PAHUMARA - SHP

Section - I

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 THE PROJECT The Pahumara Small Hydel Project is located on the river of the same name. The project is located in the Baksa District of Assam near village Laugaon. It is proposed to have an installed capacity of 2000 Kwe consisting of two (02) units of 1000 Kwe each. The project has been conceived as a run of the river project with diurnal storage. The existing Pahumara irrigation barrage is used as the diversion weir. 1.2 PROJECT PURPOSE The Pahumara SHP has been proposed to be developed for augmenting the power generation in Bodo Territorial Council area of the State of Assam especially using renewable energy source and for helping in rural electrification of the State. After commissioning of the Pahumara Small Hydroelectric Project, the electrical energy produced shall be utilized for augmenting the energy supply in the local rural distribution network in the Jalah Block of Baksa District and shall provide electricity to un-electrified villages. The energy availability will also improve the voltage profile and reliability of the power system in this remote area in and around Laugaon. 1.3 WATER RESOURCES Pahumara is a hilly stream and is a tributary of river Brahmaputra. It has its origin from the southern water shed of Arethumake of Bhutan range of Assam Himalayas. Pahumara is a perennial stream with a minimum flow of around 2.94 cumec (for 90% dependable year 1974) after meeting the irrigation requirement and a maximum flow of

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948.32 cumec (33457 cusec). The stream has a catchment area of 440 sq.km at the Kathalmurighat barrage site. The river flows through mixed jungle. 1.4 GEOLOGY AND GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS The small hydropower stations do not require construction of any heavy structures. The geology along the location of various project components have been found to be favourable for founding these structures. The location of various structures including the power plant and alignment of the power channel and the tail race channel have been made keeping in view the slope and structural stability. 1.5 POWER PLANT The power plant is proposed to have two (02) turbine generating units each of 1000 Kwe output at generator terminals. The turbines shall operate under a net head varying between 7.2 m and 6.315 m. As for this head and variable discharge, Kaplan turbines are suitable, the same has been proposed. The turbine-generators shall be of vertical shaft type alignment. The generation voltage shall be at 3.3 KV which shall be stepped upto 11 KV through a common step-up transformers of 2500 KVA capacity. There is an existing 11 KV line upto the barrage site which shall be used to evacuate the power generated. Each of the generators shall be provided with brushless excitation system and all standard protections for generators and transformers of this capacity shall be provided. 1.6 FINANCIAL ASPECTS The average annual energy expected to be produced from the proposed project is 9.34 x 106 kwh and the net energy available for sale is expected to be 8.784 x 10 6 kwh at 95% plant availability. The plant load factor is 50.64%.

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The design energy of the project is 6.853 x 106 kwh, and the net energy available for sale i.e. 6.785 x 106 kwh. The estimated cost of the project is Rs. 1413.00 lacs out of which the cost of the civil works is Rs. 683.00 lacs and the cost of electro-mechanical works is Rs. 653.00 lacs. There is an existing 11 KV line upto the barrage site which shall be used to evacuate the power generated. The cost of generation in the first year of operation is estimated at Rs. 3.49 per kwh and on levellised cost basis over a 35-year period works out to Rs. 3.12 per kwh. The gross revenue in 50% dependable year is estimated at Rs. 281.20 lacs with sale price of energy at Rs. 3.20 per kwh (levellised sale price). The return on equity after meeting all operating expenses, tax, but including depreciation is estimated at 20.1 % on levellised cost basis over a 35-year period. 1.7 FINANCING OF THE PROJECT THROUGH CDM The CDM facility was established in August 2003 to assist Developing Member Countries (DMCs) to access new development opportunities made possible through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Its main objectives are as follows: Promote projects that contribute to poverty reduction, sustainable development, and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. Lower CDM transaction costs by supporting CDM project identification, development, registration , and implementation. Help find competitive prices for Emission Reductions (ERs), or carbon credits, arising from projects. Facilitate access to underlying-finance by improving project viability.

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The CDM facility is applicable to both sustainable development benefits and GHG mitigation. These include: Renewable energy Energy efficiency Sustainable agriculture, Forestry. It is estimated average annual energy production from the Pahumara SHP shall be 8.873 x 106 KWh (allowing for 5% forced outage) and the energy available for sale be of the order of 8.784 x 106 kwhr per annum. The coal being used in the thermal power stations in India not being of very good quality, it may be appropriate to assume that the carbon dioxide being emitted shall be of the order of 987 gms per kwh. On this basis the carbon dioxide emission reduced by generating same amount of electrical energy from Pahumara SHP works out to 8.75 x 106 kg per annum which equivalent to 8750 tonnes per annum. On this basis over the life time of power plant the carbon dioxide reduction is expected to be of the order 3,06,500 MT. Since the Pahumara SHP is a renewable energy project and its operation can provide energy for social and sustainable development without contributing to GHG emissions is eligible for financing under CDM facility as envisaged in Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol. 1.8 RECOMMENDATIONS The project is technically suitable and financially attractive and hence recommended for execution. ******

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Section - II

SALIENT FEATURES

1. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

Location State District Block Village Access-road From nearest air port - Guwahati Nearest rail station - Barpeta road

: : : : : : : : : : : :

Assam Baksa Bodo Territorial council (BTC) Jalah Laugaon 10 kms from NH-31 at Bhawanipur point 148 kms 33 kms Powerhouse site 910 1 E 260 37 N 50 m above msl 440 sq. km. Pahumara (a tributary of Brahamaputra) Low head, run of the river type with diurnal storage Barrage type weir of RCC 172 m 1699 cumec 5 bays 18 49.60 m 49.60 m 44.75 m 52.5 m 2.0 m Rectangular 9.5 m

(vi)

Geographical Coordinates Longitude Latitude

(vii) Altitude 2 River Catchment (i) Catchment (ii) Name of River 3. (a) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x) 4. (a) (b) Type of Project Diversion Structure (Head works) Type of structure weir/barrage Length of barrage Maximum discharge capacity (cumecs) Number of undersluices (Existing) Number of weir bays (Existing) Normal pond level Maximum water level Crest level of undersluices (existing) Top level of guide bund (existing) Top width of crest (existing) Head Race Channel Shape Bed width (at the entrance)

: : : :

: : : : : ; : ; : : : :

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(c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) 5. (a) (b) (c) 6. (a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f) (g) (h) 7. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 8. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

Length Bed slope Fully supply depth Free board Mannings coefficient Design discharge Forebay Live storage volume Dimensions (length x width x depth) Free board Power Station Type Design head Power station dimensions Length Width Height Proposed installed capacity Number of units Design discharge Firm power (at 90% dependable discharge) Design energy Turbine Type Number Capacity Diameter of runner Rated head Rated discharge per unit Generator Type Number of units Number of phases Frequency Rated output Rated voltage Power factor Rated speed

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

43.4 m 0.1 m in 43.4 m 4m 1m 0.018 49.7 cumec 350 cum. 25 m x (9.5 x to 15) x 10 1.0 m Surface 6.3 m 23.5 m 9.86 m 27.5 m 2 x 1000 Kwe 2 38.60 cumecs 260 kW (4.62 cumec) 6.853 x 106 kwh Vertical axis Kaplan Two 1063 kw 2100 m 6.4 m 19.3 cumec Synchronous 2 3 50 1000 KW 3300 V 0.8 lagging 750 rpm

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9.

Power Station Crane

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Hand operated bridge crane 15 tonnes 11000 / 3300 V One + one for auxiliary power transformer One 2500 kVA Plinth mounted 125 KVA 11000 V / 433 V One Trapezoidal 85.0 m 30.0 m 0.1 m in 85 m 1.2 m 1.0 m 0.0225 40 cumec Rs. 1413 lakhs Rs. 653.0 lakhs Rs. 683.00 lakhs Rs. 1566.33 lakhs Rs. 78320.00 6.853 x 106 kwh 8.784 x 106 kwh 50.6 % Rs. 3.12 281.10 lakhs 20 % Rs. 4269.35 lakhs

10. Switchyard (a) Voltage level (b) Number of bays (c) (d) (e) (f) 11. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) 12. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 13. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 14. (a) (b) Number of step up transformers Transformer capacity Transformer mounting Auxiliary power transformer Voltage Number Tail Race Shape Length Bed width Bed slope Full supply depth Free board Mannings coefficient Design discharge Estimated cost Project cost Cost of electro-mechanical equipment Cost of civil works Total project cost including IDC Cost per KW installed Benefits Design Energy Average energy available for sale per annum Plant load factor Cost of Generation per KWh (on levellised cost basis) Annual revenue at sale price of Rs 3.20 per kwh Financial performance indicator Return on equity (levellised) Cumulative cash accrual on equity of Rs. 437.93 lakhs *******

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Section III

CHECK LIST
1 2. a. b. NAME OF THE PROJECT LOCATION State District PAHUMARA SHP Assam Baksa Bodo Territorial council (BTC) Jalah

c. Block

d. Village Laugaon 3. CATEGORY OF THE PROJECT a. Small Hydel Hydroelectric scheme with a total installed capacity upto 2 x 1000 KW 25000 KW 4. PLANNING Has the overall development of the stream/canal been Yes prepared and stages of development discussed ? Have the alternative proposals been studied and their Yes merits and demerits discussed ? Have the detailed topographical surveys been carried out for the following items and drawings prepared as per Yes prescribed scales ? a. Head work surveys (weir or diversion structure) Yes b. Desilting tank Yes c. Water conductor system Yes d. Forebay Yes e. Penstock. Yes f. Power house, Tailrace etc. Yes 5. GEOLOGY 6. FOUNDATION INVESTIGATIONS Have the general surveys regarding construction Yes, as applicable materials like pervious and impervious soils, sands, and necessary aggregates, etc. been carried out ? 7. HYDROLOGICAL & METEOROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS Have the hydrological investigations been carried out and status of discharge data of stream/canal discussed in Yes reports ? 8. HYDROLOGY Have hydrological studies been carried out to establish 8 .

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the availability of water for the benefits envisaged, and what is the dependability of the potential ? 9. LAND ACQUISITION & RE-SETTLEMENT (Whenever Applicable) Have the provisions for land acquisition and resettlement been considered ? Have the socio-economic problems involved in resettlement been investigated & discussed?

Yes 50% Dependability

Yes-provision for land acquisition has been made. No - Re-settlement is not involved

10. DESIGN Has the layout of the project area viz., location of diversion structure, powerhouse etc. been finalized ? Have the preliminary designs been prepared for the following components ? a. Diversion Weir. b. Penstock and water conductor system, etc. c. Power house etc.

Yes Yes Yes Yes

11. POWER BENEFITS Have the following been discussed ? a. Total energy production and installed capacity of the system Yes b. How does the scheme fit into overall development of Power station being power of the region ? (as applicable ). developed for meeting the electrical power requirements especially in rural areas of Assam c. Energy generation from the project, firm power etc. Saleable energy : 8.784 million kw hrs annually on average d. Proposal for transmission and/or connecting to the 11 KV single circuit existing system, etc. (wherever applicable). line existing upto the barrage site shall be used for power evacuation e. Cost of generation per kwh installed as compared to the Rs. 3.20 per kwh is various micro hydel projects and services in the region of comparable to the justify the economic viability of the scheme. cost of other canal based low head hydropower station in the region. Further, the cost is less than the cost of energy purchased by Assam 9 .

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State Electricity Board from Central Generating Stations and Private Generating Stations. 12. CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME Are the major components of work proposed to be done Through Contractor departmentally of through contractor ? Have the quantities of the following items been worked Yes out for various components of the project ? a. Excavation soft & hard strata Yes b. Earthwork in filling (wherever applicable) Yes c. Stone for masonry Yes d. Coarse aggregated for concrete Yes e. Steel for reinforcement. Yes f. Other materials P.O.L., Electricity Yes 13. ESTIMATE a. Is the estimate prepared ? Yes b. Have the analysis of rates for various major items and the components of the project been furnished, with basis of analysis & the price index ? Yes 14. ECONOMICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS Is the area likely to the environmental and ecological No Environmental problems due to the altered surface water pattern and and ecological preventive/corrective measures discussed ? (wherever degradation. For applicable) environmental preventive and corrective measures a sum of Rs. 0.50 lacs has been provided for in the cost estimates 15. CAMP AND BUILDINGS : Has the planning of the camps/building been done ? Yes 16. SOIL CONSERVATION Is the need for soil conservation measures in the project Not required discussed ? ******

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CHAPTER 1

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

1.1 PROJECT PLAN AND PURPOSES It is proposed to harness hydro energy available at the barrage site on the river Pahumara located near the village Laugaon in the district of Baksa in the State of Assam. The barrage has been constructed to feed one canal on the right bank. The Pahumara river, alongwith its numerous tributaries, originate from the southern watershed of Arethumke peak of Bhutan range of Assam Himalayas and pass through vast areas of open mixed jungles within the North Kamrup reserved forest before joining the Brahmaputra. The discharge in the river is much more than the irrigation requirements. It is proposed to utilize the head available by ponding the upstream of the barrage and the surplus water flowing through the barrage (at present after meeting the irrigation requirements). The maximum (pond) water level is 49.60 m above msl. The average river bed level at a distance of above 200 meters downstream of the barrage is 41.8 meters. Thus a gross difference of 7.8 meters is available between the pond level and the river bed level. The maximum and minimum discharge passing through the barrage after meeting the irrigation demand are 53.35 cumec and 15.73 cumec in a 50% dependable year and 50.52 cumec and 2.94 cumec in a 90% dependable year respectively as per the river discharge data available over a period of 6 years. On the basis of this

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discharge data, water power studies have been conducted, which has resulted in the possibility of establishing a hydropower station on the left bank of the river (barrage). It is proposed to install a power generating facility comprising of 2 units of 1000 KW e rating each, aggregating to 2000 KWe installed capacity with a plant load factor of 50.6% on average. The electrical energy generated from this project would meet the needs of the villages in the vicinity and in the backward districts of Baksa, Kokrajhar and Barpetta which will improve the power availability in the region and help accelerate socioeconomic development. Besides, the project would also help reduce the energy shortage of 5.40% and peak power shortages of 5.80% of the state of Assam (Ref. 2004 2005 statistics source: North Eastern Region Power Sector Profile, Ministry of Power, Govt. of India January 2006). 1.2 PROJECT COMPONENTS The proposed project shall be of run-of-the-river type for the generation of hydroelectric energy. The proposed Pahumara SHP shall consist of the following major system components: (1) (2) (3) (4) Head race channel Road bridge (conforming to IRC Class A) on head race channel. Intake structure with trash rack and stop-log gates with hoist arrangement. Vertical axis Kaplan turbines coupled to synchronous generators through appropriate speed increaser 2 sets, each of 1000 KWe capacity.

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(5)

One (01) 15 tonne capacity bridge crane H.O.T for the turbine generator room.

(6) (7)

One (01) 10 tonne capacity gantry crane for intake gate operation. One (01) set of generator and turbine control and protection cubicles with measuring, recording, and indicating instruments, protective relays and annunciation system.

(8) (9) (10) (11)

SCADA system Pond level controller Two numbers of drainage pumps. One number step-up transformer 3.3 KV / 11 KV, 2500 KVA with associated current and voltage transformers (CTs and PTs) and vaccum circuit breaker.

(12) (13) (14)

Draft tube gates 2 nos. Monorail with gate hoist (7.5 tonnes) for operating draft tube gates Tail race channel.

In the event of tripping of the unit / units, the inflow into the upstream of the pond shall be made of flow to the downstream of the river by opening of the barrage gates as required. The opening and closing of the gates shall be controlled by a level controller to be installed on the upstream of the barrage. To avoid overtopping of the banks, the level controller shall be provided with adequate redundancy. 1.3 PROJECT BENEFITS It is estimated that on average 8.784 x 106 Kwhrs of electrical energy shall be available for sale after meeting the energy required for auxiliary power consumption.

