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tcGifh aus;Zl;awmfukd ay;oem;awmfrlaom tb
bk7m;ocifukd aus;Zl;wif &Sdygonf/ T Zkd
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vlrsKd;rsm;. orkdif;tajumif; ukd Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;omru
nDtudk wkdif;&if;om;rsm;u vnf;od&Sdekdifzkdh7eftwGuf
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rsm;_zifha&;om; rSwfom;rSkr&Sd7if tcsD;eSD;om_zpfrnf//
wzeforkdif;oif&_cif;tajumif;ukd a'gufwm oef;xGef;u
a_ymcJhonfrSm rtatmif ESifh

t_cm;olrsm;.tvdrfrcH7avatmif orkdif;ukd
oif&onf ymka_ymcJhonfhtwkdif; uGsefawmfwkdh Zkd

vlrsKd;rsm; vnf; ukd,fhordkif;tajumif;rodem;rvnfyJ

aeaernfqkd&if olrsm;. tvdrfcH &rnfrSm aocsm
ayrnf// xkdhajumifh T Zkd orkdif;pmtkyfonf Zkd
orkdif;tajumif; ukd twkdif;twm wpfcktxd &Sif;_y
ekdifvdrfhrnfymk arSsmfvifh ygonf//
aemufqkH;taeeJh T Zkd
ordkif;pmtkyfav;_zpfa_rmufekdifzkdh&eftwGuf tzufzufrS

tm;ay;aom olrsm;_zpfonfh OD;urfhcifhref/ OD;xefvSsifhref/

ukd vkdifyD;/ yef;csDtm;_zifhyg0ifvmaom yef;csD
ausmfausmfOD; ( Pa Kham Suan ) Cover Design
ukd_yifqifay;cJhaom Zkd;ZufeefyD; / UZO Website
( WWW.UZOUSA.ORG )"gwfykHrsm; ukd
7,lpkapmif;ay;onfh tjuD;tuJ rsm;tm;vkH;ukd
Tpmtm;_zifh aus;Zl;wif &Sdygajumif; wif_ytyfygonf//

pmtkyf_ykvkyfol ESifh xkwfa0ol

Mark Hau Lian Khup ( M.A, History )
( Zosiemsaang )

rmwdum

Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;tajumif;

Zo Speaking Areas /

Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;.aexkdif&ma'orsm;

csif;vlrsKd;rsm; .csif;awmifeSifht_cm;aom
ae7ma'orsm;okdh a7muf7SdvmykH tusOf;csLyf

10

ZkdvlrsKd;rsm; aexkdif7ma'o ESifh 7Gmrsm;

13

Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;. ukd;uG,fonfhbmom 17

ZO SCRIPT Zkd pmvkH;tuQ7m 19

Zkd eJhywfoufI t_cm;aom olrsm;.

xif_rifcsuf ESifh todtrSwf_ykcsuf 21

ZkdvlrsKd;rsm;tajumif;
ed'gef;= rSwfwrf;rsm;t7 _refrm_ynf
vlOD;a7onf ( 135 )
rsKd;7Sdum 4if;rsm;xJrS csif;
vlrsKd; rsm; rSm
(55)rsKd;7Sdonf ymkqkd
kdonf// 4if; csif;vlrsKd; ( 55
) rsKd;xJwGif Zkd
vlrskKd;rsm;rSmvnf;yJ
tygt0if_zpfonf// a7S;OD;
zcif ykd Zkd .emrnfukd
tpJG_ykum acwftpOf quf
rSnfhac:vmcJhju&m 4if; ykd Zkd
.emrnfukd tpGJ_ykum
,cktcsdeftxd ykd Zkd emrnfeSifhyJ ac:a0:avh7Sdjuonf//

rlvt7if;t_rpf
urBmhvlrsKd;rsm;tajumif;ukd avhvmonfo
h lrsm;_zpfonfh
Anthropologists rsm;u Zkd vlrsKd;rsm; onf rGef*kdvD;,m;
trsKd;EG,f
0ifrsm;_zpfonfymk qkdonf//xyfrH_yD;a_ym77if Zkd
vlrsKd;rsm;rSm wdbufwkd Arm vlrsKd;
EG,f0ifrsm;_zpfjuonf//

Zkd (csif;) vlrsKd;rsm;.

rlvt&if;t_rpf/aexkdif&ma'o/a&GSha
_ymif;
vmrleJhywfoufI
orkdif;ynm7Sifrsm;.
4

a&;om;csuf/xif_rif,lqcsif;trsKd;rsKd;rsm;//
rufwJepfcsd(pf)Metternich ua_ymonfrSm
orkdif;_zpfatmif_ykvkyfaomolonf ol.orkdif;ukda7;zkdh
tcsdefr&cJhay

aexkdif7m a'orsm;
ynm7Siftrsm;pk. a7;om;csuft7 ZkdvlrsKd;rsm;
.pwif7m a'orSm w7kwfekdifiH taemuf a_rmuf
ykdif;wpfae7m wpfck_zpfonfymk qkdonf//txl;o_zifh
,efZDuJ,m; ESifh ymGefyml ( Yangtze Kiang and the
Hwang HO rivers ) _rpfrsm;.
txufykdif;ae7ma'oonf Zkd vlrsKd;rsm; pwif7mae7m
_zpfonf// ynm7Sifrsm;xJrS ( S.K. Chatterji ESifh Dr.
Grierson ) tufpfu,f csJw,f7D ESifh a'gufwm *7DpGef
wkdhonf vnf;yJ xyfwlxyfrSs a_ym
qkdjuonf//ZkdvlrsKd;rsm;rSm olwkdh.bkd;bGm;rsm;enf;wl
olwkdh. pwifonfh ae7muae ae7mopfrsm;okdh
a_ymif;a7GShvmju7m wdbuf awmifwef;a'orsm;rS
qmvf0ef_rpfokdhvnf;aumif;/ xkdae7mrS {7m0wD ESifh csif;
wGif;_rpf a'orsm;okdh vnf;aumif; a7muf7Sdvmjuonf//
okdhaomf orkdif;ynm&Sif a'gufwm oef;xGef;u Zkd (csif;)
vlrsKd;rsm;. pwif7m a'orSm w&kwfekdifiH taemufykdif; &Sd
uefpl;e,f wDtmtkd awmifjum; a'o_zpfrnfymk qkdonf//
w&kwfrsm;. rjumc% wkdufckdufrludk
rcHr7yfekdifrlajumifh bDpD 200 rwkdifrDuwnf;u
wdbufta&Sha_rmufbufokdh a7GSha_ymif;oGm;juonfymk
qkdonf//
w&kwfrsm;.wkdufckdufrSkukd
a&Smif&Sm;csifonfhtwGufajumifh awmawmif/
awmifwefrsm;ukd _zwfausmfum awmifbufokdh

a&GSha_ymif;vmonfymk qkdonf// ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmjum_yD;rS

txuf _refrm_ynfokdh 7mufvmjuonfymkqkdonf// wzef
csif;wGif;ESifh {7m0wD_rpfwpfavSsmufwGif
ESpfaygif;a_rmufrsm; pGmae xkdifvmcJhonfhtwGuf
xkdae7mYvnf; ykdyg;*rf vkdhac:onfh bkd;bGm;Zdk ekdifiHawmf
( Zo Kingdom )udkvnf;wnfaxmifcJh_uonf//
xkdhajumifh Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;.a7S;orkdif;rsm;t7 wpfcsKdhaom
tokH;telef; rsm;ukd junfh7if Oyrm
Kumpi,t7Sifbk7iff Mangpa,and
Lengpa tkyfcsKyfol/_rifh_rwfaomol qkdonfh
7Sifbk7ifrsm;tay: okH;elef;onfh pum;rsm; ukd Zkd
vlrsKd;rsm;u 7SdcJhonfhorkdif;rsm; ukd vnf; awGh7Sdk7onf//
qufvuf_yD; eefcsLdbk7ifESifh eefcsLdvlrsKd;rsm;onf
bkd;bGm;ekdifiHawmfvkdh ac: onfh Zkd ekdifiHawmfukd
_zkdzsufqD;_yD;aemuf
csif;wGif;_rpfwpfavSsmufwGifaexkdifvm_yD; Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;rSm
at'D 900 aemuf ykdif; (zefcsKda_ym_ycsuft7
)YArmvlrsKd;rsm;u Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;ukd csif;
vlrsLd;vkdhemrnfay;um ac:cJhjuonfymkqkdonf//
,cktcsdeftxd Zkd (csif;) vlrsKd;rsm;pGefhvGwfcJhaom
7Gmvkdhac:onfh Zkd7Gm vkdhac:onfh csif;7Gmrsm;ukdvnf;
ppfukdif; (tif;0_rld) wHwm;atmufY wnfxm;onfh
rSwfausmufwkdifrsm;t7 aomfvnf;aumif; bkd;bGm; Zkd
(csif; ) vlrsKd;rsm; wnfxm;cJhonfhrSwfausmufwkdifukd
ArmvlrsKd;rsm; u ,ck tcsdeftxd rSnfhac:ay;xm;cJhonfh
csif;bk7m; ( odkh ) Zkd bk7m; vnf; wnf7SdqJ_zpfonf//
,aehtcsdeftxd ppfukdif;_rkdhay:Y Zkd (csif;) vlrsKd;rsm;
pkaygif;_yD; aexkdifcJhonfh ae7mvkdhac:onfh csif;pk
wpfae7mvnf;yJ qufvufwnf7SdqJ_zpfonf//Zkd(csif;)
vlrsKd;rsm;aexkdif cJhonhf ae7m a'orsm;udk
6

