Jif ( (C° & Kmfu'G @) $ K"0Ff (° !) #: S'08Lngl Hfu/0F LJZ) If

.. x|L+ S|of+ If+ u'? uf]/vgfyfo gdM ..
.. k/d tTjfo lglvn]Zj/fo u'?Eof] gdM ..
jif{ (
c &
kmfu'g @)^$
k"0ff{ !)#
;Dks{ sfof{nox
lrtjg,
e=g=kf @, If]qk'/
kmf]gM )%^%@!#*%
uf]/vf, ;f}/kfgL$,
kmf]gM )^$$@(#!*
sf:sL, kf]=p=d=g=kf=!),
/fd3f6,
kmf]gM )^!%#)&*^
;nf{xL, a/xyjf&, P:dfnL 6f]n,
kmf]gM )$^%$)##!
kfNkf, tfg;]g,
kmf]gM (*$&)@*!**
nlntk'/, nugv]n,
kmf]gM@@@))@!
uf]/vf, a;kfs{,
kmf]gM )^$$@)#$*
tgx'F, bdf}nL, Jof; u'kmf,
kmf]gM )^%%^!^^@
ndh', a];
F Lzx/(, z]/fahf/
eQmk'/, ;"o{ljgfos,
kmf]gM )!^@!#$%%
sfe|], ag]kf, gfnf hfg] af6f]
kmf]gM )!^@@%!&@
sf:sL, n]vgfy rf]s,
kmf]gM )^!%^)!^(
l;Gw'nL, /ftdf6f
:of\hf, k|ultgu/ 3'DtL
kmf]gM (*$^)$$#%$
lrtjg, uf}/Lu~h
l;Gw'kfNrf]s, afx|la;]
kmf]gM )!^(!^%(#
s'08lngL hfu/0f ljz]if
klqsf Joj:yfkg ;ldltf/f ;Dkflbt Pj+

l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|f/f k|sflzt

d"No ?= #), jflif{s ?= #%)
s'08lngL tTj
s'08lngL hfu/0f ug]{ pkfo
s'08lngL dxf:tf]q
cf}iflwof]uaf6 s'08lngL hfu/0f
/fhof]uf/f s'08lngL hfu/0f
cb\e"t if6\rqm
s'08lngL hfu/0faf6 k|fKt l;l4 zlQm
s'08lngL zlQmsf] rdTsf/
s'08lngL hfu/0f / ;l~rt sd{kmn
dxflzj/fqL kj{
>L uf]/v dxfk'/f0f
u'? / lzio
cg'ej cg'e"lt
x:t/]vf
bfgsf] zf:qLo /x:o
cfo'j]{b
;"Id z/L/sf] ofqf
cf>d ultljlw
cjt/0f ofqf
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u'? uLtf
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lbJo ;fwgfTds ;"qx
ca l9nf gu/f}
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hfg sf/L
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gcg';f/
ljlwjt\ kdf btf{ ePsf] Ps cg';Gwfgd"ns cfWoflTds
;+:yf xf] / o;sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no xfn a;'Gw/f, sNsL
dlGb/;Fu} sf7df8f}Fdf /x]sf] 5 . k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jo
k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fh Pj+ g]kfnLxsf
uj{sf k|ltd"lt{ dxfof]uL >L lzj uf]/Ifsf] cg'sDkf, s[kf Pj+
cfzLjf{bsf] kmn:jk o; s]Gb|sf] hGd ePsf] xf] . cfgf]
5'} klxrfg, :jtGq cl:tTj Pj+ cfg} lsl;dsf] :jfledfg
af]s]sf] of] ;+:yf b]z ljb]zdf /x]sf cGo s'g} ;+3, ;+:yf
jf cf>dsf] zfvf, pkzfvf jf ;Dks{ sfof{no gePsf]
Joxf]/f ;DalGwt ;a}sf nflu hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] 5 . of]
s]Gb| dxfg u'?xsf] :ki6 ;"Id dfu{lgb]{zgdf cfWoflTds
o'u k'glg{df{0fsf] nIodf ultzLn 5 . oxfF ;+rfng eO/x]sf
;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmd tyf ultljlwx o;} s]Gb|dfkm{t ;f]} lgb]l{ zt
5g\ . oxfFaf6 pknAw x'g] ;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|Lxsf] k|f0fk|lti7f
ljz]ifkdf oxL cf>daf6 ul/Psf] x'G5 . To;}n] Ps
:jtGq / cfkm}df ;Ifd o; ;+:yfnfO{ cGo s'g} ;+3, ;+:yf
jf cf>d;Fu t'ngf ug{ vf]Hg', To:t} k|sf/sf s'/fx
oxfFaf6 nfu" u/fpg, k|fKt ug{ vf]Hg' o; ;+:yfsf] cjx]ngf
u/] ;/x x'g]5 h] hlt sfo{qmdx oxfF ;+rfng eO/x]sf
5g\ / cfufdL lbgxdf klg ;+rfng x'Fb} hfg]5g\, tL ;a}

k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jxs} OR5f Pj+ lgb]{zgcg';f/ ;DkGg
x'g5] g\ . To;}n] cgfjZos ts{ljts{, zfpkzf u/L, e|d
km}nfpFb} o; ;+:yfsf] 5ljdfly cgfjZos 6Lsfl6Kk0fL ug'{
;Totf / jf:tljstfdfly g} k|Zglrg nufpg' xf] . k|To]s
JolQmsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ k|sf/sf dfu{lgb]{zg
k|bfg u/L ef}lts ;d:ofxsf] ;dfwfg ub}{ cfWoflTds
pRrtf k|bfg ug{, k"0f{tfdf n}hfg of] s]Gb| ;Ifd 5 . ljZjf;
cljZjf;eGbf dfly, ;fwf/0f JolQmsf] ;Lldt ;f]rfO, ljrf/
/ sNkgfeGbf k/sf] o; cltLo cf>ddf cfa4 eO{ cfgf]
hLjgnfO{ pTsif{df k'ofpg ;Sg' g} xfd|f] cxf]efUo x'g]5 .
o:tf k|sf/sf cgfjZos e|daf6 ;ts{ x'Fb} k"0f{kdf :ki6
eP/ dfq cl3 a9\g x'g ;Dk"0f{ dxfg'efjxdf l;4f>d
zlQm s]Gb| xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} s]Gb|sf] cfg}
k|sf/sf] gLlt, lgod / cg'zf;g ePsf]n] o;nfO{ kfngf ug{
g;Sg] JolQmxsf nflu o; s]Gb|df s'g} :yfg /xg] 5}g /
o;;DaGwL s'g} lsl;dsf] ;'g'jfO klg gx'g] Joxf]/f cjut
u/fOPsf] 5 . ;fy}, cfWoflTds zlQm cg';Gwfgd"ns o;
dfl;s klqsfdf k|sflzt n]v, /rgf, lrqflbdf ;+:yfsf]
;xdlt x'g cfjZos g/x]sf] Joxf]/f cjut u/fOG5 .
k/fdz{ ;]jf;DaGwL ;"rgf

l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|df k/fdz{ ;]jf;DaGwL k|fKt ;'ljwf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] hfgsf/L u/fOG5 .
:yfg
s]Gb|Lo sfof{no
nlntk'/ ;Dks{ sfof{no
eQmk'/ ;Dks{ sfof{no
ag]kf ;Dks{ sfof{no
;do
;fF $M#) ah]kl5
lbp;f] $M)) ah]kl5
lbp;f] $M)) ah]kl5
lbp;f] $M)) ah]kl5
af/
;f]daf/, dnaf/ / a'waf/
d+unaf/ / laxLaf/
zlgaf/ / ;f]daf/
k|To]s cfOtaf/
cf>dsf lgoldt sfo{qmdx
cf>d v'Ng] ;do M k|To]s lbg laxfg !)M)) ah]b]lv ;f ^M)) ah];Dd .
uf]/If lglvn k':tsfno v'Ng] ;do M k|To]s lbg !)M)) ah]b]lv ;f %M)) ah];Dd .
k/fdz{ ;]jf;DaGwL e]63f6 M ck/fg #M)) ah]kl5 .
cf/tL M k|To]s ;f %M)) ah] .
u'? k"hg M k|To]s j[x:kltaf/ laxfg !)M)) ah]b]lv .
ljz]if u'? k"hg M k|To]s c+u|]hL dlxgfsf] @! tf/Lv, laxfg !)M)) ah]b]lv .
cfWoflTds zlQm cg';Gwfgd"ns g]kfnsf] Ps dfq dfl;s klqsf uf]/If lglvn jf0fLsf] lgoldt k|sfzg .
ljz]if ;fwgf M ljleGg lhNnfxdf ljz]if ;fwgf sfo{qmd .
ljleGg rf8kj{ Pj+ cj;/xdf ljz]if sfo{qmd .
ljz]if xjgM k|To]s dlxgfsf] klxnf] ;f]djf/ >L lzj uf]/If xjg, klxnf] dnjf/ tfGqf]Qm j6's e}/j xjg,
klxnf] a'wjf/ tfGqf]Qm dxfnIdL xjg / klxnf] laxLjf/ tfGqf]Qm aunfd'vL xjg sfo{qmd ;+rfng .
d'b|0f
e]/fO6L lk|G6;{ k|f=ln=
cfj/0f tyf leqL sDKo'6/ ;]l6

l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|, sDKo'6/ pkljefu
klqsfsf] sfof{no
s'n]Zj/, sf7df8f} .
a;'Gw/f, sNsL dlGb/, sf7df8f}, g]kfn
kmf]g g+M @)&!@)),@!))!%#, klqsf ljt/0f kmf]g g+M )!^@@%!&&

2
(CDMA Phone), Email: gonisa@ntc.net.np
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^$ kmfu'g
rf}/f;L nfv of]lgdWo] dfgj of]lgsf] ljlzi6 cl:tTj /x]sf] 5. cfkm\gf ;Dk"0f{ k"j{;+:sf/
x?nfO{ kvfNb} k/dfTdf;Dd k'Ug] cfWoflTds ofqfdf dfgj of]lgsf] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg 5 lsgls
o;} of]lgaf6 dfq s'08lngL hfu/0f ;Dej 5. cfhef]ln s'08lngL hfu/0fh:tf] uxgtd
ljifonfO{ s]jn gf/fsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug]{ k|rng a9\b} cfO/x]sf] 5. s'08lngL hfu/0fsf] ljifo
s'g} /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs jf cfly{s gf/fh:tf] xf]Og. of] t cGt/cfTdf;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo
xf]. of] ljifo Tolt ;xh / ;/n klg 5}g. h;/L ;dfhdf o;sf] af/]df ljleGg lsl;dsf
e|dx km}nfOPsf 5g\, ltgLxaf6 ;dfhnfO{ 5'6sf/f lbnfpg' xfd|f] st{Jo x'g cfpF5. x'g t
cfkm"nfO{ wd{u'? eGg]x, wd{ / cWofTdsf 7]s]bf/ eGg]xn] g} s'08lngL hfu/0fh:tf] ljifodf
w]/} e|dfTds k|rf/x u/]sf] kfOG5. cd's cd's sfo{x u/]sf] e/df d ltd|f] s'08lngL hfu/0f
u/fOlbG5' eg]/ 7f]s'jf ug]{ dfq} xf]Og, yf]/} cfly{s nfesf] k|nf]egdf k/]/ d s'08lngL hfu/0f
u/fOlbG5' eg]/ s}of}F JolQmxnfO{ 7uL ug]{xsf] klg ;dfhdf afx'Notf /x]sf] kfpF5f}F. s;}n]
s'08lngL hfu/0f u/fOlbG5' eg]s} e/df s'08lngL hfu/0f x'g] eP cfh ;dfhdf s'08lngL
hfu/0f ug]{xsf] afx'Notf olt w]/} eO;SYof] ls ;dfh cfkm}df lbJo / pGgt alg;SYof]. t/
To:tf] x'g' ;Dej 5}g. s]jn lzj:j?k ;b\u'?b]jx;Fu dfq s'08lngL hfu/0f u/fpg ;Sg]
Ifdtf /x]sf] x'G5. xfd|f k|frLg Clifd'lgxf/f k|ltkflbt Pj+ k|dfl0ft ljwfx dGq, tGq, of]u,
Wofgh:tf ljwfxsf] dfWodaf6 s'08lngL hfu/0fsf] ofqfdf dflg; cl3 a9\g ;Sb5. t/
of] ofqfnfO{ cl3 a9fpgsf nflu u'?sf] cfjZostf kb{5. ;fdfGo u'?n] s'08lngL ofqfnfO{
cufl8 a9fpg ;Sb}gg\. u'?s[kf / cfzLjf{baf6 dfq} d"nfwf/b]lv ;x;|f/;Ddsf] hfu/0f ;Dej
5 cyf{t\ s'08lngLsf] ofqf u'?s[kflagf ;Dej g} 5}g. of] s'/f ;dfhn] Tolt a'em]sf] kfOF{b}g.
To;}n] t hf] sf]xLn] klg s'08lngL hfu/0f u/fOlbG5' eGof] eg] ;f]emf;femf eQmhg ;xh}
kTofP/ p;sf] kl5 nfu]sf] kfpF5f}F. kl5 s]xL geP/ ePsf] /sd klg n'l6Pkl5, 7luPkl5
o:tf] t gx'g] /x]5 eg]/ s'08lngLk|lt g} e|dfTds k|rf/ ub}{ lxFl8/x]sf] b]lvG5. o;df s'08lngL
zlQmsf] s'g} bf]if 5}g. of] t ga'em]sf] / ghfg]sf] u'?sf] kl5 nfUbf x'g] k|ltkmn dfq xf].
To;}n] xfdL ;d:t kf7sxnfO{ cfu|x ub{5f}F s'08lngL hfu/0fh:tf] ljifodf s'g} k|sf/sf]
e|ddf gk/L ;b\u'?sf] z/0fdf hfcf}F. ;b\u'?sf] lgb]{zgaf6 ;fwgf, Wofg, of]u / u'?sfo{h:tf
dfWodaf6 s'08lngL hfu/0fsf] ofqftkm{ nfUg' sNof0fsf/L x'g]5.
d]/f] t s'08lngL hfu/0f eO;Sof] eg]/ w]/} JolQmx eGb} lxF8\g] ug'{x'G5. cfkm"nfO{ 7"nf]
agfpgsf nflu, ;dfhdf cfWoflTds pknlAw k|fKt u/]sf] JolQm eg]/ lrlgg / lrgfpgsf nflu
s''08lngL zlQmsf] hfu/0f eO;s]sf] eg]/ k|rf/ ug'{ cfkm}df d"v{tf l;jfo s]xL x'Fb}g lsgls
h;sf] jf:tljs ?kdf s'08lngL zlQm hfu/0f ePsf] x'G5 p;n] slxn] klg o:tf] zAbn]
k|rf/ ub}{g. pm leqleq} /Dg yfn]sf] x'G5, aflx/L b'lgof;Fu p;nfO{ s'g} dtna x'Fb}g. dfg,
;Ddfg, kb, k|lti7f;Fu klg p;n] s'g} dtna /fVb}g. ha JolQm leq /Dg yfN5 ta p;nfO{
aflx/L s'/f uf}0f nfUb5. hf] leq k'Ub}g, p;}n] dfq aflx/L ?kdf cfkm"nfO{ lrgfpg vf]H5 /
dfg, ;Ddfg, kb, k|lti7fdf cfkm"nfO{ x/fpg vf]H5. To;}n] s'08lngL hfu/0f s;}n] eg]/ x'g]
s'/f xf]Og, of] t cflTds ofqftkm{ cl3 a9\b} hfFbf :jtM x'g] k|lqmof xf]. s'08lngL :kGbgsf]
cg'e"ltnfO{ g} n d]/f] hfu/0f eof] eg]/ a'g] JolQmxsf] klg sdL 5}g ;dfhdf. To;}nfO{
cfwf/ dfg]/ s'08lngL hfu/0fsf] JofVof / ljZn]if0f u/]sf] klg kfpF5fF}, of] klg ljrf/0fLo kIf
5. s'08lngL :kGbg / hfu/0f b'O{ leGb} ljifo x'g\.
s'08lngL hfu/0fsf] ljifo n]vgLeGbf k/ 5. of] t cg'ej ug]{ ljifo xf] / cg'e"ltnfO{
zAbdf ptfg{ ;fx|} sl7g kbf]{/x]5. To;}n] xfd|f k"j{hxn] g]ltg]lt eg]/ j]bdf klg ca oxfFeGbf
k/ zAbn] j0f{g ug{ ;lsFb}g x} eg]/ 5f]l8lbPsf 5g\. t}klg o:tf] b'?x ljifodf, o:tf] c;fWo
ljifodf klg klqsfdfkm{t s]xL hfgsf/L u/fpg] k|of; uof}F. of] cfkm}df w[i6tf x'g ;S5. t/
klg u'?s[kfn] xfd|f kf7sxnfO{ s'08lngLsf] af/]df, s'08lngL hfu/0fsf] af/]df yf]/} dfq}
hfgsf/L of] klqsfdfkm{t u/fpg ;Sof}F eg] klg o;nfO{ xfdLn] ;kmntf 7fGg]5f}F. k|sfzgsf]
qmddf eP u/]sf uNtL, sdL sdhf]/Lx pk/ Ifdf ofrgf ub{} of] c\s oxfFxsf] xftdf ;dlk{t
u/]sf 5fF}. cfzf 5 of] c\sn] oxfFxsf] s'08lngL hfu/0fnfO{ ;xof]u k'ofpg]5 / lzj:j?k
;b\u'?b]jxsf] ;fy kfP/ s'08lngL ofqfdf oxfFx klg cl3 a9\g'x'g]5. c:t'.
zlQm ;fwgf, pkf;gfsf] Oltxf; ef/tjif{sf] pTklQ;Fu;Fu}