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The project when completed would result in conservation of 8800 tones of coal annually thereby providing a cleaner environment for future. Further, the project since uses renewable resource for power generation would benefit the global reduction of carbon dioxide (green house gas) pollution by 8750 tones annually. 1.4 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL Fine aggregate and coarse aggregate are available in the river bed nearby and in u/s reaches . Coarse aggregate boulders are to be collected from the u/s reach river of and crushed for use in the structures. Cement from reputed manufactures is available from dealers at Bongaigaon and Kokrajhar which are within a distanced of about 25 / 30 kms from the project site. Structural and reinforcement steel can be obtained from the Stockyard of Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL) located at Guwahati at a distance of 150 kms from the project site. 1.5 CONSTRUCTION PROGRAM The construction of the project comprises of the following major activities: Excavation of approach channel p.u. pit and tail race channel. Power station raft foundation. Dewatering Construction of head race channel, road bridge, intake and power house structure, tailrace channel. Erection and commissioning of power plant equipment, trashrack, cranes, gates (intake and draft tube). Dismantling of the to upper portion of left side retaining wall u/s of head regulator of irrigation canal and to construct approach channel to forebay. 14 .

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Construction of 11 KV switchyard and connecting the existing 11KV line.

The above works can be completed within twenty four (24) months from the date of technical and financial closure of the project. Preparation of tender specifications, issue of notice inviting tenders, tender evaluation, and placement of orders can be completed within six months from the date of start of the project, which is included within the above mentioned period of twenty four months. Temporary sheds for construction storage, and accommodation of construction staff also be constructed during the first six month period. The existing building at the barrage site on the left bank can be used for locating the site office. 1.9 CONSTRUCTION POWER It is estimated that a maximum of 250 KVA of power would be required at the project site including power required for dewatering. There is already on existing 11 KV line upto the barrage site. The construction power shall be drawn from this line. However, as a standby, it is proposed to install a 100 KVA Diesel Engine driven (DG) set for taking care of any contingency. 1.10 ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Since the power plant is proposed to be set-up adjacent to the existing barrage and within the land owned by the irrigation department, no adverse effect to environment and ecology in the vicinity is expected. Since the water diverted from the upstream of the barrage is again let out into the same river about 150 metres downstream, the threat to aquatic life in the downstream stretch of the river is non-existent. Besides, leakage of water through the barrage gate

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seals would not dry-up the river in the downstream of the barrage upto the junction of the tail race channel with it. There is no wild life habitat including breeding, feeding and migration route within the project periphery. It is also not a potential site for wild life sanctuary. There are no rare or endangered species of flora and fauna within the project site. There are no monuments of cultural, historical, religious or archaeological importance within the project boundaries. It is also not a spot used for recreation at present. However, it is likely that after the site is developed for power generation, by creating a pool upstream of the existing barrage, the head pool could be developed as a place for recreation by provision of boating facilities. Further, the upstream pool could be used for developing fishery and pisciculture, which will increase availability of local and fresh fish in the villages and towns nearby. It may be worth mentioning here, that fish is the staple food of the state, and presently fish is being imported from far away places like Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh for meeting the growing demand. There are no trees within the project boundaries. However after completion of the project, trees with commercial value can be planted along the tail race channel and the head pool to enhance the environment and ecology of the area. Appropriate provision of Rs. 0.50 lakhs has been made in the budget estimates for plantation of trees, and land scaping around the project area.

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1.11

LAND ACQUISITION The entire project is proposed to be aligned within the land owned by the

Government of Assam and hence no difficulty in acquisition of land is envisaged. The land required for the project area 0.81 hectares. 1.12 PROJECT COST The total cost of the project is estimated at Rs. 1413.00 lakhs without escalation in cost and interest during construction, and Rs. 1566.33 lakhs with escalation in cost and interest during construction. The cost of civil works and electro-mechanical works are stated as below: Cost of civil works : Rs. 683.00 lakhs Rs. 633.00 lakhs Rs. 20 lakhs Rs. 2 lakhs Rs. 75.00 lakhs

Cost of electro-mechanical : Cost of power evacuation : Cost of land : Expenditure on pre-project Development works :

It is proposed that the phasing of expenditure shall be as follows with debt to equity ratio as 70 : 30 : Ist year (in lakhs) 437.93 39.87 477.80 2nd year (in lakhs) Nil 981.96 981.96

Promoters contribution External borrowing Total

The interest during construction on the borrowed capital is Rs. 106.57 lakhs. 1.13 BENEFIT TO THE STATE As per small hydro power policy of Government of Assam, it has been proposed to give 0.05paise per unit as water cess to the state. Keeping this in view, the cost of generation has been worked out.

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1.14

COST OF GENERATION The cost of generation in the first year works out to Rs. 3.49 per kwh at the

station busbars, and Rs. 3.12 per kwh on levellised basis. As per the figures available for the year 2001 2002, Assam State Electricity Board has been purchasing power from other states and Central Sector Stations with an average cost of Rs. 1.9041 per kwh. For the same year, (2001 2002) the tariff structure has been as follows: Domestic Agriculture irrigation Industry Average : Rs. 1.9981 : Rs. 2.8715 : Rs. 4.4756 : Rs. 3.6734

(Source : North Eastern Region Power Sector profile, Ministry of Power Govt. of India, January 2006) 1.15 FINANCIAL RETURN As per the financial analysis carried out for the project and reported in Chapter cash accrual is Rs. 4269.35 lakhs over the life time (35 years) of the project. Further, the return on equity is 20.1 % on levellised basis. It is thus apparent that generation from this project is competitive with the power purchased from other states / Central Government stations. Further, whereas the energy produced from coal, oil and natural gas stations would rise in the future, the cost of energy produced from this station would not rise with time and would rather reduce in terms of its real cost, considering the inflation in economy and devaluation in real value of money.

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1.16

RECOMMENDATIONS The project envisages harnessing of renewable energy source, thereby

conserving non-renewable energy source and reducing environmental pollution by avoiding carbon dioxide emission to the atmosphere. The proposed project being technically feasible, economically desirable, financially viable and environmentally benign is recommended for execution on the explicit considerations of long term benefits to the society. ******

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CHAPTER 2

INTRODUCTION
2.1 GENESIS OF THE PROJECT The State of Assam is located in the North-eastern part of India blessed with abundant natural resources especially oil, gas, forest and agricultural resources. The state is located as a strategic corridor to other states like Arunchal Pradesh, Nagaland, Tripura, Manipur, Meghalaya and Mizoram located on the north-eastern and eastern frontiers of the country. Assam State Electricity Board (ASEB) has been assigned the role of bulk purchase of supplying of electricity throughout the State. During the year 2004 05 there was a shortage of peak power by 5.80 % and an energy shortage of 5.40%. The state has been also purchasing power to a tune of 2072 million units (200102) from central sector stations and other states. The average purchase price is Rs. 3.03 per kwh (as per the present agreed cost of power procurement from Power Trading Corporation by ASEB). The National Electricity Policy of Government of India envisages that peak and energy shortages should be met completely by 2012. It is further envisaged that the quality and reliability power should improve. The policy lays emphasis on rationalizing of tariffs, rural electrification and encouraging higher private sector participation. The policy also addresses key issues such as hastening the returns process by defining time lines for critical processes such as open access in each state, metering requirement, energy audits intra-state transmission tariffs and upgrading technology at regional level dispatch centers.

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The Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services Limited (IL&FS) is one of Indias leading infrastructure development and finance companies. IL&FS was promoted by the Central Bank of India (CBI), Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited (HDFC) and Unit Trust of India (UTI). Over the years, IL&FS has broad-based its shareholding and inducted institutional shareholders including State bank of India, Life Insurance Corporation of India, ORIX Corporation Japan, HSBC Group and Government of Singapore. IL&FS has a distinct mandate catalyst the development of infrastructure in country. The organization has focused on commercialization and development infrastructure projects and creation of value added financial services. The IL&FS group has evolved along routes perfectly configured to business requirements. Technical support and service routes provide specialized expertise project development and sectoral companies house the ability to see initiatives and carry than through to completion. The IL&FS group is active in the development of infrastructures sectors namely, * Transportation, * Area Development * Cluster development * .Finance * Power * Ports * Water and Wastewater * Urban Infrastructure * Environment * Education * Tourism The IL&FS has entered into an Memorandum of Understanding (MOU ) with the Bodo land territorial council for development of small hydro power stations in the Bodo land area for meeting the local electrical energy requirements as presently electrical energy availability especially in the rural areas in Assam suffer from unreliable power supply, low voltage and brown outs. Towards this end, IL&FS has identified the existing barrage.- sites for power generation purposes by utilizing the head difference between

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the upstream water level of the barrage and the downstream water level and the discharge which is released through the river as excess over the irrigation requirements. These irrigation barrages have been constructed by the Assam Irrigation Department for meeting the irrigation requirements in the adjoining areas by impounding the river flows. Pahumara is a perennial river flowing from the Bhutan hills through the State of Assam and draining into the river Brahmaputra. 2.2 GEOGRAPHICAL DISPOSITION The proposed Pahumara SHP is located at the geographical coordinates latitude 260 37 N and longitude 910 1 E near village Laugaon in the district of Baksa. 2.3 ACCESSIBILITY The Pahumara SHP is connected by all weather road from NH-31 from Bhawanipur point. The distance is around 10 kms. The nearest railway station is Barpeta road situated at a distance of 33 kms. The project site is accessible through out the year from NH-31. The project site is 150 kms from the state capital Guwahati. 2.4 TOPOGRAPHY The proposed power station is to be located on the right bank of the river Pahumara, downstream of the existing barrage. The land around the site is almost plain and flat without much undulations. The land around the site is barren and not used for any productive purposes. 2.5 CLIMATE The South West monsoon rains from the end of the early half of April being the general rainy season. The period from April to September is the monsoon period. The Pahumara basin receives an average rainfall of 1427 mm.

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The climate is predominantly humid from April to September, the humidity being very high - more than 90% with an average temperature of 290 C. The humidity decreases to 60 67% from September to March. Normally the dry period is between February and March. The minimum temperature (during December and January) is 130 C (mid night). 2.6 GEOLOGY The site is located in the alluvial plain of Assam. As per geological and soil investigations based on observations of the soil excavations in and around the project area, the proposed power house site is devoid of rock strata and is entirely covered with sandy / clay soil. 2.7 NATURAL RESOURCES There are no mineral resources below the ground level in the vicinity of the proposed project site. 2.8 SOURCES OF WATER The river Pahumara originates from the southern water shed of Arethumke of Bhutan range of Assam Himalayas and runs almost in north - south direction to join river Brahmputra. The catchment area intercepted at the Pahumara barrage site at Kathalmuri ghat is 430 sq.km. From the upstream of the barrage one canal take-off on the right bank. The design discharge of the right bank canal is 9.92 cumec. Since the barrage is accessible from the National Highway 31 on the right bank, it has been proposed to locate the power station on the right bank.

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It is proposed to draw the water to the proposed SHP through an intake to be constructed upstream of the warped wall adjacent to the right bank canal intake. Water from the reservoir created by the barrage shall be flowing into the head pond of the power station through the proposed intake channel and the modified intake of the existing right bank canal. 2.9 HYDROLOGY The discharge available in the river is much more than the irrigation requirements of both the canals. It is proposed to utilize the excess water which is presently flowing down through the barrage gates for power generation purposes. The discharge data of the river Pahumara for the years 1965, 1966, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975 ( 6 years) have been utilized for determining the power and energy for the proposed SHP. For estimation of hydro power potential, the hydrological data for the years 1965 - 1966 and from 1972 1975 (6 years) have been considered which is considered to be adequate for planning of small hydro power projects. The discharge data corresponding to these 06 years have been tabulated in Table 4.1. The irrigation requirements is stated in Table 4.2. The water available for power generation has been calculated after deducting the monthly irrigation requirements from the river discharge for all the 6-years and stated in Table 4.3. 2.10 NECESSITY NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT Only 21% of the 4.5 million households in the state of Assam have access to electricity. The per capita consumption of electricity is only 104 kilowatt hours, which is less than one third of the national average.

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The shortage of electrical power can be easily gauged from the fact that Assam State Electricity Board has very recently have invited tenders for supply of off-peak power of 80 MW (between 0000 hrs to 1700 hrs and from 2300 hrs to 2400 hrs) and peak power of 100 MW from 1700 hrs to 2300 hrs daily from November 2006 to April 2007. This trend is likely to continue into future no major power project is commissioned to mitigate the power shortages. Asian Development Bank has observed that the lack of sufficient and reliable power is eroding the states competitiveness and prevents it from attracting industrial investments from outside. ADB has also observed that improved power supply at a removable cost is essential to revive the states industry and economy. Further, they have noted that financial sustainability in power sector is equally important to be improved so that it is no longer a drain on state finances. Because of technical and financial constraints, Assam State Electricity Board operates below capacity and is unable to meet the States total power demand. It depends on power purchased from neighbouring states, and other Central Government power generating agencies. Due to purchase of power from other agencies, the cost of power is high. Further poor billing and collection of revenue add to the financial problems of ASEB. Consequently, ASEB is heavily dependant upon the State Governments financial support for providing electricity in the state. Diversion of state governments funds for electricity, naturally, reduces the governments expenditure on meting the more basic requirements of population like health and education.

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With shortage of electrical energy, depletion of fossil fuel resources, and increasing awareness against pollution caused by use of coal, oil, natural gases in generation of power, global attention has been focused on harnessing renewable sources of energy like small water power, solar, and wind etc., which are nonexhaustible and non-polluting. Amongst all the renewable energy sources receiving attention, small hydro power is most promising since the technology having evolved over a period spanning more than 150 years has reached a stage of maturity. Small hydropower programme is one of the thrust areas of the Government. The Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Government of India has set a goal of 2000 MW capacity addition from small hydro power projects by the year 2012. The thrust of SHP development would be mostly through setting up of commercial projects with private sector participation.

2.10.1 National Policies Supporting the Project The Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) was created in 1992 by upgrading the erstwhile Department of Non-conventional Energy sources. The main responsibility of the Ministry includes the development and utilization of the entire spectrum of renewable energy sources from the traditional to the modern technologies, from draught animal power, improved woodstoves, biogas to hydrogen energy, including solar, wind, biomass, small hydro power, cogeneration, ocean energy, geothermal energy and alternate fuels. The main activities include research and development, development of standards, operation of test facilities, promotion of manufacturing and development of markets, commercialization of technologies,

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operational

programmes,

awareness

creation

information

dissemination

and

international cooperation. The Ministry has now moved to a liberalized policy regime, allowing the market forces to play a major role. Direct cash subsidies are being phased out by a package of incentives and financing arrangements. A suitable policy environment and support for market mechanisms have been created which would lead to increased participation of private sector in the production and utilization of non-conventional energy devices. Strategy A three fold strategy has been pursued by the Ministry for the promotion of NRSE which are outlined below: * Promoting private investment through fiscal incentives, tax holidays, depreciation allowance, facilities for wheeling, banking and third party sale of grid power, and a remunerative price for the power generated. * Extending institutional finance from Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA), and other financial institutions, for commercially viable projects, with private sector participation, and external assistance from World bank, Asian Development Bank (ADB), Global Environment Facility (GEF) and bilateral programmes. * Providing budgetary resources of government for selected demonstration projects. The implementation of the programmes is being carried out by State Governments, Electricity Boards, Industry and Non-governmental Organizations etc.

