cross section in the Figure 2, we do not utilize symmetry of the cross section geometry since we want later to analyze dierent cylinder alignments). Even for simplied geometry ow over cylinders emerge to be complex, with stagnation zones and revers ow close to the cylinders. That feature require proper treatment of the mesh. First of all it needs to be symmetric as the ow is symmetric. The best is to try generate fully structured mesh and if possible with cells edges aligned with the direction of the ow. This is not possible in all area of the ow, but at least at the cylinder boundaries cells alignment should follow ow direction.

heaters

inlet
Figure 1: Air heater.

outflow

air ow air inlet temperature thermal input at each heater walls thermal condition

5 300 1.6 0

m/s K kW kW (isolation)

Table 1: Air heater set up parameter

0. 04

heaters insulated walls

0.2 m

0.2 m

0.1 m 0.1 m 1m

inlet
Figure 2: Air heater cross section - dimensions.

outflow

0.1.1

Building geometry

As already mentioned we require structured mesh made of Quad type elements. In order to use Quad elements we need earlier to plan how to divide geometry in topological faces which later are easy to mesh. Figure 3 shows proposition of topological division of the air heater geometry. One can recognize that all faces posses 4 edges what allows to mesh them easily with Quad elements.

Figure 3: Air heater topological division of the geometry. See below listing of the geometry creation procedure. Geometry Edge Create Edge Arc Select method: Radius, Start Angle, End Angle Enter Radius = 0.02, Start Angle = -45, End Angle = 45 Press Apply Enter Radius = 0.02, Start Angle = 45, End Angle = 135 Press Apply Enter Radius = 0.02, Start Angle = 135, End Angle = 225 Press Apply

Enter Radius = 0.02, Start Angle = 225, End Angle = 315 Press Apply Geometry Vertex Create Vertex Enter X = 0.05, Y = -0.05, Z = 0 Press Apply Enter X = 0.05, Y = 0.05, Z = 0 Press Apply Enter X = -0.05, Y = 0.05, Z = 0 Press Apply Enter X = -0.05, Y = -0.05, Z = 0 Press Apply create edges around tube Geometry Edge Create Edge Straight Select with mouse (holding Shift button) created Vertices (only 2 at the same time) Press Apply Repeat operation (8 times) in order to get eect shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Edges around the tube.

create faces around tube Geometry Face Form Face Wireframe Select with mouse (holding Shift button) created Edges (only 4 at the same time) Press Apply Repeat operation (4 times) in order to get eect shown in Figure 5.

Face 1

Face 4

Face 3
Figure 5: Faces around the tube.

mesh faces around tube, rst set distribution of the nodes on the edges Mesh Edge Mesh Edges Select with mouse (holding Shift button) edges creating tube Deselect Grading Select Spacing and enter Interval size = 0.001 Select Option Mesh Press Apply set distribution of the nodes on the edges radially connected with tube Select with mouse (holding Shift button) radial edges Select Grading Select Type First Length and enter Length = 0.001 Select Spacing and enter Interval count = 20 Select Option Mesh Press Apply mesh faces around tube Mesh Face Mesh Faces Select with mouse (holding Shift button) all 4 faces Select Scheme Select Elements Quad Select Type Map Press Apply The mesh generated should have similar form of that shown in Figure 6, however number of elements is dierent. make 2 copies of mesh around the tubes Geometry Face Move/Copy/Align Select with mouse all faces Select Copy and enter 2 (this is number of copies) Select Operation Translate Enter X = 0.1, Y = 0, Z = 0 5

Face 2

Figure 6: Mesh around the tube.

Press Apply The eect of operation is shown in Figure 7, (number of elements is dierent).

Figure 7: Copied mesh around the tubes. Coping of the faces in the way presented above result in double Edges lying at the same position between copied meshes. If we did not set them as interfaces Fluent will treat them as walls (no ow between these part of mesh). Simple solution to this problem is connecting this edges. Geometry Edge Connect Edges Select with mouse all double faces (lying at the same position) Select Real Press Apply As the result the double edges will be connected and one of them be deleted. Remaining part of the mesh is generated by simply creating rectangular faces. Since procedure is very simple only picture showing consequent steps is given in Figure 8.