dflgG5 . cyf{t\ of] k|fu\P]ltxfl;s l;Gw'3f6L ;Eotf, df]xghf]bf/f],
x8Kkf cflbsfnhlQs} k'/fgf] 5 cyf{t\ nueu O{;fk"j{ @ ;o jif{eGbf
cufl8 a'lG5 .
z'?b]lv g} k|s[ltnfO{ dft[k dfg]/ zlQm;fwgf ul/Fb} cfPsf] /
sfnfGt/df lzjsf] kdf Pp6f dxfk'?ifsf] sNkgf ul/of] . O:jL
;Djt\ !,@)) ;Dd cfOk'Ubf tGqdGqoGq dfq geO{ lzj / zlQmsf]
ljljw:jkdf cf/fwgf, pkf;gf ug{ yfn]sf] kfOG5 eg] o;} ;dodf
s'08lngL of]usf] dxj / ljsf;df j[l4 ePsf] kfOG5 . o; qmddf
r/dkdf k+rdsf/ pkf;gfsf] k|efj ;d]t j[l4 ePsf] kfOG5 .
zfQm dtaf6 k|fb'ef{j ePsf] sf}n dt, h;n] cfkm} c}tjfbsf]
dtfjnDaL x'Fbfx'Fb} klg lzj / zlQmnfO{ ;dfg dxj lbG5 cyf{t\
k|s[lt / k'?ifnfO{ Ps dfGb5, o;sf] k|tLsfTds k if6\sf]0f xf] eg]
pmWj{lqsf]0f lzj / cwf]lqsf]0f zlQmsf] k|tLs dflgG5 . sf}n zAb g}
s'n zAbaf6 ag]sf] xf] h;sf] cy{ s'08lngL zlQm xf] h'g of]utflGqs
;fwgfsf] cfwf/ xf] .
s'08lngL zlQmnfO{ cflbzlQm dflgPsf] 5 . h'g k|sf/n] d]lzgdf
SjfON; x'G5g\, h;sf] dfWodaf6 ljB't\wf/fx u'h|G5g\ / tL
SjfON;x ;'lglZrt If]qdf ;'lglZrt sfo{ ub{5g\, To;}k|sf/n] xfd|f]
z/L/df d]?b08sf] dWoaf6 uPsf ;'if'Dgfgf8Ldf h'g SjfON; cyf{t\
s'08n 5g\, To;df k|jflxt ePsf] hLjgLzlQmnfO{ g} s'08lngL zlQm
-Serpent Power_ elgG5 .!
s'08lngL zlQm dft[ue{df /xFbf hfu[t x'G5 . jfnfj:yfdf lglGb|t
/xG5 . dflg;sf] hfu|t cj:yfdf eg] of] zlQm ;'if'Kt x'G5 . :jKg
cj:yf, ;'if'lKt cj:yfdf tlGb|t /xG5 . hfu|t s'08lngL zlQm ;'if'Kgf
dfu{af6 if6\rqmnfO{ e]bg u/]/ lzj;Fu uP/ ldNb5 . cflb hub\u'?
z+s/frfo{n] cfg+b nx/Ldf o;sf] j0f{g ug'{ePsf] 5 . pQm j0f{gdf
s'08lngL zlQm d"nfwf/ rqmaf6 p7]/ dl0fk"/ rqm x'Fb} Xbofsfz /
e|"dWo -cf1f rqm_ nfO{ kf/ u/]/ ;x;|f/df cfgf klt lzj;Fu ljxf/
ub{l5g\ . zlQm O{8f / lknfsf] aLr ;'if'Dgf gf8L x'Fb} d"nfwf/af6
;x;|f/tkm{ udg ub{5 . d"nfwf/nfO{ zlQmsf] s]Gb| tyf ;x;|f/nfO{ lzjsf]
:yfg dflgG5 . oL b'j} C0ffTds / wgfTds w|'j x'g\ .@
4
u'ob]zaf6 b'O{ c+u'n dfl:t/ / lnd"neGbf b'O{

c+u'n tn d"nfwf/ k ljBdfg 5 . To;}sf] aLrdf k"jf]{Qm
a|dgf8Lsf] d'vdf :joDe" ln ljBdfg 5 . To;sf]
ufqdf blIf0ffjt{n] ;f9] tLg kmGsf] nufP/ s'08lngL zlQm
;'lt/x]sf] x'G5 .#
klZrdfled'vL of]lgu'{bd]9fGt/fnuf .
tq sGb+ ;dfVoft+ tqf:t] s'08nL ;bf ..
;+j]i6f ;snfgf8L ;fw{lqs'l6nfs[ltM .
d'v] lgj]Zo ;f k'R5+ ;'if'D0ffljj/] l:ytf ..
u'o / lnsf] aLrdf kl5lNt/ d'v kmsf{P/ /x]sf]
of]lgd08n 5 . o;} of]lgd08nnfO{ sGb klg eG5g\ .
of]lgd08nsf] aLrdf s'08lngL zlQmn] ;a} gf8LxnfO{
a]/]/ ;f9] tLg kmGsf] df/L ;k{ksf] cfgf] k'R5/ d'vdf
xfn]/ ;'if'D0ffljj/nfO{ 5]s/] cj:yfg ul//x]5 .
tGqu|Gydf klg s'08lngL zlQm :joDe"lndf ;f9]
tLg s'08n df/]/ ;'lt/x]sf] 5 eGg] j0f{g kfOG5 . of]
s'08lngL g} lgTofgGb:jk k/df k|s[lt xf] . o;sf
b'O{ d'v 5g\, Pj+ of] lah'nL;dfg clt ;"Id 5, hf] b]Vbf
cfwf cf]+sf/ -p_ sf] k|lts[lth:tf] nfU5 . d/cd/
c;'/flb ;a} k|f0fLxsf] z/L/df s'08lngL lj/fhdfg
5 . d"nfwf/rqmdf o;} s'08lngLsf] aLrdf lrR5lQm
lj/fhdfg 5 . o;sf] ult clt b'n{Io 5 . of] s'08lngL
zlQm k|r08:j0f{j0ff{, t]h:jkf, bLlKtdtL / ;j, /h /
td oL tLg} u'0fxsf] k|;"lt a|dzlQm xf] . of] s'08lngL
zlQm g} OR5f, lqmof / 1fg oL tLg gfddf ljeQm eP/
;d:t z/L/sf rqmxdf e|d0f u5{ . of] zlQm g} xfd|f]
hLjgzlQm xf] . o; zlQmnfO{ cfgf] jzdf Nofpg' g}
of]u;fwgfsf] p2]Zo xf] .
s'08lngL zlQmnfO{ s'n s'08lngL, e'hl+ ugL, ;lk{0fL,
k|r08zlQm, d"nfwf/ lgjfl;gL, jnofsf/ ;lk{0fL, ljB't\,
clUgdo, d'QmzlQm, dxfb]jL, ;Ktrqme]lbgL, ljZjzlQm,
ljB't k|jfxlk0fL, ;j{;f}Gbo{zflngL, ;j{;'vbflogL,
s'08n], ck/flhtf, ljift+t':jkf, d"nljBf, s'l6nlk0fL,
gjzlQm ;dlGjtf, zlQmrflntf, cwf] d ' v ;lk{ 0 fL,
s'08lngL cflb gfdxaf6 k'sfl/G5 . tGqdf o;nfO{
jfu]Zj/L elgPsf] 5 . ljleGg efiffdf o;nfO{ ljleGg
gfdn] k'sfl/Psf] kfOG5 . lrlgofF efiffdf O;] rL,
hfkfgLdf O;] sL, O;fO{x Holy Spirit tyf lxGb'x
o;} zlQmnfO{ huHhggL dfGb5g\ . lqmof e]bsf] b[li6af6
uf}tdL tGq
d"nk] s'08lngL ofjlGgb|flotf k|ef] .

tfjt\ lsl~rGg l;Wo]t dGqoGqfr{gflbsd\ ..
hfult{ olb ;f b]lj ax'l k'0o;~ho}M .
tbf k|;fbdfoflt dGqoGqfr{gflbsd\ ..
d"nfwf/l:yt s'08lngL zlQm ha;Dd lapFFb}g ta;Dd
dGqhk / oGqflbf/f k"hfr{gf u/]sf] lgikmn x'G5 . olb k'0osf]
k|efjf/f oL zlQmb]jL lapFlg\ eg] dGqhkflbsf ;a} kmn
l;4 x'g ;S5g\ .
of]usf] cg'i7fgf/f s'08lngLsf] r}tGo

;Dkfbg ug'{ g} dfgjhLjgsf] k"0f{Tj xf] .
elQmk"0f{ lrQf/f k|ltlbg s'08lngL zlQmsf]
Wofgkf7 u/] k l5 ;fwsdf o; zlQmsf]
;DaGwdf 1fg pTkGg x'G5 / of] zlQm la:tf/}
la:tf/} hfu|t x'G5 .
5
s'08lngL zlQm lgDg rf/ k|sf/af6 k|s6 x'G5

!= lqmofjtL
@= j0f{doL
#= snfTdf
$= j]wdoL
s'08lngL k|;'Kt cj:yfdf /lx/xG5 . o;sf] z/L/;DaGwL
s'g} sfd afo b[li6f/f k|tLt x'Fb}g . o;}sf/0f kfZrfTo
z/L/zf:qsf ljfg\ -Physiologist_ n] klg clxn];Dd of] s'/f
kQf nfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\, t/ k|frLg o"gfg, /f]d cflb b]zsf
tjj]Qf o; s'/fdf kl/lrt lyP . ckmnft'g -Plato_ tyf
lkyfuf]/; -Pythagorus_ h:tf cfTdbzL{ ljfg\xsf n]vxdf
o;sf] o;k|sf/sf] ;]t kfOPsf] 5 gflesf] ghLs} Ps
o:tf] cb\e"t zlQm ljBdfg 5, h;n] dl:tissf] k|e'tf cyf{t\
k|sfznfO{ pHHhn ul/lbG5 / h;f/f dg'ioleq lbJo zlQmx
k|s6 x'G5g\ .
s'08lngL zlQm g} hLjfTdfsf] k|f0f:jk xf] . s'08lngL
zlQm a|df/nfO{ 5]s]/ ;'vk"j{s ;'t]sf] 5 . To;}n] hLjfTdf
if8\l/k' / OlGb|ou0ff/f rflnt eP/ cxDefjfkGg ePsf] 5 Pj+
c1fgsf] dfoff/f cfR5Gg eP/ ;'vb'Mvflbsf] e|flGt1fgf/f
sd{kmnsf] ef]u ul//x]5 .$ s'08lngL zlQmnfO{ Ao"
F fpg g;s]df
Wofg
Wofo]t\ s'08lngL+ ;"Idf+ d"nfwf/lgjfl;gLd\ .
tfldi6b]jtfkf+ ;fw{lqjnoflGjtfd\ ..
sf]l6;f}bfldgLef;f+ :joDe"lnj]li6tfd\ ..
ztzt zf:q k9] klg jf:tljs 1fgn] ;DkGg x'g ;Sb}g lsgls
of] zlQm ghfUbf cyf{t\ k|s[lt / k'?if -lzj / zlQm_ sf] ;+of]u
x'g kfPg eg] hGd / d[To'sf] rqm rln/xG5 . ha o;sf] of]u
x'G5 ta cd/Tj jf df]Ifsf] k|flKt x'G5 . j]bn] o;}nfO{ :jLsf/
ub}{ eg]sf] 5 o;nfO{ hfg]/ g} d[To'nfO{ kf/ ug{ ;lsG5,
o;afx]s cGo s'g} pkfo 5}g . ho u'?b]j
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M
!= s'08lngL zlQm Pj+ Wofg of]u, ;L=Pd= >Ljf:tj .
@= :jfdL ;lRrbfgGb ljz'4b]js[t rl/qlj1fg, k[i7 !*^ .
#= k"j{jt\ .
$ vKt8 afafs[t rl/q lj1fg, efu# .
%= k"j{jt\ .
s'08lngL zlQmdfly j}1flgs k/LIf0f

!(#@ hgj/L !( tfl/vsf lbg snsQf ljZjljBfnosf]
xndf ;/ l;jL /d0fsf] cWoIftfdf ;fOG; ofsN6Lsf l8g
8f= efrfo{, s]ldl:6 ljefusf k|d'v 8f= ;/sf/, j}1flgs
8f= lgdf]lg, cltl/Qm cS:kmf]8{ ljZjljBfno O\UNof08, k]l/;
ljZjljBfno, Go"of]s
{ ljZjljBfno, db|f; ljZjljBfno, snsQf
ljZjljBfnosf lj1fg ljefusf l8g k|f]k]m;/xsf] pkl:yltdf
ef/tsf k|Voft :jfdL g/l;+x dxfof]uLn] s'08lngL hfu/0f
ePkl5 z/L/nfO{ cfgf] jzdf ug{ ;lsg] / pQm z/L/df cfgf]
OR5fa]u/ s'g} klg s'/fsf] 3fts k|efj gkg]{ s'/fsf] k'li6sf
nflu j}1flgs k/LIf0f ug{ lbg'ePsf] lyof] . s'08lngL hfu/0faf6
k|fKt k|an OR5fzlQmaf6 z/L/df s'g} kbfy{sf] klg k|efj kg{
;Sb}g rfx] Tof] kf]6fl;od ;fOgfO8 g} lsg gxf];\ eGg] s'/f
To; j]1flgs k/LIf0faf6 k|dfl0ft ePsf] lyof] .
k/LIf0fsf nflu ;a}eGbf klxn] :jfdLsf] :jf:Yo hfFr
ul/of] . pxfFsf] :jf:YonfO{ ;fdfGo 3f]lift ul/kl5 pxfFnfO{
OR5fkqdf ;xL ug{ nufOof] h;df :jfdL :jo+n] :j]R5fn] j}1flgs
6
kl/If0f ug{ lbPsf] / o; k/LIf0fdf :jfdLsf] d[To' ePdf cfof]hs

;ldltnfO{ s'g} bf]if nfUg] 5}g .
To;kl5 k|of]udf pkof]u ul/g] ;fdu|Lxsf] z'4tf klg
hfFr ul/of] . ;a}eGbf klxn] :jfdLsf] xftkfv'/fdf tLa| t]hfa
vGofOof] . :jfdLhLn] t t]hfanfO{ rf6\g kf] yfNg'eof] . Tof] b]v/]
;f/f bz{s tyf j}1flgsx :tlDet eP . To;kl5 pxfFnfO{
sfaf]{lns Pl;8 gfds ljif rf6\g lbOof] . To;n] klg pxfFnfO{
s]xL b'ik|efj gkf/]kl5 pxfFnfO{ c} s8f vfnsf csf]{ ljif0
vfg lbOof] . oL ljifaf6 klg pxfFnfO{ s'g} b'ik|efj gkf/]kl5
pxfFnfO{ ;+;f/s} ;aeGbf s8f ljif kf]6fl;od ;fOgfO8 vfg
lbOof] . o;nfO{ :jfdLn] ho dfF sfnL sf] hosf/;Fu} lkpg'eof] .
of] b]v]/ ;f/f pkl:yt dxfg'efjx d"lt{jt\ eP . To; ljifn]
klg s]xL ug{ g;s]kl5 bz{sbL3f{sf] dfaf6 st{nWjlgsf ;fy
tfnLsf] u8\u8fx6 u'lGhof] .
o;/L s'08lngL zlQm hfu[t eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf z/L/
:j]R5fn] rnfodfg ug{ ;lsg] s'/f pQm j}1flgs k/LIf0faf6
;+;f/ ;fd' k|dfl0ft eof] .
ljz]if u/]/ s'08lngLzlQm z/L/ z'4 Pj+ ;"Id ePkl5

;fljs ljrf/, z'4 cGtMs/0f, O{Zj/k|lt ;fFrf] elQm tyf
kl/kSj j}/fUosf] cj:yfdf Psfu|tf cyf{t\ lgZrn Wofgf/f
hfu|t x'G5 . cs:dft\ s'g} dg'iodf cnf}lss zlQm, cb\e't
rdTsf/ tyf c;fwf/0f 1fgsf] ljsf; b[li6uf]r/ x'G5 eg] of]
a'g'k5{ k"j{hGdsf] s'g} ;fljs ;+:sf/sf] pbo x'gfn] jf
Xbodfly ;fljs k|efj kfg]{ cGo s'g} 36gff/f s'08lngLzlQm
hfu|t eP/ ;'if'Dgfsf] d'vdf k;]sf] 5 . s'08lngL hfu|t kfg]{
pkfodWo] l;4 ;b\u'?sf] s[kfnfO{ oxfF pNn]v ul/G5
s'
08lngL hfu/0f ljz]if
l;4of]u g} k|wfg ;fwg xf], t/ of] Jofj;flos o'udf l;4

u'? kfpg' cToGt b'n{e 5 . jfUhfn -cnfO{ cndNofpg] jf
wf]sf lbg] 3'dfp/f] syg_ w]/} kfOG5g\, t/ tYo sd kfOG5 .
t}klg s'g} k"j{;+lrt k'0o/flzsf] kmn:jk s'g} l;4 u'? k|fKt
x'ge' of] eg] cgfof; g} sfo{l;l4 x'G5 . of]ulzvf]klgift\df eujfg\
lzj a|dfnfO{ eGg'x'G5
kZrft\ k'0o]g net] l;4]g ;x ;ltd\ .
ttM l;4:o s[kof of]uL ejlt gfGoyf ..
cyf{t,\ -hGdhGdfGt/sf]_ kZrft\ k'0osf] k|efjf/f l;4sf]
77
l;4 dfu{f/f k|fKt x'G5, caf6 x'Fb}g .