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The Government of India and the State Government have announced a number of incentives for development of small hydro in the country which are stated below: (a) (b) The Government has permitted a minimum of 14% return on investment. The Government has permitted private sector to participate in power generation through the implementation of the Indian Electricity Act 2003. (c) The MNES supports SHP development, both in the government and private sectors. Apart from financial support to new modernization and modernization (R&M) of existing SHP stations and government projects that have been languishing for want of funds. A special incentive package has been developed for the promotion of the SHP programme in the Northern Eastern states, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttaranchal. Key performance parameters such as cost of the project, capacity utilization factor, and cost of electricity generation are the guiding factors for grant of subsidy. Emphasis is also laid on quality of the equipment through insistence upon standards and specifications that match international levels. To improve the economic viability of SHP projects and to give impetus to the programme, the MNES provides a one-time subsidy for commercial SHP projects. The subsidy is utilized by the promoter towards repayment of the term loan availed from a financial institution. The subsidy is released after the project performance parameters are attained as laid down in the MNES scheme. The subsidy scheme covers projects of capacity up to 25 MW each. The eligibility conditions and subsidy levels are given in below:

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Eligibility criteria and levels of subsidy for SHP project Eligibility Special category states (NorthOther states Eastern region, Sikkim, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal) Rs. 7 crores / MW Rs. 5 crores / MW

Maximum permissible installed cost Cost of electricity Minimum permissible Capacity factor Standards Subsidy utilization

Rs. 2.50 3.30 / unit Canal based : 30% Others : 45%

generation

All projects to conform to relevant international / national codes of practices and standards Rs. 2.25 crores X(C MW)0.646 Rs. 1.5 crores X (C MW)0.646

Note : C stands for capacity of the project. (d) 2.11 Soft loan by Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency. CHOICE OF SCHEME ALTERNATIVE STUDIES The alternative studies conducted during the course of preparation of the DPR are stated as below: (1) (2) (3) Installed capacity Number of generating units Type of turbine. The recommendations in this report is based on the alternative that is technically appropriate, economically attractive and financially most desirable.

2.12

RECOMMENDATIONS

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The recommendation in the report is for installation of vertical axis axial flow Kaplan turbine located on the left bank of the river on a by-pass channel across the Pahumara barrage.

*****

Fig. 2.1

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CHAPTER 3

SURVEYS AND INVESTIGATIONS

3.1

TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY Topographic survey of the area covering the approach channel, forebay, power

station, tail race pool has been carried out on a scale 1:500 at 1 meter contour intervals. The area surveyed extends upto 200 meters from the upstream of the barrage center and upto 250 m downstream. The width of the strip surveyed is 200 m from right bank of the barrage. 3.2 HYDROLOGICAL SURVEYS The discharge data of Pahumara river have been collected by the Assam Irrigation Department at gauging site at the NH crossing about 15 kms. downstream of the proposed barrage site. The discharge at the barrage site has been considered as 90% of the discharge measured at the bridge site of NH crossing. There is no tributary meeting the river between the barrage and the gauging site at the NH crossing. The irrigation project has been designed on the basis of the discharge available for 11 years from 1972 to 1982. From the barrage at Kathalmuri ghat, one canal take-off on the right bank. The design discharge of the right bank is 9.92 cuemc. Since the inflow at the Kathalmurighat is much more than the irrigation requirement as mentioned in Table 4.1, the surplus water available at the barrage and intercepted is proposed to be utilized for power generation.

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The discharge data corresponding to these years have been considered for power potential evaluation. After accounting for the irrigation requirements the balance water as available for each of these years for power generation has been calculated and utilized in the planning of the project installed capacity. ******

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Fig.

3.1 A view of the Pahumara river near the Barrage Site showing the location of principal villages Laugaon and Kathalmuri

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CHAPTER 4

WATER RESOURCES (HYDROLOGY)

4.1

RIVER SYSTEM Assam state comprises of two main river valleys. The northern valley is known

as the Brahmaputra valley and the southern valley is known as Barak valley. The Brahmaputra valley is an alluvial plain in between the foot hills of Bhutan ranges and other hill tracts, on North and central ranges of Naga, Karbi, Khasi, Jaintia, Garo hills etc. This valley approximately covers 56339 sq.km. of riverine area within the strip of both bank of the river, stretching from Sadiya on the east up to Dhubri on the West. The Brahmaputra receives a number of tributaries and sub-tributaries throughout its course. These streams and rivulet originate from southern water shed of Arethumke peak of Bhutan range of Assam Himalaya and flow in areas characterize by open mixed jungles within north Kamrup reserved forest. River Pahumara is one of the major tributaries on the north in the District of Baksa district. The catchment area of Pahumara is about 440 sq.km from its origin upto its existing head works (barrage) site at Kathalmuri ghat. The area between Bhutan foot hills and about 5 km, north of the NH-31 (C) is covered by reserve forest and mixed jungles etc. River Pahumara is a major tributary of the mighty Brahmaputra and this river along with other two main rivers namely Kaldiya and Moradiya command the Pahumara basin of the Northern region of Brahmaputra valley. This basis lies between lat. 26.10N and long. 91.5 to Lat. 26.5 N end long. 91.15E. Each of the rivers has independent

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source of origin but they come together to drain the water of the whole basin into the river Brahmaputra. The river Pahumara originates in Himalayan foot hills of Bhutan between

elevation 1000-15000 metres and flows south to join the rivers Kaldiya and Moradiya. Actually this river is a combination of some hilly streams and local springs. The main tributary of this river is Rupahi. The other main stream is Jiapota which itself is a combination of some streams mainly Bhumki and Thebor. This combined discharge of Jaipota meets the river Rupahi at Kathalmurighat about 8 miles north of NEF Railway line and takes the name of Pahumara and flows almost towards south. After crossing the national highway 31 it flows in south western direction. After traveling about 3 miles south of NH 31 it allows its whole flow to discharge in to vast low lying area consisting of many beels. Into this low lying area, two other rivers, namely, Kaldiya and Morapagladiya also discharge. After this it takes the name Chowlkhowa flowing towards south west and joins the Brahmaputra river. River Pahumara flows with bed gradient nearing in 1000 15000 in the plains on Kamrup district. Its bed in this reach consists of medium and fine silt. It has a shallow and wide but well defined section. In the backwater one of the Brahmaputra, the river has a very flat gradient of the order of 1 in 16000 ft.

4.2

DISCHARGE IN RIVER PAHUMARA AT BARRAGE SITE The discharge data of Pahumara river have been collected by the Assam

Irrigation Department at NH-31 bridge site (18 kms downstream of head works site) from 1964 onwards. The discharge at this site has been reduced by 10% to arrive at the discharge at Kathalmuri barrage site.

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The maximum observed discharge 948.32 cumec (33457 cusec) on July 17 th, 1970 and minimum observed discharge is 2.1 cumec. The discharge data available for the Kathalmuri barrage head works site for the period from 1972 to 1982 is given in Table 4.1 which has been extracted from the detail project report for the Pahumara irrigation project prepared by Assam Irrigation Department. The irrigation requirements to be catered through the right bank canal is mentioned in Table 4.2.

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Table 4.1 (one page)

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Table 4.2: Gross irrigation requirement for Pahumara Irrigation Project

Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Ten days period 1 10 11-20 21-30 1-10 11-20 21-28 1-10 11-20 21-31 1-10 11-20 21-30 1-10 11-20 21-31 1-10 11-20 21-30 1-10 11-20 21-31 1-10 11-20 21-31 1-10 11-20 21-30 1-10 11-20 21-31 1-10 11-20 21-30 1-10 11-20 21-31 Gross irrigation requirement in cumec 0.12 0.12 0.45 0.37 0.46 0.30 0.30 1.27 1.31 1.04 1.04 1.04 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.85 0.85 0.29 0.16 2.81 3.07 2.45 2.44 2.72 2.76 2.76 3.65 2.52 2.52 0.00 2.89 2.15 0.07 0.12 0.12 0.12

4.3

DISCHARGE IN THE IRRIGATION CANALS From the barrage at Kathalmuri one canal take-off on the right bank and the

other on the right bank. The design discharge the right bank canals is 9.92 cumec.

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4.4

DISCHARGE AVAILABLE FOR POWER GENERATION Since the inflow at the Pahumara barrage is much more than the irrigation

requirement as mentioned in Table 4.2, the surplus water available at the Pahumara barrage and intercepted is proposed to be utilized for power generation. The water available for power generation after accounting for irrigation discharge on 10-daily basis for the years 1965, 1966 and from 1972 to 1976 is shown in Table 4.3. 4.5 DEPENDABLE DISCHARGE In Figure 4.1, the year-wise total annual runoff, and determination of 50% dependable year (1974) have been graphically presented. The flow data available for power generation (after meeting the irrigation requirements) have been stated in Table 4.4 arranged in descending order. In Figure 4.2, the discharge duration curve after accounting for the irrigation drawals for the power generation has been presented. From figure 4.2, after accounting for the irrigation discharges, the ninety (90) percent, fifty (50) percent and seventy five (75) percent dependable discharges available for power generation have been determined and are stated below based on six -years discharge data. 90% dependable discharge 75% dependable discharge 50% dependable discharge 4.6 WATER QUALITY The silt concentration in this river has been observed to be maximum 700 PPM. In view of this, no additional measures are required in the design of the power station, civil works and electromechanical equipment. : : : 4.62 cumec 8.20 cumec 18.39 cumec.

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Table 4.3

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Table 4.4 ( one page)

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Fig. 4.1

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Fig. 4.2

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CHAPTER 5

GEOLOGY
5.1 GEOLOGY The area comes under the new alluvial zone of Assam on the north of the river Brahmaputra. The alluvial materials laid in the area very recent in the chronological sequence of origin. The present material of these alluvial curries with a complex geology of the Himalayan and the Tibetan plateau. 5.2 SUB-SURFACE INVESTIGATIONS Sub-surface investigations were carried out by digging 1 pit at the proposed power house location upto a depth of 8 m below the existing ground level. The soil is young and immature. The soils comprises of a matrix of river bed material and silt. The prime object of this investigation work is to find out sub soil profile, important engineering properties, bearing capacities of subsoil etc. The report includes physical properties of the subsoil deposit such as grain size distribution, bulk density, specific gravity, moisture content, calculation of angle of internal friction, cohesion C". All works beginning from field investigation, collection of samples, laboratory testing, interpretation of results was done as per pertinent code of practices. The results are presented in a tabular or graphical form according to convenience. 5.2.1 Field Works The field work involved boring, recording soil profile by visual observation, collection of disturbed and undisturbed samples for laboratory test, undertaking standard penetration test etc.

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The sample collection by manual boring (Auger and Hand) including pertinent field test and other visual observation were done in the month of April 2006. The investigation shows that the soil in the area predominately found clay, silt and sand. The boring did not present anything unusual like encountering boulders, rocky strata etc. The undisturbed samples were collected in metallic tubes as per IS : 1932 1963 specifications. The samples so collected were waxed at either end, labeled and then forwarded to laboratory for conducting necessary tests. The disturbed samples were collected from auger heads or from returning wash water and split spoon sampler. It is then packed in polythene bags after marking in the packets the depth, borehole number etc. 5.2.2 Standard penetration Test The standard penetration test is done on undisturbed soil at site by hammering with a hammer of 65 kg weight falling freely through a height of 75 cm. The number of blows required to push the samples tube through 45 cm length is countered. The reading of first 15 cm distance is not counted towards standard penetration values and this position is called seating. The N values are shown in the borehole logs. 5.2.3 Bore Hole Log The bore hole log is numbered for identification of location and also shows the following: (1) (2) Date of boring. Ground water table the reading for the ground water table is taken after waiting for sufficient time till the water level in the casing become stationary.

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(3) (4)

Depth of different strata from ground level. Graphical representation of N-value.

5.2.4 Laboratory Test The following laboratory tests were performed as soil samples: (1) (2) (3) (4) Grain size analysis for classification of soil Direct shear test Specific gravity Field density.

5.2.5 Calculation of Bearing Capacity (a) Bearing Capacity based on shear failure IS : 6403 1981 recommends the following equation to calculate the net safe bearing capacity qs based on Hansens bearing capacity analysis: Qs = I/F {CNc Sc dc Ic + q (Nq I) Sq dq Iq + 0.5 B N S d i x W} Where, C = cohesion of soil = saturated density of soil = width of footing = 2 m (assumed) = water table correction factor = 0.5 = effective surcharge at footing level = D (D = depth of footing) Nc, Nq, N = bearing capacity factor Sc = 1.3, Sq = 1.2, S = 0.8 (for square footing) dc,dq,d = depth factor = 1 (assumed)

B W Q

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ic, iq, i F

= inclination factors = 1 (assumed) = factor of safety = 3.0

The above equation thus becomes qs = 1/F {1.3 C Nc + 1.2 D (Nq 1) + 0.2 B N } for general shear failure and submerged condition. Depth = 3.0 m, C = 0.15 kg/cm2 = 1.5 t/m2

= 180, local shear failure,

Angle of shearing resistance for local failure = m = tan 1 2/3 tan 180 = 12.220 say 120 Nq = 3.05, N = 1.79, Nc = 9.19

Angle of shear for general shear = 310 qs = 1/3 {(2/3 x 1.3 x 1.5 x 9.19 + 1.2 x 0.79 x 3.0 x (3.05-1) + 0.2 x 0.79 x 2.0 x 1.79} t/m+2 = 6.13 t/m2 say 10.0 t/m2.

Bearing Capacity Based on Tolerable Settlement The maximum allowable bearing pressure is to be found out from the elastic settlement consideration and is found from the following equation of I.S. Code 8009 (Part-I) 1976. Sr = (Ht / 1 + eo) Cc log10 (po + p)/po Sr Ht eo Cc Po = Total settlement in m = Thickness of soil layer in m = Initial void ratio at mid height of layer = Compression index = Initial effective pressure at mid height of layer

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= Pressure increment

Depth = 3.0 m The soil below the foundation is divided into three layers of thickness 1 m each and settlement of these three layers are calculated separately and finally summed up. First layer of 1 m thick Here, Cc = 0.09 Po = (3.0 x 0.79 + 4.0 x 0.76) / 2 = 2.70 Let us take allowable bearing capacity = 6.0 t/m2 P = (6.0 + 3.6) / 2 = 4.8 t/m2 S11 = 1000/(1+0.64) x 0.09 x log10 (2.70 + 4.8) / 2.70 = 24.28 mm

Second layer of 1 m Here Cc = 0.09 Po = (4.0 x 0.76 + 5.0 x 0.78) / 2= 3.47 P = (4.8 + 1.8)/2 = 3.3 t/m2 S12 = 1000 / (1 + 0.64) x 0.09 x log10 (3.47 + 3.3) / 3.47 = 15.91 mm Third layer of 1m Here, Cc = 0.09 Po = (5.0 x 0.78 + 6.0 x 0.78) / 2= 4.29 P = (1.8 + 1.2)/2 = 1.5 t/m2 S13 = 1000 / (1 + 0.64) x 0.09 x log10 (4.29 + 1.5) / 4.29 = 7.1 mm Total settlement S1 = S11 + S12 + S13 = 24.28 + 15.9 + 7.1 = 47.28 mm < 65 mm, Safe Adopt allowable bearing capacity as 6.0 t/m2

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Design of Pile foundation Ultimate bearing capacity in compression in sand, QU from IS : 2911 (Part-I)-1981 QU = Qp + Qr = End bearing resistance + Frictional resistance of pile in sand and clay. Qu = (1/2 D N + PD N q ) KPDi E tan A Si Qp = Ap (1/2 D N + PD N q ) Qis =

L{

Di

tan A Si

Qic = Ca As Qsafe = QU / FOS = QU / 2.5 Where, Qu (kg) Ap = ultimate bearing capacity of pile

= Cross sectional area of pile toe in cm2.