ArmvlrsKd;rsm;u tkyfpkd;vmum ,ae htcsdeftxd

rif;wkdifyif7Gmukd csif;ypf Zkd (csif;) vlrsKd;rsm;
ypfxm;cJhonfh 7Gmt_zpf ,aehtcsdef qufvuf wnf7SdqJ
_zpfonf//4if;tcsdefonf Armbk7if e7oDymyawh ( at'D
1259=1287 )tkyfpkd;cJhonfh tcsdef_zpfonf//
aemufqkH;ArmvlrsKdL;rsm;. E,fcsJhvmrl ESifh
vGrf;rkd;vm_cif;ajumifh Zkd (csif;) vlrsKd;rsm;onf
csif;wGif;_rpfukd _zwfausmfum a7GSha_ymif;vmcJhjuonf//
Zo Speaking Areas / Zkd

vlrsKd;rsm;.aexkdif&ma'orsm;

Zkd vlrsKd;rsm; pwif&ma'o/a_ymif;a&GShvmrleJh

ywfoufI t_cm;aom
ynm7Sifrsm;.,lqa7;om;csuf/
Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;. orkdif;tcsuftvuf/
tarGteSpfrsm;eJhywfoufI ,aehtcsdefY twdtus
a_ym_yekdifzkdh rvG,fulay/ tajumif; rSm pmeJhayeJh/
orkdif;qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;.vkdtyfcsufrsm;
twkdif;ukdufnDpGm wdwdususa7;om;_ykpkaomol r&SdcJhay//
okdhaomf Zkd vlrsKd;/ ykd Zkd .ordkif;eJhywfoufI _refrmekdifiH
ESifh vlrsKd;rsm; tajumif;ukd avhvmonfh olrsm;.
a7;om;csufrsm;rS Zkd
vlrsKd;rsm;tajumif;vnf;a7;om;csufrsm;ukd awG&h Sd&onfh
twGuf olwkdh.t_rif/ a&;om;csufrsm;udk ukd;um;_yD;
qufvufa&;om; wif_yxm;_cif;om _zpfonf//
tcsdKhaomolrsm;onf Zkd vlrsKd;rsm; ESifh Zhou Dynasty Zkd
rif;quf ( bDpD 1050 = 771 ) .qufEG,frl tajumif;
udk tcsdefjum_rifhpGm Zkd (csif;) vlrsKd;rsm;tjum;
pdwf0ifpm;p7maumif;onfh tcsuf wpfck_zpfaecJhonf//
okdhaomf Zkd rif;quf rsKd;EG,frsm;.pwifcJhonfh ae&mukd
avhvmaomtcg Zkd rif;quf rsKd;EG,frsm;onf
&SefcHwyfa'o rsm;_zpfonfh &Sef,D ESifh
*efql;_ynfe,frsm;_zpfonf// okdhaomf Zkd vlrsKd;rsm; ESifh Zkd
rif;quf rsKd;EG,frsm; qufrl eJh vkHavmufatmif
oufaoa_yekdifrnfh taxmuftxm; ,ck tcsdef txd
rawGh &Sdekdifao;acs//
t_cm;aom ,lqcsufwpfckudk wif_y&rnfqkd&if Zkd
vlrsKd;rsm;onf w&kwfEkdifiH ,leef_ynfe,frS
qif;oufvmju onfymkqkd_yefonf// olwkdhrSm
8

a&S;,cifuwnf;u txuf_refrm_ynf7Sd csif;wGif;

_rpfwpfavsSmufudk rGEf*kdvD;,m; vlrsKd;rsm;u Zkd
vlrsKd;rsm;ukd vnf; nOf;yef;eSdyfpuf_yD; awmifbufykdif;okdh
armif;xkwfcJhju&m a,me,f okdha7muf 7Sdvmjuonf//
xkdrSwqifh at'D 8 &mpkY uabmf csLdifh0Srf; a'orsm;okdh
a_ymif;a&GShjuonf// a,me,frsm;Y 7SdaepOf wGif
pkdpGwfonfh v,f,mpyg;pkdufonfh tvkyfukd vkyfju7m
aemufykdif;Y rcHr&yf ekdifvmjuum 4if;v,f vkyfief;ukd
pGefhvGwfcJhjuonfymkqkdonf// olwkdhonf w&kwfEkdifiH
.taemufawmifbufuaeuabmf
csKdifh0Srf;a'oteD;okdh csnf;uyfvmaomtcg
13&mpktukefY {&m0wD_rpftwkdif;vkdufvmI
txuf_refrm_ynfodkh p0ifvmonfh &Srf;vlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm
.uGufjum;uGufjum;wkdufckdufwmuvGJvkdh
t_cm;aomtkyfpkvkdufwkdufckdufrSkukd rcHcJhju ay//
xkdtcsdefawmwGif;rSmyif olwkdhrSm crf;ywfe,f
wpfavsSmufwGif aexdkifvmcJhju7m
ekdifiHawmfwpfckwnfaxmifcJhju onfymkqkdonf//
4if;ekdifiHawmfonf 137mpkrS157mpktxd wnf7SdekdifcJhonf//
157mpk tpykdif;Y e,fcsJhvmonfh
&Srf;vlrsKd;rsm;._cdrf;a_cmufrlrsm;ukdvnf;
&ifqkdifcJhju7onfymkqkdonf//wzef
tmoH_ynfbufokdhOD;wnf
e,fcsJhvmonfhxkdif;bk7ifhwyfrawmfrsm;._yif;xefaomwkd
ufckdufrSkrsm;ukd ckcH wkdufckdufcJhjuonfymkvnf;qkdonf//
xkdrS wqifh ,ck csif;awmifbufokdha_ymif;oGm;ju7m
csif;awmif wpfavSsmufvkH; Y_yefhusJpGmaexkdifcJhjuum
tcsKdhaom Zkd ESifh wD;wdefcsif;rsm;u wGef;ZH_rkdhukd ta_ccs

ae&mt_zpf xm;&Sdum ykd cefhxGefh vuf atmufcH

xd_zpfonfymkqkdonf//

rSwfcsuf// xkdtcsdef Y csif;vlrsKd;rsm; tm;vkH;pkaygif;

aexkdif cJhonfhtwGuf csif;vlrsKd;tm;vkH;ukd
ukd;um;_yD;a_ym 7_cif; _zpfonfht_yif Zkd
vlrsKd;rsm;rSmvnf;yJ csif; vlrskdK;wpfrsKd;_zpfonfh tavsSmuf
Ttcsufukd,l_yD; Zkd vlrsKd; ymlI ukd;um;_yD;a_ym
7_cif;_zpfonf//
rSwfcsuf// ZkdvlrsKd;rsm;.aexkdif7ma'oESifh a7GSha_ymif;vm
rltajumif;udkykdrkdod7Sdekdifzkdh7eftwGuf atmufygt_cm;aom
nDtukd csif;vlrskdK;rsm;eSifh ekdif;,SOf_yD;wif_ytyfygonf//

csif;vlrsKd;rsm;.csif;awmifeSifht_cm;aomae7ma'
orsm;okdha7muf7SdvmykH tusOf;csLyf
csif;awmifokdh t7ifOD;qkH; a7muf7Sdvmonfh csif;vlrskdK;rsm;
rSm crD csif;vlrsKd;rsm;_zpfrnfymk ,lq7onf//
olwkdhonfa_r_yefha'orsm;Y t_cm;aom