zlQmkftf/f u'? lziosf] s'08lngLzlQmnfO{ hfu|t\ kfg'x{ G' 5 .
u'bf / pk:ysf] aLrdf of]lg:yfg 5, h;nfO{ lzlv:yfg klg eGb5g\ .
of]lg:yfgsf] dfly d]?b08;Fu} Pp6f c08fs[lt df+;k]zL 5 . To;sf]
gfle -cyf{t\ s]Gb|_ df Pp6f ufF7f]h:tf] 5 h;nfO{ cfw'lgs z/L/
lj1fgsf] efiffdf Ganglion par eGb5g\ / ;+:s[tdf o;nfO{ sGb
eGb5g\ . oxL sGbaf6 O8f, lknf tyf ;'if'D0ff gf8Lx lg:sG5g\ .
O8f / lknf d]?b08sf] aflx/ 5g\ h;nfO{ jt{dfg z/L/lj1fg
Sympathetic columms eGb5g\ tyf t];f| ] ;'if'Dgf (Spinal Cord) leq
5 . k|f0fzlQmsf] k|jfx ha ;'if'Dgf x'bF } a|d/Gw|df k'Ub5, ta ;dflw
nfUb5 . ;'if'Dgfdf ^ 7fpFx o:tf 5g\, h;nfO{ gf8Lxsf] pb\ud
:yfg eGg ;lsG5 / tL gf8Lx aflx/ lg:s]/ hfnf] agfpFb5g\ .
c+u|]hLdf o;nfO{ Plexus eGb5g\ tyf of]uLx o;nfO{ rqm cyjf
k eGb5g\ . u'bfsf] glhs d"nfwf/ k[YjLtjsf] rqm xf], pk:ysf]
ghLs :jflwi7fg hntjsf], gfO6f]sf] glhs dl0fk"/ clUgtjsf],
Xbodf cgfxt jfo'tjsf], 3fF6Ldf ljz'l4 cfsfztjsf] tyf
cfFvLef}Fdf cf1f gfd ePsf] dg;Fu} ;DaGw /fVg] rqm 5 . dfly lz/
-Cerebrum_ df ;x;|f/ 5 . k|f0fzlQmsf] k|jfxsf] pTyfg ePkl5 pQm
rt'y{
;t k|fKt x'G5 ta l;4sf] s[kfn] of]uL xf]OG5, cGoyf

xf]OFb}g . l;4 dxfTdfsf] s[kf -h'g b[li6, :kz{ cyjf
dGqr}tGof/f x'G5_ zlQmkft jf dxfbLIff eGb5g\ .
of]ujfl;i7df elgPsf] 5
bz{gft\ :kz{gft zAbft\ s[kof lziob]xs] .
hgo]b\ oM ;dfj]z zfDej+ ; lx b]lzsM ..
cyf{t\, bz{g, :kz{ cyjf zAb -dGqk|bfg jf cGo
s'g} jfSo_ f/f hf] s[kfk"j{s lziosf] z/L/df zfDej
;dfj]z -dndo efj_ k|s6 ub{5, ToxL u'? xf] .
jfojLo ;+lxtfdf klg elgPsf] 5
u'/f]/fnf]sdfq]0f :kzf{b\ ;Defif0ffblk .
;BM ;+1f ej]HhGtf]bL{Iff ;f zfDejL dtf ..
cyf{ t \ , u' ? sf] b[ l i6, :kz{ cyjf jfSof/f
Psk|sf/sf] ;Bf]1fg -cyf{t\ dleq Ps k|sf/sf] ljz]if
zlQmsf] k|fb'ef{j ePsf] 5 o; k|sf/sf] k|ToIf cg'ej_
pTkGg x'G5, To;}nfO{ zfDejL bLIff eG5g\ .
gfgfdfu]:{ t' b'ik|fKo+ s}jNo+ k/d+ kbd\ .
l;l4dfu]{0f net] gfGoyf k;Dej ..
of]ulzvf]klgift\
cyf{t\, s}jNokb -df]Ifk|flKt ug]{ dfu{_ cg]s
k|sf/sf cGo dfu{xeGbf b'ik|fKo 5 . x] a|dfhL of]
8
/fhof]usf] ;a}eGbf a9L dxjk"0f{ / ;dflwl;l4df cToGt

pkof]uL k|f0ffofd xf] of] . of]u;"qdf afofEoGt/ljifofIf]kL rt'y{M
elgPsf] 5 . o;sf] cy{ xf] aflx/L / leqsf ljifoxnfO{ ofFSg]
cyf{t\ cfnf]rgf ug]{ rt'y{ k|f0ffofd xf] . o;sf ljlwx /fhof]usf
pQd clwsf/Lxsf nflu x'g\ tyf cToGt} uf]Ko / >Lu'?f/f
hflgg of]Uo 5g\ .
ljlwx
s_ s]jn /]rsf/f hlt;Dd ;lsG5 Tolt;Dd ;f; aflx/
k7fpg] . ToxfFaf6 g/f]sLsg k"/sf/f hlt ;lsG5 Tolt;Dd
;f; leq tfGg] . of] Pp6f k|f0ffofd eof] . o;} k|sf/ !!, !%
cyjf @) sf] ;+Vofdf s'Des gul/sg s]jn /]rs k"/s w]/}
a]/;Dd ul//xgfn] ;f; :jo+ bL3{ Pj+ ;"Id eP/ Zjf;k|Zjf;
b'j}sf ultxsf] :jo+ g} cefj x'g hfG5 .
v_ gfssf b'j} Kjfnxaf6 o; efjgfsf] ;fy k"/s ug]{
] u/]/ cfFvLef}s
F f]
;f; pk:yOlGb|oxsf] Kjfnf/f z/L/leq k|jz
hf]gL{;Dd k'lu/x]sf] 5, tyf ToxfF s]xL a]/;Dd s'Des u/]kl5
gfssf b'j} Kjfnxaf6 la:tf/}la:tf/} /]rs ug]{ . o; lqmofsf]
cEof; s]xL sfn;Dd u/]kl5 ;f; :jo+ g} ;'if'Dgfdf k|j]z ug{
yfNb5 tyf k|f0flg/f]w x'g]5 .
u_ gfssf] 6'Kkf], cfFvLef}Fsf] hf]gL{, a|d/Gw| cyjf c s'g}
rqmdfly o; efjgfn] cf]d\sf] dgl;s hk ug]{ cf]f/f To;
zlQm 5j6} rqmxnfO{ 5]8\b} ;x;|f/df

r9\5 . To;kl5 kfFr} tjx;Fu ;DaGw
/fVg] uGw, /;, k, :kz{ tyf zAbfTds
OlGb|ox dgnfO{ ;fydf lnP/ a'l4;lxt
cfcfgf sf/0fdf nLg x'G5g\ / ;dflw
nfUb5 . of] lgaL{h;dflwdf ljifof]klxt
r}tGosf] ;fIffTsf/ tyf cGtM;dflwdf
ljifoljlgd'{Qm r]tgfsf] ;fIffTsf/ x'G5 .
clg dgsf ;NkljsNk lgd"{n x'G5g\,
jf;gfgfz x' G 5 tyf cfTdl:yltsf]
sf/0fn] ubf{ k/d ;Gtf]if Pj+ zflGtsf]
pbo x'G5 / cfTdfgGbsf] k|sfz x'G5 .
;+;f/sf ;Dk"0f{ ;'v, b'Mvdo Ghfnx
gi6 x'G5g\ . Tof] 1fgL sd{ ubf{ub}{ klg
hLjGd'Qm elgG5 . p;dfly sdnsf]
kftdf h:t} ;+;f/;fu/sf] hnsf] :kz{
x'Fb}g . sGbdf k|f0fzlQm ;'Kt -Potential_
/xG5 . ha;Dd of] ;'Ktfj:yfdf /xG5,
ta;Dd dg tyf a'l4;lxt OlGb|ox

alxd'v
{ /xG5g\ tyf of] k|f0fzlQm hfu]kl5
cGtd'{v x'g yfNb5g\ . o; zlQmnfO{
s'08lngL zlQm eGb5g\, of] Pp6f r]tg
zlQm xf] / of] Pp6} eP tfklg ;a}
hLjxdf JofKt 5 . elgPsf] klg 5
of b]jL ;j{e"t]if' lrltk]0f ;+l:ytf .
gd:t:o} gd:t:o} gd:t:o} gdf] gdM ..
cyf{ t \ , hf] b] j L ;a} hLjxdf
lrltkn] l:yt x'gx' G' 5, pxfFnfO{ gd:sf/
5, gd:sf/ 5, af/Daf/ gd:sf/ 5 .
s'08lngL hfu|t\ ePkl5 k|f0fzlQmn]
:jtM sfd ug{ yfN5 . of] zlQm gf8Lx
- Nervous System _ df ljB' R 5lQm
-Electric Current_ h:t} k|jflxt x'g]
ub{5, t/ o;df km/s s]jn olt dfq
5 of] ljB'th:tf] lghL{j 5}g, clkt' of]
;a} s'/f hfGb5, a'b5 . ctM km':km';df
k|f0ffofd
k|b]zdf ;f; leq k|j]z ul//x]sf] 5 /

cd\f/f aflx/ lgl:s/x]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/
o; ljz]if :yfgnfO{ Zjf;k|Zjf;sf]
s]Gb| agfpFb} hksf] lg/Gt/ cEof;f/f
Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] ult bL3{ Pj+ ;"Id x'Fb}
:jo+ lg?4 x'g hfG5 . cyjf a|d/Gw|sf]
Wofg ub}{ Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] ultdf o:tf]
efjgf ug]{ cf]f/f ;f; d]?b08sf] leq
;'if'Dgf gf8L x'Fb} d"nfwf/;Dd k'lu/x]sf]
5 / cd\sf] ;fydf ToxfFaf6 a|d/Gw|df
kmls{/x]sf] 5 .
3_ cfFvLef}s
F f] hf]gL{bl] v d"nfwf/;Dd
sfG5L cf}Fnfhqf] df]6f] Pp6f cToGt ;f]f]
tyf gLnf] /sf] 6\o"anfO6sf] sNkgf
ug]{ clg Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] ultdf o:tf]
efjgf ug]{cf]f/f Tof] 6\o"anfO6leq
Pp6f cs}{ clt pHHjn sfG5L cf}Fnfsf]
kj{ s f] cfsf/sf] Hof] l t Zjf;;F u;F u}
d"nfwf/;Dd tnlt/ uO/x]sf] 5 tyf
cd\ s f] ;fydf k| Z jf;;F u ;F u } kms] { /
cfFvLef}Fsf] hf]gL{;Dd cfO/x]sf] 5 .
_ d"nfwf/, cf1frqm cyjf

a|d/Gw| cflb s'g} rqm cyjf gfssf]
6'Kkf] cflb s'g} :yfgljz]ifnfO{ /]rs
k"/slagf Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] ultsf]
s]Gb| agfpFb} cyf{t\ cf]f/f ToxL ljz]if
:yfg;Dd Zjf; cfO/x]sf] 5 / cd\f/f
k|Zjf;sf] kdf ToxfFaf6 kmls{/x]sf]
5 eGg] efjgf ub}{ cf]d\ cyjf ;f]xd\
cflb cyjf cGo s'g} klg Oi6dGqnfO{
cfwfcfwf afF8]/ hk ug]{ . o;sf]
lg/Gt/ cEof;f/f Zjf;k|Zjf;sf]
ultsf] lg/f]w x'G5 . of] ljlw ;a}eGbf
pQd ljlw xf] . rqme] b gdf o;
ljlwf/f zL3| ;kmntf k|fKt x'G5 . olb
pko'{Qm ljlwn] hk ug{df s'g} sl7gfO{
k|tLt x'G5 eg] To; ljz]if :yfgdfly
sf] s]jn dfgl;s hk ug]{, cyjf
o:tf] efjgf ug]{ ToxfF sf] hk
eO/x]sf] 5 cyjf cf]d\ zAb ;'lg/x]sf
5f}F . d'Vo s'/f oxL xf] To; ljz]if
Wo]o :yfgdfly dg l:y/ /xf];\ .
cfpg]hfg] jfo' dfqnfO{ k|f0f 7fGg' e"n

xf] . of]u;fwsx k|f0fzlQmsf] k|jfx
l56} a'g yfN5g\, lsgls of] cg'ejsf]
s'/f xf] . k|f0f clt ;"Id zlQm xf], o;sf]
cg'ej :y"n, ;"Id tyf sf/0f oL tLg}
k|sf/sf z/L/xdf x'G5 . oxL zlQm
:y"n z/L/nfO{ ;"Id z/L/;Fu tyf ;"Id
z/L/nfO{ sf/0f z/L/;Fu hf]8\b5, o;}n]
k|f0f jzdf x'Fbf dg, a'l4 tyf OlGb|ox
;a} jzdf x'G5g\ .
:y" n z/L/nfO{ cGgdo sf] i f,
k|f0fxsf] ultsf] :yfg ePsf] x'gfn]
gf8Lxdf k|jflxt zlQmnfO{ k|f0fdo sf]if,
dg;Fu ;DaGw /fVg] sf]ifnfO{ dgf]do sf]if,
a'l4sf] sf]ifnfO{ lj1fgdo sf]if, / To;kl5
;'if'lKt cj:yf tyf sf/0f z/L/nfO{
cfgGbdo sf]if eGb5g\ . k|f0fzlQmsf]
sfd kfFr sf]ifxnfO{ k/:k/df hf]8\g'
xf] . h;/L k|f0fzlQmn] :y"n z/L/ cyf{t\
cGgdo sf]ifnfO{ lqmofzLn tyf 1fgzLn
kfb{5, To;} k|sf/ dgdf ;NkljsNk
Pj+ OR5fsf t/x pTkGg ub{5 /
a'l4nfO{ k|]l/t ub{5 . a'l4sf] cfj/
0fdfly h'g ;+:sf/x clt eO/xG5g\,
ltgLxf/f o; hGddf :d[ l t tyf
efjL hGdsf] nflu sf/0fz/L/ aGb5
cyf{t\, o; hGdsf] sf/0fz/L/df ljut
hGdxsf ;+:sf/xsf] sf]if 5 / pQm
;+:sf/ klg k|f0fzlQmsf] cwLgdf ;l~rt
/xG5 . ctM ;dflwsf] ;dodf k|f0f jzdf
x'gfn] z/L/df ;d]t ;+:sf/xsf] ;~ro
IfL0f eP/ CtDe/f k|1f k|sflzt x'G5 .
o;k|sf/ s'08lngLzlQm hfu]/ :y"n, ;"Id
Pj+ sf/0foL tLg} z/L/xnfO{ la:tf/}
la:tf/} v'sn' f] kf/]/ d"haf6 u'ef]nfO{ h:t}
cfTdfnfO{ cnUu kfl/lbG5 .
t+ :jR5/L/ft\ k|j[x/]Gd'~hf lbj]ifLsf+ w}o]{0f .
t+ ljBf5'qmdd[t+ t+ ljBf5'qmdd[tldlt ..
cyf{ t \ , To; cfTdfnfO{ cfgf]
z/L/af6 w}o;{ fy cnUu kf/, h;/L d"haf6
u'ef] cnUu kfl/G5, To;}nfO{ cljgfzL
cd/ cfTdf eGg] hfg . ho u'?b]j
;|f]t M vKt8 afafs[t wd{ lj1fg, t[tLo v08 .
d"nf]lGgb|e'h/fh;b[zL+ ofGtL+ ;'if'DgfGt/+

leTjfwf/;d"xdfz' ljn;T;f}bfldgL;+lgefd .
Jof]dfDef]hut]Gb'd08nunb\ lbJofd[tf}w}M Kn't+
;DefJo :ju[xfutf+ k'gl/df+ ;+lrGto]t\ s'08nLd\ .. ! ..
cy{M d"nfwf/af6 e'h/fh z]ifh:t} ;'if'Dgf dfu{af6 dflylt/ udg ub}{
d"nfwf/ u|GyLnfO{ e]bg u/]/ lz3| g} rlDsb} ljB't ;dfg cfsfzd08ndf
10
plbt rGb|d08naf6 /]sf lbJo cd[t k|jfxaf6 cfj[Q cfgf]

klt:jk eujfg lzjnfO{ l;l~rt ub}/{ xg'ePsL cfgf] d"nfwf/
:yfgdf k|j[Q x'g'ePsL eujtL s'08nLsf] d lrGtg ub{5' .
x+;+ lgTodgGtdou'0f+ :jfwf/tf] lgu{tf zlQm+M s'08lngL
;d:thggL x:t[ u[xLTjf r td\ .
oftf zDe'lgs]tg+ k/;'v+ t]gfg'e"o :jo+
ofGtL :jf>ods{sf]l6?lr/f Wo]of huGdf]lxgL .. @ ..
cy{M x+;;dfg :jR5 lgTo cgGt tyf lbJotf cflb u'0fn]
o'Qm d"nfwf/af6 dfly p7]sf Tof] s'08lngL zlQm hf] ;d:t
hLjxsf] hggL x'g'x'G5 . To;n] k/dlzjnfO{ cfj[Q u/]/
zDe'lgs]tg ;x;|f/tkm{ hfFb} :jo+ cfgGb:jkf s/f]8f} ;"o{ ;dfg
cfef ePsL huGdf]lxgL eujtL s'08nLsf] Wofg u/f}+ .
cJoQm+ k/laDadl~rt?lr+ gLTjf lzj:ofno+
zlQmM s'08lngL u'0fqojk'ljB'Nntf;+lgef .
cfgGbfd[tsGbu+ k'/ldb+ rGb|fs{sf]l6k|e+
;+jLIo :ju[x+ utf eujtL Wo]ofgjwf u'0f}M .. # ..
cy{M cJoQm k/fTk/ cToGt k|efo'Qm ;x;|f/df uP/
lqu'0fo'Qm ljB'tdfnfh:t} s'08lngL zlQm cfgGb cd[t;dfg
s/f]8f}+ ;"os
{ f] k|jfxo'Qm k/d lzjnfO{ cfj[Q u/]/ k"0f{ d"nfwf/df
k|ltudg ub}/{ xg'ePsL eujtL s'08nLsf] Wofg u/f}+ .
dWo] jTd{ ;dL/0foldy:;+3;+Iff]eh+
zAb:tf]ddtLTo t]hl; tl8Tsf]l6k|efef:jod\ .
pBGtL+ ;d'kf:dx] gjhkfl;Gb"/ ;fGb|f?0ff+
;fGb|fgGb;'wfdoL+ k/lzj+ k|fKtf+ k/f+ b]jtfd\ .. $ ..
cy{M ;''if'Dgf dfu{df O8f / lk+unfsf] ;+Iff]daf6 pTkGg
gfb cflb zAbxnfO{ gf3]/ s/f]8f}+ s/f]8 cfefo'Qm, hkfs';'d
;dfg tyf l;Gb'/;dfg /Qmj0f{doL k|uf9 cd[tsf] wf/faf6 k/d
lzjnfO{ k|fKt x'g'ePsL eujtL s'08nLsf] Wofg ub{5' .
udgfudg]if' hfnflsL ;f tg'ofb of]ukmnflg s'08nL .
d'lbtf s'nsfdw]g/' ]iff ehtf+ jfl~5t sNkjNn/L .. % ..
cy{M pmWj{udg / cwf]udgsf] lqmofaf6 ;'Id aGg'ePsL
of]u of]ulqmofsL ;fIft\ kmlne"ttTj cfgGbdoL sfdw]g' tyf
sNkj[If;dfg eujtL s'08nL cfgf cf/fwsxnfO{ jfl~5t
kmn lbg] x'g'x'G5 .
s'08lngL zlQm k|To]s JolQmleq s'08nkdf

