Quy hoạch tuyến tính (Slide)

Phn Qui hoch tuyn tnh
1 Khi nim c bn v bi ton qui hoch

tuyn tnh
2 Thut ton n hnh
3 Bi ton i ngu
1 Bi ton qui hoch tuyn tnh
1. Bi ton thc t dn ti bi ton qui hoch
tuyn tnh
2. Cc dng ca bi ton qui hoch tuyn tnh.
3. Cc tnh cht
Vn thc t dn ti bi ton QHTT
VD 1: Mt ngi c 70 triu ng, mun u t vo
cc loi hnh sau: Tit kim khng k hn 6,5%; tit
kim c k hn 8,5%, mua tri phiu 10%; cho t
nhn vay 13% (li sut trn nm). hn ch ri ro,
chuyn gia t vn khuyn: Khng cho t nhn vay
qu 20% s vn; S tin u t vo tri phiu khng
c vt qu tng s tin u t vo 3 lnh vc kia
v t nht 30% s tin u t phi l gi tit kim c
k hn hoc tri phiu. Nu ngi ny mun u t
ton b s tin trn trong vng 1 nm, tm cch u
t thu c li nhun ti a? Hy thit lp m
hnh bi ton ny!
Gi x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
ln lt l s tin u t vo
cc lnh vc tit kim khng k hn, tit kim c k
hn, mua tri phiu, cho t nhn vay. Theo bi ra ta
c cc iu kin:
x
4
s 14.000.000
x
3
s x
1
+ x
2
+ x
4

x
2
+ x
3
21.000.000
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
+ x
4
= 70.000.000
x
j
0

j 1, 4 =
li nhun u t t ti a th:
F(x) = 0,065x
1
+ 0,085x
2
+ 0,1x
3
+ 0,13x
4
Max
VD 2: C 3 x nghip A, B, C c kh nng sn xut
3 sn phm S
1
, S
2,
S
3
. Bit c mi n v tin t u
t vo A s sn xut c 1200, 800, 1050 sn phm
S
1
, S
2,
S
3
. u t vo B c 1000, 740, 900. u t
vo C c 1100, 600, 1000. Mc tiu hao nguyn
liu v lao ng cho bi bng sau:
X
nghip
S
1
S
2
S
3

NL
(1Kg/sp)
GC
(gi/1sp)
NL
(1Kg/sp)
GC
(gi/1sp)
NL
(1Kg/sp)
GC
(gi/1sp)
A 4 2 10 4 8 4,5
B 4,2 3 9 4,5 7,8 5
C 4,5 2,5 10,5 5 8,4 4
Tng s lao ng v nguyn liu c th cung
cp ln lt l: 2.000 gi cng, 39.000 kg. Theo k
hoch sn xut khng c t hn 2.300 sp S
1
; 1.800
sp S
2
; 2.100 sp S
3

X
nghip
S
1
S
2
S
3

NL
(1Kg/sp)
GC
(gi/1sp)
NL
(1Kg/sp)
GC
(gi/1sp)
NL
(1Kg/sp)
GC
(gi/1sp)
A 4 2 10 4 8 4,5
B 4,2 3 9 4,5 7,8 5
C 4,5 2,5 10,5 5 8,4 4
Cc dng ca bi ton QHTT Dng TQ
Tm x = (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) sao cho:
n
j j
j 1
f (x) c .x Min (Max)
=
=
n
ij j i
j 1
(*) a . x b (i 1, m)
=
s
(
(
s =
(
=

- f(x) c gi l hm mc tiu
- H (*) c gi l h rng buc
- B s x = (x
1
,. . ., x
n
) tha mn h rng buc
c gi l mt phng n ca bi ton. Tp hp tt
c cc PA ca bi ton c gi l min xc nh ca
bi ton, k hiu: D.
Phng
n
=
Tha
mn cht
> hoc <
Tha
mn lng
Phng n Cc
bin
Cht n
= n PACB
ko suy bin
> n PACB
suy bin
VD: Cho bi ton QHTT:
f(x) = 2x
1
3x
2
+ 4x
3
+ 5x
4
Min
X
1
= (0;1;2;0) X
2
= (0;3;0;0) X
3
= (0; 1;1; 0)
Trong cc phng n sau u l: PACB;
PACB suy bin; PACB khng suy bin:
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
2x x x x 3
x x x 2x 1
x 0; x 0; x 0; x 0
+ + s
+ + >
> > > s

- Bi ton QHTT gi l gii c nu n c t
nht mt PAT.
- Mt phng n tha mn: f(x
0
) s f(x)
x e D th x
0
c gi l phng n ti u
(PAT) khi hm f(x) nhn gi tr min.
Cc dng ca bi ton QHTT Dng CT
Vi bi ton chnh tc th: Rng buc chnh c
du bng v iu kin cc n ln hn hoc bng 0
1 1 n n
f (x) c x .... c x Min (Max) = + +
11 1 12 2 1n n 1
21 1 22 2 2n n 2
m1 1 m2 2 mn n m
j
a x a x ... a x b
a x a x ... a x b
................................................
a x a x ... a x b
x 0 j 1, n
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
> =
Cc dng ca bi ton QHTT Dng CT

Phng php chuyn BT dng TQ v bi ton CT
- Nu rng buc c dng:
n
ij j i
j 1
a .x b
=
s
th ta cng thm vo n ph x
n + 1
c:
n
ij j n 1 i n 1
j 1
a .x x b (x 0)
+ +
=
+ = >
- Nu rng buc c dng:

n
ij j i
j 1
a .x b
=
>
th ta tr i n ph x
n + 1
c:
n
ij j n 1 i n 1
j 1
a .x x b (x 0)
+ +
=
= >
Cch chuyn bi ton dng TQ v bi ton CT