10

csif;vlrskd;rsm;enf;wl tcsdeftjumjuD; raecJ7h ay//olwkdhrSm

ymm;cg;e,fawmifbufykdif;okdh
t7ifOD;qkH;a7muf7Sdvmjuum at'D 1400 ,ckolwkdh
vuf7Sd aexkdif 7m a'o_zpfonfhyvuf0 e,fokdh
aemufqkH;a7muf7Sdvmuonfymkqkdonf//olwkdhrSmckdrD/crD/t
mekd/acgif;pl;/aygifekdif ESifhrD7kdvlrsKd;rsm;_zpf-uonf//
xkdhaemuf t7Skd/7Skd/rwlvlrsLd;rsm; a7GSha_ymif;vmju7m csLd
vlrsLd;rsm;u rif;wyfokdhvnf;aumif; rwlvlrsKd;rsm;u
rwl_rkdhe,frsm;okdhvnf;aumif;toD;oD;a_ymif;a7GShvmju
onfymkqkdonf// a_ymif;a7GShvmaomolrsm;xJrS t7Skd
vlrsKd;rsm;rSm trsm;qkH;_zpfonfymkqkdonf// olwkdhrSm
awmif bufykdif;okdh xyfrHa_ymif;a7GShvm7m
ppfwkwfwW7mywf0ef;usif ESifh o7ufe,ftxd
aomfvnf;aumif;/ 7ckdif_ynfe,f
refatmifuGsef;txdaomfvnf;aumif;
a_ymif;a7GShoGm;juonfymkqkdonf// olwkdhrSm {7m0wD
_rpfwpfavSsmuf rvGefrS _zwfausmfvm7m ta7Shbufykdif
ysOf;rem; txd/ 4if;ae7muae 7Srf;_ynfteD;txd
aexkdifcJhju7m awmifbuf 7Sd awmifil_rkdhtxd
oGm;a7mufa_ymif;a7GShoGm;juonfymkqkdonf//
a_rmufykdif;yk*H ESifh yky`g;awmifteD;tem;txd
aomfvnf;aumif; aexkdifcJhju7m t7Skdcsif; vlrsKd;rsm;u
bkd;bGm;awmif/ ykdyg;awmif ymkemrnfay;xm;cJh7m ,aeht
csdefxd Armvlrsm;u 4if;awmif ukd yky`g;awmif t_zpf
qufvuf ac:qkdavh7Sdonf//
csif;awmifokdh aemufqkH;twkwftaeeJh a_ymif;a7GShvmaom
vlrsKd;rsm;rSm Zkd/vkdif ESifh rDZkd vlrsKd;rsm;_zpfonf// csif;
wGif;_rpfudk Zkd vlrskdK;rsm;. emrnfrnfhac:onfh
twkdif;qkd7if wDG;uefyD; Tuikaang Pi
ymkac:cJhjuonf// qufvuf_yD; Zkd/vkdifrD; ESifh rDZkd
11

vlrsKd;rsm;rSm apm/a,m/*efha*g e,frsm; ESifh _rpfom _rpf

wpfavSsmufeSifh uav;_rkdh e,frsm; wGif aexkdif
vmcJhju7m at'D 1374 ckESpfwGif
7Srf;apmfbGm;juD;_zpfonfh a_u;awmifnSd onf uav;_rkdukd
pwif wnfvmum _rkdhywfvnfY usL;Hrsm;
wnfaqmufvm7m Zkd vlrsKd; rsm;tygt0if csif;vlrsKd;
a_rmufrsm;pGm ukd tvkyf orm;rsm;t_zpf tokH;_ykum/
jurf;wrf;aom tvkyfrsm;ukd rvkyfekdifI rcHr7yf
ekdif_zpfvm7m csif;awmifbufokdh
xGufa_y;ukefjuonfymkkqkdonf// wpfcskKdhaom Zkd
vlrsKd;rsm;rSm t_cm;aom nDtukd csif;rsm; ESifh twl
qufvuf_yD; xkdae7mY aexkdifju7m/ aemuf wpfcsKdhrSm
vnf;yJ wrl;/uav; uabmf a'oESifh
a,me,frsm;wGifvnf;aumif;
qufvufa_ymif;a7GShjuonfymkqkdonf// at'D 1400
ywf0ef; usifwGif csif;awmifokdh a7GSha_ymif;oGm;juonf
ymk,lq7onf// 4if;wkdhxJrS rDZkd vlrsKd;rsm;rSm tdEdN,ekdifiH
rDZkd7rf txda7GSha_ymif;oGm;juonf// wzef vkdifrD; rsm;rSm
zvrf;e,f qGrf;xmvf; (Sunthla) 7GmteD;7Sd vkdifvkH;
ausmuf*l okdha7muf7SdvmcJhju7m xkdae7mrS
ymm;cg;/xefwvef e,frsm;
okdhaexkdifcJhjuonfymkqkdonf// Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh wD;wdef
(okdh) qdrf vlrsKd;rsm;rSm wD;wdefe,fokdh a7muf7Sdvmju7m
usdefEGJ7Gmukd wnfaxmifcJhjuonf// qufvuf_yD;
a_r_yefha'orsm; okdhqufvuf aexkdifaecJhaom Zkd
vlrsKd;rsm;rSm ArmvlrsKd;rsm; eJhqufvufaexkdif cJhju7m
Armpum; ukdom oHk;cJhonfhtwGufajumifh ArmvlrsKd; vkdyJ
aexkdifcJhjuonf// olwkdh rSm ,ck a,mvlrsKd;rsm;_zpfju7m
a,me,f/ *efha*ge,frsm;okdh aexkdifjuonf//
trSefwu,f a,mvlrsKd;rsm;. emrnfrSm ArmvlrsKd;rsm;u
Zkd vlrsKd;rsm; ukd Zkd vkhd toHryDwyD ac:a0:_yD; ac:onfh
12

emrnf_zpfonfymkqkdonf// trSefpifppf Zkd vlrsKd;

ppfppfrsm;_zpfjuonf//
csif;awmif usdefeGJ7Gmukd wnfaxmif_yD;aemuf ykdymefymDvf /
ykd rD;vGef;eSifh ykd qef;wJ wkdhu cGgvf7Gmukd wnfcJhju onf//
xkdhaemufrS bGrfZef7Gmukd
qufvuf_yD;wnfaxmifcJh_yefonf// wzef
ymkdif'G,f7Gmukdvnf; wnfaxmifcJh _yefonf//
Tae7mrsm;onf csif;awmifokdh a7muf7Sdvm _yD;aemuf Zkd
vlrsKd;rsm; pwifwnfaxmifcJhonfh 7Gmrsm; _zpf cJhjuonf//
4if;ae7mrsm;uae t_cm;aom ae7mrsm;okdh qufvuf
ul;a_ymif; vmcJhju7m wD;wdef_rkdkhe,f wpfavSsmuf ESifh
wGef;ZH_rkdhe,f wpfavSsmuf ESifh tdEdN,ekdifiH r%dyl_ynfe,f
rsm;okdh qufvufa_ymif;a7GSh oGm;ju onf// wzef
qufvuf_yD; uav;e,frsm;Y qufvufusef7pfaom Zkd
vlrsKd;rSm uabmfcsKdifh0Srf;a'o wpfavSsmuf uav;=wrl;
vrf;wpfavSsmufvkH;Y qufvuf
a_ymif;a7GShaexkdifcJhjuonf//

ZkdvlrsKd;rsm; aexkdif7ma'o ESifh 7Gmrsm;

yxrOD;pGm uav;=wrl; tjum;7Sd 7Gmrsm;rSm Tamu,
Zanglienphai, Lalim, Kanan, Khampat No.(1)
and (3), Nangkateih, Nangkhaukhau or
BuangKung, Kyuantaw Yeshin or Tuikhal,
Phetya Yeshin or Kuonglien, KannOo, Taazi,
Kalemyo etc..; Arm=tif'kd vrf;wpfavSsmuf7Sd 7Gmrsm;
rSm Sugnu, Singtom, Gelngai, Salem, Paldai,
Sahich Tampak, Kathoung, Khollian, Moulnuom,
Zangzom, Zangdung, Khoungtal, Denlha, Senam,
Thuambuol, Khianglam, Lungtah, Gelmuol,

13

Khuamun, Anlun, Naazang, Tonzangmyo etc

wD;wdef vrf;rjuD;wpfavSsmufY 7Sdaom 7Gmrsm;rSm S.
Muolnuom, Lamka (Churachandpur), Zoumun,
Khianglam, Geltui, Gelzang, Busau, Hiangtam
Khounou, Hiangtam, Singngat, Behiang,
Khuaivum, Tonzang, Phungtong, Salzang,
Tahzang, Lomzang, Gamngai, Tualmu, Gelzang,
Gienchiel, Tedim. Tuining ESifh Singheu ae7m
a'owpfavSsmuf7Sd 7Gmrsm;rSm Tuining, Vazang,
Sangaikot, Kuvan, Tuaitenphai, Tuibul, Saiboh,
Gangpimual, ZO Bethel, Khaukual, Moulom,
Khuainuoi, Siongheu, Phaisan, Phaisat tdEdN,ekdifiH
Churachandpur c7kdif txd eSifh wD;Zef_rkdh ESifh crf;ywf_rkdh
tjum;7Sd 7Gmrsm;rSm , Phaitu, Khamzang, Sehsi,
Thauthe, Maulawn, Liikhaan, Tuigial, Tuimang,
Singtum, Sialthawzang, Boungkung,

etctxufua_ymcJhonfh 7Gmrsm;rSm
a_rmufykdif;rSawmifbufykdif;okdh OD;wnfonfh Zkd
7Gmrsm;_zpfjuonf//

