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Basics GD T
Basics GD T
Chain Dimensioning
Dimensioning Holes
Parallel Dimensioning
What Is GD&T?
GD&T stands for geometric dimensioning and tolerancing. It is a system of symbols, rules and definitions used to define the geometry of mechanical parts. GD&T is one of the most powerful tool available that can improve quality, reduce cost and shorten delivery time. All of this is possible when the concurrent engineering team is involved with the creation of the drawing. The drawing is a common thread that ties these groups together. They all are involved with the engineering drawing. GD&T on the drawing must first and foremost capture design intent. However, the best design in the world is worthless if it cannot be produced. That is why it is necessary for production/vendors and quality to be involved with the requirements that are placed on the drawing. When they are not involved, the drawings often have overly tight tolerances and result in non-producible parts. At least not producible at the quality level, cost and timeliness expected by industry. In short GD&T is ..
Symbols Rules Vocabulary Mathematical definition (ASME Y14.5.1) A National Standard (ASME Y14.5M-1994) An International Standard (ISO 1101)
Drawing Standards
Just like written language has standards, the grammar of technical drawing is defined by...the ASME Y14.5 or the ISO 1101 standard The ASME standards must be understood to read a drawing.
GD&T STANDARDS
The ANSI standard was revised in 1982. In 1994, the standard was moved form ANSI to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the name changed to ASME Y14.5. The standard was also revised into its current form of ASME Y14.5-1994.
Geometric Tolerancing
Geometric Tolerancing is used to specify the shape of features. Things Like: Straightness, Flatness, Circularity, Cylindricity, Angularity, Profiles, Perpendicularity, Parallelism, Concentricity and more.. Geometric Tolerancing are shown on a drawing with a feature control frame.
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Consequence : Good parts could be rejected. Hole location is critical when the hole is at Minimum limit (MMC) Co-ordinate tolerancing does not allow cylindrical tolerance zones and tolerance hole that increases with the hole size.
(B)
OR
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Feature of size
Diameter symbol
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Features
A Feature is a general term applied to a physical portion of part, such as a surface, hole or slot.
A Hole surface B Back face of surface E C Right face D Bottom face E Left face F Top face G Back face of surface C
The above part described with A,B,C,D,E,F&G are surfaces of the part. The part has seven features. 13
Feature of size
This could be a cylindrical surface or a parallel surface associated with size dimension which has an axis, central line or plane contained within it. Feature of size are features which do have diameter or thickness.
External FOS External FOS
Internal FOS
Non FOS
Internal FOS
External feature of size are comprised of part surface that are external surface. Internal feature of size are comprised of part surface that are internal surface. 14
Feature of size
Caliper Rule -- Opposed Points
This rule is not found in the Standard but it is pretty helpful. The left end of the caliper shown is used if the feature being measured has opposed points. Since these features have a toleranced dimension and contain opposed points, they are features of size. Toleranced dimensions that are measured using the probe on the other end of the caliper do not have opposed points and are not features of size. This rule of thumb is intended to help you identify features of size and is not intended to suggest that calipers are the best way to measure size dimensions.
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Modifiers
Modifiers convey additional information about the drawing or tolerancing of the part. These are common modifiers used in geometric tolerancing.
TERM MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE TANGENT PLANE DIAMETER RADIUS CONTROLLED RADIUS REFERENCE REGARDLESS FEATURE OF SIZE FREE STATE UNILATERAL RFS DIA R CR () ABBREVATION MMC LMC SYMBOL
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Material conditions
MMC vs. LMC
Largest shaft
Smallest shaft
Smallest hole
Largest hole
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Projected tolerance
When a fastener mates with a threaded hole or a pin pressed in to a hole, or even when there is a very close fit, it is good idea to specify a projected tolerance zone. When specifying projected tolerance zone for a blind hole or a through hole, it should be clear which surface is the interface and should be shown in the drawing.
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Tangent plane
Here the Disk contacts the high points of the flat surface on the Drive Shaft. The tangent plane modifier, the letter T in a circle, means that the tolerance applies to a plane established by the high points of the surface. The flatness deviation in the surface would be ignored when the surface profile tolerance is inspected. A flat plate placed against the surface would have to be in the profile tolerance centered at the 14mm basic dimension relative to the datum reference frame. This modifier works well where it is expected that the process will create a surface that is concave.
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Free state
When a tolerance is defined under free state, the measurement is to be done after removal of all restraining forces on the part. A Free state tolerance is defined for fragile and thin sections parts which are susceptible to deformation under stress. Mainly used in plastic and rubber components
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Diameter Modifier -
The diameter symbol is used two ways. One inside the feature control frame to denote the shape of the tolerance zone and outside to denote as diameter for the feature of size.