N gl , N q = Bearing capacity factors depending upon the angle of internal friction K = Earth pressure coefficient (usually taken as 1.5 for sandy soils)

Ca(kgf/cm2) = Average cohesion of soil around the pile stem As (cm2) = Surface area of the stem

= 0.85 t/m2

q = D {D = Depth of foundation}

As l d

= reduction factor (usually taken as 0.5 for clays) = Angle of wall friction between pile and soil. = Circumferential area of pile stem = x 1 x d = Length of embedment = Diameter of the pile. 50 .

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Let us consider bored RCC piles (without under reamed bulb) df L D = length of pile from existing ground level = 7.5 m = pile cut-off level = 1 metre = stem diameter = 30 cm / 40 cm

Diameter of Pile = 30 cm Length = 7.5 m Ap = 0.070 m2

Average cohesion, Cav (2.0 m to 5.0 m) = (0.3 + 0.15 + 0.25) / 3 = 0.23 Here, Nq Qp Qic Qis = 300 = 18.40 N = 22.40

= 0.0707 [0.5 x 0.3 x 0.85 x 22.4 + 0.85 x 7.5 x 18.40] = 8.49 = 0.5 x 2.3 x (3.14 x 6.5 x 0.3) = 7.04 = 1.5 [{(0+5.0)/2x0.85}x0.5x(3.14x0.3x5.0)]+1.5[{(5.0+7.5)/2x0.85}x0.5x (3.14x0.3x2.5)] = 7.50 + 9.38 = 16.88 ton

Ql Qu

= 7.04 + 16.88 = 23.92 ton = 8.49 + 23.92 = 32.41 ton Safe load, Qs = 3.241/2.5 = 12.96 tonne Say 13.0 ton

Diameter of Pile = 40 cm length = 7.5 m Ap Qp Qic Qis = 0.126 m2 = 0.126[0.5 x 0.4 x 0.85 x 22.4 + 0.85 x 7.5 x 18.40] = 15.25 = 0.5 x 2.3 x (3.14 x 6.5 x 0.4) = 9.38 = = 10.00 + 12.51 = 22.51 ton Qt Qu = 9.38 + 22.51 = 31.89 ton = 15.25 + 31.89 = 47.14 ton Qs = 47.14 / 2.5 = 18.85 tonne Say 18.0 ton 1.5[((0+5.0)/2x0.85}x0.5x(3.14x0.4x5.0)]

+1.5[{(5.0+7.5)/2x0.85}x0.5x(3.14x0.4x2.5)]

Safe load,

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5.3

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION All the test results have been presented systematically through different tables and

graphs. Subsoil strata are shown in the bore log profiles. As seen in the bore logs and particle size distribution curves, it is found that soil mass of the area predominantly contains clay, silt and sand. As the soil in the site possesses good bearing capacity we recommend isolated footing suggested net safe bearing capacity for isolated footing of 3.0 m depth is 10.0 t/m 2 (Table 5.1). The load carrying capacity of bored cast in-situ RCC pile (without under reamed) of dia 30.0 cm and 40.0 cm size are shown in Table 5.2. However the safe pile load capacity is to be verified by pile load test. Table 5.1 : Net Safe Bearing Capacity Depth from RL of founding existing ground level (m) level (m) 3.0 95.0 Net safe bearing capacity (tonne / metre2) 10.09 10.0 Suggested net safe bearing capacity (tonne / metre2) 10.0

Table 5.2 : Safe load carrying capacity of bored RCC pile (without under reamed)
Pile dia (cm) RL of pile terminating level (m) Length of pile from EGL (m) Pile cut off length (m) 1 1 Safe load carrying capacity from IS 29111980 (tonne) Compression 12.96 18.85 Uplift 9.56 12.75 Recommended safe load carrying capacity (tonne) Compression 13.0 18.0 Uplift 9.0 12.0

30 90.50 7.5 40 EGL = Existing Ground Level

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CHAPTER 6

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
6.1 GENERAL The various construction material required for the project are available in the vicinity of the project site. The sources have been identified keeping in view the technical specifications applicable to each type of construction material and the quantities required. The following is lead statement of various construction material. Material Sand, Stone, gravel, boulders Cement Steel Source River bed Safekamar quarries Distance (km) 5 km 15 km 25 / 30 km 25 / 30 km

The sand, stone, gravel and boulders are available in the river bed in sufficient quantity from where it can be collected for the construction purposes. 6.2 SPECIAL MATERIALS Materials like CGI sheets for roofing of the power station, fixtures etc. would have to be procured from Bongaigaon or Guwahati (150 kms). Generating equipment, electrical and mechanical equipment, gates, hoists, trash racks etc. would have to be specially manufactured to order and transported to site and installed as and when required. All the equipment proposed are indigenously manufactured and no import of equipment is envisaged. 6.3 OTHER MATERIAL Items like checkered plates for covering cable trenches, glass panes for windows etc., can be procured from Guwahati (150 kms). ******

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CHAPTER 7

PROJECT PURPOSES
7.1 GENERAL Government of India is presently giving top priority to the development of Small, Mini and Micro Hydro Stations for augmenting electricity generation in the country due their short gestation period besides being environmentally benign. 7.2 PRESENT STATUS AND PROJECTS OBJECTIVES Once the project is completed, it will on average supply 8.78 million kwhrs of electrical energy to the Assam State Electricity Board Grid, which will meet the energy requirements partially. Further, this power station, being located in the midst of vast tracts of agricultural and where substantial amount of electrical energy is being used for pumping ground water for agricultural production, shall meet their requirements and also will reduce transmission losses in Assam State Electricity Board grid. Further, the energy so produced shall help in reducing atmospheric pollution by Carbon dioxide and Flyash by reducing carbon-di-oxide production by 11,100 tones and 3000 tones of flyash from the thermal power stations. This objective is in consonance with the Kyoto-Protocol on world environment. ******

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CHAPTER 8

CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME
8.1 GENERAL The civil works for the project includes; head race channel, road bridge over head race channel, intake structure, power house building to house turbine and generation equipment along with control and protection equipment, draft tube, tail pool, tailrace channel and switchyard. The head race channel is proposed to take off diagonally between approaches of barrage and the right bank main canal. The intake structure is to be constructed on the upstream of the power station structure and integral with the same. It is proposed to cut a rectangular notch through the retaining wall upstream of the head regulator for the main canal. The tail race channel joins the Pahumara river about 150 m downstream of the existing Pahumara barrage. The power house is proposed to be completed in a period of 24 months which includes 3 months for preparing tender documents. Tender specification are to be invited separately for execution of civil works, supplying and installing mechanical equipment and electrical plant. During the period the tender formalities are being complied with action for acquisition of required land is envisaged. Accommodation for residential and non-residential purposes and other ancillary facilities are also required at the site as no facilities are available at the site. It may perhaps be possible to avail the facilities available in the irrigation department rest house located nearby, for which Assam Irrigation Department has to be contacted by the developer.

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8.2

MATERIAL PLANNING Chapter 6 gives the sources of various construction materials and their availability.

8.3

CONSTRUCTION POWER The power supply will be required at the power house site. About 250 KVA will be

required for operating the concrete mixer and vibrators and the dewatering pumps. The existing 11 KV line of Assam State Electricity Board to the barrage site and located within the project area can be tapped at a suitable point. 8.4 MANPOWER PLANNING The construction agency executing the power house will arrange its own manpower as required. 8.5 DEWATERING Dewatering shall be required when the foundation is excavated due to proximity to the river which runs almost continuously. The contractor will have to make his own arrangement for pumps required for dewatering. 8.6 REQUIREMENT OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT For civil works of the power house, the main equipment required will consist of: (a) (b) Earth excavators like JCB etc. Concrete mixer and vibrators for producing and compacting plain and RCC, (c) Air compressor, rock drills, diesel generating set as a standby, welding set, chain pulley block and tripod.

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The project estimate does not include provision of these equipment as these would be arranged by the construction agency. No difficulty is envisaged in arranging these equipment as these are indigenously available. 8.7 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION The work is proposed to be done through contractor. 8.8 SUPERVISORY STAFF During execution, supervisory staff for both civil and mechanical electrical works being carried out will have to be posted by the developer. Provision for establishment has been made at the rate of 4% of the I-works (details of which are given in Chapter 14). 8.9 SERVICES AND UTILITIES The staff for operation and maintenance would be appointed by developer. However, it is proposed that the O&M staff be appointed by the time the erection of electro-mechanical equipment starts so that they get acquainted and are trained in the process. Residential facilities may be constructed at the site or accommodation on hire can be taken at the nearest villages / towns of Pathsala and Sarupeta where such facilities are available. 8.10 BAR CHART A bar chart showing the construction of works has been included in this report. The programme includes the civil works, and supply and installation of mechanical and electrical equipment (Fig. 8.1).

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BAR CHART (two pages)

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CHAPTER 9

ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS

9.1 SITE SELECTION The site of the power station has been selected on the left bank of the Pahumara river. The power station will be located on a bypass channel to be constructed from the Pahumara river upstream of the existing barrage. 9.2 PHYSICAL ASPECTS The approach channel and the forebay is aligned in an area where there are no constructions. The land is owned by the Assam Irrigation Department. The land which to be utilized for the project purposes does not have any tree and is almost barren with some small bushes, scattered here and there. There are no plantation with any commercial value. There is no wild life habitat including breeding, feeding and migration route at the site. It is also not a potential site for wild life sanctuary. There are no rare or endangered species of flora and fauna at the proposed site. There are no monuments of cultural, historical, religious or archaelogical importance at the proposed site. It is also not a spot used for recreation. However, it is likely that after the site is developed for power generation, the surrounding area could be developed into a picnic spot and a place for recreation.

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9.3

RESOURCE LINKAGE ASPECTS The impact of construction materials on the environment is virtually negligible in

view of very small quantity required for the construction of the power plant and appurtenant works. There would also be no impact due to migration of construction workers to the project site since the number of workers envisaged at the peak of construction is approximately fifty (50). 9.4 PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS The maximum number of construction workers at the peak period is not likely to exceed fifty (50) persons. The civil construction work is likely to take not more than six (06) months. Necessary sanitary and health facilities shall be provided for the workers by the contractor. 9.5 PREVENTIVE AND CORRECTIVE MEASURES The project would enhance the aesthetic aspects of the site. To improve the aesthetics of the site as well as to improve upon the vegetal cover, it has been provided for in the project estimate for planting of trees around the project site. 9.6 ESTIMATION FOR MEASURES There is no specific necessity for conducting environmental studies/surveys for the power station, being exempted under the relevant act of the Government of India. As there is no virtual impact on the environment, there is no necessity for initiating any remedial and mitigative measures. A sum of Rs. 50,000/- has been provided for in the project estimate for meeting the expenditure on land scaping and plantation around the power station. ******

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CHAPTER 10

WATER AND POWER STUDIES

10.1 DATA AVAILABLE The discharge data has been monitored by the Assam irrigation Department from the years 1965, 1966 and from 1972 to 1975 (6 years) which they have used for the planning and design of the Pahumara Irrigation Project including the Pahumara barrage. The discharge data for this period has been taken from the Revised Project Report for the Pahumara Irrigation Project prepared by the Assam Irrigation Department and presented in Table 4.1. 10.1.1 Discharge for Power Generation It is envisaged to utilize the surplus discharge available at the Pahumara barrage at Kathalmuri ghat for power generation purpose. Therefore from the discharges available at the Kathalmuri ghat barrage site irrigation requirements through the left bank and the right bank canals have been deducted to arrive at the surplus flow available at the barrage site to be utilized for the power generation purposes. For planning of small hydroelectric projects, it is considered adequate to use three years discharge. However, since the discharge data is available for a longer period (i.e., for 6 years), it has been considered desirable to analyze the entire six years data for planning of the proposed Pahumara SHP.

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10.1.2 Head The gross head is the difference in elevation between the water surface levels in the upstream of the barrage and the downstream of the barrage. As the project is a low head development, it is proposed to maintain the barrage pond level (49.6 m above mean sea level) as the upstream level, in order to maximize the head availability and the consequent energy productivity. From the topographical survey of the river downstream of the barrage, at a distance of about 150 metres from the barrage axis, a suitable site has been identified where the tail race channel can join the river. This site has been identified on the basis of the following considerations: The length of the head race and the tail race channel is minimum, The bed level of the river does not change appreciably, if the length of the tail race channel is further increased, or in other words, if a lower river bed level is to be attained (for achieving higher head), a much longer tail race channel is required which is not economically justified. At the site of the confluence of the tailrace channel with the river channel, the river cross section has been plotted and the water level in the river corresponding to the discharge has been calculated. Similarly, the bed width of the tail race channel has been taken as 30 metres, so that when the power discharge flows through this channel, the depth of flow does not exceed 1.03 m. This has been chosen to achieve a higher available head for power generation.

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The river bed level at the point of confluence is 41.7 metre (above mSL). With a slope of 0.1 metre from the tailrace channel with a length of 85 metres, the bed level of the tailrace channel works out to 41.8 m (mSL). The tail water rating curve has been prepared for different flows. The tail water rating curve is shown in Fig. 10.6. 10.2 INSTALLED CAPACITY For deciding the installed capacity, four alternative scenarios have been created and evaluated. The alternatives are: Alternative (1) : Alternative (2) : Alternative (3) : Alternative (4) : Installed capacity of 2 x 750 KWe = 1500 KWe Installed capacity of 2 x 1000 KWe = 2000 KWe Installed capacity of 2 x 1250 KWe = 2500 KWe Installed capacity of 2 x 1500 KWe = 3000 KWe

The water power studies have been conducted with the above four alternatives for the entire six calendar years i.e. for 1965, 1966 and from 1972 to 1975. Thus, the simulation studies conducted for these years amply reflects the total likely scenario as it covers a long period of six years. The energy generated for each of these alternatives, year-wise are shown in Figures 10.1, 10.2, 10.3 and 10.4. The comparative performance of these four alternatives are tabulated below in Tables 10.1, and Table 10.2 and also diagrammatically displayed in Figure 10.5.

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Table 10.1

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Table 10.2 : Utilization of the generating units in the 50% dependable year Nos. of units One unit Two units Utilization of unit in nos. of days per year 2 x 750 KWe 2 x 1000 KWe 2 x 1250 Kwe 2 x 1500 KWe 365 365 365 365 150 130 100 60

From the Table 10.1, it is evident that the incremental energy increases when the installed capacity is increased from 1500 KW (2 x 750 KW) to 2000 KW (2 x 1000 KW), but decreases when it is increased to 2500 KW (2x 1250 KW). This clearly shows that the optimum installed capacity for the Pahumara SHP is 2 x 1000 KW. This decision is also further buttressed by the fact that the plant load factor for an installed capacity of 2 x 1000 KW is 53.3% whereas the same for an installed capacity of 2 x 1250 KW is 45.6% before accounting for forced outage, auxiliary consumption and transformation losses. Further, the use of two units is justified as can be seen that with the alternative of 2 x 1000 KWe, the second unit is required to be operated for about 130 days (4.3 months) in a year. This solution gives an opportunity that spare capacity is available for a reasonable time to take care of annual maintenance and forced outage of one unit in operation. If the plant load factor in the 90% dependable year is considered, the plant load factor with an installed capacity of 2 x 1000 KW is 41.2% whereas the same for the installed capacity of 2 x 1500 KW is 33% which is considered to be low enough. In consideration of plant load factor (> 50% on average and > 40% in the 90% dependable year) flexibility in operation and maintenance, part load operation and

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indigenous manufacturing capability of runner, it is proposed to install two units of 1000 KWe each. 10.3 DESIGN ENERGY The design energy is the energy likely to be produced in the 90% dependable year with 95% availability. From the hydrological data for the Pahumara Barrage, 1975 is the 90% dependable year. From the power generation simulation studies conducted for this year with 2 units of 1000 KWe each, the energy likely to be produced is 7.214 x 106 KWhrs. With 95% availability, the design energy is calculated to be 6.853 x 106 Kwhrs. ********

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Fig. 10.1

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Fig. 10.2

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Fig. 10.3

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Fig. 10.4

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Fig. 10.5

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Fig. 10.6

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CHAPTER 11

INTAKE AND TAIL RACE WORK

11.1 HEAD RACE CHANNEL The head race channel takes off from the left bank of the river at a distance of 70 metres from the barrage axis. The bed width of the head race channel is 23 metres. The head race channel has vertical sides. At 83.0 m downstream of its off-take point of head race channel (i.e. after crossing the existing left bank main canal alignment), it is proposed to construct a village road bridge with a width of 6 metres catering to IRCClass-I specifications for facilitating the road traffic to the existing barrage and villages on the right bank of the river. 11.2 INTAKE STRUCTURE The Intake structure is integral with the upstream face of the power station structure. The intake structure comprises of a trash rack in the upstream face installed at an angle of 750 to the horizontal followed by a vertical intake gate. The vertical intake gate is proposed to be of stop-log type and is to be lowered for facilitating the maintenance of the turbine and the draft tube. 11.3 TAIL RACE The tail pool is provided with a reverse bed slope of 1V : 5 H till it meets the bed level of 65.3 m El of the tail race channel. The width of the tail pool at the exit of draft tube is 15.0 m, which is same as the combined width of the draft tubes of all the three units and piers. This splays to 30.0 m in width over a length of 20 metres. The walls of

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the tail pool are warped in both horizontal and vertical. The tail race channel has trapezoidal section with side slope of 1V: 1.0 H till it meets the Pahumara river, the length of trapezoidal section is 110.0 metres. The tail race joins the river at a distance of 192 metres downstream of the barrage axis.