/x]sf] 5 . h;/L tLa|kdf an]sf] cfuf]dfly v/fgL
b]lvPkl5 To; d'lgsf] an]sf] cfuf]n] klg cfgf] k|jfx
b]vfpg g;s] h:t} k"j{hGds[t bf]ifn] o; hGdsf
s'sd{xn] zlQmnfO{ hfu[t x'g lbFb}gg\ . d"nfwf/df
s'08lngL lzQm l:yt 5 / o; zlQmnfO{ hfu[t u/]/
d"nfwf/af6 :jflwi7fg, dl0fk'/, cgfxt, ljz'4 cf1frqm
/ ;x;|f/;Dd pmWj{ufdL agfpg' g} hLjgsf] k"0f{tf xf] .
s'08lngL :tf]q zlQmsf] o:tf] dxfg\ :tf]q xf] h;sf] lgTo
k7g ugf{n] zlQm hfu|t x'G5 .
sdn;dfg ;'if'Dgfdfu{af6 k|s6 eP/ b}lbKodfg ;"o{ ;b[z ?rL

ePsL 1fg :jkf eujtLsf] Wofg u/f}+ .
XTk?xefg'laDalgnof+ ljw'NntfdGy/f+
afnfsf{?0ft]h;f eujtL+ lge{T;{oGtL+ tdM .
gfbfVof+ k/dw{rGb|s'+l6nf+ ;+ljGdoL+ zfZjtL+
ofGtLdIf/?lk0fL+ ljdnwLWof{o]le'+ t]h;fd .. & ..
cy{M XbokL sdnsf] dWo cgGtsf]6L ;"o{sf] laDa
ePsL ljB'tntf h:t} lz3|udg ug'{x'g] pbfPsf] ;"o{sf] t]haf6
cGwsf/nfO{ gfz ug'{x'g] ls/0fh:t}, gfb:jkf, z'e|rGb|nfO{
cfgf] d:tsdf wf/0f ug'x{ g' ] ;gftg cIf/:j?lkgL :j:y wLo'Qm
;j{q JofKt t]h ePsL 1fgdoL eujtLsf] Wofg u/f}+ .
efn] k"0f{lgzfklt s/ k|lte6f+ gLxf/xf/lTjiff
l;~rGtLdd[t]g b]jdldt]gfgGboGtL+ tg'd .
j0ff{gf+ hggL+ tbLojk'iff ;+JofKo ljZj+ l:ytf+
Wofo]t\ ;Dougfs'n]g dg;f ;+ljGdoLdlDasfd .. * ..
cy{M lgwf/df k"0f{ rGb|dfsf] /]vfnfO{ wf/0f ug'{x'g]
sdn;dfg zf]efo'Qm cd[taf6 k/d lzjnfO{ l;~rg ug'{x'Fb}
cfgGbdoL :jk ePsL ;d:t j0f{nfO{ hGd lbg'x'g] cIf/kL
z/L/af6 ;d:t ljZjdf JofKt 1fgdoL, a'l4doL eujtL
s'08lngLsf] Wofg u/f}+ .
d"n] efn] Xlb r ljn;0f{kf ;ljqL
kLgf]t' :tge/gd ;GdWob]zf dx]zL .
rqm] rqm] ulnt;'wof l;QmufqL k|sfd+
bwfbfwf l>odljsnf+ jffdoL b]jtf jM .. ( ..
cy{M d"nfwf/z cf1frqm tyf Xbodf k|s6 x'bF } j0f{:jkf
l;STjf if6\;/;L?xfl0f ljlwjTsf]b08dWof]lbtf+
1fgdoL pGgt :tg ePsL e'ms]sf] sDd/ ePsL dfx]Zj/L k|To]s
Wofo]b\ ef:j/aGw'hLj?lr/f+ ;+ljGdoL+ b]jtfd .. ^ ..
rqmdf a:g'x'Fb} cd[t k|jfxaf6 l;l~rt z/L/ ePsL afUb]jtf
cy{M cfgf] cfwf/e"ld d"nfwf/df l:yt eP/ z's eujtL s'08nL lg/Gt/ xfdLnfO{ a'l4 k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
k+v;dfg xl/t j0f{ ePsL lgTofgGbdoL l//x]sf] cd[tk|jfxaf6
cfwf/aGwk|d'vlqmofl ;d'lTytf s'08lngL ;'wfl .
;fwsxnfO{ 1fg k|bfg ug'{x'g] oL ^ rqmkL ;/f]j/df k'mn]sf]
lqwfdaLh lzjdr{oGtL lzjfgf jM lzjdftgf]t' .. !) ..
11
cy{M d"nfwf/af6 cg]s lqmofxf/f k|s6 eO{ ;'wfdoL tLg}

wfddf aLhkaf6 k|s6 eP/ k/d lzjnfO{ cd[tn] l;l~rt ub}{
/xg'ePsL eujtL s'08nL xfdLnfO{ dn k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
lghejglgjf;fb'~r/GtL ljnf;}M .
kly kly sdnfgf+ rf? xf;+ ljwfo .
t?0ft/l0fsflGtM s'08nL b]jtf
;f lzj;bg;'wflebL{ko]bfTdt]hM .. !! ..
cy{ M d" n fwf/kL lgjf;:yfgaf6 cg] s f} + cfefo' Q m
cg]sf}+ ljlwaf6 k|s6 eP/ ;'if'Dgfdfu{ x'Fb} dWosdn ;b[z
;'Gb/ljnf;nfO{ wf/0f u/]/ t?0f ;"o{ h:t} sflGto'Qm cfgf]
t]haf6 ;x;|f/nfO{ lbKtf ug'x{ g' ] eujtL s'08nL xfdLnfO{ 1fgaf6
lbKt ug'{xf];\ .
l;Gb"/k'~rlgeldGb'snfjGt;+
;fgGbk"0f{gogqozf]lejSqd\ .
cfkLgt's'rgd|dgt+q+
zDef]Msnqdldtf+l>odftgf]t' .. !@ ..
cy{M l;Gb"/sf] ;d"x;dfg tyf rGb|snfaf6 o'Qm cfgGbdo
tLgg]qaf6 ;'zf]let, d'v ePsL, cfgf] ljzfn cfefd08no'Qm
cg;dfg ;f}Gbo{o'Qm eujfg zDe'sf] snq eujtL s'08nL
xfdLnfO{ P]Zjo{ k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
j0f}/{ 0f{jif8\ljzf/ljsnfrIf'lj{eQm]M qmdfbfw}M
;flble/fj[tfg Ifxo't}M if6rqmdWoflgdfg .
8flsGoflble/fl>tfg kl/lrtfg a|dflbleb}{jt}
le{GbGtL+ k/b]jtf lqhutf+ lrQ] ljwtf+ d'bd .. !# ..
cy{M j0f{kL ;d'b|f/f ;a} lbzfxdf JofKt ^ j6f
rqmxdf ;dflxt zfsgL, aflsgL cflbf/f ;'kl/lrt a|df
cflb b]jtfxaf6 k"lht k/d b]jtf tLg} nf]sdf JofKt eujtL
s'08nL xfdLnfO{ cfgGb k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
cfwf/fb u'0fj[tzf]lettg'+ lnqo+ ;Tj/+
leGbGtL+ sdnflg lrGdo3gfgGbk|af]wf]Q/fd .
;+If'Aww|'jd08nfd[ts/ k|:oGbdfgfd[t
:qf]qM sGblntf lgef ddGbtl8bfsf/f+ lzjf+ efjo]t .. !$ ..
cy{M cfwf/e"t d"nfwf/af6 tLg} u'0fn] ;'zf]let z/L/ ePsL
d"nfwf/, cgfxt / ;x;|f/nfO{ e]bg ub}{ sdn;dfg lrGdof:jkf
w|'jd08nl:yt cyf{t\ ;x;|f/df l:yt cd[tk|jfxnfO{ l;l~rt
ug'{x'Fb} cfgGb, :sGbkf ljB'tdoL eujtL s'08nLsf] lrGtg
u/f}+ .
d"nfwf/] lqsf]0f] t?0ft/l0fefef:j/] lje|dGt+
sfd+ afnfs{sfnfgn h/7s'/fsf]l6k|efed .
ljB'Gdfnf;x;|B'lt?lr/n;Gw' hLjfle/fd+
q}u'0ofqmfGtlaGb'+ hub'bono}sfGtx]t'+ ljlrGTo .. !% ..
cy{M d"nfwf/df lqsf]0fkdf l:yt ljzfn ;"o{d08nsf]
cfefsf] kdf lbKtLdfg plbt x'Fb} u/]sf] ;"o{ / sfnclUg ;dfg
12
s/f]8f}+ ;"o{sf] cfefo'Qm xhf/f}+ lah'nLsf] ;d"xsf] rds;dfg

lqu'0fflt ;+;f/sf] pbo, no / kfng ug'{x'g] To; k/dtTjsf]
lrGtg u/f}+ .
t:of]Wj]{ lj:k'm/GtL+ :k'm6?lr/tl8Tk'~refef:j/fL
d'b|R5GtL+ ;'if'Dgfdg' ;/l0flzvfdfnnf6]Gb'laDad\
lrGdfqf+ ;"Idkf+ hub'bos/L+ efjgfdfquDof+
d"n+ of ;j{wfDgf+ :k'm/lt lgkdf x'+s[tf]bl~rtf]/M .. !^ ..
cy{M To; k/d lzjdf ljr/0f ug'{x'g] rDsg'x'Fb} xhf/f}+
ljB't/]vfx ;dfg pWj{udg ug'{x'g] ;'if'Dgfdfu{af6 ;"o{sf]
/]vf;dfg ;x;|f/ laGb'df udg ug'{x'Fb} r]tgfdoL ;'Id:jk
ePsL o; ;+;f/sf] /rgf ug'{x'g] s]jn lrGtgaf6 g} k|s6
x'g'x'g] ;a} nf]ssf Psdfq cf>o:jkf ;fwsxsf] Xbodf
gfblaGb'nfO{ k|s6 ug'{x'g] eujtL s'08nLsf] Wofg u/f}+ .
gLtf ;f zgs} 3f]d'v;x;|f/f?0ffAhf]b/]
/Rof]tTk"0f{zzflaDadw'gM kLo"ifwf/f;|ltd .
/Qmf dGqdoL+ lgkLo r ;'wflgioGbkf ljz]b\
e"of]KofTdlgs]tg+ k'g/lt k|f]Tyfo kLTjf ljz]t .. !& ..
cy{M ;x;|f/df k'u]/ lj:tf/ lj:tf/ cBf]d'v eP/ ;"o{
;dfg k|ef ePsL cd[t k|jfxaf6 k"0f{ eP/ dGqdoL cd[tnfO{
lg/Gt/ kfg ug'{ ePsL eujtL s'08nL k"0f{kf cfgf] d"n
:yfgdf k|j]z ug'{x'G5 .
of]Eo:oTog'lbgd]jdfTdgf]GtaLhf+zb'l/th/fkd[To'/f]ufg
lhTjf;f} :joldj d"lt{dfggM
;+hLj]lRr/dltgLns]zhfnM .. !* ..
cy{M hf] ;fws k|ltlbg cfgf] cGt:yndf lahk k/d
lzjsf] Wofg ub{5 Tof] h/d[To'/f]u cflbnfO{ lht]/ d"lt{dfg
cgh:t} cfgGbdo eP/ lr/~hLjL x'G5 .
of] klg s'08lngLhfu/0fs} Pp6f $= dfnsfgL -dfnsfu'g'_ z'4 kf/]/

;fwg xf] . w]/} cl3 tLy{ofqfsf] ;dodf
sf] n df k] n ] / cfPsf] 8] 9 ;] /
g}ldiff/0osf] kl/qmdfdf s}nfzgfds
dfnsfu'gLsf] t]n uf}d"qdf efjgf
lbPkl5 z'4 x'G5 .
:yfgdf uf]dtL gbLsf] t6df >L :jfdL
k"0ff{gGbgfds Pshgf l;4 dxfk'?if %= sflt{s dlxgfsf] z'4 dx @ ;]/ /
lgjf; ug'{x'GYof] . pxfFsf] lghL cg'ej
;a} cf}iflwx c6fpg] Pp6f df6f]sf]
l;4 of] cf}iflwof]u pxfFn] s[kfk"j{s
3}F6f] lnP/ To; 3}F6f]df klxn] b"w
atfpg'ePsf] lyof] . o;af/]df pxfFnfO{
ksfpg'kb{5 . kmn:jk Tof] efF8f]
vfg'kb{5 . To;kl58]9b]lv @
lxdfnol:yt l;4f>dlgjf;L s'g} dxfTdfn]
lrNnf] x' G 5 / To;kl5 pko' { Q m
tf]nf;Dd cf}iflw ! 56fs -% tf]nf_
atfpg'ePsf] lyof] .
;a} cf}iflwx To; 3}F6f]df xfnL
ufO{sf] l3pl;t @% lbg;Dd ;]jg ug]{
dflyaf6 sk8dL u/]/ -efF8f]sf] d'v
!= ;Fefn' -kft / 8fF7;lxt ;'s]sf]_ $
/ kl5 8]9b]lv @ tf]nf;Dd cf}iflw z'4
df6f]n] d'l5Psf] sk8fn] 6fn]/_ aGb
;]/nfO{ #@ ;]/ kfgLdf Sjfysf] ljlwn]
tf]/Lsf] jf ;:o"{Fsf] t]n;Fu ld;fP/ @!
ul/lbg'kb{5 . sk8dL /fd|/L ;'sk] l5
ksfpg'kb{5 . * ;]/ f]n afFsL /x]kl5
lbg;Dd ;]jg ug]{ / cGtdf
$ j6f bLof]sf] Hjfnfn] @) 306f;Dd
ls]/ 5fGg] / kl5 sfnf] ltnsf] !
ksfP/ lSg] / lr;f] ePkl5 5fg]/ h'g qmdfg';f/ cf}iflw ;]jg cf/De
;]/ t]ndf xfn]/ ksfpg] . kfgLsf] efu
ul/Psf] lyof], To;} qmdcg';f/ cyf{t\
s'g} cd[tjfg\ efF8f] -cyf{t\ lrlgofF
;'s]kl5 lSg'kb{5 .
ljk/Lt qmdn] ;]jg ub}{ k'gM klxnf]
df6fsf] efF8f]_ df /fVg], wft'sf]
@= uf]/vdG8L -;'s]sf]_ $ ;]/sf] * ;]/
qmddf k'Ug] . o;/L cf}iflw ;]jgsf] Ps
efF8f]df /fVg' x'Fb}g .
Sjfy pko'{Qm ljlwcg';f/ agfP/
qmd k"/f ug{ !@^ lbg nfUg]5 . of]
sfnf] ltnsf] ! ;]/ t]ndf ld;fP/
cf}iflw ;]jg ug]{ ljlw
qmd # k6s;Dd bf]xf]ofpg' kb{5 .
ksfpg] .
8]9b]lv @ tf]nf;Dd cf}iflw @=%
cEof; ug]{ sf]7f Hofbf v'nf gxf]cf];\
#= a|fdL3[t Ho]i7 dlxgfdf l6k]/
tf]nf dx;Fu k|ltlbg k|ftMsfndf $)
tyf Psbd} aGb klg gxf]cf];\ . sf]7fleq
;'sfOPsf], aLpm ePsf] a|fdL $
lbg;Dd vfg'kb{5 . s'08lngLhfu/
jfo'sf] k|j]z t cjZo xf]cf];\ t/ ;f]}
;]/af6 klxn]s} ljlwcg';f/ * ;]/
0fdf s]xL ljnDa eof] eg] %!)
k|j]z gxf]cf];\ . sf]7fleq dlt]nsf] aQL
Sjfy agfO{ To;nfO{ ufO{sf] @ ;]/
lbg;Dd c} vfg'k5{ . k|ltlbg cf}iflw
afNg' x'Fb}g . tftf]kfgLn] g'xfpg'kb{5 .
l3pdf ld;fP/ ksfpg] . Sjfysf]
;]jg u/]sf] ! 306fkl5 d]?b08nfO{
cf}iflw ;]jgsfndf aflx/L ;Dks{ aGb
kfgL ;'s]kl5 lSg] . -olb a|fdL
;f]f] kf/L cfgf] cEo:t cf;gcg';f/
u/]/ leq} Wofg, ;fwgf cflbdf ;do JotLt
xl/of] kfpg ;lsG5 eg] g\ pQd
a;]/ k|f0ffofd tyf Wofgflbsf] cEof;
ug'{kb{5 . afo hg;Dks{df cfpg'x'Gg .
x'g5] . o:tf] cj:yfdf k|To]s cf}iflwsf]
ug]{ . To;kl58]9b]lv @ tf]nf;Dd
z]if lgodx ;a} cfkm} 7Ls kfg'{kb{5 .
* ;]/ /; lgsfn]/ t]n cyjf l3pdf
cf}iflw ! 56fs -% tf]nf_ b]lv ;f9]
ksfpg'kb{5 ._
Ps kfp tftf] b"w;Fu rfnL; lbg;Dd
13
;+;f/df dxfg\ k'0o/flz lnP/ hGd]sf JolQm lj/n} x'G5g\