- Nu c n x
j
s 0 th ta thay x
j
bng x
j
bng
cch t: x
j
= - x
j
vi x
j
> 0.
- Nu c n x
j
cha xc nh du th ta t:
x
j
= x
j
- x
j
vi x
j
> 0; x
j
> 0.
Cch chuyn bi ton dng TQ v bi ton CT
V d: Hy a bi ton sau v dng chnh tc.
f(x) = 2x
1
+ x
2
x
3
Min
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2
2x x x 5
4x 2x x 8
3x x 3x 6
x 0; x 0
+ s
+ + >
+ + =
> s
Lu :
- Nu bi ton dng chnh tc khng c PATU
th bi ton tng qut cng ko c PATU
- Nu bi ton chnh tc c PATU th bi ton
tng qut c PATU l PATU ca bi ton chnh tc
b i n ph
Cc dng ca bi ton QHTT Dng chun
Bi ton QHTT dng chun l bi ton
QHTT dng chnh tc c b
i
> 0 i v mi rng
buc chnh c t nht mt n c s
n x
j
c gi l n c s ca rng buc
chnh th i nu h s rng buc i bng 1 cn cc
rng buc chnh cn li bng 0
Bi ton QHTT dng chun:
1 1 n n
f (x) c x .... c x Min (Max) = + +
1 1(m 1) m 1 1n n 1
2 2(m 1) m 1 2n n 2
m m(m 1) m 1 mn n m
j
x a x ... a x b
x a x ... a x b
....................................................................
x a x ... a x b
x 0 j 1, n
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
> =
PA CB xut pht:
x
0
= (b
1
, b
2
, . , b
m
, 0, . , 0)
V d: Cho bi ton QHTT:
f(x) = x
1
- 2x
2
+ x
3
- 3x
4
+ x
5
Min
1 2 5
2 3 5
2 4 5
j
x x x 1
3x x 2x 4
2x x x 1
x 0 j 1, 5
+ =
+ + =
+ =
> =
Bi ton trn c phi l bi ton dng chun

khng? V sao? Tm PACB xut pht?
Cc tnh cht ca bi ton QHTT
nh l 1:
Nu bi ton QHTT c tp phng n D = C
v hm mc tiu F(x) b chn trn D (b chn di
i vi bi ton Min, b chn trn i vi bi ton
Max) th c phng n ti u.
nh l 2:
Nu bi ton QHTT c nhiu hn mt phng
n ti u th bi ton s c v s PATU
Lu : Nu bi ton QHTT dng chnh tc tha mn
iu kin trn th bi ton c PACB ti u
Cc tnh cht ca bi ton QHTT
VD: Cho bi ton QHTT:
f(x) = 2x
1
+ 3x
2
+ 4x
3
Min
1 2 3
2 4
2
x x 2x p
2x x 6
x 0
+ + =
+ =
>
Trong p l tham s. Chng minh bi ton

c PAT vi mi p .
2 PHNG PHP N HNH
1. Phng php chuyn i n c s ca h
phng trnh tuyn tnh
2. C s ca phng php n hnh
3. Thut ton n hnh
4. Tm phng n ti u khc
5. Phng php gii bi ton Max
6. Phng php n hnh m rng
Phng php i n c s ca h rng buc
Cho h rng buc ca bi ton QHTT dng chun:
1 1(m 1) (m 1) 1n n 1
2 2(m 1) (m 1) 2n n 2
m m(m 1) (m 1) mn n m
x a x ..... a x b
x a x ..... a x b
................................................................................
x a x ..... a x b
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
x
1
, , x
m
l n c s ca h phng trnh
trn v ta c mt phng n c bn tng ng s l:
x
0
= (b
1
, b
2
, . , b
m
, 0, . , 0)
Ta bin i tng ng trn h phng trnh
sao cho n c s ca rng buc chnh k l x
k
vi
k = 1,, m c thay th bi n x
h
vi h= m+1,, n.
Khi ta bin i tng ng trn h pt sao cho:
- H s x
h
ti rng buc chnh th k l 1 v ti
cc rng buc chnh cn li bng 0.
f(x) = x
1
- 2x
2
+ x
3
Min
Hy thay th n c s x
3
bng n c s x
2
v
ch ra PACB mi.
1 2 5
2 3 5
2 4 5
j
x x x 3
3x x 2x 4
2x x x 1
x 0 j 1, 5
+ =
+ + =
+ =
> =
C s ca phng php n hnh

Phng php n hnh a ra phng php
gii bi ton QHTT dng chun.
PACB X
0

Ti u Kt thc
Khng ti u Kt thc
Xy dng PA
mi tt hn
Tip tc nh
gi
Xt bi ton QHTT:
Ta c phng n c bn ca bi ton:
x
0
= (b
1
, b
2
, . , b
m
, 0, . , 0)
n
j j
j 1
f (x) c .x Min
=
=
n m
i i,m k m k i
k 1
j i
x a . x b (i 1, m)
x 0 j 1, n; b 0 i 1, m
+ +
=
+ = =
> = > =
Gi tr hm mc tiu ti x
0
:
f(x
0
) = b
1
c
1
+ . + b
m
c
m

Gi x = (x
1
, , x
n
) l mt phng n bt k
ca bi ton trn, xt:
V x l phng n nn tha mn rng buc
sau thay vo hm mc tiu v bin i ta c:
n
i i
i 1
f (x) c .x
=
=
n
0
j j
j 1
f (x) f (x ) .x (*)
=
= A
m
j i ij j
i 1
c .a c j 1, n
=
A = =
Vi:
j
0 j 1, m A = =
Lu :
Vi x
j
l n c s
Do x l phng n nn: x
j
> 0, khi nu
A
j
s 0 vi mi j th f(x) > f(x
0
). Hay x
0
l phng
n ti u.
nh l:
Nu mt PACB m A
j
s 0 vi mi j th l
PATU.
n
0
j j
j 1
f (x) f (x ) .x (*)
=
= A
Nu mt PACB m tn ti A
j
> 0 v a
ij
s 0
vi mi i, th bi ton khng c PATU
Nu mt PACB no m mi A
j
> 0 u tn
ti t nht mt a
ij
> 0 th ta c th tm c mt
phng n mi tt hn
Chng minh:
ii) Gi s ta c PACB: x
0
= (b
1
,,b
m
,0, . , 0)
tha mn iu kin ca nh l.
Tc l tn ti A
m + h
> 0 m a
i,m + h
s 0 vi mi i
Xt dy s x
p
= {x
j
p
} j = 1, 2,, n xy dng
nh sau:
R rng x
p
c xy dng nh trn l mt
phng n ca bi ton dng chun vi mi p > 0. V
x
p
l mt phng n nn ta c:
p
m h
p p
i m k
p
i i i, m h
x p p 0
x x 0 k 1, n m, k h
x b a .p j 1, m
+
+
+
= >
= = = =
= =

