1.

is changes to es
Examples: Thesis theses Oasis oases axis - axes Basis bases Analysis analyses

2. us changes to i
Examples: Stimulus stimuli Focus foci Fungus fungi Alumnus alumni

3. a changes to ae
Examples: Formula formulae Alga algae Vertebra vertebrae

4. um and on changes to a Examples: Datum data Phenomenon phenomena Memorandum memoranda Medium media

5. ex and ix changes to ices Examples: Index indices (indexes) Matrix matrices Vortex vortices

Index indices (for algebraic signs) - indexes (list of contents of books)

6. Musical terms ending in o are usually Italian, and only add s to form their plurals. Concerto Solo Canto piano rondo soprano

7. Some odd plurals in modern English are from Old English forms. Ex. Child children Ox oxen

8. The word brother has two forms, the modern brothers and the older brethren. Brothers in a family Brethren in a congregation

9. Some common nouns change vowels to form plurals. Examples: Goose Foot Tooth