h;nfO{ l;4u'?sf] lzioTj k|fKt x'G5 . afFsLn] cEof;of]usf] g}
cf>o u|x0f ug'k{ b{5 . t/ of] s'/f klg Wofgdf /fVg}kb{5 cg'ejL
u'?lagf s'08lngLof]u vt/gfs klg x'G5 .
h;/L e"lddf l:yt wf/faf6 kfgL dfly tfGgsf] nflu
s]jn wf/fsf] dfly /x]sf] kDksf] ofG8n rnfpgfn] jfo'sf]
cfsif{0ff/f kfgL :jo+ dfly pSng yfNb5, o;}k|sf/ rt'y{
k| f 0ffofdsf] ljlwn] tyf el:qsf k|f0ffofdsf] ;xfotfn]
s'08lngLnfO{ ;r]t kf/]/ ;'if'Dgfdf k'ofpg] k|oTg ul/G5 .
el:qsf, skfneflt, el:qsf;lxt cg'nf]dljnf]d k|f0ffofd, rt'y{
14
k|f0ffofd tyf dxfaGw, dxfj]w, dxfd'bf| , v]r/Ld'bf| , clZjgLd'bf| ,

of]lgd'b|f tyf zlQmrflngL d'b|f klg ;xfos x'G5g\ . dxfj]wf/f
k|f0fsf] pTyfg clt zL3| x'G5, t/ Tof] anjfg\ z/L/sf] sfo{ xf] .
:d/0f /fVg'kg]{ s'/f 5 oL ;a} afo ;fwg x'g\, h'g zlQmnfO{
r}tGo ug{df ;xfos x'G5g\ . ;'if'Dgfdf k|j]z t s]jn Wofgsf]
kl/kSj cj:yfdf g} x'g ;Sb5 . b[9j}/fUoo'Qm Wofglagf s]jn
afo ;fwgxf/f s'08lngLzlQmnfO{ wSsf nfUgfn] a9Ldf
d"5f{h:tf] cj:yf k|fKt x'g ;Sb5, h'g uf9f lgb|f / a]xf]zLeGbf
t pFrf] :t/sf] xf], k/Gt' jf:tljs :jkfjl:ylt xf]Og tyf
o;df g ;"Id hut\s} cg'ej x'g ;Sb5 . ljz]if ljlw t s'g}
cg'ejL lgM:jfy{ kyk|bz{sf/f g} l;Sg'kb{5 . ;fdfGo hfgsf/L

o;k|sf/ 5
kf;g, l;4f;g cyjf :jl:tsf;g cflb cfgf] cEo:t
cf;gf/f d]?b08nfO{ ;f]f] kf/]/ 6fpsf], ub{g tyf lkl7pFnfO{
;d;"qdf /fv]/ d"NaGw nufP/ v]r/Ld'b|fdf a:g] . :yfg z'4,
PsfGt tyf aGb xf]cf];\ . k|ftMsfndf sd;]sd tLg 306f /
;fo+sfndf b'O{ 306f Wofg ug'{kb{5 .
skfneflt, el:qsf cflb k|f0ffofdkZrft\ of]lgd'b|f u/]/
v]r/Ld'b|f ug'{kb{5, cyf{t\ lha|f]nfO{ dflylt/ tfn'sf] l5b|df
6fF;]/ bfFtxnfO{ cfk;df lyr]/ /fVg] . To;kl5 k|f0fnfO{
d"nfwf/rqmdf of]lgd08n;Dd k'ofP/ o:tf] efjgf ug]{ ToxfF
g} Zjf;k|Zjf; rln/x]sf] 5 tyf ToxfF g} dfgl;s Wofgsf]
;fy rt'y{ k|f0ffofdsf] /Lltn] sf] dfgl;s hk ug]{ . Wofg
ubf{ o:tf] efjgf ug'{kb{5 s'08lngLzlQm ;'if'Dgfdf k|j]z
u/]/ d"nfwf/nfO{ pmWj{d'v kfb}{ ljsl;t ul//x]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/
5 dlxgf, Ps jif{ jf b'O{ jif{ o;} rqmdfly Wofg kl/kSj
ePkl5 tyf k|f0ff]Tyfg /fd|/L x'g yfn]kl5 o;} u/]/ To;kl5sf
rqmxsf] e]bg ug'{k5{ . cf1frqm tyf ;x;|f/df a9L ;do
nufpg' kb{5 . z'?df rqmxsf] 7Ls7Ls :yfg lgZro ug{df
sl7gfO x'G5, t/ s]xL lbgsf] cEof;kl5 dg :jo+ g} oyf:yfgdf
l:y/ x'g yfNb5 . of] rqme]bgsf] cEof; nfdf] ;do;Dd w}ok{ j" s
{
ul//xg'kb{5 . a9L kl/>d ug{ ;lsFb}g eg] ;dflwl;l4sf] lglDt
cf1frqm tyf ;x;|f/rqm g} Wofgsf] nflu kof{Kt 5g\ . log}
dfly ljlwk"j{s Wofg ugf{n] s'08lngL hfu|t x'g ;Sb5 . oL
b'j} rqmxsf] Wofg ljlwk"j{s ugf{n] Wofgsf] kl/kSj cj:yfdf
cGo tnlt/sf rqmxsf] e]bg clt ;'udtf Pj+ zL3|tfsf ;fy
x'g ;Sb5 . cfWoflTds pGglt tyf k/dfTd k|flKtsf] p2]ZonfO{
dfq d'VotM Wofgdf /fv]/ oL :yfgxnfO{ Wo]o agfP/ leq
k|j]z ug'{kb{5 tyf cEof;sfndf h]h] b[Zo cufl8 cfpFb5g\,
ltgLxnfO{ b|i6fsf] kn] x]g]{ ug'{kb{5, lsgeg] cfgf] nIo t
k/dfTdtj xf] .
csf]{ ljlw
rt'y{ k|f0ffofdsf] /Lltn] klxn] a|d/Gw|df k|f0fnfO{ /fd|/L
l:y/ kfg]{ cEof; b[9 kfg'{kb{5 . o;kl5 e[s'6L cGtb[{li6f/f
x]g{ cf/De ug'{kb{5 . o; /Lltn] k|f0fsf] pTyfg x'g ;s]g eg]
zjf;gdf kN6]/ of] lqmof ug'{kb{5 . k|f0fsf] pTyfgsf] ;dodf
s'g} klg k|sf/sf] eosf] j[lQ dgdf pd|g lbg'x'Fb}g . s'g} cg'ejL
kyk|bz{ssf] ;+/IfsTjdf ;fwgf ug'k{ b{5 . o; lqmoff/f cltzL3|
k|f0fsf] pTyfg x'G5 . e[s'6L cyjf a|d/Gw|df k|f0f /f]lsPkl5
o;k|sf/ / km]l/ ToxfFaf6 ;'if'Dgf gf8Ldf k|j]z ug{ cf;gdf
a:bfsf] ck]Iff ;'udtf;fy x'G5, t/ o;/L kN6]/ lqmof ug'{
:jf:Yosf] nflu a9L nfebfos 5}g lsgeg] pQfgf] k/]/ kN6]sf]
s'08lngL
8lngLhfu/0f
hfu/0fljz]ljz]
if if
cj:yfdf d"nfwf/rqmdfly ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fsf] wSsf nfUb5, h;n]

ubf{ pk:y]lGb|odfly a9L bafj kb{5, To;a]nf d"naGw Psbd
b[9tf;fy nufO/xg' kb{5, cGoyf IfL0f z'qm ePsfxsf] jLo{
cyjf d"q lg:sg] a9L ;Defjgf x'g]5 .
a|d/Gw| jf e[s'6Ldfly Wofg ug]{ ;fwsxnfO{ udL{sf]
df};ddf oL 7fpFxdf Wofg ugf{n] a9L udL{ tyf z'istf k|tLt
x'g yfNb5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf Wofg aGb gu/]/ cfxf/ljxf/sf]
;DaGwdf ;fjwfgL /fVg], ;fy} Psb'O{ dlxgf;Dd tnlt/sf
rqmxdfly ;fwgf ug{ ;lsG5 . cyf{t\ Ps b'O{ dlxgf;Dd
d"nfwf/dfly o;k|sf/ ;fwgf ug'{kb{5 ;fdYo{cg';f/ lglZrt
;+Vofdf cg'nf]dljnf]d, lglZrt ;+Vofdf d"nfwf/;Dd dWod
el:qsf, lglZrt ;+Vofdf d"nfwf/rqmdf clZjgLd'b|fh:t}
lqmof tyf o;kZrft\ rt'y{ k|f0ffofdsf] /Lltn] sf] dfgl;s
hk ug'{kb{5 . d"nfwf/df ha k|f0f l:y/ x'G5, ta ToxfF s]jn
Wofg cyf{t\ cGtb[{li6n] qf6s nufP/ x]l//xg'kb{5 jf ToxfF gfb
;'lg/xg' kb{5 . o;kl5 csf]{ dlxgfdf ljz'l4rqmdf o;}k|sf/sf]
lqmof ug'{kb{5 / To;kl5 :jflwi7fgrqm tyf gflerqmdf ;d]t
o;}ks
| f/sf] k|lqmof ug'k{ b{5 . s'08lngLhfu/0f tyf k|f0ff]Tyfgdf
d'Vokn] olt e]b hfGg'kb{5 k|f0ff]Tyfgsf] ;fy} k|sfzsf]
;d]t ;fIffTsf/ eP/ ;"Id hut\sf] ;d]t s]xL cg'ej eof] eg]
s'08lngL hfu|t ePsf] a'g'kb{5 t/ s]jn k|f0f dfqsf] pTyfgdf
g t k|sfz g} x'G5, g ;"Id hut\sf] cg'ej g} x'G5 .

15
d"nfwf/ rqmM
d"nfwf/ rqmsf] tnsf] efudf ;'if'Dgfgf8Lsf] d'v
/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] glhs Pp6f u'Kt lzjln 5 . o;
If]qdf dxf;lk{0fL s'08lngL cflbzlQm u'Kt lzjln;Fu
;f9] tLg rSs/ nk]6L tnlt/ d'v kmsf{P/ ;'Ktfj:yfdf
pkl:yt x'g'x'G5 . of] rqm cToGt} pRrzlQmn] o'Qm 5 .
of] 9f8sf] x8\8Lsf] ;a}eGbf tnsf] efu xf] . d"nfwf/
rqmdf Wofg ubf{ cf/f]Uo, cfgGb, jfSo bIftf k|fKt
x'G5 . of] e"nf]s xf] .
:jflwi7fg rqmM
of] rqmsf] d"n :yfg d"nfwf/ rqmeGbf s]xL dfly
dflgPsf] 5 . o; rqmsf] k|efjaf6 ;fwsdf e'd/Ldf
kmF;]/ 8'Ag] h:tf] dgf]bzf x'G5 / cg]s k|sf/sf dfgl;s
cK7\of/f]df /xgfn] plUg /xG5 . ;fwsnfO{ ef]hg,
lgb|f, sfd]R5f, dg / z/L/sf lqmofsnfkxdf k"0f{tof
lgoGq0f /fVg'kb{5, To;kl5 dfq o;eGbf dflysf] rqmdf
k'Ug ;lsG5 .
dl0fk"/ rqmM
of] dflg;sf] gfled"ndf l:yt 5 . of] lgb|f, OR5f,
df]If, eo, nHhf, ljZjf;3ft, O{iof{ cflbsf cfwf/
xf] . o;df Wofg nufpg ;lsof] eg] a'l4dQf, z'4tf,
OlGb|oxsf] lgoGq0f cflb nfe k|fKt x'G5 tyf ;fwsnfO{
z/L/sf] ef}lts 1fg k|fKt x'G5 . gflek|b]z tyf cfGb|fsf
;d:t ljsf/xsf] zdg eP/ bL3{hLjg k|fKt x'G5 .
?b|u|lGy, h;sf] of]udf ;jf{lws dxj /x]sf] 5, sf]
lgjf; oxLF 5 . rf}wb]lv PSsfO; jif{;Ddsf] cfo' dl0fk"/
rqmaf6 k|efljt /xG5 . o; rqmdf u'?Tjfsif{0fsf]
zlQm ljBdfg /xG5 . c;+Vo :gfo'd+8nsf] ;+rfng o;
rqmaf6 x'G5 .
cgfxt rqmM
of] ;'if'DgfcGtu{tsf] Xbosf] d"ndf l:yt 5 . of]
hLjsf] cfjf; xf] . o;}df cx+sf/hlgt ;+j]u, cfzf,
lrGtf, zf, cledfg cflbsf] jf; /xG5 . of] rqmn] ;a}
rqmxeGbf leGg} k|sf/sf] zlQm /fVb5 . of] rqm ;w}F
zlQm;DkGg /xG5 . o;df Wofg ugf{n] o;eGbf tnsf
;a} rqmxnfO{ klg hfu[t ug{ ;lsG5 . o; rqmsf]
zlQmsf] dfkg ug'{ c;Dej 5 .
ljz'4 rqmM
3fF6Lsf] d"ndf of] rqm l:yt 5 . o;df Wofg
nufpgfn] bof, Ifdf, ;fx;, cfTdlgoGq0f, z'4tf /
;dGjosf u'0f k|fKt x'G5g\ / ;d:t zf:qsf] 1fg ldNb5 .
;'if'Dgf, O8f, lk+unf gf8L o;eGbf dflysf] cf1f rqmdf
uP/ ldNb5g\ . d]?b08sf] ;Ldf o; rqmaf6 ;dfKt x'G5 .
16
eujtL afnf, eujtL iff]8zL, eujtL

lqk'/f / >Lo+qsf] ;fwgf o;} rqmcGtu{t
kb{5g\ lsgls oxfF cfP/ k'?if -;fws_
ljsf//lxt x'G5 . cgfxt rqmdfly
s+7b]zdf w"d| j0f{ iff]8z bn ljz'4 gfds
sdn bndf c+ aLhsf] ;dfg z'Sn j0f{
gef]d08n 5 .
cf1f rqmM
cf1f rqm b'j} cfFvLef}Fsf] dWo
e[s'6Lleq l:yt 5 . o;nfO{ lzjg]q
jf lbJob[li6sf] g]q klg elgG5 . o;df
Wofg nufpgfn] of]uL ;j{1 x'g hfG5 .
p;nfO{ ;a} zf:qsf] 1fg x'G5 Tof] a|d
;fIffTsf/sf] cg'ej ub{5 . o;af6 JolQm
;a} k|sf/sf] c1fgaf6 5'6]/ cf]ddf l:yt
x'G5 / k/dfgGbnfO{ k|fKt x'g hfG5 .
of]uzf:qdf cf1f rqmdf Wofg ug]{ ;fws
sfof k|j]zsf/L, ;j{1, ;j{bzL{, dg;f,
jfrf / sd{0ffk/f]ksf/L, c}tcfrf/o'Qm
k/dl;l4 ;DkGg, bL3f{o' tyf tLg} nf]ssf]
pTkfbs, kfns / ;+xf/s x'G5 . cf1f
rqml:yt k|0fjsf] Wofgdf dg nufpg]
-lrQ l:y/ ug]{ of]lg d'b|f cyjf v]r/L
d'b|faf6 lg/Gt/ k|0fjsf] Wofg ugf{n]_
;fws clUgsf] lkmlnf]sf] bz{g ub{5 /
km]l/ cEof;sf] b[9tfaf6 kb\dsf] dWodf
l:yt lqsf]0f / cgGt/ k|0fjsf] /rgf ug]{
cIf/nfO{ klg b]Vb5 .
;x;| bn sdndf h;/L clUg, rGb|df
/ ;"o{d08ndf k/dlzj lgjf; ug'{x'G5
To;/L cf1f rqmsf] sl0f{sfsf] dWodf
l:yt clUg, rGb|df / ;"od{ 08ndf lzjsf]
;fIffTsf/ x'G5 . oxfF g} ;j{kk| ~raf6 ;[li6,
l:ylt / ;+xf/ sfo{nfO{ cfgf] P]Zjo{af6
;dfwfg ub}{ /xG5 . of] k/dlzjsf] cJoo
;fIfL / b|i6f xf] . o;af/]df of] Wofg /fVg'
kb{5 ;[li6, l:ylt / ;+xf/ sfo{ sfl/0fL
s]jn zlQm g} xf] . k/dlzj cfkm"eGbf
leGg zlQmf/f ul/Psf] k|k~r, ;[li6
cflbnfO{ s'6:ykdf dfq b]Vb5 .
rqme]bg Pj+ s'08lngL hfu/0fsf]
k|lqmof:jk, lglxtfy{ tyf pkof]ussf]
ljlwnfO{ hfGg];Dg] zlQm o; rqmnfO{
hfu[t u/]kl5 dfq k|fKt x'G5 . h;sf]
s'08lngL
8lngLhfu/0f
hfu/0fljz]ljz]
if if
cf1f rqm hfu]sf] 5, h;nfO{ lbJob[li6