Figure 8: Steps of creating air heater geometry.

0.1.2

Setting boundary condition types

The last step in Gambit is setting boundary condition types. Zones Specify Boundary Types Check (Add) Enter, Name: inlet Select Type VELOCITY INLET Pick Entity : Edges, edge representing inlet to the cyclone, see Figure 2 press Apply Zones Specify Boundary Types Check (Add) Enter, Name: outlet Select Type OUTFLOW Pick Entity : Edges, edge representing outlet from the cyclone, see Figure 2 press Apply Zones Specify Boundary Types Check (Add) Enter, Name: sides Select Type WALL Pick Entity : Edges, edges creating top and bottom wall of the heater press Apply Zones Specify Boundary Types Check (Add)

Enter, Name: heater 01 Select Type WALL Pick Entity : Edges, edge creating rst pipe of the heater press Apply Zones Specify Boundary Types Check (Add) Enter, Name: heater 02 Select Type WALL Pick Entity : Edges, edge creating second pipe of the heater press Apply Zones Specify Boundary Types Check (Add) Enter, Name: heater 03 Select Type WALL Pick Entity : Edges, edge creating third pipe of the heater press Apply export generated mesh into the le File Export Mesh... Enter File Name: heater.msh Check (Export 2d Mesh) press Apply

0.1.3

Setting Fluent parameters

After reading mesh generated with Gambit we have to dene all the models, material properties, boundary conditions and solver parameters required to simulate operation of heater. Most of the parameter in Fluent can be left as default. The procedure listed below shows mainly these settings which needs to be changed. Read mesh le (mesh les have extension msh) created in previous section. File Read Case... Dene solver settings as default. Dene Models Solver... Set turbulence modell Dene Models Viscous... Select k Standard turbulence model with option Standard Wall Function Dene material properties Dene Materials... Check material properties for air Enter Density (kg/m3) equal to 1.225 Enter Cp (j/kgK) equal to 1006.43 8

Enter Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) equal to 0.0242 Enter Viscosity (kg/ms) equal to 1.7894e-5 Conrm changes pressing Change Create Close Material panel pressing Close Dene boundary condition Dene Boundary Conditions... Select Zone inlet, press Set Enter Velocity Magnitude (m/s) equal to 5 Enter Temperature (K) equal to 300 Select Turbulence Specication Method Intensity and Hydraulic Diameter Enter Turbulence Intensity (%) equal to 10 Enter Hydraulic Diameter (m) equal to 0.4 Accept settings pressing OK Select Zone heater 01, press Set From Thermal tab for Thermal Conditions select Heat Flux Enter Heat Flux (W/m2) equal to 16000 Accept settings pressing OK Press Copy from Boundary Condition panel Under From Zone select heater 01 Under To Zone select heater 02, heater 03 Press Copy Accept selection pressing OK Close Copy BCs panel pressing Close Close Boundary Conditions panel pressing Close set up solver parameters Solve Controls Solution... assume all default settings Initialize solution Solve Initialize Initialize... Press Init and close Solution Initialization panel Set solution monitoring option Solve Monitors Residual... Under Option select Plot For Residual continuity Convergence Criterion enter value equal to 10e-9 Accept settings pressing OK save Fluent settings parameter in case le (case les have extension .cas) File Write Case..., enter le name and accept settings pressing OK

0.1.4

Performing calculations

Herewith we assume that Fluent is open and case le with heater is read. Type in Fluent command window it 100, (this command executes 100 iterations) Observe in Fluent result window residuals of the solved equations