**********

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CHAPTER 12

WATER CONDUCTOR SYSTEM

Water conductor system consists of head race channel, head regulator bridge, forebay, Intake, power house, draft tubes, tail pool and tail race channel. 1.0 HEAD RACE CHANNEL As per the surveyed site plan the length of HRC is 43.4 m, with a bed slope of 0.1 in; 43.4 m length, the channel is 9.5 m wide with 5.0 m depth of water. 1.1 Max discharge to be taken by two machines for Generation of power Area of flow = 49.7 cumecs = 9.5 x 5.0 = 47.5 sq.m Velocity of flow

VH =

49.7 47.5

= 1.05 m/sec. Velocity head 2.0 Head Regulator Width of HRC is 9.5 m; at chainage 33 m of HRC, 1.5 m wide pier has been provided, so there are two bays, each 4.0 m wide and are provided with 5.3 m high gates and gates hoist arrangement. In case of repair of forebay or P.H, the flow can be controlled by these gates. Upstream of the gates, coarse trash rock is also provided to check entry of wooden logs etc. into channel. =
2 VH = 0.056 m 2g

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3.0

Forebay Within the available space and considering he economic aspect the layout of scheme has been proposed so that it may have 350 m 3 of water above MDDL. Because head race channel is not so long and it is also connected with barrage pond, so there would not be any difficulty to get water for generation. The width of forebay is 15.0 m with a sloppy bed, length of forebay including its upstream transition is 25 m.

4.0

Trash Rack at Intake Inclined trash rack at intake has been provided at an angle of 70 0, to stop the entry of trash etc. to the turbine. The height of opening at trash rack is 5.0 m and the width of trash rack in each bay is 3.0 m. No. of bays / openings Width of opening =4 = 3.0 m

Height of opening / length of inclined trash rack = 5.0 m through which water will flow 49.7 = 0.83 m / sec 4x3x5

velocity through trash rack = Vt =

at trash rack

Vt 2 = 0.035 m Velocity head = 2g

5. Entrance Opening to Power House No. of bays / openings Width of opening Height of opening Area of opening for one machine =4 = 3.0 m = 2.8 m = 2 x 3.0 x 2.8 = 16.8 sq.m.

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Area of opening for two machines

= 2 x 16.8 = 33.6 sq.m 38.6 = 1.13 m / sec 33.6

velocity of flow at entrance = Ve =

Velocity head = 6. Ve2 = 0.065 m 2g

Tail Race Channel Width of channel Side slopes Mannings coefficient Longitudinal slope (0.1 m in a length of 85 m) = 30.0 m = 1.5 H : IV (Boulder pitched) = 0.0225 S=

0.1 = 0.0011765 85 S = 0.03443 S = 1.5244 n

Maximum design discharge Let D = depth of flow With all above parameters and V = 0.67 m/sec V2 = 0.023 m 2g

= 38.6 cumecs

D = 1.03 m

Velocity head =

For other depth of flows an equation has been written and plotted (Fig. 10.6). 7.
2

Head Losses in Water Conductor System

By considering all the head losses and adding them, average hl comes out to be V V2 = 0.46 K. (where velocity V has been taken at entrance) which is approx. 0.03 2g 2g m for Q = 38.6 cumecs; similar head losses can be found out for other discharges.
*******

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CHAPTER 13

DESIGN CRITERIA OF POWER HOUSE AND POWER PLANT

13.1 STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA Intake Structure The intake structure proposed consists of a rectangular bellmouth behind the trashrack. The intake gate is provided in a separate structure. Grooves shall also be provided in the intake gate structure for stoplogs. The intake gate is proposed to be operated by electric motor operated hoist from the control room. The gate shall be of vertical sliding type. Trashrack A trashrack fabricated out of mild steel flats and structural numbers at the inlet to the bellmouth to prevent the entry of large size debris/floating matter. Trash racks (in 3 pieces) shall be erected between the grooves provided at the nose piers on either side & bay for easy removal from the top. The trash rack shall be installed at an angle of 75 o to the horizontal. The racks are provided from the bottom of the intake structure 1.0 above pond level. The area of the trashracks is sufficient to ensure a minimum velocity of flow or 0.75 m/s with 50% clogging. Approach to Service Bay Access to the power house has been proposed along a 5 m wide road on the right bank of the channel located at an elevation of 50.5 m.

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Power House Building A surface powerhouse has been proposed to be located on the right bank of

river. The size of the building is 10.6 m (along flow) x 23.5 m (across flow) to accommodate two units of Kaplan type turbine along with its respective synchronous generators and control panels. The layout of the various components is shown in Drg. No. 05 and 06. Flow to the turbine is to be regulated by wicket gates. Provision for vertical sliding stop log type intake gates has been made to take care of maintenance

requirements. The power house proposed is of the indoor type, where all erection and maintenance of machine is done within the power house itself. Drainage sump, hydraulic power pack and control panel are placed at suitable locations to minimize the space requirements and the length of the control cables, etc. Structural Design The power house design consists of (a) superstructure and (b) substructure. The components of the superstructure are : (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Roof Roof supports Brackets for gantry crane rails Walls Floors.

The components of the substructure are : (1) (2) Draft tube top slab Draft tube bottom slab.

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(3)

Turbine and generator foundation.

The superstructure is designed to withstand the following loads : (a) Dead loads consisting of self weight of the structure and the permanent superimposed loads. (b) (c) (d) Live loads for roof and floor according to IS : 4247. Wind loads conforming to IS : 875. Crane loads consisting of the weight of fully loaded crane, its impact, crane surges or crane braking forces. (e) (f) Earthquake forces according to IS: 1893. Water pressure, earth pressure wherever applicable. The permissible stresses for design of superstructure are as per IS:456 for RCC and IS:800 for structural steel. The same have been increased for various

combinations of loads as laid down in IS: 4247.

Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Load Combination D.L. + L.L. + moving crane loaded to half its capacity and normal FWL D.L. + L.L. + moving crane loaded to half its capacity + temperature + normal TWL + wind load D.L. + L.L. + moving crane loaded to full capacity + temperature + normal TWL D.L. + L.L. + unloaded standing crane + temperature + max TWL + earthquake D.L. + L.L. + moving crane loaded to half capacity + temperature + max TWL D.L. and temporary construction loads

Increase in stress by % age 8 25 25 33.3 33.3 25

The permissible stresses for rivets, bolts, etc. are increased by 25% only in all cases from Sl.No. 2 to 6.

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Roof The power house is proposed to be covered by GCI sheets with the sheets fixed to the roof truss through purlins. A minimum thickness of 1.25 mm is provided. The GCI sheets conform to IS:277. It is to be placed directly on the purlins and held in position by hook bolts of 10 mm dia at 400 mm c/c. At joints of two sheets a minimum overlap of 150 mm is provided. The joints along the sides of the sheets shall overlap two corrugations and the screws are provided at 300 mm centers. All holes are to be made through ridges and curved washers are inserted to avoid leakage. At the eaves, the hook bolts are placed at 250 mm c/c to prevent the lifting of sheets due to gales. Roof Supports The roof is supported on purlins resting on steel trusses. The spacing of trusses is governed by the considerations of the load on the roof. The truss is analyzed for loads and permissible stresses. Gantry Girders The gantry girders are of RCC embedded in the concrete columns and walls of the power house. The girders will be supported on brackets projecting from the RCC columns on the upstream and downstream sides. Suitable base plates are also provided for fixing the rails on the girders. The gantry girders are designed for worst combination of moments, shear force and thrust transmitted to them by the crane in the loaded conditions.

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Substructure The power house is designed with a raft foundation. The stability analysis is done considering: (a) (b) Dead load and bearing pressure Shear friction factor.

The analysis is done in two directions, longitudinal and transverse. The loads considered in the design are : (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) D.L. of the structure including embedded parts, Main equipment loads, i.e., turbine, generator, valves, etc., Crane loads including surges, Live loads, Wind loads, Penstock thrust including water hammer, Weight of water acting on the substructure, i.e., draft tube. Pressure due to tail water level. Uplift pressure, Pull of conductor if fixed on building, and Seismic forces.

Generator Floor The generator floor which is also the top slab of the draft tube is designed to carry load of machines, live load and any thrust transferred through turbines, generator or any other machine. Structurally it is designed as a slab constructed on ground level with opening at draft tube location where it acts as RCC box combined with draft tube

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piers and the base slab. However, it is checked for concentrated loads and thrust of machine foundation on generator floor. The drawing of the power house showing general layout and other details are enclosed as Drawing No. 05 & 06. Tail Race Channel The water from the power house after power generation is proposed to be channelised to join the Pahumara river downstream of the existing barrage through at tail race channel provided with a suitable slope. The tail race channel is designed to pass the maximum discharge at the desired full supply level. 13.2 HEAD RACE CHANNEL An approach channel shall be constructed just upstream of the existing right bank canal intake and upstream of barrage. The bed width of the proposed head race channel shall be 9.5 m. To prevent entry of bed load into the approach channel, it is proposed to construct the bed of channel sufficiently high at the entry into the mouth of the approach channel. The entry to head race channel shall be so aligned such that a smooth flow from the river into the approach channel is ensured and the bed load is directed towards the under-sluices located in the barrage. The head race channel shall have a rectangular cross section with a width of 9.5 metres. The length of the head race channel is proposed to be 43.4 meters. 13.3 ROAD BRIDGE The proposed approach channel has to pass under existing road to barrage requiring a bridge span of about 9.5 m. To keep the same alignment of road the bridge

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is proposed to be constructed on the transition portion of the approach channel to the power house. The span of the road bridge at centre line shall be of 9.5 m. 13.4 SPILLWAY In the event of load throw-off or non-availability of machines for power generation, the excess water has to be passed over the barrage spill ways after meeting the primary commitment for irrigation in order to maintain the safety of the canal and the upstream river bank from breaching due to over topping. 13.5 INTAKE STRUCTURE The intake structure will be provided with a trash rack downstream of which will be the intake gates. The two number gates will be operated by a hoist provided on the upstream deck of the power station. 13.6 POWER STATION

13.6.1 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF HYDRO TURBINE General: The hydro-turbine is the key element in the hydro power station and all the ratings and dimensions revolve around that of the turbine. Though theoretically , turbine can be applied at any head , but on considerations of economy ,and the strength of materials achieved upto that point of time, the use of hydro-turbine is limited in application to specified range of head. The basic factors considered in the selection of the turbine is enumerated below: (1) (2) (3) Availability of the type of turbine for the applicable head, Standard runner diameters available, Suitability of the runner diameter to adapt to runner blade angle control on account of wide variations in head and discharge,

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(4) (5) (6)

Standard outputs (frame sizes) for generator, Easy availability of equipment indigenously, and Less number of units to economize on cost while not compromising on reliability.

Type of Turbine The following types of turbines are suitable for application up to a head of 25 metres. (a) b (b) (c) Axial flow Cross flow Mixed flow (Radial axial) As per IS 12800 (Part 3) :1991 Guidelines for Selection of Hydraulic Turbine , Preliminary Dimensioning and Layout of Surface Hydroelectric Power Houses- Part 3 : Small, Mini , Micro Hydroelectric Power Houses issued by Bureau of Indian Standards, the head of application for different types of hydro turbines are given in Table 13.1. Table 13.1: Turbine Performance Characteristic Turbine Type Application Head Minimum (in meter) Maximum (in meter) Vertical fixed blade propeller 2 25 Vertical adjustable propeller (Kaplan) 16 40 Tubular with adjustable blades and fixed 2 25 wicket gates (Horizontal Kaplan) Tubular fixed blade with wicket gates 2 25 (Horizontal propeller) Bulb(Horizontal Propeller) 2 25 Rim (horizontal propeller) 2 25 Francis Horizontal 10 250 Francis Vertical 10 250 Francis Openflume 2 8 Cross flow 1 200 Turgo Impulse 40 200 Pelton 100 500

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The broad performance specifications for reaction type turbines are given in Table 13.2. Table 13.2 Turbine Performance Specifications for Small Hydro Power Applications Type of Turbine Propeller Semi-Kaplan Kaplan Francis Applicable Head Range M 2-25 2-25 2-25 5-30 Permissible Head variation from Rated Head % 65-140 55-140 50-140 60-125 Permissible output variation from rated power output % 35-115 30-115 25-115 40-115

However many manufacturers are offering Kaplan, semi-Kaplan, Propeller types of turbines for application upto a minimum head 1.5 metres. Though it is possible, theoretically, to harness any head, even as low as 0.1 m, but the same is not desirable on account of economy. It may be worth mentioning here that the lowest head

harnessed so far on the basis of reported literature is 1.05 meter at Ganzhutan hydro power plant in Guangdong province of Peoples Republic of China. This power station has one (1) unit of 3000 kW rating with a rated discharge of 610 cumec. On critical perusal of the tables 13.1 and 13.2 stated above , the following types of turbines are suitable for application to the SHP site under discussion with a design head of 6.3 meters , and a head range of 6.13 to 7.17 meters : Vertical fixed blade propeller (Kaplan and semi Kaplan) Tubular with adjustable blades and fixed wicket gates (Horizontal semi- Kaplan) Tubular with adjustable blades and adjustable wicket gates (Horizontal - Kaplan) Tubular fixed blade with wicket gates (Horizontal propeller) Bulb(Horizontal Kaplan/ semi Kaplan) Rim (Horizontal Kaplan / semi Kaplan) 93 .

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Francis Open flume Cross flow The cross flow turbines are suitable for a head range 1 metre to 200 metres and

are of predominantly impulse type. This type of turbine has a very good part-load efficiency but low peak efficiency when compared to the other two types. Further, being an impulse type has to be placed above the tail water level and there by some head will be perpetually remain unutilized. This will also result in further energy loss. The unutilizable head in the case of low head installations may be a significant quantity. Therefore, use of cross flow type turbine in this particular case is not recommended. The Francis open flume type is also not recommended for the following reasons: (a) The turbine setting is in this case is vertical , which will result in a higher

head loss as compared to a horizontal axis turbine. (b) The Francis turbine has a low specific speed which will result in a low turbine speed as compared to a propeller type turbine . Consequently , the runner diameter will be larger leading to a costlier turbine and associated cost of civil works. Further , the cost of speed increasing gear box will be also higher due to a larger speed ratio. (c) The part load efficiency of Francis type turbine is lower than that of Kaplan type of turbine which will lead to perpetual loss of revenue. After exclusion of Francis (open flume) and cross-flow types from the ambit of consideration, the following types of turbines , which are axial type, are left for consideration . These belong to the generic type Propeller and are further classified as (i) propeller,(ii) Kaplan and (iii) semi Kaplan depending on the adjustability of wicket gates and runner blades , separately or both.