Vi p > 0 ty nn ta chn p + , A > 0 khi
f(x
p
) - nn hm mc tiu gim v hn
Ngha l bi ton khng c phng n ti u.
n
p 0 p
j j
j 1
f (x ) f (x ) .x
=
= A
0 p
m h m h
f (x ) . x
+ +
= A
0
m h
f (x ) p.
+
= A
Chng minh:
Tc l vi mi A
m + k
> 0 u tn ti a
i,m + k
> 0
vi mi k . Chn A
m + h
= Max {A
m + k
: A
m + k
> 0}
iii) Gi s ta c PACB: x
0
= (b
1
,,b
m
,0, . , 0)
tha mn iu kin ca nh l.
Xt dy s x = {x
i
} i=1, ,n xc nh nh sau:
R rng x tha mn cc rng buc chnh ca
bi ton QHTT.
,
m h
, ,
i m k
,
i i i, m h
x 0
x x 0 k 1, n m, k h
x b a . i 1, m
+
+
+
= u u >
= = = =
= u =

Nn x l mt phng n th:
Vi nhng a
j.m + h
s 0 th hin nhin tha mn
,
j j j, m h
x b a . 0 j
+
= u >
Vi nhng a
j, m + h
> 0 th:
j
j, m h
b
0 j
a
+
< u s
j, m h 0
j
r
0
a
j, m h r, m h
b
b
0 min
a a
+ >
+ +

< u s = = u
`

)
Ta chn u = u
0
. Vi u = u
0
th x l phng n
c bn vi n c s a ra l x
r
v n c s a vo
l x
m +h
.
V A
m + h
> 0, u
0
> 0 nn f(x) < f(x
0
) hay x l
phng n tt hn.
n
, 0 ,
j j
j 1
f (x ) f (x ) .x
=
= A
0
m h 0
f (x ) .
+
= A u
V d: Gii bi ton QHTT
f(x) = x
1
x
2
- 2x
4
+ 2x
5
- 3x
6
Min
1 4 5 6
2 4 6
3 4 5 6
j
x x x x 2
x x x 12
x 2x 4x 3x 9
x 0 j 1, 6
+ + =
+ + =
+ + + =
> =

Xy dng PA mi tt hn. A
4
= 2 > 0 ln nht
nn x
4 l
n a vo, ly b
i
chia cho a
i4
> 0 gi tr
nh nht t ti hng i = 1 nn x
1
l n a ra.
a
14
= 1 l phn t ch yu.
c
i
x
i
b
i

1 -1 0 -2 2 3
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6

1 x
1
2 1 0 0 [1] 1 -1
-1 x
2
12 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 x
3
9 0 0 1 2 4 3
f(x) -10 0 0 0 2 -1 1
c
i
x
i
b
i

1 -1 0 -2 2 3
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6

-2 x
4
2 1 0 0 1 1 -1
-1 x
2
10 -1 1 0 0 -1 2
0 x
3
5 -2 0 1 0 2 [5]
f(x) -14 -2 0 0 0 -3 3
6
= 3 > 0 ln nht
nn x
6
l n a vo, ly b
i
chia cho a
i6
> 0 gi tr
3
l n a ra.
a
36
= 5 l phn t ch yu.
Phng n ti u ca bi ton l : (0,8,0,3,0,1)
Gi tr hm mc tiu t c l : f(x) = -17
c
i
x
i
b
i

1 -1 0 -2 2 3
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6

-2 x
4
3 3/5 0 1/5 1 7/5 0
-1 x
2
8 -1/5 1 -2/5 0 -9/5 0
-3 x
6
1 -2/5 0 1/5 0 2/5 1
f(x) -17 -4/5 0 -3/5 0 -21/5 0
V d: Gii bi ton QHTT:
f(x) = -7x
1
+ x
2
+ 3x
3
+ x
4
+ x
5
+ 6x
6
Min
Gii:
1 3 5 6
1 4 6
1 2 3 6
j
x x x x 15
2x x 2x 9
3x x 2x 4x 2
x 0 j 1, 6
+ =
+ =
+ + + =
> =

c
i
x
i
b
i

-7 1 3 1 1 6
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6

1 x
5
15 [1] 0 -1 0 1 -1
1 x
4
9 -2 0 0 1 0 -2
1 x
2
2 -3 1 2 0 0 4
f(x) 26 3 0 -2 0 0 -5
1
= 3 > 0 ln nht
nn x
1
l n a vo, ly b
i
chia cho a
i1
> 0 gi tr
5
l n a ra.
a
11
= 1 l phn t ch yu.
Bi ton khng c phng n ti u
c
i
x
i
b
i

-7 1 3 1 1 6
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6

-7 x
1
15 1 0 -1 0 1 -1
1 x
4
39 0 0 -2 1 2 -4
1 x
2
47 0 1 -1 0 3 1
f(x) -19 0 0 1 0 -3 -2
V tn ti A
3
= 1 v a
i3
< 0 vi mi i = 1,2,3.
Thut ton n hnh
T phng n c bn x
0
= (b
1
,., b
m
,0,...., 0),
tc l cc c s l x
i
(i = 1, 2,.., m). Ta thnh lp
bng n hnh v tnh:
f(x
0
) = b
1
c
1
+ . + b
m
c
m

m
j i ij j
i 1
c .a c j 1, n
=
A = =
Ch : Nu x
j
l n c s th A
j
= 0
Thut ton n hnh:
H
s
H n
CS
Phng
n CB
c
1
c
2
. . . . c
m
. . c
n

x
1
x
2
. . x
m
...x
n

c
1

c
2

.
.
.
c
m

x
1

x
2

.
.
.
x
m

b
1

b
2

.
.
.
b
m

1 0 . .. . . 0a
1n

0 1 . . . 0...... . . a
2n

. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
0 0 . . . 1. .. ... ..a
mn