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Hole symbols
Counter bore or Spot face Symbol
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Method 1
16.4 16.0
Method 2
Surface plate
It aids in making the dimensional measurement as intended by the designer It aids in communicating part functional relationship Consequences: Good parts are rejected and Bad parts are accepted. 27
Importance of Datum
Two possible parts according to first drawing.
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Datum
A Datum is theoretically exact plane, point or axis from which a dimensional measurement is made. It is a true geometric counterpart of a datum feature. A true geometric counterpart is the theoretical perfect boundary or best fit tangent plane of a datum feature.
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Datum representation
Indication of datum feature Filled or Unfilled is ok
Datum representation
Datum reference in feature control frame Primary datum : A Secondary datum : B Tertiary datum: C
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Surface plate Or datum feature stimulator Stimulated datum is established by inspection equipment
Stimulated datum plane A Plane derived from the datum feature stimulator
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Primary datum establishes the orientation of the part to datum reference frame. It restricts three degree of freedom. Secondary datum locates the part within the datum reference frame. It restricts two additional degrees of freedom. Tertiary datum locates the part within the datum reference frame. It restricts last degree of freedom. 33
Degrees of freedom
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Degrees of freedom
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Degrees of freedom
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Stimulated gauge
Datum feature stimulator Gauge element width 7.7mm.
Stimulated gauge
Datum feature stimulator Gauge element width 20.4mm.
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Datum axis B
Datum feature stimulator (90 to datum plane A Fixed s ize 17.8 diameter) Datum plane A Surface plate as datum feature stimulator
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Rules of GD&T
Rule # 1
This rule is referred to as the Individual feature of size rule In industry rule 1 is phrased as Perfect form at MMC or the Envelope rule When no geometric tolerance is specified, the dimensional tolerance controls the geometric form as well as the size. No element of feature shall extend beyond the MMC boundary of perfect form. The form tolerance increases as the actual size of the feature departs from the MMC towards LMC. In this rule, the word perfect form means perfect flatness, straightness, circularity and cylindricity. In other words parts produced at MMC have perfect form
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Rule 1 applied to
External feature of size
MMC size & form boundary Size and form must allow the part to pass through the boundary
9.8
Rule 1 applied to
Internal feature of size
MMC size & form boundary 9.8 boundary of perfect form at MMC LMC size limit 10.2
Rules of GD&T
Rule # 2 (NEW) as per 1994 standard
RFS automatically applies to individual tolerances and to datum feature of size. MMC & LMC must be specified where required.
RFS is the default for tolerance and datum reference (as appropriate)
For a tolerance of position, RFS may be stated for the tolerance and datum references (as appropriate) 46
Rules of GD&T
Rule # 3 (1982 standard)
For all other geometric controls, RFS automatically applies.
Rule # 4
All geometric tolerance specified for screw threads apply to the axis of the thread derived from the pitch diameter. Exceptions must be specified by a note (such as major dia or minor dia). All geometric tolerance specified for gears and splines must designate the specific feature (such as major dia or minor dia) at which each applies
Rule # 5
When a datum feature of size is controlled by a geometric tolerance and is specified as secondary or tertiary datum, the datum applies at virtual condition with respect to orientation.
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Revision of Standard
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Virtual condition
The virtual condition of a part is the condition that defines the boundary of acceptability. This condition is the boundary established by the collective effect of size and geometric tolerance. Virtual condition is not a control but a condition of a feature as a result of size, geometric tolerance and the modifiers. Virtual condition is the boundary (locus) at which the features are no longer acceptable. The boundary (locus) may violate rule #1, which in part states that the boundary of perfect for at MMC. In certain applications, the combined effect of actual mating size, the geometric tolerance and the modifiers will exceed the boundary of perfect form. The letter denoted by VC.
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Plug gauge NO GO 25.21 diameter
02 Functional gauge 24.75 diameter Virtual condition = MMC Geometrical tolerance VC = 24.8 0.05 Virtual condition = 24.75 03
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Functional gauge 45.40 diameter Virtual condition = MMC + Geometrical tolerance VC = 45.2 + 0.20 Virtual condition = 45.40 03
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AME 12.39 MMC - 12.40 12.45 12.50 12.55 LMC - 12.60 12.61
Bonus Tol. out of size tolerance 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 out of size tolerance
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AME 12.39 MMC - 12.40 12.45 12.50 12.55 LMC - 12.60 12.61
Bonus Tol. out of size tolerance 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 out of size tolerance
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AME 12.39 MMC - 12.40 12.45 12.50 12.55 LMC - 12.60 12.61
Bonus Tol. out of size tolerance 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 out of size tolerance
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FORM TOLERANCE
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Straightness
Straightness is a condition where one line element of a surface or axis is in a straight line. The tolerance zone when projected in a plane is limited by two parallel straight lines, a distance t apart. The tolerance zone is limited by a cylinder of diameter t if the tolerance value is preceded by the sign
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Straightness
On Drawing Means this
Place the part on V-Blocks. At each measuring position along longitude, move dial indicator around circumference. Take lowest and highest reading.
