Reinforced Concrete Composites Cohesive Springs Contact

Modeling in ABAQUS

Weidong Wu
Department of Civil Engineering The University of Mississippi

In order to use ABAQUS

FEA background Know what you will model Create your model correctly Always refer to the manual whenever you are not sure Solve difficulties through .dat .msg .sta files
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How to model composites

Two ways: -Composite shell sections
when your model is simple

-Composites layup
Real-world application, may handle large number of plies

Composites Modeling

Composite shell sections

Composed of layers made of different materials in different orientations.

Define composite shell in CAE

Composites layup

Ply orientation

The orientation of each ply

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Define composite layup in CAE

How to model RC
In Preparation

Cohesive Modeling

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Applications
Modeling adhesives, bonded interfaces, and gaskets Constitutive response types
Continuum based A traction-separation description of the interface A uniaxial stress state-gasket /small adhesive patches

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Creating a cohesive layer

You should define the geometric region that represents the cohesive layer as a SOLID, even if the thickness of the layer is close to zero

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Creating a cohesive layer

If thickness is less than104 , specify it

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Cohesive Elements
COH2D4 COH3D6 COH3D8 8-node three-dimensional cohesive element

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Define Interaction
Cohesive zone should have more refined mesh

In most applications it is appropriate to have both faces of the cohesive elements 15 tied to neighboring components

 If you want to model the cohesive layer using a mesh that is finer than the adjacent bulk material mesh, the cohesive layer should be generated as a separate mesh and tied to the bulk material using tie constraints

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Continuum-based modeling
A glue-like material has a finite thickness Using conventional material models When used with conventional material models, cohesive elements use true stress and strain measures The cohesive layer is subjected to only throughthickness strain, and two transverse shear strain components All standard output variables in ABAQUS are available for cohesive elements that are used with conventional material models * COHESIVE SECTION, RESPONSE=CONTINUUM Modeling of damage with cohesive elements can be carried out only in Abaqus/Explicit
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Modeling of damage with cohesive elements Progressive damage and failure for -Ductile metals -Fiber-reinforced composites

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Traction-separation-based modeling
The intermediate glue material is very thin and may be considered to be of zero thickness Model the delamination at interfaces in composites Cohesive behavior defined directly in terms of a tractionseparation law

PL S AE K

t-The nominal traction stress vector k-is the stiffness that relates the nominal stress S to the displacement

When used with a material model that is based on a tractionseparation description, cohesive elements use nominal stress and strain measures *COHESIVE SECTION, RESPONSE=TRACTION SEPARATION

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A uniaxial stress state-gasket modeling

Fully nonlinear (can be used with finite strains and rotations); Can have mass in a dynamic analysis Available in both ABAQUS/Standard and ABAQUS/Explicit

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Contact Modeling
In Preparation

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Introduction
Surface based or contact element based Interaction between surfaces -Normal -Tangential: sliding friction Contact Property: to define contact interaction models: -Normal hard -Tangential: finite or small sliding
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Master and slave surface

Only the master surface can penetrate the slave surface the slave surface should be the more finely meshed surface if the mesh densities are similar, the slave surface should be the surface with the softer underlying material Element selection it is better, in general, to use first-order elements for those parts of a model that will form a slave surface
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 If you choose the Finite sliding formulation and the Surface to surface discretization method, the contact interaction property that you select cannot specify a hard contact pressureoverclosure relationship

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What You May Always Need to Know

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Job Execution Control

Abaqus Job suspend, resume, and terminate

abaqus {suspend | resume | terminate} job=job-name

abaqus terminate job=input_file

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Automatic stabilization of unstable static problems

Nonlinear static problems can be unstable Causes:
geometrical nature, such as buckling, material nature, such as material softening Rigid body motion

Solution:
automatic addition of volume-proportional damping
to the model

to obtain a smooth motion

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How to decide the damping factor

Automatic stabilization of static problems with a constant damping factor
1. Based on the dissipated energy fraction,default=0.0002 2. Directly specifying the damping factor 3. Propagating the damping factors from the immediately preceding general step into the current step

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Common Difficulties
Warning message: Zero pivot and numerical singularity Causes:
1. Nodes may be overconstrained in a model

2. The model might be insufficiently constrained, rigid body motion occurs.

TOO MANY ATTEMPTS MADE FOR THIS INCREMENT Causes: so many reasons
1.Cannot reach convergence
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