Zkd pum; tokH;telef;eJhywfoufonfh

rSm;,Gif;aom t,ltq
Zkd eJhywfoufI t"dy`g,f ESpfrsKd;7Sdonf// ykdZkd . emrnf
Zkd ESifh tvGefat;_rI _rifhrm;aom awmifay:a'oukd
Zkd ymlIvnf;ac:onf// tcsKdhaomolrsm;u ,ck Zkd
vlrsKd;rsm;onf 4if;wkdhaexkdif7m t&yfudk tpGJ_ykI Zkd
ymkac:onfymk rSm;,Gif;pGm xifrSwfa_ymqkdjuonf//
tajumif;rSm _rifhrm;Iat;_raom awmifay:okdh Zkd
vlrsKd;rsm; omru t_cm;aom wD;wdef vlrsKd;rsm;
vnf;&Sdju&m olwkhd ukdjuawmh ae&m eJhtvkduf
14

ac:onfrSefvSsif olwkdhvnf; Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;vkdh ac:&rnf

_zpfonf// okdhaomf olwkdhrSm ,ck tcsdeftxd
wD;wdef/aw&H/pD,H t_zpf ac:ae&qJ_zpfonf//
Ttqkd_ykcsufvkdrsKd;t& ae7m a'o tvkduf` ac:onfymk
qkdonfh t,ltqcsufomrSefuefonfymkqkd&if xefukdif
a'oY aexkdifaecJhaom xm'kd vlrsKd;rsm;rSmjuawmh
xefukdif vlrsKd;vkdh rac:yJ xm'kdvlrsKd;t_zpf
,aehtcsdeftxd ac:aeqJ_zpf&m Tt,ltq/
tawG;tac:rSm rSefuef rl r&Sdonfht_yif
,kwfwdvnf;r&Sday// a_r_yefhokdh aexkdifvmcJhonfh Zkd
vlrsKd;rsm;rSm vJ ,aeh tcsdef txd csif;awmifwef; rsm;Y
aexkdifrlr&Sdaomf_im;vnf; bkd;bGm; trnf _zpfonfh Zkd
emrnfeJhyJ ac:aeqJ_zpfonfukdwif_ytyfygonf//
Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;onf bkd;bGm;emrnfukd olwkdhukd olwkdh tpGJ_yk
ac:qkdonfomru olwkdh aexkdifae7m rsm;/
wd&pm>efrsm;.emrnfrsm; ESifh tokH;taqmifrsm;tay:rSm
vnf;yJ Zkdukdta&ShqkH;Ywyfac:juonfukd atmufyg
twkdif; awGh&ayonf// Oyrm tm;_zifh a_ym7if= Zkd *rf ( Zkd
wkdif;_ynf ) / Zkd *Gif ( Zkd _rpf )/Zkd '%fwDG;/ Zkd aymqm;/ Zkd
7kd;&m0wfpkH/ Zkd yGif;'lrf/Zkd wl/ Zkd ykqdrf/ Zkd tdrf/ Zkd tkd;/ Zkd
0uf/Zkd juuf/Zkd Am;ckd/ Zkd EGm;aemuf/ Zkd usifh0wf
xkH;wrf;tpOftvm/ Zkd 0wfpkH/ Zkd xrdef/Zkd aoewf/ Zkd
av;*G/Zkdwef/ Zkd cGuf/ Zkd xGmhvkd po_zifh ykd Zkd emrnfukd
tokH;taqmif ypPnf;rsm; Yvnf; tokH;-uonfukd
wif_ytyfygonf// ,ckvkd rSnfhae7_cif; rSm Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;
onf olwkdh. bkd;bGm;emrnfukd cspf_rwfekd;juonfh
twGufajumifh_zpfonf//
Zkd emrnfukd wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom olu wGmvfrl;7Gmae ykd
ckdifckdurfh ( rD;vGrfh trsKd;eG,fwpfa,muf ) ukd Zkd emrnfukd

15

ay;ygvkdh awmif;qkdvmaom tcg ykd ckdifckdurfhuvnf; Zkd

emrnf ukd bmeJhrS vSJvnfvkdh r7 a_umif;/ EGm;aemuf/
Armbk&ifjuD;. qif _zl awmf juD;eSifh ay;0,frnf qkd7if
awmif ra&mif;ekdif/ rvSJ ekdifygvkdh atmufyg Zkd oDcsif;juD;
wpfyk'feJh _yefa_zvkdufonfukd awG7onf// (a) Pienna
PuZo min aw e, eikun aw sawmsiel in ka phal
loh. (b) Zo min sawmsiel in kaphal loh,
Kawlmaangpa saikaang tawh zongh ka phal loh

ymlI ykd Zkd emrnfukd umuG,f xdef;odrf;cJhjuonf//

tajumif;rSm ykd Zkd . trsKd;tEG,f ppfppfrsm;_zpfonfh
twGuf ajumifh _zpf onf//

Zkd rsKd;EG,fpkrsm; tm;vkH;u ykd Zkd .

trsKd;tEG,f0ifrsm;_zpfajumif; 0efcHcsuf
Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;rSm xyfrHI rsKd;EG,fpk 0if (60)ausmf 7Sdum
4if;wkdhtm;vkH;u ykd Zkd rS
qif;oufvmaomolrsm;_zpfonfymk
wpfxyfwnf;a_ymqkdju onfukd awGh7onf//
rsKd;EG,fpk0ifwkdif; YoDcsif;juDrsm; 7Sdju7m/
4if;oDcsif;rsm;onf vnf; ykd Zkd eJh rsKd;pOfrsm;_zpfju
onfhtajumif; ukd az:_yavh7Sdonf// ykd Zkd
.trsKd;eG,f0ifrsm;_zpfonfh tajumif; t"du tcsuf
ESpfcsuftm;_zifh xif7Sm;pGm od7Sdekdifonf// 4if;wkdhrSm (1)
pDrifhavmh ( Simin Lawh ) ESifh (2) uDxGwfem
( Kithoih na ) ymlIESpfrsKd;tm;_zihf Zkd rsKd;EG,f0if ymkwfr
ymkwf cGJ_cm;ekdifonf// pDrifhavm qkdonfrSm a7S;acwfu Zkd
rsKd;EG,f0if a,musFm; wpfa,muf aoqkH; aomtcg
o_*KFvf cgeD;wGif ykdZkd uae aoonfh ol.trsKd;txd
emrnfrsm; 7Gwfqkdavh7Sdonfh tavhtxukd pDrifhavm
ymkac:onf// (2) uDxGwfem qkdonfrSm a7S;Zkd xkH;pH
16

twkdif; t7 rsKd;EG,fpk bkef;awmf_uD; u *gxmrsm;

7Gwfqkd7onf// 4if;rwkdifrSD ykdZkd uae ,ck vuf7Sd rsKd;EG,f
rsm;txd qufEG,frltajumif;ukd t_rJ az:_yavh7Sdju7m
aumif;juD; rsm;ukd rsKd;EG,f0if bkef;juD;u qkrGefaumif;
awmif;avh7Sdonf//

Zkd ESifh ywfoufonfh tokH;tekef;ay:7Sif;vif;csuf

tcsKdhaomolrsm;onf Zkd eJhywfoufI trsKd;rsKd; okH;elef;ju
onfukd awGh7Sd7onf// Oyrmtm;_zifh a_ym77if Zo ukd
Zou, Jo, Yo, Jou t_zpfodkhvnf;aumif;
okH;elef;a_ymqkdju onfukd awGh7onf// csif;awmifeJh
csif;vlrsKd;rsm; tajumif;ukd aumif;rGefpGm a7;xm;onfh
pmtkyf_zpfonfh Chin Hills pmtkyfY pma7; q7m onf
Zkd tajumif;eJh ywfoufI txufua_ymcJhonfhtwkdif;
Zo ukd Zou, Jo, Yo, Jou t_zpfokdh trsKd;rsKd;okH;elef;
wmukd awGh_rifekdifonf// trSef pifppf Zkd ukd
t_zpfekdifqkH;enf;vrf;_zifh az:_ycsifonfh
twGufajumifhwm _zpf ajumif; xyfrHwif_ytyfygonf//
a7;awmhtrSef zwfawmhtoH om _zpfajumif;
wif_ytyfygonf//

Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;. ukd;uG,fonfhbmom

c7pf,mef bmomw7m; csif;awmifY ra7mufvmcif
tcsdefY t_cm; aom nDtukd csif;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh rwlyJ
a7S;OD; Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;onf a_rmuf _rm;pGm aom
ewfbk7m;trsKd;rsKd; ESifh ykdpm; vkdhac:onfh Ancestral
Worship bkd;bGm;rsm;.0dnmOfrsm;ukd ukd;uG,fum
ylaZmfrl trsKd;rsKd;rsm; _ykvkyf um olwkdh.0dnmOfrsm;

17

tay:aumif; juD;rsm; 7 ekdifzkdh7ef 7nf7G,f_yD;ylaZmfrl

trsKd;rsKd; _ykvkyfwwfjuonf// okdhaomf ,ck tcsdefY
c7pf,mef bmom w7m;ukd t"du bmomw7m; vufcH
juukefonf//

tzGJhtpnf;wpfck t_zpf wnf7Sdonfh Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;

Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;onf tif'kdAm;rm;e,fedrdwfwpfavSsmufY
aexkdif juaom vlodenf;aom
e,fcHwkdif;7if;vlrsKd;rsm;_zpfonf// _refrmekdifiH
csif;_ynfe,fa_rmufykdif;Y Zkd vlrsKd; rsm;onf t_cm;aom
vlenf;pk rsKd;rsm;enf;wl t"du todtrSwf_ykcH7aom
vlrskKd;wpfrsKd;_zpfonf// _refrm_ynfY Zkd
vlrsKd;rsm;.vlOD;a7 ta7twGufrSm 50000 ESifh 60000
tjum;Y 7Sdonfymkqkdjuonf// xkdenf;wlpGm tdEdN,ekdif
iHY r%dyl _ynfe,fYvnf; ekdifiHawmf todtrSwfcHaom
29 a_rmufaom w7m;0if todtrSwf_ykcHonfh
vlrsKd;rsm;wGif Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;vnf; tygt0if _zpfonf//
1956 ckESpftdEdN,ekdifiH oef;acgifpm7if;rsm;t7 Zkd vlrsKd;
rsm;vlOD;a7rSm 30567 OD;7Sdum r%dyl_ynfe,fY 10
judrfa_rmuf trsm;qkH;aom vlrsKd;rsm;t_zpf todtrSwf_yk
cH onfhvlrsKd;_zpfonf// okdhaomf ,ckcsdefwGif tdEdN,ekdifiHY
Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;. vlOD;a7rSm 35000 rS 40000 tjum;
7Sdrnf ,lq7onf//
tdEdN,ekdifiH ta7Sha_rmufykdif;7Sd txufwef;ausmif;rsm; ESifh
aumvdyf ausmif;rsm;Y Zkd bmompum;rSm roifrae7
bmom pum;wpfck _zpfae_yD;_zpfonf// bmompum;
tokH;telef;rSm t*Fvdyf tuQ7mrsm;usifhokH;avh7Sd7m
okdhaomf ,ck tcsdefwGif ukd,fykdif wDxGif aom
pmaytokH;tekef; Zo Script / Zo Lai tuQ7mrsm;
18

7Sdae_yD_zpfonf// okdhaomf t*Fvdyf tuQ7m toHk;telef;rSm

,ck tcsdeftxd qufvuf usifhokH;aeqJ_zpfonf//
ZO SCRIPT

Zkd pmvkH;tuQ7m

tdEdN,ekdifiHY 2001ckESpfwGifaumufcHonfh
pm&if;Z,m;rsm;t7 r%dyl_ynfe,fwGif Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;
tjum; pmaywwfa_rmufrl elef;xm; rSm 616
7mckdifelef;&Sdonf// Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;onf ykd Zkd emrnf_zpfonfh

Zkd vkdhukd,fhukd ac:vmjuaom vlrsKd;rsm;_zpfonf//

'ght_yif 4if;emrnfrSm rjumao;cifu xGif_yD;
okH;elef;ac:a0:aom emrnfrymkwfay// acwf tqufquf
bkd;bGm; Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;u ykdZkd .emrnfudk tokH;_ykum
olwkdhukd,folwkdh Zkd vlrsKd;/ Zkd rsKd;EG,f0ifrsm;juonfymk
rsKd;pOfquf vlrsKd;rsm;ukd oGefoifvmum
emrnfom_zpfonf// tajumif;rSm Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;eSifh
7if;EDS;cifrifcJh7onfh e,fcsJh_AdwdosS t*FvdyfvlrsKd;rsm;onf
csif;awmifY aecJhpOfwkef;rSm yif Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;t_zpf
ac:a0:cJhjuonfh twGuf ajumifh ,cktcsdeftxd

19

olwkdh.rSwfwrf;rsm;Y Zkd vlrsKd;rsm; t_zpf owfrSwf

usefaeqJ_zpfonf//
Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;onf csif;=uluD; (xm'kd) =vlqdrf ( rDZkd )
rsm;ESifh bmompum;tm;_zifh eD;pyf/awmfpyfonfh vlrsKd;
rsm;_zpfonf// 'ght_yif Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;onf
csif;awmifa_rmufykdif;Y t_cm;nDtukd csif; vlrsKd;
rsm;_zpfjuaom wD;wdef(csif;)/pD,H/aw,H/ xm'kd/
zvrf;=vkdifZkd/ ZmiSuf/iGef/ymm;cg;=vkdif/qifxef;/Zkd wkef/
Zkd zkdif rsm;ESifh twl aygif;oif; aexkdifavh7Sdonf// xyfrHI
csif;awmif awmifbufykdif;Y rif;wyf/rwl/r&m vlrsKd;rsm;/
a_r_yefhbuf _zpfonfh awmifwGif; juD;e,f/_ynf ESifh
&ckdif_ynfe,f teD;&Sd ae7m a'orsm;Y t&SKdcsif;/csLd csif;
t_zpf aexkdif onfh vlrsKd;rsm; ESifh Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;onf
pum;/&kd;7m"avhxkH;wrf;tm; eD;pyfjuaom vlrsKd;_zpf 7m
4if;wkdhonf vnf; olwkdh . bkd;bGm; orkdif;rsm;
avhvmonfh tcgwkdif; aemufqkH;Y bkd;bGm; Zkd pDrSmyJ
tqkH;wwfjuonf// okdhaomf csif;awmif7Sd vlrsKd;rsm; eSifh
csif;awmiforkdif;ukdtajumif;pkHpkHvifvif a7;om;onfh
pmtkyf _zpfonfh The Chin Hills Y ,cktcsdefxd Zkd
vlrsKd;t_zpf&yfwnf aeonfh Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;ukd t_cm;aom;
csif;rsm;eSifh rwlyJ oD;oefhaz:_y a7;om;xm;onfukd
atmufygtwkdif; od&Sdekdifonf// Oyrm tm;_zifh a_ym&&if
vuf&Sdonfh csif; vlrsKd;rsm;ukd The Chin Hills Vol. 1,
2 Y Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;tajumif;ukd t_cm;aom
nDtudkrsm;_zpfonfh wD;wdef; = urfhaymmuf/ uluD; ESifh
pD,H vlrsKd;rsm; ESifh Zkd vlrskd;rsm; ymlI oD;oefh
az:_ya7;xm;onfh t_yif txl;o_zifh The Chin Hills
Vol. 2 Zkd vlrskdkL;rsm;aexkdifaeaom &Gmrsm;rSm vGrfZH/
wGmvfrl;/ *rfikdif/zkdifwl/vkHw tp&Sdo_zifh oD;oefhaz:_y
xm; &m 4if;&Gmrsm;Yvnf; ,aehtcsdeftxd Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;
20

qufvuf aexkdifqJ_zpfonf// xkdh

a_umifhTtajumif;w7m; awGay:okH;oyfjunfh7if Zkd
vlrsKd;rsm; a7S;OD; Zkd ykd Zkd rsKd;EG,fpk0if ppfppf_zpfonf
ymk odekdifonfht_yif 4if; ykd Zkd .emrnfeJh "avhxkH;
wrf;tpOftvmrsm;ukd ,aeh tcsdeftxd qufvuf
xdef;odrf; aom Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;_zpfonfymk wif_y
tyfygonf//