Post processing All calculated variable can be displayed in the Fluent result window in the form of colored eld. Additionally proles of these variables can be created at arbitral position inside computational domain. The result window can be zoomed in and out in order to observe particular regions of the ow. Displayed variable scale can be adjusted to arbitral ranges. Solution variables can be displayed as follow, Select Display Contours... From Option select Filled static pressure will be displayed From Contours of, select Pressure... Static Pressure Press Display Repeating procedure above one can display all solution variables. Creating prole line for extracting data Herewith we will create line cutting the cross section of the domain at the position 0.5 m from the inlet to the heater. Line will be aligned vertically and perpendicular to the ow direction. Surface Line/Rake... From Type select Rake, advantage of using Rake instead of Line is that we predene number of points at which values are plotted or printed, in case of using Line number of points for dense meshes can be large, additionally Line extract values from the closes volume cell center, when Rake interpolate values from closes volume cells and calculate it for position at which point of a rake is placed. For Number of Point enter required value, we suggest at least 20, but that strongly depend on the problem solved, variable printed and position of the Rake From Points enter, x0(m) = 0.1, x1(m) = 0.5 y0(m) = 0, y1(m) = 0.2 For New Surface Name enter desired name of the rake and press Create Close Line/Rake Surface panel pressing Close Created Rake can be used from Plot XY Plot... panel in order to plot, print or write to a le solution variables placed on the dened by rake positions.

0.1.5

Final remarks

Experienced user can realize that presented here case is not trivial one. First of all turbulence model used here is not always suitable for such a ows since Reynolds number is at the very low level of 11 000. There is completely neglected

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discussion of the near wall treatment and simply standard wall approach is utilized. However main purpose of this tutorial is to show how to relatively easy create structured mesh for the geometry which automatic mesh generator are not able to handle such meshes. One can try to build geometry with dierent heater alignments and observe how that inuence, the ow, pressure drop, and temperature prole at the outlet of the heater.

0.2

Cyclone.

In many industrial processes emerge a need of cleaning gases from dispersed inert particles suspended within gas (eg. removal of ying ash from ue gases in industrial coal red boilers). Easiest and most commonly used method of separation takes advantage of gravitation forces. Device which work on this basis is a cyclone. With this tutorial we build simple cyclone geometry, mesh it, and run Fluent simulations. Instead of ue gases we will use air stream polluted with ash. Data for boundary conditions are given in Table 2. air ow air ow temperature ash mass ux min. particle diameter max. particle diameter mean particle diameter spread parameter ash density 0.27 50 0.001 1 300 150 2.8 2100 m3 /s n 0 C kg/s m m m kg/m3

Table 2: Cyclone running parameter Figure 9 shows cyclone dimensions. Geometry of the cyclone is build in Gambit using volume primitives. Figure 10 shows all volumes used to build the cyclone which are connected using boolean operations.

0.2.1

Building geometry

Procedure of building the cyclone geometry is very simple. First we create and move in the right position volume primitives presented in Figure 10. Next boolean summation and subtraction is used to unite all primitives in order to create one volume representing a cyclone. See below listing of the geometry creation procedure. Listing shows order of operations to be carried out in Gambit. Geometry Volume Create Volume Cylinder Enter Height = 0.5, Radius 1 = 0.3, Radius 2 = 0.3 press Apply

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0.6 m

0.2 m

0.2 m

0.8 m

0.2 m

0.7

0.2 m

0.2 m

1.0 m
0.4 m

0.5 m

Figure 9: Cyclone dimensions.

Geometry Volume Create Volume Frustum Enter Height = 1.0, Radius 1 = 0.3, Radius 2 = 0.3, Radius 3 = 0.1 press Apply Geometry Volume Move/Copy/Align Select with the mouse created frustum: Pick Volume 2 Check Move, Translate Enter X = 0, Y = 0, Z = 0.5 press Apply Geometry Volume Create Volume Cylinder Enter Height = 0.05, Radius 1 = 0.1, Radius 2 = 0.1

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0.2 m

0.05 m

0.6 m

0.5 m

0.2 m

0.2 m

0.7

0.6 m 0.2 m

0.8 m

0.2 m

0.2 m

0.05 m

0.4 m

Figure 10: Volume primitives for Cyclone.

press Apply Geometry Volume Move/Copy/Align Select with the mouse created cylinder: Pick Volume 3 Check Move, Translate Enter X = 0, Y = 0, Z = 1.5 press Apply Geometry Volume Create Volume Cylinder Enter Height = 0.15, Radius 1 = 0.2, Radius 2 = 0.2 press Apply Geometry Volume Move/Copy/Align Select with the mouse created cylinder: Pick Volume 4