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The axial flow turbines , as per the configuration of their shaft, are available in any of the following types : - Horizontal - Vertical - Inclined The horizontal configuration requires more length in the horizontal direction with the vertical configuration requiring the minimum. The inclined axis configuration

requires an intermediate value. The vertical axis type has a higher head loss as compared to horizontal axis lay-out On the basis of relative placement of turbine and generator, the configuration can be of any of the following types : - Tubular - Bulb - Stra -flow (Rim type) The bulb and stra-flow type have horizontal axes whereas the tubular type can have any of the axis configuration. The bulb and straflow type are generally suitable for large flows and outputs (normally greater than 1000 KW). Moreover, these type of turbine generating units are very sophisticated in construction, requiring a higher degree of skill for installation and maintenance. Further, these types of turbines are susceptible to erosion damage if the sediment load is heavy. Hence for the project under consideration, bulb and rim type hydro turbine generator units are not being considered. The comparison between alternative types of turbines for this power station is now limited to

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(1) (2) (3)

Propeller type (fixed runner blades and adjustable wicket gates) Semi Kaplan type (adjustable runner blades and fixed wicket gates) Kaplan type (adjustable runner blades and adjustable wicket)

with both vertical and horizontal configurations. The Kaplan type turbines are suitable to large head variation and variation in the output and has a higher part-load efficiency as compared to those of semi-Kaplan turbine. Hence Kaplan type of turbine is recommended for application. The current world wide trend is to use standard runner diameters for

economizing on the cost. Similar practice is also adopted by the Indian manufacturers. However the Indian manufacturers also agree to manufacture the runner to any exact diameter when so desired by the customer, and to suit to specific site conditions for increased efficiency. Therefore while tendering for the turbine and the generator, it will be desirable to give the option to the manufacturer to supply the turbine with that diameter as per his design which suits best to the operating regime. As the responsibility of the basic hydraulic and mechanical design of the turbine is vested in the manufacturer so also its performance, the above flexibility in approach shall be in the overall interest of economy and efficiency of the power plant and thus shall not deviate from the basic philosophy of the design. The turbine manufacturers have published the basic layout dimensions of the power plant as a function of standard runner diameters. In the preparation of this

project report, standard layout designs have been adopted for effecting economy of

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space. The detailed for construction, however, shall be based on actual information furnished by the suppliers of the equipment. The basic specifications of the turbine, generator and other equipment have been outlined in this report. These criteria have been specified on the basis of adequacy of performance, reliability under the required operating conditions, easy maintainability keeping in view the location at which the installation is proposed and the level of availability of technical skill locally and above all simplicity and robustness of the equipment. These conditions are based on a systematic analysis of experience gained at different mini and small hydroelectric power stations elsewhere using similar type of standardised axial flow tubular turbines. The runner shall be made of 13% Chromium 4% Nickel stainless steel. If the bidder offers Aluminium Bronze as a cheaper alternative, the same could be also accepted. The runner hub shall be of cast steel. The runner chamber shall be made structural steel. The turbine shaft shall be made of forged carbon steel. The stay ring shall be fabricated of structural steel, the draft tube elbow piece including the transition piece shall be fabricated from mild steel plates. After the transition piece, the draft tube shall be of reinforced concrete construction. The turbine speed shall be in the range of 100 150 rpm depending upon the specific speed adopted by the manufacturer. To reduce the cost of the generator, it would be desirable to increase the speed to 500 /600/750 rpm which would be the normal rpm of the generator. The speed increase shall be accomplished by using a suitable gear box. The power station building shall accommodate the following equipment :

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(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Vertical Kaplan Turbine Synchronous Generator (1000 Kw) Trash rack and Intake Gate Draft Tube Gate

- 2 nos. - 2 nos. - 2 sets - 2 sets

Turbine Generator Room Equipment Handling Crane (1) 15 ton capacity Bridge Crane

(6)

Gantry crane 5 tonne capacity for handling intake gate and trash rack The turbines shall broadly conform to the following specifications :

Turbine : Number of Turbines Type of Turbine Rated Output Maximum net head Minimum net head Rated Head Diameter of Runner 13.6.2 Generator There are two types of generators namely: 1. 2. Synchronous, and Induction. : Two : Kaplan : 1063 kW : 7.21 m : 6.315 m : 6.4 meters : 2100 mm.

Induction generators are generally about 20% cheaper than the synchronous generators of same output. Whereas synchronous generators are self contained in developing its own excitation power, induction generators require an external source for providing it with the magnetization power. The synchronous generators require more complicated governing and excitation control systems whereas the induction generators 98 .

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do not operate and being sturdier require less maintenance, and are ideally suitable for mini hydroelectric stations where economy in capital cost is of prime concern. Since the unit size is 1000 KW, it would not be possible for the 11 KV local system to provide the magnetization power required by the generator. Hence it has been proposed to use synchronous generators. The generator shall conform to the following broad specifications: Type Number of Units Rated output Rated Voltage Number of Phase Frequency Power factor Synchronous speed Continuous overload capacity : : : : : : : : : Synchronous Two 1250 KVA 3300 V Three 50 Hz 0.8 lagging 750 rpm 10%

Each generator shall be provided with its individual control and protection equipment and system which are broadly defined as follows: (a) (b) (c) Water level control Protective relays Neutral grounding resistor and isolating switch. The generator shall be designed with adequate structural strength to withstand the runway speed of the turbine i.e. about 2.7 times the rated speed for 30 minutes

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without any damage. The factor of safety at maximum runaway speed of the turbine based on yield point of material shall not be less than 1.5. The generator shall be designed to continuously deliver 10% overload capacity without overheating. The generator shall be provided with four (04) nos. of embedded temperature detectors for indicating the stator winding temperature on the generator console. The generator shall be provided with space heaters of adequate rating to maintain the temperature of the generator at last 5oC above the ambient and avoid condensation of moisture. The generator shall be cooled by axial flow centrifugal fans mounted at each end of the rotor. The generator shall be provided with screen protected enclosures for open ventilation. The stator frame shall be manufactured of cast iron/fabricated steel construction. The frame shall be designed to withstand the bending stresses and deflections due to its self weight and the weight of the core supported by it. The stator core shall be built up by segmental punching made of low loss silicon sheet steel non-oriented type and end plates. Each punching shall be properly debarred and applied with insulating varnish on both the sides. The generator speed has been tentatively suggested to be 750 RPM. The generator shall be designed to have a noise level not exceeding 90 db at a distance of one (01) metre from the equipment.

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13.6.3 Flywheel Necessary flywheel effect shall be incorporated into the rotating parts of the generator and shall be determined in consultation with the turbine manufacturer to limit the speed rise and pressure rise within permissible limits. In case requisite moment of inertia is not available from the rotor, a separate flywheel shall be provided to furnish the additional flywheel effect required. 13.6.4 Speed Increaser A single stage speed increaser shall be provided connecting the shafts of the turbine and the generator. It is proposed that belt drive used as mode of power transmission as well as increasing the speed of the turbine to that of the generator. In case suitable belt drive is not available gear type speed increaser can be used. In case parallel shaft gear types speed increaser is used, it shall have body manufactured out of cast iron or fabricated steel. The gear shall be made of suitable hardened alloy steel of chromium-nickel and molybdenum. 13.6.5 Control System & Oil Pressure Unit The turbine is proposed to have moveable guide vanes to help in switching on the generator to the system exactly at the synchronous speed. The guide vanes as well as the adjustable runner blades are proposed to opened by hydraulically operated servomotor and held in desired position by oil pressure. In the event of load throw off or when actuated by master tripping relay due to fault or under command to shut down (normal or emergency), the oil pressure is released by the

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actuation of DC operated solenoid valve and the guide vanes close under counter weight provided. An oil pressure unit (OPU) proposed to be provided for the purpose. The OPU shall be provided with an electrically operated pump and a manual pump. The pressure in the system shall be continuously maintained at the desired pressure level within a very narrow band. In the event of pressure falling by say about 5% the electrically operated pumping shall start to build up the pressure again. Pressure switches shall be therefore provided for starting the pump (on falling pressure) and stopping the pump (on reaching set pressure) automatically. The oil pressure unit shall also be used to operate the runner blades. 13.6.6 Generator Control Board There shall be one control panel for each of the turbines and the generators fabricated out of 2 mm thick mild sheet steel. It shall be free standing type with single front design. The control panel shall be mounted on antivibration pads. The board shall be applied with synthetic enamel paint on antirust primer after being subjected to sand blasting and acid pickling. Each generator cubicle shall contain the following: Surge diverter 3 nos. Surge capacitor 3 nos. with built-in discharge resistor Panel space heater with thermostat 1 no. Panel illumination lamp with switch 1 no. Cast resin type current transformer 3 nos. Cast resin dry type double secondary single phase potential transformer 3 nos.

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1200 Amps 415 V, 3 phase, 3 pole, electrically operated drawout type air breaker with thermo-magnetic release, shunt trip coil under voltage release, auxiliary contact, 50 KA- - One no.

Protective relays comprising of the following : Voltage restrained over current (IDMT) relays Earth fault relay Over voltage relay Under voltage relay Generator stator earth fault relay Auxiliary relay (Master relay) - 2 nos. - 1 no. - 1 no. - 1 no. - 1 no. - 1 no.

Measuring & Indicating instruments comprising of the following : Voltmeter with selector switch (R Y B - 0) Ammeter With selector switch (R Y B - 0) Kilowatt meter Kilovar meter Power factor Frequency meter Speed indicator Temperature indicator 6 point for stator temp. Indicating lamps for breaker on/off Controls comprising of the following : Start control switch with relays Stop, control switch with relay - 1 set - 1 set - 1 no. - 1 no. - 1 no. - 1 no. -1 no. - 1 no. - 1 no. - 1 no. - 1 set

Kilowatt hour meter 3 phase balanced/unbalanced - 1 set

Twelve point annunciation facia comprising of the following :

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seal.

Oil pressure unit high / low Generator winding temperature high Machine shutdown under fault D.C. failure Cooling water failure to bearing of generator/turbine/generator/shaft

One set of acknowledge, reset and test push buttons One hooter and blinking relay. 13.6.7 PLC System It is proposed to provide a programmable logic controller for the following functions : Start/stop of the turbine and generator. Monitoring of the temperature inputs from RTDs. Monitoring of the alarm inputs from the turbine and generator protection system. There shall be also inputs through suitable transducers for monitoring the following parameters and recording the same. Generator KW Generator KWH Generator current Generator voltage Frequency Power factor Trivector meter. The system shall be provided with independent CPU, MEMORY and POWER SUPPLY so that failure of one system shall not affect the operation of other system(s).

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The system shall have self-checking and self-diagnostic features for all internal faults and shall be capable of isolating the defective sub-system. The system should be suitable for continuously operating without air conditioner in the power plant environment with temperature upto 45o C and high humidity. 13.6.8 Local Instrumentation The following instruments shall be mounted locally : (1) Rotameter to check flow of cooling and sealing water to the bearings, gearbox, stuffing box as required. (2) (3) Turbine and gearbox (if provided) bearing temperature. Oil pressure gauge of the oil pressure unit.

13.6.9 Station Auxiliary Power Board This board shall also be of single front design conforming to the same manufacturing standards and dimensions as the unit control board. This power distribution board shall cater to various auxiliary power requirements in the station. The power supply to the board shall be obtained from the spillway gate control room due to its higher reliability. The board shall house the following : 13.6.10 Incoming 100 Amps MCCB Voltmeter with selector switch Ammeter with selector switch KWhrs meter with CTs Aluminium Busbar 4 wire-100 Amps MCBs with HRC fuses 25 Amps on feeders MCBs with HRC fuses 16 Amps on feeders Terminal blocks for 12 feeder circuits Telephone System - 1 no. - 1 no. - 1 no. - 1 no. - 1 set - 7 nos. - 8 nos. - 15 nos.

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One telephone connection shall be provided in the power station from the local Department of Telecommunication Network. 13.6.11 Station Drainage System Since the level of the bottom most floor is below the tail water level, there is likelihood of seepage water entering into the power station. Besides there is likelihood of leakage water from gland packing etc. It is proposed to provide a drain of 250 mm x 250 mm around the outer walls of the power station entering into a drainage sump whose floor level is fixed at 31.6 m. It is proposed to install two (02) nos. of sump pumps discharging into the tail race above the maximum tail water level. The pumps would be of self priming mono-block type. The motors will be rated at 415 volts, three phase. 13.6.12 Dewatering System

It is proposed to dewater the draft tube by one number portable centrifugal pump of submersible type. For the purpose of dewatering of the draft tube, a 750 mm dia opening has been provided on the draft tube deck. The dewatering opening shall be closed by suitable mild steel cover with bolting facility and shall be flush with the floor level. A submersible pump drive by a 6 HP AC three phase, 415 volts motor is considered to be adequate for the purpose. 13.6.13 Lighting System

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The indoor lighting shall comprise of twenty four (24) numbers of twin 40 watt lamps in industrial type fittings. Besides there will be ten (10) number of 60 watts incandescent lamps distributed around the power station to form the D.C. emergency lighting systems. These lamps will be connected to the DC system through a suitable inverter 110 Vdc/230 VAC. The outdoor lighting is proposed to comprise of 8 nos. of 250 watt sodium vapour lamps mounted on the powerhouse walls two on each face to illuminate the transformer yard the draft tube deck, the approach road and the spillway area. 13.6.14 Ventilation System

It is proposed to install six (06) nos. of exhaust fans of 300 m size, 1000 RPM mounted at a suitable elevation facing towards the tail race. 13.6.15 D.C. System

To meet the requirements of operation under emergency conditions it is proposed to install a D.C. Battery lead-acid type rated at 120 Ampere-hours, 110 volts. The cells shall be of tubular positive plate with polypropylene plastic or hard rubber container. A suitable battery charger is proposed to be provided to meet the trickle charge as well as boost charge requirements of the DC battery. A DC control board is proposed to be provided made out of 2 mm sheet steel of wall mounting type housing the following : (1) Four feeder circuits with MCCBs of 10 AMPs each. (2) Earth leakage indication (3) Battery healthy condition indication

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(4) 0 20 amps DC ammeter (5) 0 60 volts DC voltmeter (6) Trip and indication fuses (7) Charger on-off indication (8) Battery incoming MCCB-20 AMPs. 13.6.16 Station Grounding

Station grounding is proposed to comprise of a suitable earth-mat buried at the foundation level below the raft. From the grounding mat, six (06) nos. of risers shall brought upto the machine hall floor. The risers as well as the ground mat shall be made of mild steel strips with corrosion protection as per standard practice. The risers shall be of 50 mm x 6 mm mild steel strips. The earthing of the frames and the neutral shall be as per the relevant provisions of the Indian Electricity Rules and Indian Standards Specification. 13.6.17 Fire Fighting

It is proposed to provide the following types of portable fire extinguishers : (1) (2) 13.6.18 Dry chemical type fire extinguisher 4 kg capacity Foam type fire extinguisher - 10 nos - 4 nos.