Zkd eJhywfoufI t_cm;aom olrsm;. xif_rifcsuf

ESifh todtrSwf_ykcsuf
Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;onf ykdZkd vlrsKd;EG,fpkrsm; _zpfonfh
tajumif;ukd Zkd vlrsKd; rsm;omru
t_cm;aomolrsm;uvnf; todtrSwf_yk_uonfukd
atmufyg twkdif; od7Sdekdifonf// a7S;acwf w7kwfoHwref
zefcsLd ESifh w7kwfekdifiH pD;yGm;a7;orm;rsm;.
rSwfwrf;rsm;t7 ( at'D 618 =906 ) a7S;_rkdhawmfjuD; 3
_rkdh7SdcJhonf// 4if;wkdhrSm ysL vlrsKd;rsm;. _rkdhawmf/
rGefvlrsKd;rsm;._rkdhawmf ESifh Zkd _rkdhawmf ymlI a7S;aymmif;
_rkdhawmfjuD; _refrmekdifiHwGif 7SdcJhonfymkqkdonf//
Zkd_rkdhawmfrSm {7m0wD_rpfeSifh csif;wGif;_rpf tjum;wGif
wnf7Sdum 4if;_rkdhawmfY opfom;vkH;juD;
rsm;ESifh0ef;7Hxm;onfh usLH;wpfck7Sdum 4if;usLH;Y Zkd
vkdhac:onfh bk7ifjuD;wpfyg;7SdcJhonf// 4if; usLH;juD;onf
a_rmufbufykdif;rS awmifbufykdif;okdh rkdif aygif; 30 ausmf
us,f0ef;onf// 4if; Zkd bk7ifrSmtrwefrS
wefckd;juD;rm;cJhonf//w7kwfekdifiH7Sd w7kwfpDyGm;a7;
orm;rsm; onf Zkd ekdifiHawmf eSifh tquftoG,frsm;
_ykvkyfcJhjuonf ymkqkdonf// xkdacwfxkdtcdsefY
21

{7m0wD_rpfukd vDqDG ( Lishui ) ymkac:I csif;wGif;_rpf ukd

rDekd;( Mino ) ymkac:um csif;wGif;_rpfwpfavSsmufY
aexkdifaecJhjuaom vlrsKd;rsm;ukd rDekd;( Mino )
vlrsKd;rsm;ymkac:juonf// okdhaomf olwkdh. bk7ifukd Zkd
ymk ac:juonf// 4if; Zkd_rkdhawmf
onfat'D835ckESpfwGifeefcsKdvlrsKd;rsm;uzsufqD;cJhjuonf
ymkqkdonf//
wzef Lekman, F.K., .a_ym_ycsuf t7 4if; Zkd
bk7if.rsKd;qufrsm;rSm ,cktcsdefwGif tdEdN, ESifh
_refrme,fpyf wGif aexkdifju7m olwkdhrSm bkd;bGm;awGukd
ukd;uG,fonfhtpOftvm ( Ancestral Worship )
rsm;ukd qufvufusifhokH; juum a_ym7cufonfh
vlrsKd;rsm;_zpfonf ymk qkd onf// csif;awmif vlrsKd;rsm;Y
bkd;bGm;rsm; ukd ukd;uG,fonfh tavh txrSm Zkd
vlrsKd;rsm;xJwGifom awGh_rifum wpfqufwnf;rSm vnf;
olwkdh ukd,fYvnf; Zkd vlrsKd;rsm; ymlI acwf tpOftquf
ac:vm cJhjuonfh vlrsKd;rsm;_zpfonf//( Lehman, F.K.,
Illinois Studties in Anthropology No. 3, the
University of Illinois Press Urbans 1963, Page
179 )4if; Zkd bk7ifudkawmh a7S;OD; ykdZkd rsKd;EG,f0if

wpfa,muf ymkwfonfrymkwf okdhrymkwf7if uGsefawmfwkdh Zkd

vlrsKd;a_ymaejuonfh ykdZkd rsm; _zpfrnf vm; ponfh
tcsuftvufrsm; qufvuf pkHprf;rl rsm;_yk vkyfzkdh
vkdtyfrnf_zpfonf//
xyfrHI csif;awmif wGif csif;vlrskKd;rsm; tajumif;eJh
csif;awmif tajumif; pkHpkHvifvif a7;om;xm;onfh
pmtkyf wpftkyf_zpfonfh the Chin Hills Vol. 1 wGif
a7;om;xm;onfrSm atmufygtwkdif;_zpfonf//
csif;_ynfe,f a_rmufykdif;Y 7Sdaom t"du vlrsKd;rsm;rSm
22

pD,H Siihzaang /pkoJ Suhte, urfhaymmuf Kamhau

xm'kd Thado Zkd Yo ( ZO ) ymlI7SdcJhonf// rSwfcsuf =
pkoJ Suhte, vlrsKd;rsm;u csif;awmif
a_rmufykdif;rtkyfcsLyfrSD Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;onf a_rmufykdif; csif;
awmifukd ESpfaygif; 300 ausmf tkyfcsKyfcJh_yD;_zpfonfh
tajumif; the Chin Hills pmtkyfY a7;om;xm;onfh
tcsuf ukd awGh_rif7onf//pkoJ vlrsKd;rsm;u Zkd

vlrsKd;rsm;xuf olwkdhukdolwkdh omvGefonf ymk

b,fawmtcgrS ra_ymzl;ay ymk vnf;
a7;om;xm;_yefonf// No Suhte claims to be more
superior to Zo peoples. ( Carey B. S. and H. N.
Tuck; The Chin Hills, Volume- 1, Page 140 )

wzef olwkdhukdolwkdh Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;vkdh a_ym-uonfh

olrsm;xJrS refvGefh onf ykdZkd trsKd;tEG,frS
qif;oufvmonf ymk a7;om; xm;onfukd vnf;
awGh7_yefonf// The people call themselves by the
name of Zo, but the Man Lun Family
considers that they have a right to be proud of
their birth, Zo. ( The Chin Hill, Vol. 1 ) Zkd vlrsKd;

rsKd; EG,fpkrsm;Y refhvGefonf vnf;yJ Zkd rsKd;EG,fpk

wpfck_zpfonfukd vnf;wif_ytyfygonf// ( The Chin
Hill, Vol. 2 ) Yvnf; Zkd7Gmrsm;udkvnf;,ck vkda7;om;
xm; onfukdvnf;awGh_rifekdifonf// Zkd vlrsKd;rsm; 7Gmrsm;rSm
Lomzang, Tualmu, Gamngai, Phaitu, Lung Tak

ymlI a7;om;xm;7m/ 4if;7Gmrsm;rSmvnf;yJ ,cktcsdef

txd Zkd vlrsKd;rsm; aexkdifvsSuf7Sdaom 7Gmrsm; _zpfonf//
_refrmh7mZ0if 'kwd, pmapmif pmrsufESm 225
Yvnf;,ckvkd a7;om;xm;ukd vnf;awGh_rif7onf//
csif; ESifh ucsif vlrsKd;rsm;onf nDtukdrsm;_zpfjuI

23

csif;vlrsKd;rsm;wGif ykdZkd trsKd;EG,fonf tukdjuD;

t7mY7SdonfymlIvnf; a7;om;xm;onf// wzef
1967 ckeSpf _ynfaxmifpk _refrmhqkd7S,fvpf ekdifiHawmf rS
csif; awmifa_rmufykdif; vlrsKd;rsm; tajumif;ukd
a7;om;xm;onfh w7m;0ifordkif;pmtkyfYvnf;
a_rmufykdif; csif;_ynfe,f 7Sd csif; vlrsKd;rsm; tajumif;ukd
a7;om;7m ,ckvkd a7;om;xm;onfukdvnf;
awGh_rifekdifonf// a_rmufykdif; csif;_ynfe,f wD;wdef_rkdhe,f
ESifh wGef;ZH _rkdhe,frsm;wGif aexkdifaom vlrsKd;rsm;rSm
wD;wdef ( csif; )/xm'kd (csif;)/ Zkd ( csif; )/ pD7H (csif;)/awZH
a7;om;rSwfom;xm;ukd vnf; awGh_rifekdifonf//
at'D 862 w7kwfordkif;q7m zefcsKd ymm tkd ( Fan Cho
Hao ) uvnf; ol.pmtkyfY Zkd vlrsKd;rSm oD;oefh
vlrskKd;EG,fpk wpfck _zpfonfhtajumif;ukd
a7;om;xm;onfukd vnf;awGh_rifekdifonf// aemuf wzef
uufo vpfbkef;awmfjuD; zmomf Aif;qifh Fr. Vincent
vnf;yJ 1783 ckESpf olukdwkdifa7;om;cJhonfh
pmtkyfYvnf; csif;awmif ta&Shykdif;&Sd ae7ma'orsm;Y Zkd
qkdonfh csif;vlrsKd;EG,f pk ykdifonfh ekdifiHwpfck
7SdonfymlIvnf; a7;om;cJh&molwkdhrSmarSmftwwf ynm
ukdykdifqkdifjuonfhtwGufajumifhArmvlrsKd;rsm;uajumufa
e7onfymk qkdonf// olwkhdymm ArmvlrsKd;rsm;u csif;
ymlIvnf;ac:cJhjuonf ymk vnf;qkdonf// / qmvf
ymife7D 7kdvf; Sir Henry Yule uvnf; ol. 1888
tif;0okdh c7D;pOf tajumif;ukda7;om;cJhonfh
pmtkyfYvnf; csif;wGif;_rpftaemufykdif; ukd Zkd e,fa_r
ymlI a7;om;rSwfom;cJhwmukd awGh_rifekdifonf// txufu
az:_ycJhonfhtwkdif; vlawGtajumif;ukd avhvmonfh
ynm7Sif {zufu,f vDrif uvnf; ol. csif; vlrsKd;
rsm;tajumif; ukd a7;om;7mY bmompum; ywfoufI
24