f(x) f(x
0
) 0 0 . . . 0 A
m+ 1
. A
n

Thut ton n hnh
Bc 1: Tnh cc A
j
v kim tra cc iu kin:
- Nu A
j
s 0 vi mi j th l PATU
- Nu A
j
> 0 v a
ij
s 0 vi mi i, th bi ton
khng c PATU
Nu khng tha mn th chuyn qua bc 2.
Bc 2: (Xc nh n c s mi)
- Trong s A
j
> 0 chn: Max{A
j
: A
j
> 0} = A
h
n
x
h
s l n a vo.
- n x
r
l n c loi khi h n c s c
xc nh:
ij
i r
0
a 0
i, m h r, m h
b b
Min
a a
>
+ +
= = u
Thut ton n hnh:
Bc 3: (Chuyn bng n hnh)
- Lp bng n hnh mi:
+ Dng th r trong bng mi ta ly dng
th r bng c chia cho phn t ch yu.
+ Trong ct h bng mi ch c v tr
a
rh
= 1 cn cc v tr khc trong ct h bng 0
+ Cn cc v tr khc cn li trong bng
n hnh mi ta tnh theo cng thc hnh ch nht:
- Phn t a
rh
nm trn dng r v ct h c gi
l phn t ch yu.
rh ij ih rj
ij
rh
a .a a .a
a'
a
=
Tip tc nh gi phng n mi (quay v bc 1)
Thut ton n hnh
V d 2: Gii bi ton QHTT:
f(x) = 2x
1
+ 3x
2
x
3
x
4
Min
Gii: Bi ton dng chun:
f(x) = 2x
1
+ 3x
2
x
3
x
4
Min
1 2 3 4
2 3 4
2 3 4
j
x x x 1/ 2x 10
x 4x 8x 8
2x 2x 3x 20
x 0 j 1, 4
+ + =
+ s
+ + s
> =
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 5
2 3 4 6
j
x x x 1/ 2x 10
x 4x 8x x 8
2x 2x 3x x 20
x 0 j 1, 6
+ + =
+ + =
+ + + =
> =
Thut ton n hnh

c
i
x
i
b
i
2 3 -1 -1 0 0
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6

2 x
1
10 1 -1 1 1/2 0 0
0 x
5
8 0 1 -4 8 1 0
0 x
6
20 0 -2 2 3 0 1
f(x) 20 0 -5 3 2 0 0
3
= 3 > 0 ln nht
nn x
3
l n a vo, ly b
i
chia cho a
i3
> 0 gi tr
1
l n a ra.
a
13
= 1 l phn t ch yu.
Thut ton n hnh
c
i
x
i
b
i
2 3 -1 -1 0 0
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6

-1 x
3
10 1 -1 1 1/2 0 0
0 x
5
48 4 -3 0 10 1 0
0 x
6
0 -2 0 0 2 0 1
f(x) -10 -3 -2 0 1/2 0 0
4
= 1/2 > 0 ln
nht nn x
4
l n a vo, ly b
i
chia cho a
i4
> 0 gi
tr nh nht t ti hng i = 3 nn x
6
l n a ra.
a
34
= 1 l phn t ch yu.
Thut ton n hnh
PATU ca bi ton l : (0,0,10,0,48,0).
Gi tr hm mc tiu t c l :
f(x) = -10
c
i
x
i
b
i
2 3 -1 -1 0 0
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6

-1 x
3
10 3/2 -1 1 0 0 -1/4
0 x
5
48 14 -3 0 0 1 -5
-1 x
4
0 -1 0 0 1 0 1/2
f(x) -10 -5/2 -2 0 0 0 -1/4
Phng n ti u
Ti bng n hnh cui cng tng ng vi PATU x
0
:
i) Nu cc A
j
ng vi cc n khng l n c s
u l cc s m th PAT tm c l PAT duy
nht ca bi ton.
ii) Nu tn ti A
j
ng vi cc n khng l n
c s bng khng th bi ton c th c v s
PAT.
Cch tm mt PAT khc:
Lp thm bng n hnh mi vi n a vo
l n khng phi n c s m c A
j
= 0
Phng n ti u
Cch tm tp hp tt c cc PAT
Gi s c h s c lng ca mt n khng
l n c s l A
k
= 0 th bi ton c b s:
z
k
= (z
k
1
, z
k
2,
., z
k
n
)
Vi z
k
k
= -1 v z
k
j
= a
ik
nu x
j
l n c s th i, cc
thnh phn cn li bng 0.
Khi tp PAT ca bi ton c dng
x

= x
0
- .z
k

vi 0 s s
0
= min{b
i
/a
ik
} vi a
ik
> 0
Phng n ti u
f(x) = 5x
1
+ 4x
2
+ 5x
3
+ 2x
4
+ x
5
+ 3x
6
Min
a) Gii bi ton trn
b) Bi ton c PAT khc hay khng? Nu c
hy tm mt PAT khc?
c) Hy tm PAT x
*
ca bi ton c x
*
4
= 36
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 5
1 3 6
j
2x 4x 3x x 152
4x 2x 3x x 60
3x x x 36
x 0 j 1, 6
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + =
> =
Phng n ti u
a) Gii bi ton:
5 4 5 2 1 3
c
i
x
i
b
i
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6

2 x
4
152 2 4 3 1 0 0
1 x
5
60 4 2 3 0 1 0
3 x
6
36 [3] 0 1 0 0 1
f(x) 472 12 6 7 0 0 0
1
= 12 > 0 ln
nht nn x
1
l n a vo, ly b
i
chia cho a
i1
> 0 gi
6
l n a ra.
a
31
= 1 l phn t ch yu.
Phng n ti u
c
i
x
i
b
i

5 4 5 2 1 3
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6

2 x
4
128 0 4 7/3 1 0 -2/3
1 x
5
12 0 2 5/3 0 1 -4/3
5 x
1
12 1 0 1/3 0 0 1/3
f(x) 328 0 6 3 0 0 -4
2
= 6 > 0 ln nht
nn x
2
l n a vo, ly b
i
chia cho a
i2
> 0 gi tr
5
l n a ra.
a
22
= 1 l phn t ch yu.
Phng n ti u
Phng n ti u ca bi ton l : (12,6,0,104,0,0)
Gi tr hm mc tiu t c l : f(x) = 292
c
i
x
i
b
i

5 4 5 2 1 3
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6

2 x
4
104 0 0 -1 1 -2 2
4 x
2
6 0 1 5/6 0 1/2 -2/3
5 x
1
12 1 0 1/3 0 0 1/3
f(x) 292 0 0 -2 0 -3 0
Phng n ti u
b) Lp bng n hnh mi vi x
6
l n a vo v
x
1
l n a ra:
PATU khc ca bi ton l: (0, 30,0, 32,0,36)
c
i
x
i
b
i