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Straightness
On Drawing
a. The maximum diameter of the pin with perfect form is shown in a gauge with a 16.04 diameter hole.
b. With the pin at max. dia 16.0, the gauge will accept the pin with up to 0.04 variation in straightness.
Part is held between centers. Measurements are taken along longitudinal sections. At least four sections must be measured. At least three points must be measured in each section. This holds good for RFS condition. For M modifier use functional gauges.
c. With the pin at min. dia 15.89, the gauge will accept the pin with up to 0.15 variation in straightness.
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Exercise
On Drawing Functional gauge
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Flatness
Flatness is the condition of a surface having all of its elements in one plane. The tolerance zone for a flatness control is three dimensional. General representation Two parallel planes 0.2 apart
Surface plate Interpretation of Flatness tolerance: It consist of two parallel planes within which all the surface elements must lie. The distance between the parallel planes is equal to the flatness control tolerance value.
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Flatness
In this example, the flatness has been applied to datum feature A. Three possible inspection methods are illustrated as below.
In the first case, the part is leveled on the surface plate. If the surface is convex, the part will rock making it difficult to determine the minimum indicator reading over the entire surface. In the second illustration, the surface is leveled by placing it on three equal height gage blocks. The indicator is then moved across the surface. Ideally, the gage blocks should be placed under the high points on the surface. Otherwise, the indicator movement may not be the lowest possible.
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In the third illustration, the CMM will mathematically "level" the points of the surface contacted by the probe. Of course, a CMM will automatically align the points to evaluate the flatness error. Often insufficient points are taken to evaluate the flatness error. As a result, an out of spec surface may be accepted.
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Circularity
Circularity is a condition, where all points on the periphery of a surface of revolution, at any cross section of shaft, which is perpendicular to its axis are equidistant from that axis. A circular tolerance is given to control a roundness of a feature, e.g, the circumference of shaft or hole. For example a shaft may be bowed or bent yet still meets the requirement because it does not control relative positions of the tolerance zone.
General representation
Measuring principle of circularity Place the shaft on a V-Block which is kept on a surface plate. The dial indicator should be stationary. Measurement at one line on surface when part is rotated. The deviation or circular error is the difference between the highest and lowest reading. 63
Circularity - Interpretation
The shaft diameter to be within 4.70 5.3 with a circular tolerance of 0.2mm. Here the inner boundary is 4.7 and outer boundary is 5.3. The size tolerance is 0.6. The circularity control tolerance must be less than the size tolerance. The shaft diameter should be within size tolerance and form (out of round) should be within the circular tolerance (4.7)
(5.3)
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Cylindricity
Cylindricity controls roundness of a feature over its entire surface. Cylindricity is a condition of a surface of revolution in which all points of the surface are equidistant from a common axis. Cylindricity controls deviations such as concavity and convexity of a shaft. It composite control that limits the circularity, straightness and taper of a diameter simultaneously.
Place the shaft on a V-Block which is kept on a surface plate. The dial indicator should be stationary. Measurement at all points on surface when part is rotated and moved length wise. The deviation or cylindrical error is the difference between the highest and lowest reading through out the surface. 65
Cylindricity
In this example, the cylindricity has been applied to 5 features. Cylindricity is an individual control. Therefore, each feature is inspected independent of the others. An electronic probe gathers many points on the surface. A computer then evaluates the points to fit them between two concentric cylinders that may not have a radial separation greater than 0.02. The actual size, location and orientation of the feature are ignored. Cylindricity is a composite of circularity, surface straightness and taper.
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PROFILE TOLERANCE
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XY
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ORIENTATION TOLERANCE
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Angularity Control
Angularity is a condition of a surface, center plane or axis being exactly at the specified angle. It limits the amount of surface, center plane or axis is permitted to vary from its specified angle. Angularity are applied to surface and cylindrical FOS. Tolerance zone for surface are two parallel planes and for cylindrical FOS will be a cylinder. Angularity tolerance to a surface given with two datum references. Measurement method Placing the block on sine bar and measuring high and low limits which should fall under 0.2mm.
Angularity Control
Angularity are applied to cylindrical FOS. Tolerance zone for cylindrical FOS will be a cylinder or parallel planes based on notation given to tolerance. Tolerance zone is oriented relative to the datum plane by a basic angle. Axis of hole must lie between the tolerance zone.