k|fKt eO;s]sf] 5, p;sf] ;fwgfky
cfnf]lst x'g hfG5 / nIo :ki6 x'g
hfG5 . To; ;fwgfkydf lxF8/] ;fws
;' u dtfk" j { s nIonfO{ k| f Kt ub{ 5 .
e[s'6Lsf] tn x8\8Lsf] h'g cfj/0f 5,
To;leq Pp6f jo/sf] laofFh:tf] u|lGy 5,
ToxL g} cf1frqm ;+:yfg xf] .
;x;|f/ rqmM
dl:tissf] dflyNnf] efudf ;x;|bn
rqm cjl:yt 5 h'g cToGt k|sfzdo,
;' G b/ / clt tLj| u lto' Q m, cgGt
zlQm;DkGg, cToGt /x:odo of]urqm
dflgG5 . o; :yfgdf k|f0f tyf dg
l:y/ x'g hfFbf ;j{j[lQxsf] lg/f]w
k c;+k|1ft ;dflwsf] of]Uotf k|flKt
x'G5 . dxlif{xsf cg';f/ cf1f rqmdfly
dfg; rqm gfds Pp6f cs}{ rqmsf]
cl:tTj klg 5 . of] rqm ljleGg k|sf/sf
;+j]bgfxsf] cfwf/ xf] . dfg; rqmdfly
klg ;f]d rqm gfds rqmsf] pkl:ylt
5 eGg] dflgG5 . of] k/fy{jfbL efjsf]
lgjf; :yfg xf] . o;df Wofg s]lGb|t ugf{n]
;+sNkdfly lgoGq0f ug]{ Ifdtf cfpF5 .
dfg; rqmdfly ;x;|f/ rqm l:yt 5 .
o;df Wofg nufpgfn] of]uL k/dlzj;Fu
Ps x'g k'Ub5 . p;sf] c1fg tyf df]x
gi6 x'g hfG5 . Tof] kfk / k'0oaf6
5'6\b5 . p;sf] ;+lrt sd{ ;dfKt x'g
hfG5 / o;k|sf/ Tof] b]xd'Qm x'G5 .
d[To'kl5 p;sf] k'gh{Gd x'Fb}g .
pk/f]Qm ;d:t rqm r]tgfsf g} ;"Id
s]Gb| x'g\ . oL rqmx cb[Zo 5g\ / o;}n]
logLxnfO{ ef}ltskn] b]Vg ;lsFbg} . t/
of]uLhg oL rqmxnfO{ b]Vg ;dy{ x'G5g\ .
oL rqmx k|f0fzlQmsf] cleJolQm x'g\ .
oL k|f0fzlQm ;d:t ljZjdf JofKt 5g\ .
h] hlt klg ef}lts ljZjdf 5g\, tL ;a}
;"Id kdf b]xdf ljBdfg 5g\ . ef}lts
ljZj k~re"taf6 ag]sf] 5 . b]x klg
k~re"taf6 ag]sf] 5 . ef}lts ljZjdf
h'g k|f0fzlQm sfd ul//x]sf] 5, Tof] g}
rqmsf] dfWodaf6 dfgj b]xdf lgld{t
5 . o;df clwsf/ hdfP/ dg'io ljZj
zlQmdfly klg clwsf/ ug{ ;Sb5 .
ho u'?b]j
17
h'g cgGt zlQm l;l4 5g\ ltgsf]

xfdLn] kl/sNkgf g} ug{ ;Sb}gf} . oL
kl/sNkgfeGbf w]/} k/sf ljifox eP .
s'08lngL hfu/0fkZrft\ k|fKt x'g] cgGt
l;l4, zlQm xfdLn] !% hLjg, @) hLjg
kf/ u/] klg Tof] v]/ uPsf] x'Fb}g . xfdLn]
s'g} hGddf Pp6f dfq zlQm k|of]u uof}F
eg] xfdLl;t cGo zlQmx l/he{df
x'G5g\ . ca Tof] l/he{ zlQmnfO{ la;]{/
Pp6f dfq zlQmsf] kl5 nfu]/ To;sf]
ef]u ubf{ afFsL zlQml;t xfdL 6fl9G5f}F .
ca xfd|f] ;Dks{af6 6f9f eO;s]kl5,
soul body af6 6f9f eO;s]kl5 To;af6
ljof]u x'G5 . ca To;nfO{ k|fKt ug{sf
nflu xfdLn] km]l/ r]i6f ug'{k5{ .
t/ Pp6f zlQm k|of]u ubf{ cgGt
zlQmxnfO{ klg ge'lnsg Tof] zlQml;tsf]
;DaGw klg a;fNb}a;fNb} uof}F eg] dfq
tL cgGt zlQmxnfO{ Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{
ef]u ug{ ;S5f}F . xfdLn] a'l4 k'ofPgf}F,
xfdLdf 3d08, cx+sf/n] 3/ uof] eg]
Tof] cgGt zlQmaf6 klg xfdL 6fl9G5f}F .
To;kl5 km]l/ xfdLn] z'?af6 g} cEof;
ug'{k5{, z'?af6 g} d]xgt ug'{k5{ . xfdLn]
rf} a L;} 306f k/dfTdfsf] ;Dks{ d f
/lx/xg ;Sof}F eg] hGdhGdfGt/;Dd
k/dfTdfsf] ;Dks{df x'Fb} xfdL cufl8
18
a9\g ;S5fF} . o;af6 z'?b]lv g} d]xgt

ug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfpFb}g .
s'08lngL hfu/0f eO;s]sf] JolQmn]
cfgf] tk:ofsf] c+z lbP/ s'g} ;fwf/0f
JolQmsf] s'08lngL hfu/0f u/fpg ;S5
ls ;Sb}g, To;kl5 lbg] JolQmsf] hfu[t
s'08lngL zlQmdf s]xL km]/abn x'G5
ls x'Fb}g h:tf lh1f;fx klg ;dfhdf
pl7/xG5g\ . h'g zlQm 36\g] jf a9\g] s'/f
5, jf:tjdf oL ;a} k/dfTdfaf6 xfl;n
ug]{ xf] . s'08lngL zlQm hfu/0f ePsf
jf b}jL zlQm xfl;n u/]sf JolQmx;Fu
klg klxn] t Tof] zlQm lyPg . pgLxn]
k/dfTdfsf] lrGtg ubf{ubf{ k/dfTdff/f
g} s'08lngL zlQm jf lbJo zlQm pb\3fl6t
ePsf] xf] . o;/L k/dfTdfaf6 cfPsf]

zlQm ch/, cd/ Pj+ cljgfzL x'G5, of]
slxNo} ;lsFb}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu s;}n]
aQL afNb}afNb} uof] eg] Tof] afNg] aQL
l;l4Fbg} . Tof] aQL t To;a]nf dfq l;l4G5
h'g a]nfdf To; aQLsf] t]n ;lsG5 .
t]n ;lsPkl5 aQL aNg ;Sb}g . To:t}
k/dfTdfsf] c;Ld lgufx:jk k|fKt
ePsf] pmhf{af6 xhf/f}F, nfvf}F aQL afNbf
xhf/f}F k|sf/n] pHofnf] 5l/G5 . o;f] ubf{
zlQm 36\g] t s'/} cfpFb}g .
Tof] gan]sf] aQL afNg'eGbf Psl5g
cufl8 h'g cFWof/f] lyof], Tof] x6]/ ToxfF
t'?Gt} pHofnf] x'G5 . k/dfTdfsf] zlQm
klg o:t} xf] . t/ o;leq csf]{ u"9 s'/f
n's]sf] 5 . Tof] s] xf] eg] Ps}l5g cl3sf]

h'g cFWof/f] lyof], Tof] rflxF pHofnf] kfg]d{ f
x:tfGtl/t eP/ dfq hfg ;Sb5, Tof] gi6
x'g ;Sb}g . cWofTd If]qdf klg JolQmn]
s;}nfO{ d2t ubf{ ;'wg| ] JolQmsf] t sNof0f
x'G5 g}, t/ p;df ePsf Go"gtf, v/faL,
lj;+ultx, h;nfO{ xfdL ;+:sf/ eG5f}F,

Tof] v/fa ;+:sf/rflxF d2t ug]{nfO{ :jtM
g} ;/]/ hfG5 . p;n] klg pQm v/fa
;+:sf/nfO{ k/dfTdftkm{ ;fg'{ h?/L x'G5 .
of] ;+:sf/sf] cfbfgk|bfg x'g] lqmof xf] .
s;}sf] v/fa ;+:sf/ s'g} /fd|f]
JolQmdf ;gf{;fy p;sf] /fd|f] ;+:sf/

eP klg b'Mv kfpg] ;+:sf/n] p;nfO{
b'Mv lbg;S5, z/L/nfO{ b'Mv x'g;S5 .
Tof] ;+:sf/ ;/]/ b'Mv ePsf] xf], g ls
tk:of 36]/ . tk:of cfg} 7fpFdf x'G5
t/ s';+:sf/ / ;';+:sf/sf] ;f6f;f6 eP/
slxn]sfxLF tndfly x'g;S5 . To;}n]
oyfy{df tk:of 36\g] jf a9\g] eg] x'Fb}g .
t/ Pp6f csf]{ s'/f s] eg] Pp6f JolQmn]
csf]{ JolQmnfO{ kfGt/0f ubf{ h'g nfUg]
;do 5, Tof] t cjZo g} nfU5 . Pp6fnfO{
;'wfg{ Ps jif{ nfUof] eg] p;sf] Ps jif{sf]
;do t aaf{b eof] . o;/L csf{sf] Ps jif{
a/fa/sf] ;do lnPafkt p;n] klg s]xL
g s]xL t lbg'k5{ . of] rflxF jf:tljs C0f
xf] h'g p;n] To;a]nf r'Qmf ug{ ;Sb5 ha
p;n] l;s]sf] s'/f km]l/ cnfO{ l;sfpF5 .
clg dfq pm C0fd'Qm x'G5, gq eg] t
hGdhGdfGt/;Dd C0f /lx/xG5 .
To;}n] csf{sf] ;do / zlQmsf]
;b'kof]u cfkm"n] u/]sf] 5 eg] To;afkt
s]xL a'fpg'k5{, s]xL ltg'k{ 5{ eGg] dfGotf
5 . of] ;f6f;f6 u/]sf] dfq xf] eg]/ 7"nf
7"nf wfld{s JolQmTjxaf6 l;Sg]xn]
blIf0ff:jk s]xL ck{0f u/]sf x'G5g\ . t/
clxn] t ;dfh g} csf]{ eO;Sof], blIf0ff
lbg] k|lqmofnfO{ klg 7uL eGg yfNof] .
t/ Tof] Pp6f C0f xf], p;n] l;s]afkt
s]xL a'fpg}k5{ . clxn] ;dfhdf s]xL
s'/f l;Sg uof], ljBfnodf k9\g uof] eg]
z'Ns ltg]{ ul/G5 . z'Ns lt/]/ g} xfdL
To; C0faf6 d'Qm x'g ;S5f}F, xf]Og eg]
of] C0f slxn] klg 6b}{g / xfd|f] yfKnf]df
/lx/xG5 .
ho u'?b]j
/ d of] atfpg cfPsf] 5' ls k|]df/f s'08lngL

hfu/0f, cg'e"lt, ;fwgf Pj+ Oi6sf] ;fIfft\
hfHjNodfg bz{g ;xh ;Dej 5 .
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j d/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fh
19
Ps jf PseGbf a9L JolQmxdf

d"nfwf/ rqm hfu[t eO;s]sf] /x]5 eg]
ltgLxdf x'g] l;l4 / zlQm cyjf Ifdtf
k[ys\k[ys\ x'G5g\ ls Pp6} x'G5 eGg]
k|ZgnfO{ lnP/ obfsbf ljjfbx ghGd]sf
xf]Ogg\ . dg'ioleq cjl:yt s'08lngL
zlQmsf] cg';Gwfg u/]/ s'g} pks/0ff/f
Tof] zlQm ePsf] dg'io o:tf]] x'bF f]/x]5 eg]/
xfdLn] k/LIf0f u/]/ x]of}F eg] kQf nfUg]
ljifo xf]]Og . s'08lngL zlQm hfu/0f
ePsf] JolQmsf Ifdtfx cyf{t\ p;leq
s:tfs:tf zlQm l5k]/ /x]sf 5g\,
tL ;a} zlQmxnfO{ s'08lngL zlQmn]
k|HHjlnt eg] ul/lbG5 . s'g} JolQmsf]
af]Ng] Ifdtf aL; o'lg6 a/fa/ 5 eg]
20
s'08lngL zlQm hfu/0f x'gf;fy p;sf]

Ifdtf u'0ffTdskdf j[l4 x'g hfG5 /
Tof] JolQmsf] Ifdtf @)X@)$)) o'lg6
a/fa/ x'g hfG5 . o;/L Pshgf JolQmleq
l5k]/ /x]sf] h'g zlQm 5, To;nfO{
clnslt hfu[t ugf{;fy g} JolQm cgGt
zlQmzfnL x'g] qmd z'? x'g yfN5 . p;n]
Psb'Oj{ 6f u'0f Pj+ Ifdtfsf] e/df cfgf]
hLjgrof{ rnfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf s'08lngL
zlQmsf] cfwf/af6 cyjf s'08lngL
zlQmn] ;xof]u (Support) ul/lbgf;fy
g} p;sf xhf/f}F af6fx v'Ng yfN5g\ .
km]l/ xhf/f}F af6fx eP eg]/ p;n] tL
xhf/f}F af6fx Ps}rf]l6 k|of]u ug{ t
ldNb}g, t/ PsPs ub}{ ;a} zlQmxsf]
k|of]u ub}{ hfg eg] ;S5 . h:t} Pp6f d'v

5 / Pp6f d'vn] vfg] eg]sf] Psrf]l6df
Ps ufF; dfq xf] . xhf/j6f rLh cufl8
/flvlbof] eg] o; ;fgf] d'vaf6 Ps}rf]l6
xhf/j6} rLh t vfg ;lsFb}g .
xfdLn] hlxn] klg t'ngf ubf{ xfd|f]
ef}lts Level s] 5, xfdL of] ef}ltstfdf
s:tf] kl/j] z df x' l s{ P sf 5f} F , xfd| f ]
jl/kl/ s]s:tf pbfx/0fx 5g\, tL
pbfx/0fxnfO{ x]/]/ of] s'08lngL zlQm,
of] cb[Zo zlQm, of] b}jL zlQm eg]/ t'ngf
ug]{ rng 5 . Pp6f ufpFdf x'g] JolQmn]
cfgf] lbgrof{ h] 5, Tof];Fu ;DalGwt
eP/ af]Ng] eof] . zx/df x'g]xn] To;/L
g} af]Ng] eP . Pp6f ljfg\n] To;/L g}
af]Ng] eof]] / of] t'ngf ug]{ k|lqmof t Pp6f

a'fpg] z}nL dfq xf] . tL pbfx/0fx
a'gsf nflu dfq x'g\ t/ ToxL pbfx/0f
g} s'08lngL zlQm eg] xf]Og .
a' g' k g] { s' / f s] 5 eg] h;/L
ef}ltskaf6 x]bf{ ;dfg nfUg] j:t'sf]
u'0f / k|s[lt km/s x'g] ub{5, To:t}
s'08lngL zlQm hfu/0f ePsf] JolQmdf
klg ljleGg zlQmxsf] k|s[lt / Ifdtf
km/skm/s x'G5 . o;/L g} s'08lngL
zlQm hfu/0f eO;s] k l5 s' 0 8lngL
zlQmsf h'g cfjZos k"jf{wf/x 5g\,
o;sf nflu cfjZos h'g zlQmx,
l;l4x n's/] /x]sf 5g\, tL ;Dk"0f{ cgGt
zlQmxsf] wgL t pm aGg] g} eof] t/
To;sf] k|of]u eg] km/skm/s x'g] ub{5 .
h:t} b'O{hgf JolQmsf] s'08lngL hfu/0f
ePsf] eP klg s'g 7fpFdf s'g zlQm k|of]u
x'g] eGg] s'/f tL b'j} JolQmsf] cfcfgf]
;+:sf/cg';f/ x'g] eof] . s;}sf] af]Ng]
sfd cfPsf] 5 eg] af]Ng] l;l4 k|of]udf
cfpg] eof] . To:t} hxfF af]Ng] sfd} 5}g,
pm n]Vg] snfdf cufl8 5 / p;sf]
s'08lngL zlQm hfu/0f eO;s]sf] 5 eg]
pm lbg/ft n]Vg ;Sg] x'G5 . n]vg snfsf]
dfWodaf6 pm aflx/ ;dfhdf hfg] eof] .
oxL snfsf] e/df cyf{t\ s;}n] af]nL
;'gfPsf] e/df ;a}nfO{ d+qd'Uw kfg]{ eof]
eg] n]Vg] JolQmn] k9\g] JolQm;dIf cfgf
n]vx k'ofOlbPsf] v08df c d+qd'Uw
x'g] eP . df]6fdf]6Lkdf x]bf{ t Tof] Pp6}
h:tf] nfU5 t/ ;dfhnfO{ k|efj kfg]{
z}nL eg] km/skm/s x'g] ub{5 . n]Vg]n]
n]v]sf s'/fx h;n] k9\g ;S5 p;nfO{
dfq} 3':g] eof] . k9\g ghfGg] JolQmnfO{
t 3':g] ePg / p;nfO{ s'g} k|efj kg]{
ePg . ca oxfF of] t'ngf ug'{ kbf{ km]l/
af]Ng]sf] cfjZostf kg]{ eof] . ToxfF af]Ng]
JolQmn] af]n]kl5 p;sf] af]nL k9]n]v]sf
JolQmxsf ;fy} cgk9xn] klg ;'Gg]
eP, ;'Gbfv]/L pgLxnfO{ k|efj kg]{eof] .
o;/L Pp6} zlQm xf] t/ n]vgsnf / af]Ng]
s'
hfu/0fljz]ljz]
s'08lngL
8lngL hfu/0f
if if
snfsf] dfWodaf6 hfFbf h;/L xfdLn]

km/s kfpF5f}F, To;/L g} xfd|f] b]xdf klg
s'08lngL zlQm hfu/0f eO;s]kl5 o;
zlQmn] s'g zlQmnfO{ cufl8 NofOlbG5,
To; JolQmsf] cfTd z/L/sf] s}of}F hGdsf]
;+:sf/cg';f/ s'g snfnfO{ cufl8 k|:t't
ug'{kg]{ x'G5, Tof] snfnfO{ Multiple ug]{
sfd s'08lngL zlQmn] ub{5 . ;a} Pp6}
vfnsf] x'g] x}g, o;df cgGt zlQm 5g\,
cgGt l;l4 5g\ . tL cgGt zlQm /
l;l4sf] bfo/fleq s'g b]xdfkm{t\ s'g zlQm
cufl8 Queue df al;/fv]sf] x'G5, Tof]
zlQm cufl8 cfpg] eof] . To;sf] kfnf]
;lsPkl5 csf]{sf] kfnf] cfpg]eof] . o;/L
cnucnu ;dodf cnucnu l;l4 /
zlQmn] sfd u5{ t/ l;l4 / zlQmsf]
hf] dflns xf], Tof] s'08lngL hfu/0f
x'g] JolQm Ps ;dfgkaf6 g} dflns
ag]sf] x'G5 t/ Pp6} l;l4 / zlQm cg]s
b]xaf6 ljr/0f ug]{ eGg] s'/f x'Fb}g .
h;sf] s'08lngL hfu/0f ePsf] 5 p;n]
k|fKt u/]sf zlQmx cnucnu ;dodf
k|of]u x'g ;S5 t/ zlQm eg] ToxL Pp6}
g} xf] .
JolQmsf] of] hLjg dfq xf]Og, cgGt
hLjg x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu s;}n] @%
hLjg kf/ u/]/ cfO;s]sf] /x]5 / tL @%
hLjg;Dd p;n] w]/} tk:of ul/;s]kl5
clxn]sf] hLjgdf pm ljikmf]6sf] qmddf
x'g;S5 . ca pm 3f]liftkdf aflx/
cfpg] xf] . 3f]liftkdf aflx/ cfpg]
qmddf p;n] @% hLjg kf/ ul/;s]kl5
ljwftff/f @^ cf}F hLjgdf uP/ ca ltdL
of] kaf6 3f]liftkdf aflx/ cfpg" /
ltdLn] of]of] sfd ug"{ eg]/ ;~rflnt
ePsf] eP tL s'/fx k|:km'6g x'gsf]
nflu dfq p;n] hLjg lnPsf] x'g;S5 .
of] Pp6f Bottom Line dfq} xf] . o;
Bottom Line af6, Pp6f k|ltefaf6 k|j]z
u/]/ cgGt k|ltef aflx/ lgsfNg] eg]/
ljlwsf] ljwfg g} x'g;S5 / To;}cg';f/
hLjg lnP/ cfPsf] x'g;S5 . o;/L
cfpgf;fy g} pm slj aGg'kg]{ xf] eg]