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0.2 m

1.0 m

Check Move, Translate Enter X = 0, Y = 0, Z = 1.55 press Apply Geometry Volume Create Volume Cylinder Enter: Height = 0.8, Radius 1 = 0.1, Radius 2 = 0.1 press Apply Geometry Volume Move/Copy/Align Select with the mouse created cylinder: Pick Volume 5 Check Move, Translate Enter X = 0, Y = 0, Z = -0.2 press Apply Geometry Volume Create Volume Brick Enter Width = 0.2, Depth = 0.7, Height = 0.2 press Apply Geometry Volume Move/Copy/Align Select with the mouse created cylinder: Pick Volume 6 Check Move, Translate Enter X = 0.2, Y = 0.35, Z = 0.1 press Apply Geometry Volume Boolean Operations Unite Select with the mouse all the volumes except last created (Volume 6): Pick Volume 1,Volume 2,Volume 3,Volume 4,Volume 5 press Apply Geometry Volume Boolean Operations Subtract Select with the mouse the volumes which is result of last operation: Volume Volume 1 Select with the mouse remaining volume: Subtract Volume Volume 5 Check Retain under Subtract Volume press Apply Geometry Face Connect/Disconnect Faces Connect Select with the mouse faces aligned between volumes, only this which are at the cover of small cylinder, see gure 11. This operation is needed to force continuum between volumes. It results in deleting one of the face which are aligned at the same position. After operation two volumes are linked by one face forcing later the same mesh to be generated for both volumes at that face. Not connected faces will be by default treated as wall. In our case, side cylinder face of the Volume 5 will be a wall. press Apply after making selection

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Figure 11: Faces to be selected for Face Connect oparation.

0.2.2

Setting boundary condition types

In order to indicate inlet and outlet of the cyclone we need to specify boundary condition types in Gambit. Additionally ash hopper has to be marked as separate wall, this is required for dispersed phase modelling. See listing of boundary types setting below. Zones Specify Boundary Types Check (Add) Enter, Name: in Select Type VELOCITY INLET Pick Entity : Faces, face representing inlet to the cyclone, see Figure 12 press Apply Zones Specify Boundary Types Check (Add) Enter, Name: out Select Type OUTFLOW Pick Entity : Faces, face representing outlet from the cyclone, see Figure 12 press Apply

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Zones Specify Boundary Types Check (Add) Enter, Name: ash Select Type WALL Pick Entity : Faces, faces creating ash hopper, see Figure 12 press Apply
outlet

velocity inlet

ash hopper

Figure 12: Boundary condition types.

0.2.3

Meshing geometry

Generation of appropriate mesh for cyclone geometry is not a trivial task. The ow inside a cyclone is fully 3 dimensional and complex. Proper simulation of such ow require careful treatment of the mesh. Since this exercise is only to show possibilities of Fluent and we rather would like to show general procedure of simulating cyclone operation automatic mesh generator will be used. It is advised never to use shown here mesh for simulations of real object. See below 16

procedure for meshing cyclone geometry. Mesh Face Pick Faces, select all the faces Select Elements: Tri Select Type: Pave Check Spacing: Apply Enter Interval size 0.05 Press Apply Mesh Volume Pick Volumes, select all the volumes Select Elements: Tet/Hybrid Select Type: Tgrid Uncheck Spacing: Apply Press Apply Final mesh should contain around 20 000 cells. The last task to perform in Gambit is to export generated mesh to the le. File Export Mesh Press Browse to select destination folder. Enter name of the le, extension will be given by default. Press Accept

0.2.4

Setting Fluent parameters

Herewith procedure of setting up cyclone simulations in Fluent. Read mesh le (mesh les have extension msh) created in previous section. File Read Case... Dene solver settings as default. Dene Models Solver... Set turbulence modell Dene Models Viscous... Select k RNG turbulence model with option Swirl Dominated Flow In the Discrete Phase Model panel change Maximum Number of Steps to 10000 Set Injections Select Injection Type surface Select Release From Surfaces in (inis an inlet face) Select Material ash Select Diameter Distribution rosin-rammler-logarithmic Select tab Point Properties Enter Total Flow Rate (kg/s) equal to 0.001 Enter Min. Diameter (m) equal to 1e-6 Enter Max. Diameter (m) equal to 300e-6 17