Axis can lie between two planes 0.2 apart With ref. to datum A
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Parallelism Control
Parallelism is a condition of a surface, center plane or axis being exactly parallel to the datum. It limits the amount of a surface, center plane or axis is permitted to vary from being parallel to datum. It is applied to a surface and cylindrical FOS. Size to be within 29.7 to 30.3 mm. Parallelism applied to a surface 29.7 30.3
Datum A
Datum A
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Parallelism Control
Bonus tolerance is permissible. A fixed gauge can be used to verify parallelism. Parallelism tolerance zone limits the flatness of the toleranced feature. Parallelism applied to a cylindrical FOS at MMC
AME 8.2 LMC 8.0 7.8 MMC Parallelism tolerance 0.1 0.1 0.1 Bonus tolerance 0.4 0.2 0.0 Total Tolerance zone 0.5 0.3 0.1
Datum A
The axis can lie on 0.1 with ref. to datum A. Bonus tolerance allowed up to 0.5 at LMC Datum A
The axis can lie between two planes of 0.1 apart with ref. to datum A. Bonus tolerance allowed up to 0.5 at LMC 78
Perpendicularity Control
Perpendicularity is a condition that results when a surface, axis or center plane is exactly 90 degree to a datum ref. It limits the amount of surface, axis or center plane is permitted to vary from being perpendicular to the datum. It is applied to surface, planar FOS and cylindrical FOS.
Surface to lie within parallel planes 0.2 apart and 90 with ref. to datum A
Center plane established from max. separation of parallel planes to lie within parallel planes 0.2 apart and 90 with ref. to datum A
Datum A Datum A
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Perpendicularity Control
Perpendicularity applied to cylindrical FOS. Bonus tolerance is permissible. Perpendicularity applied to a cylindrical FOS at MMC
AME 50.2 MMC 50.1 50.0 LMC Perpendicularity tolerance 0.1 0.1 0.1 Bonus tolerance 0.0 0.1 0.2 Total Tolerance zone 0.1 0.2 0.3
Axis of 50 can lie between two planes 0.1 apart with ref. to datum A and 0.3 at LMC. Gauge ID 50.3
Axis of 50 can lie on 0.1 with ref. to datum A and 0.3 at LMC. Gauge ID 50.3 80
LOCATION TOLERANCE
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Position Control
True position is the theoretically exact location of a FOS as defined by basic dimension. Tolerance of position (TOP) can control is a geometric tolerance that defines the location tolerance of a FOS from its true position. It can control distance between FOS (SLOTS), location of FOS (HOLES), coaxiality between FOS. Interpretation
From Datum C
Co-ordinate Tolerancing
TOP Tolerancing
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Datum C
Datum B
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Functional Gauge
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Tolerance zone
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Outer boundary
Inner boundary
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Calculating position tolerance: T Position tolerance diameter ? H MMC of clearance hole (Top plate) F MMC of fastener
Concentricity Control
A concentricity or coaxiality is a condition where the median points of all diametrically opposed elements of a cylinder are congruent with the axis of the datum feature. It is used when precise balance of part is required, equal wall thickness are required, equal distribution of mass. Datum axis A
Tolerance zone 0.1 Median points of all diametrically opposed to be congruent with datum axis A 90
Symmetry Control
Symmetry is a condition where the median points of all opposed elements of two or more feature surfaces are congruent with the axis or center plane of a datum feature. It is applied to features that are shown symmetrical to the datum center plane. It is difficult to measure, since it requires deriving the features median points to determine if they are contained within the specified tolerance zone which is centered on the datum axis or datum center plane
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Symmetry Control
Symmetry tolerance added to a line or axis. Here the tolerance is given to the axis of a lever. The axis of the hole to be contained between two parallel planes 0.1 apart and symmetrically disposed with respect to datum A,B&C.
Circular Runout
Circular runout requires inspecting circular elements individually. Because of this, circular runout will not detect changes in size. Any barreling, waisting or taper should be ignored. These conditions will be controlled by the size tolerance. Circular elements that are contained within a cylindrical feature that is shown centered on the datum axis.
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Total Runout
Total runout requires determining the full indicator movement over the entire feature. Total runout, therefore, detects any changes in size, i.e. barreling, waisting or taper. Although changes in size are controlled, the actual size of the feature is determined and controlled by the size dimension and tolerance. A feature may be manufactured to a very tight size tolerance but due to eccentricity, the runout could be large. Total runout controls form, orientation and location but not size. Cylindrical features shown centered on the datum axis. Controls all geometric characteristics except size.
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(Runout Vs Concentricity)
Avoid specifying concentricity. Concentricity requires deriving the median line of a feature. All of the features shown below are concentric. Usually, designs require that a feature be round as well as concentric like example A. A better geometric control is usually circular runout. Circular runout controls circularity (roundness) as well as concentricity.
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