5 4 5 2 1 3
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6

2 x
4
32 -6 0 -3 1 -2 0
4 x
2
30 2 1 9/6 0 1/2 0
3 x
6
36 3 0 1 0 0 1
f(x) 292 0 0 -2 0 -3 0
Phng n ti u
c) T cui bng n hnh trong cu a) ta c: PAT
x
0
= (12, 6, 0,104, 0, 0) v x
6
khng l n c s
nhng A
6
= 0 nn ta c b s:
Khi tp PAT ca bi ton c dng:
z
6
= (1/3, -2/3, 0, 2, 0, -1)
x
= x
0
- .z
6
= (12 - /3; 6 + 2 /3, 0, 104 - 2 , 0, )
PAT x
*
c x
*
4
= 32 th: = 36. Ta c
PAT cn tm l:
Vi 0 s s 36
x
*
= (0, 30, 0, 32, 0, 36)
Phng php gii bi ton Max
Cch 1: Nu bi ton Max c hm mc tiu:
f(x) Max
Khi ta chuyn v bi ton Min c hm mc tiu:
g(x) = - f(x) Min
Nu bi ton Min khng c PAT th bi ton
Max cng khng c PAT
Nu bi ton Min c PAT l x
0
th cng l
PAT ca bi ton Max v: f
max
= - g(x
0
)
Cch 2: Thut ton n hnh i vi bi ton Max,
ta lp bng n hnh i vi PACB x
0
:
i) A
j
> 0 vi j th PAT
ii) - A
k
< 0 v a
ik
s 0 vi i th bi ton
khng c PAT
iii) A
k
< 0 u - a
ik
> 0. Ta xy dng PA mi
tt hn. n c a vo ng vi A
k
< 0 b nht
i,k
i r
0
a 0
i, k r, k
b b
Min
a a
>
= = u
Khi n x
r
l n a ra khi c s
V d: Gii bi ton QHTT sau:
f(x) = 7x
1
x
2
- 3x
3
x
4
x
5
- 6x
6
Max
1 3 5 6
1 4 6
1 2 3 6
j
x x x x 15
2x x 2x 9
3x x 2x 4x 2
x 0 j 1, 6
+ =
+ =
+ + + =
> =

Gii:
c
i
x
i
b
i

7 -1 -3 -1 -1 -6
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6

-1 x
5
15 1 0 -1 0 1 -1
-1 x
4
9 -2 0 0 1 0 -2
-1 x
2
2 -3 1 2 0 0 4
f(x) -26 -3 0 2 0 0 5
1
= -3 > 0 ln
nht nn x
2
l n a vo, ly b
i
chia cho a
i1
> 0 gi
5
l n a ra.
a
11
= 1 l phn t ch yu.
Bi ton c A
3
= -1< 0 v a
i3
< 0 vi mi i nn
bi ton khng c phng n ti u
c
i
x
i
b
i

7 -1 -3 -1 -1 -6
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6

7 x
1
15 1 0 -1 0 1 -1
-1 x
4
39 0 0 -2 1 2 -4
-1 x
2
47 0 1 -1 0 3 1
f(x) 19 0 0 -1 0 3 2
Phng php n hnh m rng
Phng php n hnh m rng a ra phng
php gii bi ton QHTT dng chnh tc.
Cch chuyn bi ton dng chnh tc v bi
ton m rng (bi ton M) c dng chun:
- Nu tn ti b
i
< 0 ta nhn c hai v ca rng
buc vi (-1).
- Thm vo mi rng buc th i mt n gi
x
n + i
> 0 vi i = 1, 2,..., m
- H s n gi trn hm mc tiu ca bi ton
min l: M v bi ton Max l M (Vi M l s
dng ln ty )
Bi ton QHTT dng chnh tc:
n
j j
j 1
f (x) c .x Min
=
=
n
ij j i
j 1
j
a . x b (i 1, m)
x 0 j 1, n
=
= =
> =
Bi ton M (bi ton m rng):

n m
j j n i
j 1 i 1
g(x) c .x M x Min
+
= =
= +

n
ij j n i i
j 1
j n i
a . x x b (i 1, m)
x 0; x 0 j 1, n; i 1, m
+
=
+
+ = =
> > = =
Vi M l s dng ln ty
Nh vy bi ton M c n + m n v ta k hiu
phng n ca bi ton M l:
(x, x
n + i
) = (x
1
, x
2
, . , x
n
, x
n + 1
, ., x
n + m
)
Nu x l mt phng n ca bi ton xut
pht th: (x, 0) = (x
1
, x
2
, . , x
n
, 0, ., 0)
l mt phng n ca bi ton m rng
Nu (x, 0) l mt phng n ca bi ton m
rng th x = (x
1
, x
2
, . , x
n
) l phng n ca bi
ton xut pht
Vi bi ton m rng ta c phng n c bn
xut pht:
(0, 0, ,0, b
1
, b
2
, . , b
m
)
Tnh cht 1: Nu bi ton M khng c PAT th
bi ton xut pht cng khng c PAT.
Chng minh: Gi s ngc li, bi ton xut pht c
PAT l x
0
, ta s chng minh (x
0
, 0) l PAT ca bi
ton M. Tht vy, gi s (x, x
n + i
) l mt phng n
ca bi ton M
- Nu x
n + i
= 0 vi mi i = 1, 2,. , m th:
g(x, x
n + i
) = g(x, 0) = f(x) > f(x
0
) = g(x
0
, 0)
Vy (x
0
, 0) l PATU ca bi ton M (Mu thun
vi gi thit bi ton M khng c PAT)
g(x, x
n + i
) > f(x) + M. > f(x
0
) = g(x
0
, 0)
0
n i
x
+
- Nu tn ti th :
0
n i
x 0
+
>
Tnh cht 2: Nu bi ton M c PAT l (x, x
n + i
),
khi :
- Nu (x, x
n + i
) = (x, 0) khi x s l PAT ca
bi ton xut pht.
- Nu x
n + i
> 0 th bi ton xut pht khng c
phng n nn khng c PAT
Chng minh kt lun th 3:
Khi gi s x
0
l mt phng n ca bi ton
xut pht th (x
0
, 0) l phng n ca bi ton m
rng. Ta c:
g(x, x
n + i
) > f(x) + u.M > g(x
0
, 0)
Bi ton M c PAT (x, x
n + i
) tn ti
0
n i
x 0
+
= u >
iu ny mu thun vi (x, x
n + i
) l PAT
Khi xy dng bi ton n hnh m rng ta ch
thm n gi vo nhng rng buc cha c n c s
Bi ton n hnh m rng th f(x), A
j
ph
thuc vo M nn ta chia dng tnh f(x), A
j
thnh 2
hng, 1 hng ghi gi tr khng ph thuc M, mt
hng ghi h s M. Nu ti bc no m cc n
gi b loi khi h n c s th ta khng chia hng
tnh gi tr f(x), A
j
thnh 2 hng na.
Trong bng n hnh khng cn ghi cc ct
ng vi n gi
Nu f(x) max th h s ca n gi nm trong
hm mc tiu ca bi ton m rng l M (Vi M s
dng ln ty )
Bi ton n hnh m rng
f(x) = x
1
+ 2x
2
x
3
Max
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
j
4x 4x 2x 6
x x 2x 6
2x x 2x 4
x 0 j 1, 2, 3
+ + >
+ + >
+ =
> =
Bi ton n hnh m rng