Power House Crane

It is proposed to provide a girder type hand operated crane with a capacity of 15 tons. The hoisting operation shall be done by electric motor operated hoist, which can be operated from the generator floor level. The HOT crane would facilitate a small group of erection and maintenance personnel to handle both erection and maintenance activities. 13.6.19 Draft Tube Gate

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Two numbers stop log type gates are proposed as the draft tube gate for each unit for facilitating maintenance of the turbine. The gates shall be operated from a gantry girder provided for the purpose on the draft tube deck. The lifting and lowering operations shall be possible with a chain pulley block of requisite capacity. The gate shall be provided with a suitable lifting beam with grab-clamps. 13.7 TAILRACE CHANNEL The tail race channel will connect the draft tubes of the power house with the Pahumara River. The section of the channel would be trapezoidal with a bed width of 30 m. The length of the Tail race channel would be 85 m. 13.8 AUXILIARY POWER SYSTEM To meet the auxiliary power requirements of the power station, it is proposed to install one 125 KVA, 3300 /433 V transformer tapped from the 3.3 KV generator bus. 13.9 POWER EVACUATION It is proposed to install one no. of step-up transformer rated at 2500 KVA, 3.3 /11 KV. The transformers shall be plinth-mounted. From the high voltage side a single circuit 11 KV overhead line shall be erected upto the existing 11 KV line near the barrage. The power is to be evacuated through the existing 11 KV single circuit line upto the Pahumara barrage site.

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CHAPTER 14

ABSTRACT OF COST ESTIMATE

(2) Works 1. A-Preliminary 2 B-Land 3. C-Works 3.1 Head Race Channel 3.2 Regulator & Bridge 3.3 Forebay 3.4 Intake & Power Station Structure 3.5 Tail Pool & Tailrace Channel Total C-Works 4. K-Building 5. M-Plantation 6. O-Miscellaneous 7. P-Maintenance @ 1% of items C-works & K-buildings 8. Q-Special tools & plants 9. R-Communication 10. S-Power Plant & Accessories 11. Y-Losses on stock @ 0.25% on item 3 to 7 & 9 to 10 Total : I works II ESTABLISHMENT @ 4% of I-Works III ORDINARY TOOLS & PLANTS @ 0.5% of I-Works IV RECEIPT & RECOVERIES At the rate of 75% of Q-spl. T&P Total of Direct Charges V INDIRECT CHARGES 1. Audit & Account @ 1% of I-Works VI TRANSMISSION SYSTEM Strengthening of the existing 11KV Single circuit line 1. upto 33/11 KV Substation at Sarupeta (15 kms) . GRAND TOTAL S. No. (1) ITEM CIVIL (3) 75.00 2.00 47.42 60.43 47.96 319.66 109.77 585.24 25.00 0.50 15.00 6.10 4.00 20.00 600.00 1.64 734.48 29.38 3.67 -15.00 600.00 24.00 3.00 AMOUNT E/M (4) TOTAL (5) 75.00 2.00 Annex. C-1 Annex. C-2 Annex. C-3 Annex. C-4 Annex. C-5 585.24 25.00 0.50 15.00 6.10 4.00 20.00 6000.00 1.64 1334.46 53.38 6.67 -15.00 1379.53 6.00 13.35 REMARK (6)

7.35

20.00 759.88 653.00

20.00 1413.88

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EXPLANATORY NOTES ON COSTS ESTIMATES

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In the following paragraphs explanatory notes on cost estimates of various items of work are stated: 1. A-Preliminary: In this estimate, the expenditure on investigations like reconnaissance survey, topographical survey, geological and geotechnical investigations are included. The cost estimates also include the expenditure on preparation of detailed project report and also the expenditure likely to be incurred on detailed design, tendering and tender evaluation etc. Expenditure on this account is estimated at Rs. 75.00 lacs. 2. B-Land: The land required for the proposed power plant including the

appurtenant works are within the government owned land. It is therefore presumed that the project activity being an activity aimed at economic and social development of the un-developed area around the project, the land required shall be transferred to the project developer at no-cost. However, a token amount of Rs. 2,00,000.00 is provided for meeting any likely eventuality. 3. C-Works: The estimates for the following works have been included: (i) approach channel, (ii) head regulator for approach channel and coarse screening, (iii) intake and power station structure and (iv) tail-race. The cost estimates have been based on the designs prepared for each of the structures and the schedule of rates of Public Works Department of Assam Government with due consideration towards lead distances for steel, cement, coarse and fine aggregates and other materials and cost escalation.

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A bridge is to be constructed across the head race channel. To prevent entry of trash, logs and other foreign materials to the forebay, it is proposed to provide a coarse trash rack in front of the bridge structure. It is also proposed to provide two vertical lift gates operated by a gate hoist so that the approach channel to the forebay could be closed whenever necessary so as to facilitate cleaning of the channel as well as the forebay. The cost estimates for the RCC bridge of 10 m long and 6 m wide complying to IRC Class-A and the cost of the structure for the coarse track rack and the gate hoist and a 1 m wide operating platform is Rs. 60.43 lakhs (Annexure C-2). The cost of the head race channel is estimated at Rs. 47.42 lakhs (Annex.C-1); that of forebay is Rs. 47.96 lakhs (Annex-C3); that for intake and power station structures is Rs. 319.66 lakhs (Annex-C-4) and that for tail pool and tail race channel is Rs. 109.77 lakhs (Annex-C). The total cost of civil works is estimated at Rs.585.24 lakhs. 4. K-Building: The cost for temporary buildings and residential buildings for the operating staff has been estimated at Rs. 25,00,000/- and including in the budget estimates. 5. M-Plantation: A sum of Rs. 50,000/- has been provided for plantation in the project area. Since the project area is very small, the expenditure proposed is considered adequate. 6. O-Miscellaneous: For miscellaneous expenditures for which no specific itemwise cost could not be estimated, an expenditure estimated at Rs. 15 lakhs has been provided for.

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7.

P-Maintenance: A provision for expenditure @ 1% of the estimated cost for C-Works and K-Buildings is proposed to meet the maintenance of these works during the construction period which is in line with the prescribed norms of the Central Electricity Authority.

8.

Q-Special Tools & Plants: A provision for expenditure amounting to Rs. 20,00,000/- has been provided for special tools and plants like: concrete mixtures, pneumatic vibrators, portable air-compressors etc. However, since the works is to be executed through the contractors, expenditure on this head shall be included by the contractor in the civil works estimates.

9.

R-Communications: A provision of Rs. 4,00,000/- has been made in the cost estimates to meet the probable expenditure on construction of connecting road from the PWD road upto the power plant entry. Under this head expenditure on telephone connections to the project office is also included.

10.

S-Power Plant and Accessories: A provision of Rs. 600,00,000/- has been made in the cost estimates towards design, engineering, manufacture, supply (including transport upto the project site), handling, erection, commissioning and testing of two units of 1000 KW turbine and generating units along with all auxiliary equipment including the cost of 2500 KVA step-up transformer and 11 KV switchyard with circuit breaker, isolators, and earthing system etc. The cost estimates are based on budgetary prices receive from a few reputed indigenous manufacturers and suppliers of similar equipment.

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11.

Y-Losses on Stock: In accordance with the prescribed norms of framing estimates for hydro power projects towards losses on stock @ 0.25% on Cworks, K-buildings, O-miscellaneous, Q-special tools and plants, Rcommunication and S-power plant accessories has been provided for.

12.

Establishment: Towards expenditure on establishment for supervising the construction, a provision @ 4% of I-works has been made in the cost estimates which is in tune with the practice adopted by private power producers.

13.

Ordinary Tools and Plants: A provision has been made @ 0.5% of the Iworks towards the cost of ordinary tools and plants in line with the prescribed norms by Central Electricity Authority (CEA).

14.

Receipts and Recoveries: In accordance with prescribed norms, 75% of the cost of tools and plants has been provided for under this head amounting to Rs. 15,00,000/- This is based on the assumptions that on the completion of the construction of the project, the special tools and plants procured for the project shall be disposed off at a depreciated cost.

15.

Indirect Charges Audit and Accounts: In accordance with the prescribed norms of Central Electricity Authority, a provision towards expenditure on audit and accounts @ 1% of I-works has been provided for.

16.

Transmission System: The power is to be evacuated through the existing 11 KV single circuit line upto the Pahumara barrage site. There is an existing 11 KV line upto the barrage site from the 33 x 11 KV, 2 x 5 MVA Pathsala Substation. The length of the existing line is approximately 30 kms. It is

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understood that a 33 x 11 KV sub-station with a capacity of 1 x 2.5 MVA has been proposed at Sarupeta which is located at a distance of 15 kms. from the proposed SHP. It is understood that the 11 KV line from Pathsala has a connected load of about 500 KVA. It is proposed that the existing 11 KV line shall be strengthened by changing the conductor to ACSR Weasel. On this account an expenditure estimated at Rs. 20,00,000/- has been provided for in the cost estimates.

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Annex. C-1

COST ESTIMATE FOR HRC

Sl. No. ITEM OF WORK 1 Excavation 2 EW in filling in forebay 3 4 5 6 CC 1:4:8 CC M15 Stone Masonry Shuttering QTY UNIT 8947.20 cum 2236.80 cum 253.80 cum 251.20 cum 1225.00 cum 384.00 sqm RATE, Rs 74.13 41.58 2338.17 3434.20 2016.00 156.85 TOTAL AMOUNT, Rs 663,256 93,006.14 593,427.55 862,671.04 2,469,600.00 60,230.40 4,742,191.07

Annex. C-2

COST ESTIMATE FOR RAGULATOR & BRIDGE

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Sl. No. ITEM OF WORK QTY 1 Excavation 100.00 2 EW in filling 25.00 CC M15 3 100.00 CC M20 in deck slab, raft slab & piers 4 176.80 Steel Reinforcement (Fe 415) 15.27 5 in M20 concrete M S Coarse Screen 38.70 6 MS gates including hoisting 38.70 7 arrangement

UNIT cum cum cum cum MT sqm sqm

RATE, Rs 74.13 41.58 3434.20 3878.08 36379.35 15000.00 100000.00 TOTAL

AMOUNT, Rs 7,413.00 1,039.50 343,420.00 685,644.54 555,391.90 580,500.00 3,870,000.00 6,043,408.94

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COST ESTIMATE FOR FOREBAY

Sl. No. ITEM OF WORK 1 Excavation 2 EW in filling in forebay 3 4 5 6 CC 1:4:8 CC M15 Stone Masonry Shuttering QTY UNIT 7261.50 cum 1815.38 cum 204.30 cum 317.64 cum 1235.72 cum 784.00 sqm RATE, Rs 74.13 41.58 2338.17 3434.20 2016.00 156.85 TOTAL AMOUNT, Rs 538,295 75,483.29 477,688.13 1,090,839.29 2,491,211.52 122,970.40 4,796,487.63

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Annex. C-4

COST ESTIMATE FOR INTAKE & POWER HOUSE

Sl. No. ITEM OF WORK 1 Excavation 2 EW in filling near runner chamber CC 1:4:8 in base course for raft below 3 turbine chamber 4 CC M20 5 CC M20 in superstructure 6 B/W in PH Walls 7 Dewatering 8 Steel Reinforcement (Fe 415) in M20 M S intake gates including hoisting 9 arrangement 10 M S trash rack 11 Draft tube gates & hoist 12 P/F pressed steel door frames a Single rebate b Double rebate 13 P/F steel door/windows 14 CP 10 mm th 1:6 15 Cement Pointing in 1:3 CM 16 P/F Glass strip 25x4 mm 17 P/F alluminium strip 50x6 mm 18 CC floor 25 mm th 19 CC floor 50 mm th 20 P/F ceramic tiles 21 P/F 30 mm th flush door shutters 22 P/F MS sliding doors 23 P/F alluminium partitions 24 P/F 6mm th false ceiling 25 White washing 26 Synthetic Enamel painting 27 P/F Pavement tiles 28 Electrification work of the PH area 29 Sanitary & water supply 30 Switch Yard (Civil works) Contingency @ 1.5% TOTAL QTY UNIT 12612.00 cum 3153.00 cum 110.00 cum 2695.00 248.00 168.70 LS 168.40 cum cum cum MT RATE, Rs 74.13 41.58 2338.17 3878.08 3878.08 2763.60 36379.35 100000.00 35000.00 100000.00 322.77 371.39 1612.80 57.07 42.13 16.00 65.00 128.94 303.22 613.73 1244.25 1735.86 2609.90 530.00 11.35 60.00 436.00 NA NA LS TOTAL AMOUNT, Rs 934,927.56 131,101.74 257,198.70 10,451,425.60 961,763.84 466,219.32 500,000.00 6,126,359.85 4,800,000.00 1,750,000.00 5,600,000.00 9,683.10 2,599.73 41,932.80 101,470.46 4,213.00 1,920.00 11,700.00 30,017.23 20,588.64 85,922.20 23,640.75 29,509.62 65,247.50 53,000.00 16,117.00 45,000.00 44,908.00 100,000.00 100,000.00 50,000.00 31,493,238.64 472,398.58 31,965,637.22

48.00 sqm 50.00 sqm 56.00 sqm 30.00 7.00 26.00 1778.00 100.00 120.00 180.00 232.80 67.90 140.00 19.00 17.00 25.00 100.00 1420.00 750.00 103.00 1 1 1 RM RM sqm sqm sqm RM RM sqm sqm sqm sqm sqm sqm sqm sqm sqm sqm Job Job Job

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Annex. C 5

COST ESTIMATE FOR TAIL POOL & TAIL RACE CHANNEL

Sl. No. ITEM OF WORK 1 Excavation in TRC 2 EW in filling near TRC 3 CC 1:4:8 in base course below 4 5 6 7 floor of TRC CC M15 Stone Masonry Boulder Pitching Launching apron QTY UNIT 29611.00 cum 7402.75 cum 392.60 1178.70 1410.00 620.40 LS cum cum cum cum RATE, Rs 74.13 41.58 2338.17 3434.20 2016.00 864.15 TOTAL AMOUNT, Rs 2,195,063.43 307,806.35 917,965.54 4,047,891.54 2,842,560.00 536,118.66 130,000.00 10,977,405.52

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CHAPTER 15

FINANCIAL EVALUATION
15.1 BASIC PARAMETERS

(1) Project Cost: Cost of the project has been worked out in detail in chapter of cost estimates: (2) Operation and Maintenance Cost : This cost includes : (i) the employee cost, (ii) repair and maintenance cost and (iii) administrative expenses inclusive of insurance cost. This cost has been assumed @ of 2% of the project cost escalating @ of 4% per annum. (3) Interest on Working Capital: The working capital has been worked out on the basis of the following assumptions in accordance with the regulations of the Assam State Electricity Regulatory Commission: (a) (b) (c) Operation and maintenance expenses for one month Cost of maintenance and spares @ 1% of the historical cost escalated @ 6% per annum. Receivable equivalent to two months fixed charges for sale of electricity. The interest rate has been taken as 11% per annum on the working capital. The working capital and the annual interest due on it for the 35-year period of operation has been calculated and presented in Sl. No. 7 of Table 15.2 (Page 3/3). (4) Energy : Generated energy has been calculated as per detail under power studies. It has been done on the basis of 95% plant availability factor. Losses:Auxiliary consumption Transformation Losses Total - 0.5% - 0.5% - 1%

Transmission losses have not been considered as it is proposed to sale the energy produced to the Assam State Electricity Board at the Power Station bus bars.