ukduD; csif;tkyfpkrsm;wGif Zkd ymlI oD;oefhac:a0:juaom

vlrsKd;rsm; &Sdonf ymlIvnf; a7;om;xm; onfudk
awGh_rifekdifonf//
1885=1887 ckESpfrsm;wGif t*Fvdyf=Arm wwd,ppfyJG
t_yD; t*Fvdyfucsif;awmiftygt0if
_refrm_ynftxufykdif;udk odrf;ykduf cJhjuonf// 1892
atmufwkdbmv 28 wGif csif;awmif wm0efcH t*Fvdyf
t&m&SdjuD;.tem*wf csif;awmif tkyfcsLyfa7;eJhywfouf
onfh tao;pdwf zGJhpnf;ykH rljurf;ukd wif_ycJh7mwGif csif;
_ynfe,f a_rmufykdif; wGif aexkdifcJhonfh vlrsKd; (5)rsKd;
wGif Zkd vlrsKd;rSm vnf;yJ yg0ifonf ymkqkdonf//
t_cm;aom (4)rsKd;rSm EDG;wJ Nwite ( Guite ), xm'kd
(Thado) urfaymmuf (Kam Hau) pD&ifh ( Siyin )
wkdh_zpf_uonf// Zkd vlrsKd; rsm;tkyfpkrSm wD;wdef wkdufe,f.
tkyfcsKyfrl atmufwGif xm;&SdcJhonf ymk qkdonf//
e,fedrdwf topf owfrSwf onfhtcgwGifvnf;yJ tdEdN,
ekdifiH r%dyl_ynfe,f7Sd Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;trsm;pk twGuf
xnfhoGif;zkdh 7efawmif;qkdcJhju onfymkvnf; qkdonf//
t*Fvdyf vlrsKd;rsm;. tcGef twkd;aumufcHrlajumifh
csif;awmif7Sd vlrsKd;rsm;tajumif; tao;pdwf
pm7if;Z,m;rsm;ESifh xm;&SdcJhjuonf// 1893 ckESpf
w7m;0if pm 7if; Z,m;rsm;t7 Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;. &Gm rsm;
rSm 19 &Gm ESifh tdrfa_caygif; 630 7SdcJh7m xkvkdif 7Gm
a_rmufykdif; ESifh taemufa_rmufykdif;rkdif 60 ESifh 90
tjum;wGif7Sdonfh awmifapmif;a'orsm;wGif
aexkdifcJhjuonf ymkqkd onf// okdhaomf ,cktcsdefwGif
csif;awmifa_rmufykdif;wGif Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;rSm &Gmaygif; 60
ausmfum wD;wdef vlrsKd;rsm;_yD;7if 'kwd, vlOD;a7 trsm;
qkH;vlrsKd;_zpfymkqkdonf// Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;onf bkd;bGm; ykd Zkd

25

.trsKd;EG,f0if ppfrsm; _zpfajumif; nDtukd wD;wdef

ynmwwf yk*~dKvfrsm;. 0efcHcsuf/
nDtukd wD;wdefvlrsKd;rsm;xJwGif ynmwwf
wpfa,muf_zpfonfh AkdvfjuD; OD;ckyfZxef u Zkd
vlrsKd;rsm;rSm trSef wu,f csif;vlrskkKd;rsm;. qif;ouf7m
t7if;t_rpf vlrsKd;rsm;_zpfonfhtajumif;ukd ,ckvkd a_ym
jum;cJhonf// uGsefawmfwkdh.qif;ouf7m t7if;t_rpf

ukd 7Smcsif7if Zkd vlrsKd;rsm; . ordkfif;ukd avhvm7if

tvG,fqkH; _zpfrnfymk a_ymcJh zl;onf// aemuf t_cm;aom
ynmwwf wpfOD;_zpfonfh AkdvfjuD; pdefckdckdif uvnf;
,ckvkda_ymjum;cJhzl; onf// ,ckvkd "avhxkH;wrf; rsm;/

ordkif; rsm; eJh_ynfhpkHonfh Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;ymm

olwkdh.aexkdif&m t&yfa'o ukd tpGJ_yk_yD; olwkdhukd Zkd
ymlIac:onf ymka_ymjum;csufukd _yk_yifoifhonf

ymka_ymjum;cJhzl;onf// tajumif; rSm olwkdhymm

a&S;acwftcsdefumv uwnf;u ykd Zkd
trsKd;tEG,frsm;_zpfonfh tavsSmuf olwkdhukdolwkdh ykd Zkd
emrnfudk tpGJ_ykum Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;t_zpf ,cktcsdef &yfwnf
ac:a0:qJ_zpfonf//

Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;. &kd;7m,Ofaus;rSlrsm;

Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;wGif ,Ofaus;rltrsKd;aygif; (18)rsKd;7Sdonf//
oDcsif;juD;(18) rsLd; ESifh 7kd;7mtu (10) rsKd;&Sdonf//

26

Zkd orkdif;ta_umif;ukd Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;uom

a_ymqkdekdifonf
Awfwdpfomoem_ykjuD; &,ftdwfxdukwf ( Baptist
Missionary J.H. Cope ) onf wD;wdef_rdkfhe,f7Sd
csif;vlrsKd;rsm; ukd ynma7;bufY wdk;wufekdif&ef csif;
pmay ykHeSdyf pmtkyf wpftkyf xkwfa0ekdifzkdh jukd;pm;aeonfh
tcsdefwGif Zkd ordkif;/ Zkd ,Ofaus;rlrsm; ESifh Zkd ykH_yifrsm;ukd
pkapmif;vm aom tcg 4if; tcsdefY wD;wdef_rkdh OuUX-uD;
OD; ilvfvrfh u tp wD;wdefynmwwfrsm;
27

ESifhorkdif;wwfymk ,lq7onfh oufjuD; olrsm;ukd

ar;_ref; aom tcg b,folrSs omoem_ykjuD; &,ftdwf
xdukwf. pdwfwkdif;usonfh twkdif; a_ymqkdekdifonfhol
wD;wdef OuUX rStp olar;_ref;cJhaom oufjuD;
ordkif;wwf yk*~dKvfrsm;uvnf; a_ymqkdekdifrlr7SdcJhjuay//
xkdtcsdefwGif wD;wdefOuUVjuD;uvnf; Zkd
orkdif;tajumif;avhvmcsif7if Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;xHukd
oGm;a7muf ar;_ref;oifhonfymk tjuH_ykaomtcg/
xkdtcsdef Y Zkd ordkif;tajumif; eJhywfoufI
aumif;aumif;a_ymekdifonfymk emrnfjuD; wGef;ZH_rkdhe,f
vkHhZH &Gm ae (ykd)OD;wGef Z *kwf ( Zkd rsKd;eG,frsm;xJrS
ykdrefhvGrhf rdom;pk0if/trsKd;EG,f0if wpfa,muf/ 1959
ckESpfwGif Zkd 0efjuD; t_zpfa&G;cs,fcH&ol OD; (ykd)
refusifhckyf. om; )ukd wD;wdef OuUVjuD;
uzdwfac:cJhonf// ykd wGefZ*kwf u
arSsmfvifhxm;onfhtwkdif;yJ Zkd orkdif;/ Zkd ,Ofaus;rl ESifh Zkd
&kd;7mykH_yif rsm;udk omoem_ykjuD; 7,ftdwf xdukwf.
pdwfwkdif;usonfhtwkdif; a_ymqkdekdifum/ ESpfywfausmfjum
a_ymqkdekdifcJhonfymkqkdonf// xkdtcsdefrSpI 1925 uae
csif;pmykHeSdyf t_zpfusifhokH;vmcJhonfh csif;pm ykHeSdyfxJwGif
Zkd 7kd;7mykH_yifrsm; ukd xnfhoGif;cJhonf//
Oyrmtm;_zifha_ym&&if usdefckyf ESif irfbdGKif ykH_yif/*gvf
irfeSifh ymefqkdif ykH_yifrsm;ukd ykd wGef Z *kwfa_ymonfh Zkd
pum;/ZkdbmomeJhtwkdif; 4if;ykHeSdyfxJwGif
a7;om;xm;onf// okdhaomf 1978 aemufykdif;wGif
wD;wdefvlrsKd;rsm;u 4if;ausmif;okH; pmtkyf ykHeSdyfxJrS Zkd
ykH_yifrsm;ukd Zkd bmomuae wD;wdefbmom_zifh a_ymif;vJ
a&;om;vmcJhju7m ,cktcsdef txd_zpfonf//
e,fekd;ykH_yifxJrS ta_ymif;tvJwpfcsKdhukd a_ym_y&&if =
Neino, nangh baah banghza nakhawng tai?
e,fekd; eif b,favmuf twkdif;wm xd pm;_yD;_yDvJ vkdh
28