Bi ton m rng:
g(x) = x
1
+ 2x
2
x
3
Mx
6
Mx
7
Max
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 5 6
1 2 3 7
j
4x 4x 2x x 6
x x 2x x x 6
2x x 2x x 4
x 0 j 1, 7
+ =
+ + + =
+ + =
> =
Bi ton n hnh m rng

c
i
x
i
b
i

1 2 -1 0 0
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5

0 x
4
6 -4 -4 -2 1 0
-M x
6
6 1 1 2 0 -1
-M x
7
4 2 -1 2 0 0
f(x) 0 -1 -2 1 0 0
-10 -3 0 -4 0 1
3
= 1 - 4M < 0 b
nht nn x
3
l n a vo, ly b
i
chia cho a
i3
> 0 gi
7
l n a ra.
a
33
= 2 l phn t ch yu.
Bi ton n hnh m rng
c
i
x
i
b
i

1 2 -1 0 0
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5

0 x
4
10 -2 -5 0 1 0
-M x
6
2 -1 2 0 0 -1
-1 x
3
2 1 -1/2 1 0 0
f(x) -2 -2 -3/2 0 0 0
-2 1 -2 0 0 1
2
= -3/2 - 2M < 0
b nht nn x
2
l n a vo, ly b
i
chia cho a
i2
> 0
gi tr nh nht t ti hng i = 2 nn x
6
l n a
ra. a
22
= 2 l phn t ch yu.
Bi ton n hnh m rng
Bi ton Max v c A
5
= -3/4 < 0 v a
i5
< 0
vi mi i nn bi ton khng c PAT
c
i
x
i
b
i

1 2 -1 0 0
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5

0 x
4
15 -9/2 0 0 1 -5/2
2 x
2
1 -1/2 1 0 0 -1/2
-1 x
3
5/2 3/4 0 1 0 -1/4
f(x) -1/2 -11/4 0 0 0 -3/4
3 BI TON I NGU
1. nh ngha bi ton i ngu
2. Mi quan h gia cp bi ton i ngu
3. ng dng ca bi ton i ngu:
3. 1. Tm PAT ca bi ton i ngu
3. 2. Chng t tnh TU ca mt PA
3. 3. Gii bi ton c dng c bit.
nh ngha bi ton i ngu
Qui tc vit bi ton i ngu cho bi ton Max:
1 1 n n
f (x) c x ... c x Max = + +
1 1 m m
g(y) b y ... b y Min = + +
i1 1 in n i
a x ............. a x b
>
(
(
+ + s
(
(
=

i
y
ty
s
(
(
>
(
(

j
x
ty
>
(
(
s
(
(

1j 1 mj m j
a y .... a y c
>
(
(
+ + s
(
(
=

Qui tc vit bi ton i ngu cho bi ton Min:
1 1 n n
f (x) c x ... c x Min = + +
1 1 m m
g(y) b y ... b y Max = + +
i1 1 in n i
a x ............. a x b
>
(
(
+ + s
(
(
=

i
y
ty
>
(
(
s
(
(

j
0
x 0
ty
>
(
(
s
(
(

1j 1 mj m j
a y .... a y c
s
(
(
+ + >
(
(
=

V d: Vit bi ton i ngu ca bi ton QHTT (I):
1 2 3 4
1 2 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 4
f (x) 2x x 3x x max
5x 4x x 2
x 2x x 2x 1
(I)
- x x 3x x 5
x 0; x 0; x 0
= + +
s
+ + s
+ + =
> s >

Bi ton QHTT (I) i ngu ca bi ton (I)
g(y) = 2y
1
y
2
+ 5y
3
Min
1 2 3
1 2 3
2 3
1 2 3
1 2
5y y y 2
4y 2y y 1
y 3y 3
y 2y y 1
y 0; y 0;
+ s
+ + s
+ >
> >

VD: Vit bi ton i ngu ca bi ton sau:
g(y) = 2y
1
y
2
+ 5y
3
Min
1 2 3
1 2 3
2 3
1 2 3
1 2
5y y y 2
4y 2y y 1
y 3y 3
y 2y y 1
y 0; y 0;
+ s
+ + s
+ >
> >

nh ngha: (Cp rng buc i ngu)
Trong cp bi ton i ngu th rng buc bt
ng thc th i s cng vi n th i trong bi ton
i ngu lp thnh cp rng buc i ngu.
V d: Tm cp rng buc i ngu ca cp bi ton
i ngu (I) v (I):
x
1
> 0 v 5y
1
+ y
2
- y
3
> 2
x
2
s 0 v - 4y
1
+ 2y
2
+ y
3
s - 1
x
4
> 0 v -y
1
- 2y
2
+ y
3
> 1
5x
1
- 4x
2
x
4
s 2 v y
1
> 0
x
1
+ 2x
2
+ x
3
- 2x
4
s -1 v y
2
> 0
V d: Hy vit bi ton i ngu v ch ra cc cp
rng buc i ngu ca bi ton sau:
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
f (x) x 2x 3x 4x max
5x 6x 7x 8x 9
10x 11x 12x 13x 14
-15x 16x 17x 18x 19
x 0; x 0; x 0
= +
+ + + s
+ =
+ + >
> > s

V d: Hy vit bi ton i ngu v ch ra cc cp
rng buc i ngu ca bi ton sau:
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
f (x) x x 2x 4x Min
x 2x x 2x 9
2x 4x 3x x 14
-5x 6x x 8x 9
x 0; x 0; x 0
= + +
+ + >
+ =
+ >
> s >
Mi quan h gia cp bi ton i ngu