Enter Mean Diameter (m) equal to 150e-6 Enter Spread Parameter equal to 2.8 Enter Number of Diameters equal to 15 Select tab Turbulent Dispersion From Stochastic Tracking select Discrete Random Walk Model Enter Number of Tries equal to 5 Accept settings pressing OK Dene material properties Dene Materials... Change density for air Enter Density (kg/m3) equal to 1.094 Conrm changes pressing Change Create Change density for inert-particle ash Enter Density (kg/m3) equal to 2100 Conrm changes pressing Change Create Dene operating condition Dene Operating Conditions... Select Gravity Enter gravitation acceleration Z (m/s2) equal to 9.81 Accept settings pressing OK Dene boundary condition Dene Boundary Conditions... Select Zone in, press Set Enter Velocity Magnitude (m/s) equal to 7.98 Select Turbulence Specication Method Intensity and Hydraulic Diameter Enter Hydraulic Diameter (m) equal to 0.2 Accept settings pressing OK Select Zone ash, press Set Select tab DPM Under Discrete Phase Model Condition select Boundary Cond. Type trap Accept settings pressing OK Select Zone wall, press Set Select tab DPM Under Discrete Phase Reection Condition select Normal constant Enter value equal to 0.8 Under Discrete Phase Reection Condition select Tangent constant Enter value equal to 0.8 Accept settings pressing OK Close Boundary Condition panel set up solver parameters Solve Controls Solution... From Discretization select Momentum Second Order Upwind From Discretization select Turbulent Kinetic Energy Second Order Upwind From Discretization select Turbulent Dissipation Rate Second Order Upwind Accept settings pressing OK Initialize solution Solve Initialize Initialize... Press Init and close Solution Initialization panel Set solution monitoring option Solve Monitors Residual... Under Option select Plot For Residual continuity Convergence Criterion enter value equal to 10e-9 18

Accept settings pressing OK save Fluent settings parameter in case le (case les have extension .cas) File Write Case..., enter le name and accept settings pressing OK

0.2.5

Performing calculations

Herewith we assume that Fluent is open and case le with cyclone is read. Type in Fluent command window it 100, (this command executes 100 iterations) Observe in Fluent result window residuals of the solved equations

Creating planes for extracting calculated variables Running simulations on 3D domain we do not have direct access to solved variable inside the domain. Using Fluent post processing tools we can display only variables on the external boundary of the domain. In order to access variable inside the domain internal lines or planes needs to be created. The best of the ow visualization is to look at variables (velocity, pressure eld) on the plane inside the domain. Planes can be placed at arbitral position selected by the user. From the number of methods of dening planes position available in Fluent we suggest to use 3 points method described below. Just in case we do not remember size of the domain geometry and its placement in the cartesian system we can display cartesian coordinates on the external boundaries of the domain geometry (see listing below). Select Display Contours... From Option select Filled From Contours of select Grid X-coordinate From Surfaces select wall Press Display Observe in Fluent result window boundary of the domain colored by X cartesian coordinate Repeat operation for Contours of Y-coordinate and Z-coordinate The cyclone axis is aligned with Z axis and crossing X = 0 and Y = 0 cartesian coordinates. Now we create plane crossing cyclone for Y = 0. Select Surface Plane... From Points enter, x0(m) = 1, x1(m) = 0, x2(m) = 0 y0(m) = 0, y1(m) = 0, y2(m) = 0 z0(m) = 0, z1(m) = 0, z2(m) = 1 (exact coordinates are not important, points can not be aligned, and in our case all y variables must be equal to 0)

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For New Surface Name enter desired name of the surface and press Create Close Plane Surface panel pressing Close You can repeat procedure above to create more planes in the arbitral positions inside analyzed domain. You can see created planes by displaying them in the Fluent result window. Select Display Grid... Select All from Edge Type From Surface select name of the creates palne Press Display