Zkd pum;eJha7;om;onfh tcsufukd wD;wdef;rsm;u

wD;wdefpum;eJh tckvkda7;om;a_ymif;vJxm;onfukd
awGh7onf// Neino, nangh baah banghza
gaihkhin?

ymlIa_ymif;vJa7;om;xm;onfawGh_rif7onf//

ed*kef;csLyf
ed*kef;csLyftaeeJha_ym&&if Zkd vlrsKd;rsm;onf
,Ofaus;rl/orkdif;rsm;eSifh t_ynfhtpkH &SdvmcJhaom
vlrsKd;rsm; _zpf&m/ aemuf orkdif;rsm;t7 qkd7if
bk&ifhrsLd;EG,f/ vlrsKd;juD;rsKd;EG,frsm;_zpfajumif;/
acwftqufquf Zkd rskd;eG,f pkrsm; qufvuf
wnf7Sdekdifzkdh7ef twGuf orkdif;rsm;/ ,Ofaus; rlrsm;ukd
aumif;aumif;rGefrGef xdef;odrf;um urBm wnfwa7Gh Zkd
vlrsKd;rsm; 7Sd7rnffqkdonfh aqmifyk'fukd pGJ_ykum
qufvuf avSsmuf vSrf;jupkdh// orkdif;ynm7Sif a'guf wm
oef;xGef; ol.wynfh wpfa,mufu bm_zpfvkdhorkdif;
odzkd vkdovJvkdh ar;aomtcg a'gufwm oef;xGef;u
rtzkdh7ef ESifh orkdif; eJhywfoufI olrsm;.tvdrf rcHzkdh7ef
orkdif;ukd oif7onf ymk_yef vnfa_ymcJhovkd ,ck Zkdf
vlrsKd; rsm;rSmvnf;yJ ukd,fhorkdif;/ ukd,fh ,Ofaus;rSkrsm;udk
xdef;odrf;ju7efESifh rvkdtyfyJeJh olwpfyg;
.tvdrfrcHzkdh7eftwGuf Zkd orkdif;rsm; xdef;odrf; ekdifzkdh
qufvuf jukd;pm;juygpkdh vkdh 'DavmufeJhyJ wkdufwGef;
ekd;aqmf tyfygonf// ykH= rmvf aymmufvSsifhckyf ( Zkd
&Sif;qef )

29

T Zkd orkdif;pmapmifav; wpftkyf_zpfvmzkdh&ef

tcsuftvufrsm;udkjukdwifpkapmif;aycJholrsm;
= urfhcifref ( rkdAehfvkdif/ Muvanlai ) Former
Secretary of Zo History and Literature
Committee

= zdvpf xefvsSifhref
= ukd vSkdifykd
= ykd Zkd ykHukd yef;csD ausmfausmfOD;xHrS 7&Sdonf//
= umAm 'Dpkdif;rsm;ukd tvSqkH;_zpfatmif_yifqifay;cJhol Zkd
ZufeefyD;
= &kd;&m,Ofaus;rSk"gwfykHrsm;ukd ,lZuf0 0ufpkdufrS
7&Sdonf//
= Zkd pmay tuQ7mrsm;ukd ykd;ykd Zkd xHrS7&Sdonf//
= a_rykHrsm;ukd csif;_ynfe,f 0ufqkdufrS 7&Sdonf//

BIBLIGRAPHY

( ukd;um;csufrsm;)

1. Luce, G.H: Chin Hill-Linguistic Tour ( Dec,

1954 ), University
Project, JBRS, XLII, I, 1931

30

1. Luce, G.H: Note on the Peoples of Burma in

the 12th 13th
Century A.D, JBRS, XLII, I, 52 57
2. Luce, G.H : Old Kyaukse and the Coming of
Burmans, JBRS, XLII, i, 75 109
3. Lowis, C.C.: The Tribes of Burma, Rangoon
Government Printing 1949 Reprint
4. FANCHO: Man Shu Book of the Southern
Barbarians, Translated by Luce, G.H. and
Edited by Oey, G.P, Ithaca, New York, Cornell
University, Southeast Asia Program Data Paper
No. 44. 1961
5. Lehman, F, K. : The Structure of Chin
Society, Urbana, 1963
6. Taylor, L. F.: The General Structure of
Language Spoken in Burma JBRS, XXXIX,
1, x 101-20
7. Taylor, L. F,: Linguistic Survey of Burma
Preparatory Stage or Linguistic Census,
Rangoon Government Printing 1950 Reprint
8. Sing Khaw Khai : Zo People and their
Culture (1995)
9. Dr. Vumsonl: Zo History ( 1986 )
10. Dr. Than Tun: Studies in Myanma History
Number One. ( 2002 )

a. { Lehman, F.K., Illnois Studies in Anthrop

^ Alphabetical List of India's Scheduled Tribes
1.

^ Official List of First Languages approved by

Board of Secondary Education Manipur (BSEM)

31

2.

^ Sangermano, Father (1833) A Description of the

Burmese Empire: Compiled chiefly from Burmese
Documents, (Translated by William Tandy and
reprinted by Susil Gupta, London, 1966.
3. ^ Tedim Thu Kizakna Lai (Tedim Journal), July
1937, p.4.
4. ^ Fowler, E.O. (1924) Letter to Howchinkhup,
General Department, No. 3432/7M-11, office of
the Commissioner, North West Border Division,
25 march 1924, in Acts and Achievements of Hau
Chin Khup, KMS, Chief of the Kamhau clan, Chin
Hills, Tiddim (Ratnadipan Pitika Press, Mandalay,
1927) p. 17.
5. ^ National Archives of India (NAI) New Delhi
(hereafter NAI), Foreign Department, Extl. A,
October 1893, Nos. 33 34, dated Camp Falam,
28 September 1892
6. ^ National Archives of India (NAI) New Delhi,
Foreign Dept. Sept 1893, Nos. 80 88
7. ^ Khai, Sing Khaw (1995) Zo People and their
Culture; A historical, cultural study and critical
analysis of Zo and its ethnic tribes (Published by
Khampu Hatzaw, Churachandpur, Manipur.
8. ^ Carey, Bertram S. and Tuck, H.N. (1896) The
Chin Hills: A History of the people, our dealings
with them, their customs and manners, and a
Gazetteer of their country (Reprinted by Delhi,
Cultural Publishing House, 1983)
9. ^ Braghin, Cecilia (1998) "The Archaeological
Investigation into Ancient Chinese Beads"
10. ^ Braghin, Cecilia (1998) "An Archaeological
Investigation into Ancient Chinese Beads" pp.
273-293, Lidia D. Sciama & Joanne B. Eicher,
(eds.) Beads and Bead Makers, Oxford & New
York: Berg.
11. ^ Hsu Cho-yun & Linduff, K.M. (1988) Western
Zhou Civilization, New Haven and London: Yale
University Press.

32

12. ^ Yao people of Yunnan (China).;

also Yao Chinese Ethnic Groups (1998)

13. ^ Aung-Thwin, Michael (1996) "The Myth of the

'Three Shan brothers' and the Ava period in
Burmese history", Journal of Asian Studies,
Vol.55, No.4, pp.881-901.
14. ^ Zou, David Vumlallian (2005). "Raiding the
dread past: Representations of headhunting and
human sacrifice in north-east India",
Contributions to Indian Sociology (n.s.) Vol. 39,
No. 1, pp. 75-105 [This article refers to Kuki
Uprising & Zou folk song, See pp. 88-89].
15. ^ MELC Archives, Zomi Colony
(Churachandpur), JCA Minute Book (20 February
1954 24 January 1958)
16. ^ Go, Khup Za (1996) A Critical Historical Study
of Bible Translations among the Zo people in
Northeast India, Churachandpur: Chin Baptist
Literature Board
17. ^ Lalnunmawi, E (1996) Impact of Christianity on
the Zou women (Unpublised Dissertation)
Banglalore: South Asia Institute of Advanced
Christian Studies (SAIACS)
18. ^ Downs, Frederick S. (1996) The Christian
Impact on the Status of Women in North East
Inda, Shillong: NEHU Publications

^ Ralte, Lalrinawmi (2004) Bible Women-te Nghilhlohnan

(In Memory of Bible Women), Bangalore: Shalom
Publications

33

Publisher;
Mark Hau Lian Khup
6520 Four Seasons Lane, # Apt - D
28212 Charlotte
NC USA
Phone: (704) 363-1075
E-mail: zosiemsaang@gmail.com

34

Zkd orkdif;
ZO HISTORY

35