Mi quan h gia hai bi ton c th hin
trong cc nh l sau:
nh l 1: i vi cp bi ton i ngu bao gi
cng ch xy ra mt trong 3 trng hp sau:
- C hai bi ton u khng c phng n.
- C hai bi ton u c phng n, lc c
hai bi ton u c PAT v gi tr hm mc tiu
ca chng bng nhau
- Mt trong 2 bi ton khng c phng n,
bi ton kia c phng n, khi y bi ton c
phng n s khng c PAT.
Mi quan h gia cp bi ton i ngu
nh l 2: (nh l lch b yu)
Hai phng n ca cp bi ton i ngu l
PAT khi v ch khi vi mi cp rng buc i
ngu nu mt rng buc tha mn vi du bt ng
thc thc s th rng buc kia tha mn vi du
bng.
ng dng ca bi ton i ngu
2.1 Tm PAT ca bi ton i ngu
PP 1: Nh tiu chun ti u nn khi ta bit
c PAT ca mt trong cp bi ton i ngu th
ta d dng tm c PAT ca bi ton cn li.
V d 1: Cho bi ton QHTT sau:
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
f (x) 3x 4x x min
3x 2x 4x 15
2x x 5x 8
4x 2x 2x 10
x 0; x 0; x 0
= + +
+ >
>
+ + >
> > s
Cho bit bi ton trn c PAT l x

0
= (7, 0, -9). Hy
lp v gii bi ton i ngu ca bi ton trn.
Tm PAT ca bi ton i ngu
Gii: Bi ton i ngu l:
g(y) = 15y
1
+ 8y
2
+ 10y
3
Max
Do bi ton xut pht c PAT l x
0
= (7, 0, -9)
nn theo nh l lch b yu ta c:
-3y
1
+ 2y
2
+ 4y
3
= 3 (1)
-4y
1
-5y
2
+ 2y
3
= 1 (2)
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
j
3y 2y 4y 3
2y y 2y 4
4y 5y 2y 1
y 0 j 1, 3
+ + s
+ s
+ >
> =

Mt khc khi thay phng n x
0
vo cc rng
buc ca bi ton gc ta thy rng buc chnh th
ba xy ra du bt ng thc thc s nn:
y
2
= 0 (3)
T h phng trnh (1), (2), (3) ta d dng
suy ra nghim l y
0
= (1/5, 0, 9/10) ta thy y
0
l
phng n ca bi ton i ngu nn n l PAT
ca bi ton i ngu.
Vy bi ton i ngu c phng n ti u l:
y
0
= (1/5, 0, 9/10) v g(y
0
) = 12.
V d: Cho bi ton QHTT :
f(x) = x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 3x
3
+ 3x
4
Max
a. Hy gii bi ton.
b. Hy vit bi ton i ngu v ch ra PAT
ca bi ton i ngu.
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
j
2x x x 2x 20
x 2x 3x 4x 18
2x x 2x x 16
x 0 j 1, 4
+ + + s
+ + + =
+ + + >
> =

Bi ton dng chun:
f(x) = x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 3x
3
+ 3x
4
Mx
7
Mx
8
Max
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 7
1 2 3 4 6 8
j
2x x x 2x x 20
x 2x 3x 4x x 18
2x x 2x x x x 16
x 0 j 1, 8
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
> =

c
i
x
i
b
i

1 2 3 3 0 0
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6

0 x
5
20 2 1 1 2 1 0
-M x
7
18 1 2 3 4 0 0
-M x
8
16 2 1 2 1 0 -1
F(x) 0 -1 -2 -3 -3 0 0
-34 -3 -3 -5 -5 0 1
3
= -3 - 5M < 0 b
nht nn x
3
l n a vo, ly b
i
chia cho a
i3
> 0 gi
7
l n a ra.
a
23
= 3 l phn t ch yu.
c
i
x
i
b
i

1 2 3 3 0 0
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6

0 x
5
14 5/3 1/3 0 2/3 1 0
3 x
3
6 1/3 2/3 1 4/3 0 0
-M x
8
4 4/3 -1/3 0 -5/3 0 -1
F(x) 18 0 0 0 1 0 0
-4 -4/3 1/3 0 5/3 0 1
1
= - 4/3M < 0 b
nht nn x
1
l n a vo, ly b
i
chia cho a
i1
> 0 gi
8
l n a ra.
a
13
= 4/3 l phn t ch yu.
Cc A
j
> 0 vi mi j nn bi ton c PAT ca
bi ton m rng l : (3,0,5,0,9,0,0,0)
PAT ca bi ton xut pht: (3,0,5,0)
f
max
= 18
c
i
x
i
b
i

1 2 3 3 0 0
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6

0 x
5
9 0 3/4 0 11/4 1 5/4
3 x
3
5 0 3/4 1 7/4 0 1/4
1 x
1
3 1 -1/4 0 -5/4 0 -3/4
F(x) 18 0 0 0 1 0 0
b. Bi ton i ngu l:
g(y) = 20y
1
+ 18y
2
+ 16y
3
Max
Do bi ton xut pht c PAT l x
0
=(3,0, 5,0)
nn theo nh l lch b yu ta c:
2y
1
+ y
2
+ 2y
3
= 1 (1)
y
1
+ 3y
2
+ 2y
3
= 3 (2)
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 3
2y y 2y 1
y 2y y 2
y 3y 2y 3
2y 4y y 3
y 0; y 0
+ + >
+ + >
+ + >
+ + >
> s