Displaying Fluent variables on created planes Fluent provide extremely powerful post processing tool. It allows to display on the screen all calculated variables and number of predened derivatives of these variables. Here we show general procedure of displaying variables on created planes. Select Display Contours... From Option select Filled From Contours of, select Pressure... Static Pressure From Surfaces select plane created in previous step Press Display Observe in Fluent result window plane colored by static pressure eld, one can see that the boundary of the domain are not visible, From Option select Draw Grid panel Grid Display pop ups From Edge Type select Feature, and from Surfaces select domain boundary you want to display Press Display, now, when displaying contours of variables simultaneously domain boundary wireframe will be displayed From Contours of, select Velocity... Velocity Magnitude Press Display Observe in Fluent result window plane colored by velocity magnitude eld, and the boundary of the domain

Simulating ash ying inside a cyclone - particle tracking In most of the cases mass load of the inert particles is small comparing to transport gas. If heat transfer between phases in not involved particle can be, without considerable error, traced within a gas phase in the frame of postprocessing. It means that rst we simulate uid ow of a gas phase. When convergence for continues phase is reached inert particle representing ash are traced employing

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Lagrangian model. See below for executing tracing procedure. Select Display Particle Tracks... From Option activate Draw Grid in order to see boundary of the domain (see section above for explanation) From Release from Injections select injection-0, (name can be dierent) Select Track Single Particle Stream, (number of particle traced usually exceed thousands and tracking procedure in lengthly even on fast computers, in order to make this faster and be able to see particle paths on the screen we select this option particle will be send only from one face at the inlet) Press Display, (Fluent starts tracing procedure, after nishing displays particle paths in results window. In the main Fluent window report of the tracing procedure is printed. Report shows how many particles have been traced, trapped, escaped, aborted and incomplete, evaporated for inert particle is meaningless. Trapped are particle collected in the ash hopper. Escaped are these which left the cyclone through the outlet. Aborted are not traced by the solver due to numerical error.Incomplete are these for which Max. Number of Steps was not enough to complete tracing. See section 0.2.4 for changing Max. Number of Steps for particle tracking.) Useful option in particle tracking procedure is summary report. It can help in assessing eciency of cyclone which is calculated as ratio of the ash mass ux collected inside ash hopper to the ash mass ux entering a cyclone. It also informs of the mass ux of incomplete traces. The regular report provide only the number of trapped, escaped and incomplete streams which is meaningless in assessing cyclone operation. See procedure below for activating summary report. Within Particle Trucks panel, select Summary from Report Type Deselect Track Single Particle Stream Press Track, (particle steams will not be displayed in results window) See below example of summary report:
number tracked = 3300, escaped = 419, aborted = 0, trapped = 2362, evaporated = 0, incomplete = 519 Fate ---Incomplete Trapped - Zone 4 Escaped - Zone 5 Number -----519 2362 419 Min ---------5.646e-001 7.418e-001 3.792e-001 Elapsed Time (s) Max Avg ------------------4.080e+000 1.130e+000 3.770e+000 1.509e+000 3.530e+000 1.003e+000 Injection, Index Min Max --------------------------------------injection-0 0 injection-0 515 injection-0 424 injection-0 203 injection-0 48 injection-0 275

Std Dev ---------3.826e-001 3.425e-001 5.647e-001

(*)- Mass Transfer Summary -(*) Fate ---Incomplete Trapped - Zone 4 Escaped - Zone 5 Initial ---------2.897e-008 9.996e-004 3.562e-007 Mass Flow (kg/s) Final ---------2.897e-008 9.996e-004 3.562e-007

Change ---------0.000e+000 0.000e+000 0.000e+000

The most interesting is Mass Transfer Summary which shows mass uxes of Incomplete, Trapped and Escaped particle streams. General report shows only number of incomplete, trapped and escaped particle stream. Sometimes even 21

large number of escaped particle streams not impose low cyclone eciency, because these streams could be low diameter particle streams. Hence in order to asses cyclone eciency mass uxes of trapped and escaped particle streams needs to be compared. Escaped particle stream number indicate how many trace of the particle streams has not been completed. There are neither trapped nor escaped and traced has been nished inside domain. If number and mass ux of incomplete stream is large we need to increase Max. Number of Steps under Discrete Phase Model panel opened from Dene menu.

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