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The average energy produced considering the river discharges for the period from 1965 to 1965 and 1972 to 1975 is 9.34 x 106 Kwhrs. Allowing for 5% towards outages, the likely energy to be produced is 8.873 x 106 Kwhrs. After accounting for auxiliary consumption, transformation and transmission losses (totaling to 1%), the net energy available for sale is 8.784 x 106 Kwhrs. (5) Free Energy to State: It has been agreed between the IL&FS and the Bodoland Territorial Council that from the sixteenth year of operation the power producer shall provide free power to the state to the extent of 7.5% of the energy available at the bus-bars i.e. after accounting for the auxiliary power consumption and transformation losses. (6) Financing: Equity Loan Rate of interest Loan repayment period 10.% 10 years 30% 70%

(7) Taxation: As per Govt. of India policy Income Tax holiday for first ten (10) years of operation is available. However Minimum Alternate Tax is leviable @ 11.2% per annum which has been considered for the first ten (10) years of operation. Thereafter corporate tax @ 33.6% has been considered. 15.2 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

The financial evaluation of the project has been carried out and presented in the following annexures.

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Annexure No. 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 15.3

Title of Annexure Input data sheet Project cost and calculation of Interest during construction Cost of generation Financial evaluation and profitability analysis

Remarks Basic input

SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS The scheme would generate 9.34 million kwhrs on average year and it is

projected that the net energy available for sale after meeting auxiliary power, transformation and transmission losses and accounting for forced outages shall be 8.873 million kwh. The cost of generation is estimated as follows :
Year 1 Genera- 3.49 tion cost per kwh 2 3.38 3 3.27 4 3.17 5 3.06 10 2.54 15 2.79 20 2.98 25 3.22 30 3.51 35 3.87

The cost of the project is estimated at Rs. 1413.00 lakhs and cost including escalation and interest during the construction is Rs. 1566.33 lakhs. The per kilowatt cost is Rs. 7.832 crores per MW. The cumulative cash accrual at the end of 35 year operating period is Rs. 4269.35 lakhs on an equity of Rs. 437.93 lakhs which is 9.75 times the equity. The project benefits do not include the carbon credit i.e. likely to be available under Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) which will enhance the profitability of the project. The equivalent carbon dioxide remission shall be 8,750 tonnes per annum which shall qualify for CO2 trading under CDM regime. With a notional trading value of US $ 12 per tonne of carbon, additional annual revenue on this account is estimated at Rs. 52,50,000.00 (assuming US $ 1 = Indian Rupees 50).

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It is also to point out that the financial evaluation has been made on the basis of escalation in cost of operation and maintenance @ 4% per annum whereas the sale rate of energy has been considered constant at Rs. 3.20 per kwh for all the 35 years which is unlikely to happen due to inflation and depreciation in the value of rupee. In the event of increase in cost of generation, the profitability of the project shall further improve.

********

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Annexure 15.1 INPUT DATA SHEET Total Project Cost Cost of land Preliminary Development works Estimated cost of Civil work Estimated cost of E/M works including transmission works Escalation in cost per year Construction period (proposed in year) Phasing of expenditure Ist Year IInd Year Energy (i) Generated in 90% dependable year Less 5% towards forced outage Auxiliary consumption @0.5% Loss during transformation @ 0.5% Net available energy for sale (ii) (iii) Water cess to the state @ 0.05 paise/unit Generated on average in a year Less 5% towards forced outage Auxiliary consumption @ 0.5% Loss during transformation @ 0.5% Net available energy Rs. 1413.00 lacs Rs. 2.00 lacs Rs. 75.00 lacs Rs. 683.00 lacs Rs. 653.00 lacs 5% 2 years 30% 70% 7.214 x 106 Kwh 0.36 x 106 kwh 0.072 x 106 kwh 6.782 x 106 Kwh 3.39 laks 9.34 x 106 kwh 0.467 x 106 kwh 0.088 x 106 kwh 8.784 x 106 kwh

Depreciation Salvage value 10% Depreciation has been calculated on an useful life span of 35 years by straight line method. Interest rate Interest rate on term loan 10% Interest rate on working capital 11% Period of repayment of term loan (in years) 10 years

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CHAPTER 16

FINANCING OF THE PROJECT THROUGH CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM

16.1 INTRODUCTION Gases like carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane etc. are termed as green house gases (GHGs) as they absorb and re-emit some of the infrared radiation warming the earths surface and the atmosphere. Any change in the quantity of these gases in the earths atmosphere can change the earths temperature and climate. Between 1860 AD and 2000AD, the average global surface temperature has increased by about 0.3 0C to 0.60C. The warming has been significant since 1970. The warming is more prominent in the continental land mass lying between 400 N and 700 N. the increase in concentration of green house gases in the atmosphere has been attributed to the human activities like burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, agricultural practices and manufacturing of industrial products. The enhanced green house effect are likely to change precipitation patterns, increase in frequency and intensity of storms, hurricanes, change in vegetation and rise in sea level. Developing countries especially the poor ones are more vulnerable to these changes due to their high dependence on natural resources and their limited capacity human, financial and institutional to adapt to extreme events. Climate changes can also affect the health and the livelihood of the poor adversely. Extreme climate conditions accentuated by green house effect are likely to cause diversion of scarce resources from poverty reduction to disaster recovery.

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Keeping in view the adverse effects of the increase in green house gas emissions to the atmosphere, the developed countries and economies in transition (referred to as Annexure B countries as they are listed in Annexure B of the Kyoto Protocol) at the Third Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) in Kyoto, agreed to reduce the GHG emissions. This agreement is known globally as the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol outlines a framework for three cooperative implementation mechanisms: joint implementation, CDM, and emissions trading. Of the three mechanisms CDM is the only one in which developing countries can participate. 16.2 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM

The CDM is a financing instrument defined in Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol. A project in a developing country that reduces GHG emissions, relative to a baseline project, generates emissions reduction (ER), CDM enables the project owner to sell the ER credits, once they are certified, to an interested buyer. The project owner or seller may be a DMC government or a DMC-based company and the buyer could be an Annex. B country or an Annex B-based company with responsibility to reduce emissions at home or through the Kyoto mechanisms or any company that might be interested in buying emission credits for investment, resale, or enhancement of its green image. The benefits of CDM for the developing country are new financial resources, better technology, and achievement of its sustainable development objectives, while the benefit for developed countries is access to less expensive ER opportunities in a developing country. As emissions have the same global effect irrespective of their

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geographical origin, CDM provides a cost-effective way of addressing the adverse effects of global warming. A CDM project produces a new commodity, ER credits, which can be traded to generate revenue for the project owner. However, as the ER credits are invisible and intangible, their existence needs to be established and verified. For example, a small hydro power station generates electricity without emissions of GHGs, while an alternative thermal power plant (base line) would have produced GHG emissions. The avoided emissions or ER credits once quantified and verified by independent operational entities and certified by the CDM Executive Board have a financial value and can be sold to generate a revenue stream for the project owner. The CDM project would normally also result in improved local environmental conditions and lowering of pollution related health problems compared with the baseline. The CDM facility works with projects aimed at both sustainable development benefits and GHG mitigation. These include: 16.3 Renewable energy Energy efficiency Sustainable agriculture Forestry. THE CDM PROCESS The CDM process is quite complex and includes five major steps as follows: (i) Project Identification: the CDM facility will assist the operations departments to undertake a preliminary assessment of projects and identify projects with GHG abatement potential. Necessary government or other clearances will be obtained to proceed further. If the seller is interested in the CDM project

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activity, a brief project identification note will be prepared. Next, potential buyers will be invited to express interest in offering a commitment to pay for the development costs of the CDM and for purchasing an agreed quantity of ERs. Alternatively, the seller might want to pay for the development costs of the CDM and later approach buyers. (ii) Project development : The second step relates to project development. This entails demonstrating and estimating the GHG abatement potential of the project using an appropriate baseline, developing a monitoring and verification plan that will be implemented during the operation of the project to determine actual ER credits generated by the project, and development of the project design document. (iii) Validation and registration : The project design document developed in (ii) is validated by an independent accredited entity or designated operational entity and submitted for registration to the CDM Executive Board. (iv) Monitoring verification, and certification of ER credits : During the operation of the project, the ERs generated are measured according to the monitoring and verification plan and verified by an independent and accredited designated operational entity. (v) Issuance of ER credits: The CDM Executive Board certifies the verified ERs that can be transferred to the buyer in case of an existing purchase agreement or traded in the ER market at prevailing prices. The CDM process is explained through the flow chart enclosed as Annexure-16.1.

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16.4 CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION REDUCTION FROM PAHUMARA SHP From the report of the International Agency, Benign Energy The Environmental Implications of Renewables (1998) the Life Cycle Emission from various energy sources are reproduced below: CO2 G/kwh 955 987 818 430 9 3.6 11.6 Green House Gas Emission SO2 g/kwh 11.8 1.5 14.2 0.03 0.009 0.024 NOx g/kwh 4.3 2.9 4.0 0.5 0.07 0.003-0.006

Energy sources Coal (best practice) Coal (NO2)& FGD Oil (best practice) Natural gas (CCGT) Small Hydro Large Hydro

It is estimated the annual energy production from the Pahumara SHP shall be 8.873 x 106 on KWh and the energy available for sale be of the order of 8.784 x 10 6 kwhr per annum. The coal being used in the thermal power stations in India not being of very good quality, it may be appropriate to assume that the carbon dioxide being emitted shall be of the order of 987 gms per kwh. On this basis the carbon dioxide emission reduced by generating same amount of electrical energy from Pahumara SHP works out to 8750 tonnes per annum. On this basis over the life time of power plant the carbon dioxide reduction is expected to be of the order 306500 MT. Since the Pahumara SHP is a renewable energy project and its operation can provide energy for social and sustainable development without contributing to GHG emissions is eligible for financing under CDM facility as envisaged in Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol.

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16.5

Benefits from MNES

The Ministry of Non Conventional Energy Sources (MNES), Govt. of India, provides a one time subsidy to improve the economic viability of Small Hydro Electric Projects up to 25 MW installed capacity under certain eligibity criteria. The subsidy is generally calculated in accordance with the following formula in the North Eastern Region Subsidy = Rs. 2.25 cores X C 0.646 Where C stands for capacity of the project in MW. Since the installed capacity of the project is 2.0 MW, the likely amount of one time subsidy may be about Rs. 3.52 cores ******

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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The Detailed Project Report for the proposed Pahumara Small Hydroelectric Project, (2 x 1000 KW capacity) has been prepared under the sponsorship of Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services Limited. The contributors to this report acknowledge gratefully the support and help extended by Sri D.K. Mittal, Managing Director, IIDC Sri G.K. Pharlia, Advisor and Sri Pradeep Agrawal, Senior Manager without whose encouragement and cooperation this report could not have been prepared. The authors also acknowledge the technical support provided by Sri D.K. Agarwal, Retired Engineer-in-Chief, and Sri G.P.S. Bhati, Retired Executive Engineer, U.P. Irrigation Department in preparation of this report. This work has been undertaken as a part of the institutes forward looking policy towards establishing a coherent industry institute partnership with a view to furthering the national development activity.

Devadutta Das Principal Investigator and Professor, Department of Water Resources Development & Management, Coordinator Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Park Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee Telephone No. 01332: 285774 (O), 285822 (O), 285773 (R) Fax No. 01332 285774, 273967

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER S Section-I Section-II Section-III Section-IV 1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13 14 15 16.

DESCRIPTION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Executive Summary Salient Features Check List PROJECT REPORT SCOPE OF THE PROJECT INTRODUCTION SURVEYS AND INVESTIGATIONS WATER RESOURCES (HYDROLOGY) GEOLOGY CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS PROJECT PURPOSES CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS WATER AND POWER STUDIES INTAKE AND TAIL RACE WORK WATER CONDUCTOR SYSTEM DESIGN CRITERIA OF MAJOR COMPONENTS OF SCHEME ESTIMATES OF COSTS FINANCIAL ASPECTS FINANCING OF THE PROJECT THROUGH CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM ANNEXURES

PAGE NO. (i) 1-4 5-7 8-10 11-19 20-31 32-34 35-44 45-58 59 60 61-65 66-67 68-79 80-81 82-84 85-109 110-120 121-133 134-139 140-163

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AC ACSR Ah AERC ASEB AVR BCR BTC c/c CB CEA Ch cm/s Cumec CWC DC DG Dia DSCR DPR DSI E&M FRL FSL FY GI GOI GRP GWh HDPE HFL HGL HV Hz ICR ID IDC IL&FS INR IREDA Kg Km kN Alternating current Aluminium conductor steel reinforced Ampere-hour Assam Electricity Regulatory Commission Assam State Electricity Board Automatic voltage regulator Benefit/cost ratio Bodo Land Territorial Council Center to center Circuit breaker Central Electricity Authority Chainage Centimeter per second Cubic metre per second Central Water Commission Direct current Diesel generator Diameter Debt Service Coverage Ratio Detailed Project Report Detailed Surveys & Investigations Electro-Mechanical Full Reservoir level Full Supply Level Financial year Galvanised Iron Government of India Glass Reinforced Polyester Giga Watt hour (one million unit of power) High Density Polyethylene High Flood Level Hydraulic Grade Line High Voltage Hertz Interest Coverage Ratio Internal diameter Interest During Construction Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services Limited Indian National Rupee Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Kilogram Kilo-meter Kilo-Newton

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kV kVA kW kWh LS LV m M15 m2 M20 M25 m3/s mA masl min mm MAT MDDL MNES MoU msl MVAr MW MWL No. NPV NWL O&M OD OGL PLC PMG PPA R RC rpm Rs SCADA SHP TWL V V:H VAT Yr

Kilo-volt Kilo-volt-ampere Kilowatt Kilo-watt-hour Lump-sum Low Voltage Metre Concrete of characteristic strength 15 N/mm2 Square metre Concrete of characteristic strength 20 N/mm2 Concrete of characteristic strength 25 N/mm2 Cubic metre per second Milli-amp Meters above sea level Minute Millimeter Minimum Alternate Tax Minimum Draw Down Level Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy and Sources Ltd. Memorandum of Understanding Mean Sea Level Mega-Volt-Ampere reactive Mega-Watt Maximum Water Level Number Net Present Value Normal Water Level Operation & Maintenance Outside Diameter Original Ground Level Programmable Logic Controller Permanent Magnet Generator Power Purchase Agreement Radius Run-of-river Revolutions per minute Indian rupees System Control and Data Acquisition Small Hydropower Project Tail Water level Volt Vertical to Horizontal Value Added Tax Year

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LIST OF DRAWINGS

LIST OF DRAWINGS
Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Title of Drawings Layout Plan of Scheme marked on Contour Map Layout of Project Plan of Power House Cross-Section of Power House Head Race Channel Plan & Sections Tail Pool & Tail Race Channel Plan & Sections Main Electrical Single Line Diagram Switch Yard Land Area Required for the Scheme Topographic Survey of Scheme

Drg. No. 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

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ANNEXURES
A1-6, B1-6, C1-6, D1-6

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Table 5.2 : Plate Load Test Plate size =30 cm x 30 cm Size of Pit = 1.5M x1.5M Date of testing Settlement of Plate (mm) A 0 0.97 2.34 3.40 3.44 4.22 5.42 6.88 7.12 3.05 3.18 11.38 12.43 15.11 15.18 19.45 21.34 21.37 23.32 27.51 27.60 Depth of pit : 2.0 M :30-03-06 Mean(mm) B 0 0.93 2.67 3.32 3.40 4.45 5.36 6.83 6.92 3.12 3.22 11.50 12.56 15.20 15.24 19.76 21.40 21.45 23.54 27.60 27.65 0.00 0.95 2.51 3.36 3.42 4.34 5.39 6.86 7.02 3.09 3.20 11.44 12.50 15.16 15.21 19.61 21.37 21.41 23.43 27.56 27.63

Date

Observations Time in Load Hr Load intensity Applied(to applied(ton/sq n) m) 0 5.50

30/3/200 6 0.5 9.30 9.45 10.00 10.30 10.30 10.45 11.00 11.30 11.30 12.00 12.30 12.30 13.00 13.30 13.30 14.00 14.30 14.30 15.00 15.30

11.00

1.5

16.60

2.00

22.20

2.5

27.70

3.00

33.30

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