p;nfO{ sljtf sf]g{ dg nfU5 . sljtf
sf]g{ dg nfUgnfO{, k|]l/t x'gnfO{ klg
Pp6fPp6f kfq tof/ x'G5g\ . ;dfhdf
/xFb}, a:b} hfFbf st} slj ;Dd]ng ePsf]
jf s;}n] sljtf ;'gfPsf] 7fpFdf Tof]
;fgf] afns klg k'Ub5 . Tof] afns ToxfF
k'u/] sljtf ;'Ggf;fy g} p;sf] ;DaGw
(Relation) ldN5 / ;'Ggf;fy g} p;nfO{
leqaf6 pTk|/] 0ff hfu[t x'G5 . leqaf6
pTk|]l/t x'g]lalQs} p;n] n]Vg z'? u5{ .
ljwftfn] klxn] g} To;sf] Bottom Line
z'? ug'{ eO;s]sf] x'gfn] p;n] n]Vg z'?
ul/;s]kl5 cyf{t\ p;sf] n]vg snf z'?
x'gf;fy g} p;sf cgGt zlQm / l;l4x
km6fkm6 cfpg yfN5g\ . of] k|lqmofnfO{
k|fs[ltskaf6 g} x:tIf]k eP/ Pp6f
gofF k|lqmofsf] yfngL ePsf] xf] eGg' /
cgGt zlQm, l;l4 ;dflji6 s'08lngL
zlQm lj:kmf]6 x'gsf] nflu Pp6f dfWod
vf]lh/]xsf] lyof], Tof] ToxfFaf6 z'? eof]
eg] klg s'/f Pp6} xf] .
/fhgLlt uof] eGb}df, uLt ufof]
eGb}df, cyjf s'g} sljtf ;'gfof] eGb}df
s'08lngL hfu/0f ePs} xf] eg]/ eGg eg]
ldNb}g . of] s'08lngL zlQm;Fu ;DalGwt 5
ls 5}g eGg] yfxf kfpg ljleGg lsl;dsf
dfkb08x 5g\ . dfkb08cg';f/ x]g{
;lsof] eg] sf] x L sljxsf] , sf] x L
/fhg]tfxsf], sf]xL ufosxsf] klg
s'08lngL hfu/0f ePsf] x'g;S5 . To:t},
Wofg ug]{ jf d+q hKg] x/]s JolQmsf]
s' 0 8lngL hfu/0f ePsf] x' g ;S5 .
To;nfO{ kQf nufpg ;Sg] jf g;Sg]
eGg] s'/f k|To]s JolQmsf] cfgf] Pp6f
Measurement sf] Ifdtfaf6 lgwf{/0f
x'g] ub{5 . s:tf] JolQmdf s'08lngL
zlQmsf] Relation 5 eg]/ yfxf kfpg
ljleGg pkfo, Formula x'G5g\ . To;nfO{
dfkg ug{ pQm formula sf] cfwf/af6
x]g'{k5{ .
ho u'?b]j
21
oxfFxsf] lzj/flq kj{ jf:tjdf

pknlAwk"0f{ xf];\, xfdL t oxL rfxG5f}+
/ o;sf nflu cTofjZos tyf b]jb'n{e
;fdu|L oxfFxs} nflu lnP/ cfPsf
5f}F kf/b lzjlnsf] kdf . k/dk"Ho
;b\ u ' ? b] j xaf6 k| f 0fk| l tli7t o:tf
tfGqf]Qm ;fdu|LxnfO{ cfgf] 3/df
:yflkt ug'{ cfkm}df cxf]efUo xf] . To;dfly
klg ljz]if kj{sf cj;/df pknAw kf/b
lzjlnsf] t bz{g dfq ug{ kfpg' klg
hLjgsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;f}efUo 7xb{5 .
zf:qdf elgPsf] 5
b"wf]usl0fsfGt :y+ /;]Gb| k/d]Zj/L .
:d/0f\ ljd"Rot] kfk}M ;Bf] hGdfGt/lh{t]M ..
hf] dg' i on] k| f 0fk| l tli7t kf/b
lzjlnsf] lgTo bz{g ub{5, elQmefjsf
;fy :d/0f ub{5 p;sf s}of}F hGdsf kfk
gfz x'g uO{ p;nfO{ k/d k'0osf] k|flKt
x'G5 . o;k|sf/ ljut s}og\ hLjgsf]
k'0of]bokl5 dfq JolQmn] o;k|sf/sf]
;b\u'?b]j k|bQ r}tGo kf/b lzjlnsf]
u'0fufg, >j0f ug{ kfpF5, bz{g ug]{
cxf]efUo k|fKt ub{5 . olb JolQm kfk
kL8fn] cfqmfGt eO/x]sf] 5, hLjgsf]
k|To]s kfOnfdf b'ef{Uosf] ;fdgf ug'{
kl//x]sf] 5, k"j{hGds[t kfk, tfk /
bf]ifxsf sf/0fn] hLjg gs{tN' o eO/x]sf]
/ olb s;}n] uf}xTof, a|fd0fxTofh:tf
cToGt tNnf]:t/sf] s'sd{ hfg cGhfgn]
u/]sf] 5 eg] klg hLjgdf h'g If0fdf
p;n] ;b\u'?b]jf/f k|f0fk|ltli7t r}tGo
/ eJo b'n{e kf/b lzjln :yfkgf ug]{
;f}efUo k|fKt ub{5, 7Ls To;} If0fb]lv
p;sf ;d:t kfk, tfk / bf]if cflb
qmdzM Ifo x'Fb} hfG5g\ / JolQm cfgf
;d:t dgf]sfdgfx k"0f{ ub}{ :jo+ eujfg\
;bflzj Pj+ dftf nIdLsf] cfzLjf{bn]
k/d kb k|flKtsf] clwsf/L;d]t aGg
;Sb5 . o;k|sf/sf] kf/b lzjlndf
ck{0f ul/Psf] hn lgTo ;]jg ugf{n]
JolQmsf] /f]u kL8f cflb cfZro{hgs
kaf6 x/fpg ;S5g\ . JolQmdf k
22
nfj0o, b]jb'n{ej u'0fx k|fb'ef{j x'g

yfN5g\ .
JolQmsf] hLjgdf sNof0f, wg,
j}ej, oz, dfg, kb, k|lti7f, csfn
d[To'af6 arfj, j+zj[l4, wgsf] cIfo
e08f/ / :jo+ eujfg\ s'a]/sf] k|ToIf
cfzLjf{b lbnfpg] / ;Dk"0f{ hLjgnfO{
pHHjn Pj+ eod'Qm t'Nofpg] of] ;d:t
k[YjLdf s'g} j:t' 5 eg] Tof] s]jn dfq
eujfg\ kf/b]Zj/sf] lju|x g} xf] . o:tf]
kf/b lzjln h;df ?b|, sfnflUg, d'lQm,
j}bj| fo cflb eujfg\ lzjsf #@ :jkx
/ Jofkf/nIdL, cfo'nIdL, ;f}Gbo{nIdL,
cGgk"0f{nIdL, :j0f{jiff{nIdL cflb dftfsf
#@ :jkx ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 .
To:tf] lzjln ;fIfft\ eujfg\ lzjsf]
r}tGo :jk xf] . o:tf] vfnsf] lzjln
:yflkt 3/df eujfg\ ;bflzj / dftf
nIdLsf] lgjf; k"0f{tfsf ;fy ePs}
x'G5 eg]/ zf:qxn] Ps} :j/n] eg]sf
5g\ . :jo+ eujfg lji0f'n] eGg'ePsf]
5 h;sf] 3/df kf/b lzjlnsf] :yfkgf
ul/Psf] x'G5 To; 3/df cfgf ;Dk"0f{
zlQmxsf ;fydf nIdL cjZo :yflkt
x'lG5g\ / p;sf] hLjgdf cfly{s cefj
/xg ;St}g . To;}u/L /;/fh ;d'Rro
u|Gysf cg';f/ olb s;}n] >4fk"j{s
cfgf] 3/, Jofkf/:yn jf cGo s'g} kljq
:yfgdf kf/b lzjlnsf] :yfkgf ub{5
eg] p;sf] kl/jf/dfly ePsf k|of]ux
cjZo ;dfKt eP/ hfG5g\ lsgls
o;k|sf/sf] kf/b lzjlnaf6 lgl:sg] lbJo
ls/0fxn] 3/kl/jf/sf] clgi6 ug]{ ;Dk"0f{
tflGqs zlQmxnfO{ lgikmn t'NofOlbG5g\
kmn:jk Tof] 3/ ;a} b[li6af6 ;'vL /
;DkGg x'g yfNb5 . To;}n] o;k|sf/sf]
b]jL b]jtfxsf nflu ;d]t b'n{e dflgg]
cnf}lss zlQm;DkGg uf]/If lglvn pmhf{n]
cfk"l/t eJo, bz{gLo, r}tGo Pj+ hfu[t
kf/b lzjln k|fKt ug'{ g} cfgf] efUonfO{
:jl0f{d agfpg' xf] .
xfnsf] cj:yfdf htftt} cGwsf/ g}

cGwf/ JofKt eO/x]sf] l:yltdf k|f0fZr]tgfo'Qm
tfGqf]Qm lzj oGqn] /fxtsf] Hof]lt hufpg
;Qm5 . gLns07:kdf eujfg\ lzjn] h;/L
sfns"6 ljif kfg ug'e{ Psf] lyof] To;}u/L o;
lbJo lzj oGqn] klg tkfOF{ xfd|f] 3/kl/jf/df
/x]sf sfns"6 ljifkL /f]u, zf]s, kfk, tfk
/ ;Gtfkh:tf ljsf/xnfO{ zdg u/]/ xfd|f]
hLjgnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg ;Sb5 . ;du|df eGg'kbf{
h;sf] 3/df }u8f eO/xg], kl/jf/sf
s'g} g s'g} ;b:onfO{ tflGqs afwf eO/xg],
csfn d[To'eon] ;w}F u|l;t kfl//xg], b'M:jKgn]
;tfO/xg], d]x]gt kl/>d ul//xFbf klg
;b}j c;kmn /xg], wg ;DklQsf] ;w}F cefj
eO/xg], Pskl5 csf]{ /f]un] ;w}F cfqmfGt
kfl//xg], hk, tk, ;fwgfdf ;f]r]h:tf]
;kmntf xft gnfUg] cflb hLjgdf cg]sf}F
;d:ofxaf6 kLl8t ;Dk"0f{sf nflu of]
r}tGo lzj oGq /fdjf0f ;dfg 5 . To;}n]
eujfg\ lzjsf] s[kf cfzLjf{b k|fKt u/L
dfgj hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ;Dk"0f{ ;d:ofxnfO{
;dfwfg ub}{ cfgf] hLjgnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg
rfxg] ;Dk"0f{ u[x:y, of]uL, ;+Gof;Lxn]
k|fKt ug}{kg]{ lbJo oGq tfGqf]Qm lzj oGq
lzj/flqsf] kfjg cj;/df cyjf cfkm"nfO{
cgs"n cj:yfdf s'g} klg If0fdf o; oGqnfO{
:yflkt u/]/ lgTo >4felQm ;dk{0f u/L
k|fy{gf ug{ ;s]sf] v08df kSs} klg ;a}sf]
hLjgdf cgs"ntf ldNg ;Sg]5 .
s'08lngL hfu/0f / ;l~rt sd{kmn

dflg;sf] hLjgrqmdf
cfWoflTdskn] ;lqmo hLjg eg]sf] !)
!@ jif{sf] xf]nf . !)!@ jif{sf] cGt/fndf
JolQmn] cfgf] OR5fg';f/ ;Dk"0f{ s'08lngL
zlQm hfu/0f ug{ ;S5 cyjf ;Sb}g eGg]
dxjk"0f{ ljifo xf] . rqm hfu/0fsf] cfg}
k|lqmof x'G5 . xfdL dg'io b]xdf ePsfn]
xfdLnfO{ oL ;a} rqm Ps}k6s hfu/0f
ug]{ cft'/tf, cfs'nJofs'ntf cfpF5 . t/
JolQmn] ljutdf u/]sf sd{x, p;sf
cg] s k| s f/sf ;+ : sf/x hfu/0f
k|lqmofdf efuLbf/ x'G5g\ / tL ;+:sf/n]
l5gf]kmfgf] ul/lbPsf x'G5g\ olb t}Fn]
o:tf] sd{ ul/;\ eg] olt;Dd hfu[t u/]/
cfpg ;Sg]5;\ . cfTdf ;fIfL /fv]/ tL
k"j{ ;+:sf/x ;Fu;Fu} lnP/ Tof] hLjgnfO{
pTs[i6 agfpgsf] nflu pm cfPsf] x'G5 .
tL klxn]sf ;+:sf/x, g/fd|f sd{xnfO{
d]6fpgsf nflu / /fd|f] ug{sf nflu
pm cfO/x]sf] x'G5 / p;sf] Tof] bfo/f
tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . Tof] bfo/f, tf]lsPsf]
;doleq dfq p;n] xfl;n ug]{ xf] . h:t}
Pp6f JolQmsf] cfo' %) jif{sf] 5 eg]
%) jif{df p;n] /fd|/L cWoog ug]{ ;do
eg]sf] #)#% jif{ dfq xf] / To;kl5 t
pm Jojxf/sf] rqmJo"xdf kmF:b} uP/ u5'{
eGbf klg klxn]sf] h:tf] ug{ ;Sb}g .
To;}n] #) jif{;Ddsf] pd]/df p;n] hlt
ug{ ;Sof], Tolt dfq p;sf] ;DklQ x'g]
eof] . p;sf] dl:tissf h'g sf]ifx,
u|lGyx 5g\, olt jif{b]lv olt jif{;Dddf
p;n] Tof] kl/kSj ePsf] u|lGyn] u|x0f ug{
;Sg] dfq u|x0f ug]{ xf], ug{ g;s]sf] t
ub}g{ . To:t} of] cWofTd If]qdf klg klxnf]
rqm, bf];|f] rqm, t];|f] rqm, rf}yf] rqm, Pj+

k|sf/n] hfu/0f x'Fb} hfg] qmd x'g] ub{5 .
s;}n] k"j{ hGddf klxnf] rqm hfu/0f
u/]sf] x'G5, s;}n] bf];|f] rqm hfu/0f
u/]sf] x'g;S5 . s;}n] rf}yf] rqm hfu/0f
ug{ hGd]/ cfpFbf p;n] Pp6f b]xaf6 csf]{
b]x kl/jt{g ubf{ s]xL ;do lalt;s]sf]
x'G5 . b]x kl/jt{gsf] cGt/fndf h'g
hLjfTdf 5, To;sf] pGglt k|ultsf] nflu
p;df cx+sf/ gcfcf];\ eg]/ k/dfTdfn]
Joj:yf ul/lbPsf x'G5g\ . clg p;n]
hGdgf;fy g} tL hufPsf rqmx ;a}
la;{G5 . p;nfO{ af]w u/fpg k/dfTdfn]]
;dfhsf Pp6fPp6f JolQmsf] dfWodaf6
To:tf] 7fpFdf k'ofOlbG5g\ hxfFaf6 p;n]
o;af/] hfGg] a'g] df}sf kfpF5, p;nfO{
o;af/] k|]/0ff ldNgf;fy g} klxn]sf]
hGddf t];|f] rqm hflu;s]sf] 5 eg]
klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] t km6fkm6 hfu/0f
x'g] ub{5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf lzIffbLIff
lbg] JolQm klg /ge'Nndf kb{5 lsgls
cfkm";Fu To:tf] zlQm x'Fb}g, To:t} s}of}F
JolQmnfO{ r]i6f ubf{ klg ePsf] x'Fb}g t/
To:tf] JolQmnfO{ km6fkm6 t];|f] rqm;Dd
hfu/0f x'G5 clg pm s}of}F k|sf/sf
zlQm / l;l4xsf] wgL aGb5 . p;n]
Tolt k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 ;Dk"0f{ efjgfx
l;sfpg] JolQmlt/ s]lGb|t x'Fbf Tof] k|fKt
ug]{sf] pmhf{n] klg p;nfO{ s]xL g s]xL
C0f ltg{ kof] . o;k|sf/ p;nfO{ d2t
u/]/ p;sf] klg sNof0f x'G5 . To;}n]
zf:qdf klg oxL s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ /fv]/
csf{nfO{ ltdLn] enfO uof} eg] ltd|f] klg
enfO :jtM x'G5 eGg'sf] cy{ :ki6 x'G5 .
o;/L rqm hfu/0f eO;s]sf JolQmx hf]
cfTd:jk 5g\, To:tf cfTd:jkn] klg
klxnf] rqm hfu/0f ug{nfO{ s]xL g s]xL
d]xgt t ug'{k5{, d]xgt ubf{ cn] h:tf]
w]/} b'Mv eg] ug'{kb}{g . p;sf] hfu/0f
sd d]xgtaf6} eOxfN5 . To:t} bf];|f] /
t];|f] rqm klg clncln d]xgt ugf{;fy