Mt khc khi thay phng n x
0
vo cc rng
buc ca bi ton gc ta thy rng buc chnh th
nht xy ra du bt ng thc thc s nn:
y
1
= 0 (3)
T h phng trnh (1), (2), (3) ta d dng
suy ra nghim l y
0
= (0, 1, 0) ta thy y
0
l phng
n ca bi ton i ngu nn n l PAT ca bi
ton i ngu.
Vy bi ton i ngu c phng n ti u l:
y
0
= (0, 1, 0) v g(y
0
) = 18.
Chng t tnh ti u ca mt phng n
Vn : Khng gii bi ton QHTT xem xt
phng n x
0
c l PAT hay khng?
Phng php: Lp bi ton i ngu, gi s x
0
l
PAT sau dng nh l lch b yu tm
phng n tng ng vi x
0
tha mn nh l, nu
tn ti phng n tng ng th x
0
l PAT cn
khng tn ti phng n chng t x
0
khng l
PAT.
V d: Cho bi ton QHTT
f(x) = - 8x
1
+ 6x
2
+ 4x
3
+ 5x
4
Min
a. Vit bi ton i ngu ca bi ton trn
b. Chng t x
*
= (3, 0, -2, 0) l phng n. x
*

c l PAT hay khng? Tm tp PAT ca bi ton
i ngu?
1 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 4
x 2x x 7
2x x x 3x 4
3x x 2x 6x 5
x 0; x 0; x 0
+ s
+ + =
+ >
> > >

a. Bi ton i ngu:
g(y) = 7y
1
4y
2
+ 5y
3
Min
D thy x
*
= (3, 0, -2, 0) l phng n phng
n ca bi ton xut pht. Gi s x
*
PAT v
phng n tng ng y = (y
1
; y
2
; y
3
) ca bi ton
i ngu tha mn nh l v lch b yu.
1 2 3
2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 3
y 2y 3y 7
y y 6
2y y 2y 4
y 3y 6y 5
y 0; y 0
+ s
+ =
+ s
s >

Theo nh l lch b yu ta c:
y
1
- 2y
2
+ 3y
3
= -8 (1)
-2y
1
- y
2
+ 2y
3
= 3 (2)
Ngoi ra y cn l phng n nn ta c:
T (1) v (2) gii h ra ta c phng n y c
dng: y = (-16/5 + a/5; 12/5 + 8/5a; a)
Thay vo h rng buc ca bi ton i ngu ta
c: 0 s a s 6
R rng tn ti phng n ca bi ton i
ngu y cng vi x
*
tha mn nh l lch b yu
nn x
*
l PAT ca bi ton xut pht.
Gii bi ton c dng c bit
f(x) = 12x
1
+ 27x
2
+ 6x
3
Min
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
j
2x 3x 2x 12
x 3x x 6
6x 9x 2x 24
x 0 j 1, 3
+ + >
+ + >
+ + >
> =

Gii: Bi ton i ngu
f(y) = 12y
1
+ 6y
2
+ 24y
3
Max
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
j
2y y 6y 12
3y 3y 9y 27
2y y 2y 6
y 0 j 1, 3
+ + s
+ + s
+ + s
> =

Bi ton m rng:
f(y) = 12y
1
+ 6y
2
+ 24y
3
M(y
4
+ y
5
+ y
6
) Max
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 5
1 2 3 6
j
2y y 6y y 12
3y 3y 9y y 27
2y y 2y y 6
y 0 j 1, 3
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
> =

c
i
y
i
b
i

12 6 24 0 0 0
y
1
y
2
y
3
y
4
y
5
y
6

0 y
4
12 2 1 6 1 0 0
0 y
5
27 3 3 9 0 1 0
0 y
6
6 2 1 2 0 0 1
g(y) 0 -12 -6 -24 0 0 0
3
= -24 < 0 b
nht nn x
3
l n a vo, ly b
i
chia cho a
i3
> 0 gi
tr nh nht t ti hng i = 1 nn y
3
l n a ra.
a
13
= 6 l phn t ch yu.
c
i
y
i
b
i

12 6 24 0 0 0
y
1
y
2
y
3
y
4
y
5
y
6

24 y
3
2 1/3 1/6 1 1/6 0 0
0 y
5
9 0 3/2 0 -3/2 1 0
0 y
6
2 4/3 2/3 0 -1/3 0 1
g(y) 48 -4 -2 0 4 0 0
1
= - 4 < 0 b nht
nn x
1
l n a vo, ly b
i
chia cho a
i1
> 0 gi tr
nh nht t ti hng i = 3 nn y
6
l n a ra.
a
31
= 4/3 l phn t ch yu.
c
i
y
i
b
i

12 6 24 0 0 0
y
1
y
2
y
3
y
4
y
5
y
6

24 y
3
3/2 0 0 1 1/4 0 -1/4
0 y
5
9 0 3/2 0 -3/2 1 0
12 y
1
3/2 1 1/2 0 -1/4 0 3/4
g(y) 54 0 0 0 3 0 3
Cc A
j
0 vi mi j nn bi ton c PAT ca bi
ton i ngu l: (3/2, 0, 3/2)
Gi tr hm mc tiu t c l: g
max
= 54
Bi ton i ngu c PAT l:
y
0
= (3/2, 0, 3/2) nn theo nh l lch b
yu ta c:
2x
1
+ 3x
2
+ 2x
3
= 12 (1)
6x
1
+ 9x
2
+ 2x
3
= 24 (2)
Mt khc khi thay phng n y
0
vo cc rng
buc ca bi ton i ngu ta thy rng buc chnh
th hai xy ra du bt ng thc thc s nn:
x
2
= 0 (3)
T (1),(2), (3) gii ra ta c x
0
= (3, 0, 3) l
phng n ca bi ton xut pht nn n l PAT
v f
min
= 54

Quy hoạch tuyến tính (Slide)

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Phn Qui hoch tuyn tnh

1 Khi nim c bn v bi ton qui hoch

> > > s

Cc dng ca bi ton QHTT Dng TQ

Cc dng ca bi ton QHTT Dng CT

- Nu rng buc c dng:

Cch chuyn bi ton dng TQ v bi ton CT

Bi ton trn c phi l bi ton dng chun

Trong p l tham s. Chng minh bi ton

C s ca phng php n hnh

C s ca phng php n hnh

C s ca phng php n hnh

C s ca phng php n hnh

C s ca phng php n hnh

Thut ton n hnh

Phng php gii bi ton Max

Bi ton M (bi ton m rng):

Bi ton n hnh m rng

Bi ton n hnh m rng

nh ngha bi ton i ngu

nh ngha bi ton i ngu

nh ngha bi ton i ngu

nh ngha bi ton i ngu

Mi quan h gia cp bi ton i ngu

Cho bit bi ton trn c PAT l x

Tm PAT ca bi ton i ngu

Tm PAT ca bi ton i ngu

Tm PAT ca bi ton i ngu

Tm PAT ca bi ton i ngu

> > >

Chng t tnh ti u ca mt phng n

Tm PAT ca bi ton i ngu

Gii bi ton c dng c bit

Gii bi ton c dng c bit

Gii bi ton c dng c bit

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