v'lnxfN5 . t/ rf}yf] rqm hfu/0fsf nflu
eg] p;n] a9L d]xgt ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . rf}yf]
rqm hfu]kl5 kfFrf}F, 5}6f}F ub}{ qmd}cg';f/
hfUg] ub{5 . o; qmdnfO{ gsfg{ ldNb}g
/ of] hLjg k4lt klg o;/L g} ag]sf]
5 . of] cgGt:jksf] cfTdz/L/ 5 .
o; cfTdz/L/n] cg]s lsl;daf6 hGd
lnG5 . o;df z/L/n] cfgf]] p2]Zo, nIo
k"/f ug{nfO{ klxnf] hGd, To:t} bf];|f],
t];|f], rf}yf] hGd ub}{ hfG5 . o;/L klxnf]
hGddf u/]sf lqmofsd{ km]l/ yftL /fvL
bf];f| ] hGddf cfpF5 / p;n] klxnf] hGdsf]
lqmofsd{af6 dfly a9\g'kg]{ x'G5 . To:t}
bf];|f] hGd;Dddf slt /fd|f] g/fd|f] eof]
To;sf] cf};tdf slt lg:sG5, ToxfFaf6
pm psfnf] nfUg] ljlw aGb5 . hGd
hGdfGt/sf] ;l~rt k'0osd{sf] kmnn] g}
o; hGddf JolQmsf] s'08lngL hfu/0fdf
c;/ kfb{5 . ho u'?b]j
23
kljqtf
Psk6s lzv wd{sf cflbu'? gfgsb]j s'g} a|fd0fsf]
efG5fdf hfg'eof] . tL a|fd0f clt g} sd{sf08L lyP .
gfgsb]jsf] cgflwsf/ k|j]zaf6 a|fd0fnfO{ lgs} l/; p7\of]
/ p;n] eGof] ltdLn] d]/f] efG5fnfO{ ckljq ul/lbof] . ltdL
oxfFaf6 aflx/ lglSnxfn .
gfgsb]j efG5faf6 aflx/ lg:s'geof] / pxfFn] eGg'eof] d]/f]
aflx/ cfpg] sfo{af6 s] ltd|f] efG5f kljq x'G5 <
lsg x'Fb}g< d o;nfO{ clxn] g} z'4 hnn] w'G5' a|fd0fn]
eGof] .
kfgLaf6 s] x'G5 / < efG5f t ta klg ckljq g} /xG5,
gfgsb]jn] cfgf] ;dy{gdf eGg'eof] .
tkfO{+ o:tf] s;/L eGg ;Sg'x'G5 <
ha;Dd ltdL ToxfFleq /xG5f} ta;Dd ltd|f] efG5f s;/L
kljq x'G5 <
tkfO{+ dnfO{ ckljq elg/x'ge' Psf] 5, a|fd0fnfO{ gfgsb]jaf6
o:tf] pQ/sf] cfzf lyPg .
d h] elg/x]sf] 5' Psbd} ;To elg/x]sf] 5' .
tkfO{+sf] s'/fsf] cfwf/ s] 5 < a|fd0fn] ;f]Wof] .
ltdLleq cx+sf/sf] e"t, qmf]wsf] r08fn, c1fgsL 8+lsgL,
lgb{otfsf] /fIf; / kfksf] /fIf;L a;]sf] 5 . ltdL clxn] klg
cfk"mnfO{ kljq ;DG5f} ha;Dd ltdL ckljq 5f} ta;Dd nfvf}+
k6s wf]pm, ;kmf u/ t/ ltd|f] efG5f kljq x'g]5}g . :jo+nfO{
kljq agfPkl5 dfq ltdL efG5fnfO{ kljq agfpg ;S5f} .
;To g} t xf]dg g} d}nf 5 eg] tgnfO{ wf]P/ nfe} s] x'G5
/ < xfdL sd{sf08 ub}{ /xf}+, dGq hKb} /xf}+, dfnf 3'dfpFb} /xf}+,
;fwgf ub}{ /xf}+ t/ dgdf b'lift ljrf/ el/Psf] 5 eg] ;fwgf
;kmn s;/L g} x'G5 / < aflx/L ;kmfOsf ;fy cfGtl/s
;kmfO klg plQs} cfjZos 5 .
u'gf;f] 5 eg] n]Vg'xf];\

s] tkfO{Fsf] klqsf;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} u'gf;f] 5 <
s] tkfO{FnfO{ klqsf lgoldt k|fKt eO/x]sf] 5}g <
s] tkfO{Fsf] ;b:otf cjlwdf q'l6 b]lvG5 <
s] tkfO{FnfO{ klqsf ;b:o lj:tf/ u/]afktsf] pkxf/ k|fKt ePsf] 5}g <
s] tkfO{F klqsf cfOk'Ug] cfgf] 7]ufgf kl/jt{g ug{ rfxg'x'G5 <
s] tkfO{Fsf o;sf cltl/Qm c klg u'gf;f tyf ;d:ofx 5g\ <
cfk\mgf] u'gf;f]nfO{ kq, Od]n, kmf]gaf6 jf e]6]/ klqsf ljt/0f
tyf k':tsfno Joj:yfkg pkljefudf t'?Gt hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
;Dej eP;Dd ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg t'?Gt x'g]5 .
;fy}, uf]/If lglvn jf0fLsf k'/fgf c\sx rflxPdf ;Dks{ /fVg'xf]nf .
klqsf ljt/0f tyf k':tsfno Joj:yfkg

pkljefu, kmf]g M )!^@@%!&& jf
24
Jo"em] d
sljtf
s]jn uf]/If lglvn t:jL/ dfq b]v]F

k|z+;f / v'zL
;kmntf 5fP5 hLjgdf
1ft eof] dgdf .
rf/}lt/ xl/ofnL
;a}lt/ rds wds
h'g]nL /ftdf
d':sfO/x]5 uf]/vf jg .
d t 8'a]F r'n'{Dd
uf]/v u'kmfsf] jl/kl/
;kmntfsf] cfzfdf
uf]/If lglvn ;fu/df x/fPF .
cfkmGt 5'lP5 cfkm}nfO{ e'lnP5
v'lzofnL a6'Nbf b'Mv lal;{P5
dg vf]Hb5 zflGt hghgdf
zflGt kfOof] uf]/vf jg h+undf .
hd'gf ltjf/L
a;'Gw/f, sf7df8f}F
kmfu'g dlxgfsf rf8kj{

kmfu'g ! ut]
kmfu'g @ ut]
kmfu'g % ut]
kmfu'g ^ ut]
kmfu'g & ut]
kmfu'g * ut]
kmfu'g ( ut]
kmfu'g !& ut]
kmfu'g @) ut]
kmfu'g @@ ut]
kmfu'g @# ut]
kmfu'g @* ut]
tfGqf]Qm dxfnIdL xjg

tfGqf]Qm aunfd'vL xjg, ci6dLj|t, uf]/vsfnL k"hf
eLdf PsfbzL
>L lzj uf]/If xjg, k|bf]if j|t
tfGqf]Qm j6's e}/j xjg
>L:j:yfgLj|t ;dfKt
lbJo u'? dxf]T;j
uf]/vsfnL k"hf
ljhof PsfbzL
k|bf]ifj|t
dxflzj/flq
d+unrt'yL{
k|To]s a[x:kltaf/ laxfg !)M)) ah]u'? k"hg

k|To]s lbg ;f %M)) ah]cf/tL
25
dxflzj/flq kj{
lxGb'xsf] dxfg\ kj{ dxflzj/flq
kmfNu'0f s[i0frt'b{zL ltlydf kb{5 .
g]kfnel/ w"dwfd;Fu dgfOg] dxflzj/flq
kj{ /fli6o kj{ xf] . k|To]s b]jLb]jtfsf
cfcfgf hGdlbg x'G5g\ . xfdL ltg}
lbgdf tL b]jLb]jtfsf] k"hf, cf/fwgf
ub{5f}F . dxflzj/flq klg eujfg\ lzjsf]
hGdlbg xf] . kmfNu'0f s[i0frt'b{zLsf]
lbgdf lzjsf] Hof]ltln{sf] pTklQ ePsf]
dflgG5 . To;}n] of] lbg cToGt kfjgtd
lbg xf] . o; lbgdf lbgel/ lg/fxf/
j|t a:g] / /flt hfu|fd a:g] ul/G5 .
eujfg\ lzjsf] k"hf eg]sf] ln k"hf xf] .
ln k"hf ubf{ lzj/flqsf] k|yd k|x/df
26
b"wn], ltLo k|x/df bxLn], t[tLo k|x/df

l3pn] / rt'y{ k|x/df dxn] :gfg u/fP/
k"hf ug'{kb{5 . k|To]s k|x/sf dGq klg
a]Unfa]Un} 5g\ pmWj{dv
' sf] O{zfgfo gdM,
blIf0f d'vsf] c3f]/fo gdM, k"j{ d'vsf]
jfdb]jfo gdM, klZrd d'vsf] ;Bf]hftfo
gdM / pQ/ d'vsf] tTk'?iffo gdM .
dxflzj/flq kj{ s f k| ; df
ln k' / f0fdf elgPsf] 5, kmfNu' 0 f
s[i0fqof]bzLsf lbgdf :gfg u/L z'4
dgn] lg/fxf/ a;L /fte/ hfuf a;]/
dfGotfcg';f/ dxfb]jsf] k"hf, cf/fwgf
ug]{ ul/G5 . eujfg\ lzjnfO{ bofn' b]jtf
/ pxfF k|;Gg x'ge' Pdf OR5fPsf] k"/f x'G5
eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . cljjflxt dlxnfx

c;n kltsf] sfdgf ub}{ j|t a:b5g\ /
ljjflxt dlxnfx cfgf kltsf] bL3f{o'
/ ;':jf:Yosf] sfdgf u/]/ j|t a:b5g\,
/ftel/ hfuf a;L ;T;+u, sLt{g ub{5g\ .
To;f] u/]df ;Lw} d'lQm ldNb5 / lzjnf]s
k|fKt x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; kfOG5 .
dxflzj/flqsf ljifodf o:tf]
ls+jbGtL k|l;4 5, Psk6s kmfNu'0f
s[i0fqof]bzLsf lbgdf Pp6f lzsf/L
lzsf/sf] vf]hLdf h+undf uof] . h+undf
p;n] xl/0fLnfO{ b]Vof] / wg'if p7fO{ dfg{
tD:of] . xl/0fLn] lzsf/Lsf] 5]pd} cfP/
dnfO{ gdf/, dfg]{ g} xf} eg] ef]ln dfq
df/ . clxn] d]/f afnaRrfx ef]sn] dg{

nflu;s]sf 5g\ . ltgsf nflu cfxf/fsf]
aGbf]a:t u/]/ kmls{G5' . Tolta]nf h] OR5f
nfU5, ToxL ug"{ . d a]OdfgL ug]{ 5}g .
ef]ln laxfg x'gf;fy d xflh/ x'g]5' egL
lzsf/L;Fu cg'go, ljgo u/L . lzsf/Ln]
To;nfO{ 5f]l8lbof] . p;n] cGo lzsf/
klg e]fpg ;s]g / p;sf] /ftel/ ToxL
h+undf Pp6f vdf af; eof] . ;+of]un]
pm r9]sf] v a]nsf] lyof], vd'lg
lzjln+u lyof] . hf8f]sf] df};d, /ftsf]
;do latfpg] qmddf p;n] cghfgd}
a]nkq l6Kt} tn v;fNg] ug{ yfNof] .
hf8f]n] :o":o" ubf{ub}{ cGhfgd} lzjgfdsf]
hk klg uof] . p;sf] lzsf/L dg klg
kl/jt{g eof] . To;af6 eujfg\ lzj
k|;Gg eP/ k|s6 x'g'eof] / OR5f nfu]sf]
j/ dfUg eGg'eof] . p;n] xh"/;Fu} a;L
df]If kfpmF eg]/ j/ dfUof] . ltd|f] OR5f
k"/f x'g]5 egL eujfg\ lzj cGtWof{g
x'g'eof] . laxfg x'Fbf xl/0fL xflh/ eO{
/ pgn] ca ltdL cfgf] OR5fg';f/
u/ egL . lzsf/Ln] dxfb]jsf] bz{g /
s[kf k|fKt u/L kfkaf6 d'lQm kfO;s]sf]
lyof] . p;n] lzsf/L k|j[lQ TofUg] k|lt1f
ul/;s]sf] lyof] . To;}n] p;n] xl/0fLnfO{
d'lQm lbof] .
dxflzj/flqsf lbgdf nfvf}F lxGb'
eQmhgxn] kz'kltgfysf] bz{g, k"hg
u/L w'gL hufP/ /fte/ hfu|fd a:b5g\ .
b]z, ljb]zaf6 dflg;x kz'kltgfysf]
bz{g ug{ cfpF5g\ . kz'kltgfydf o;
lbgdf 7"nf] d]nf nfUb5 . cGo lzj
dlGb/df klg o; lbg bz{gfyL{xsf]
3'OFrf] x'G5 . o; lbg g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs
labf lbg] rng 5 . ;/sf/L :t/af6 klg
6'Fl8v]ndf aGb's / tf]k k8\sfP/ >L
kz'kltgfysf] a9fOF ul/G5 . g]kfnsf
cltl/Qm of] kj{ ef/tsf] jf/f0f;L,
j}Bgfywfd, pHh}g / O08f]gl] zofsf] afnL
6fk"df dgfOG5 .
lzj/flqsf] lbgel/ j|t a;]/ ;fFdf
s'
hfu/0fljz]ljz]
s'08lngL
8lngL hfu/0f
if if
eujfg ?b| s f] -lzjsf] _ cIf

-cfFvf_ af6 pTkGg k/d sNo0fsf/L
j:t' xf] . of] cfkm}df olt ;dy{ 5 ls
o;n] JolQmdf :jtM cfGtl/s / afo
kl/jt{g NofOlbg ;Sb5 . z/L/ut
lx;fan] x]bf{ o;n] c k|ToxnfO{
alnof] agfpF5 . /Qm ljsf/ gi6 u/L
wft' k'i6 ub{5 . z/L/leq / aflx/sf
xflgsf/s ls6f0f'xnfO{ gi6 ub{5 .
:jf:Yo;DaGwL sdhf]/Lx hf] skm,
lkQ / jfo'bf]ifaf6 pTkGg x'G5g\
ltgnfO{ x6fpgdf ;xof]u ug]{ ?b|fIf Ps
k|sf/n] x]bf{ dxf}iflw g} xf] . k]6sf /f]u,
Xbo/f]u, kIff3fth:tf hl6n ;d:ofx
;d]t ?b|fIfsf] plrt k|of]u ljlwaf6
d]l6g ;Sb5g\ eg] cfGtl/s kaf6
o;n] JolQmnfO{ ;f]} eujfg\ cfz'tf]if
;bflzj;Fu ;DaGw ufF:gdf dxjk"0f{
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sb5 .
Pp6f ;fdfGo ?b|fIf dfqn] olt
ljg nfe k|bfg ub{5 eg] lzj/flqsf]
kfjg cj;/df k|f0fk|lti7fo'Qm !))
eGbf a9L lbJo zlQmo'Qm lzjj zlQm
:yflkt u/L hLjGt kfl/Psf ;;fgf
?b| f Ifsf bfgf ;d] l 6Psf] dfnfaf6
k|fKt x'g] zlQm / nfesf] j0f{g s;/L
ug{ ;lsG5 < ?b|fIf hlt ;fgf] x'G5,
cfWoflTds b[li6af6 Tolt g} zlQmzfnL
/ u|fo Ifdtf clwstd ePsf] x'G5 .

To;}n] a|df08af6 k|ltkn lzjTj pmhf{
cfk"mdf ;dflxt ul//xg] / ;bflzjsf]
lgs6tf ;xh} k|fKt x'g ;Sg] x'gfn]
o; dfnfdf ;;fgf ?b|fIfsf bfgf
/flvPsf] x'G5 . h;/L dg z/L/eGbf
;fgf] / ;"Id 5 t/ z/L/eGbf s}of}F
u'0ff zlQmzfnL 5, PsIf0fd} s}of}F dfOn
6f9f k'uL kms{g ;S5, cg]sf}F ljrf/
t/x cfk"mdf ;d]6\g ;S5, To;}u/L
x]bf{ ;fgf b]lvg] ?b|fIfsf bfgfx h'g
n3' ?b|fIf dfnfdf /flvPsf 5g\ tL
;Dk"0f{ bfgfx lzj pmhf{n] el/Psf 5g\ .
ltgn] JolQmleq lglxt ;"Idflt;"Id
zlQmnfO{ hufO{ lzj:jk ;b\u?' b]jx
;d]tsf] ;Dks{df k'ofOlbg ;S5 .
cGo dfnfdf eGbf o;k|sf/sf] ?b|fIf
dfnfdf lzjTj zlQm Jofks kdf
/xg] x'gfn] / o;n] dGq hk klg ug{
;lsg] x'gfn] dGq hksf] pmhf{nfO{ o;n]
w]/} u'0ff a9L zlQmzfnL agfOlbG5 .
kmn:jk JolQmnfO{ yf]/} d]xg] tn] w]/} /
k|r'/dfqfdf lzjTj zlQm k|fKt x'G5 .
To;}n] o:tf] clt b'n{e tfGqf]Qm n3'
?b|fIf dfnf ;do / ;fdu|L /xFb}df k|fKt
ul/xfNg] ;f}efUoaf6 jl~rt gx'g' g}
a'l4dfgL 7xb{5 .
lzj cf/tL u/]kl5 dfq k|;fb u|x0f

ub{5g\ . t/fO{df o; kj{nfO{ t]/1 kj{
klg eGg] ul/G5 . eujfg\ lzjnfO{ jo/
dgkg]{ ePsf]n] t/fO{jf;L eujfg\ lzjnfO{
jo/ r9fPkl5 dfq cfkm"n] vfg] ub{5g\ .
eujfg\ lzjnfO{ ef]n]afaf, kz'kltgfy,
z+s/, gLns07, dxfsfn, dxfd[To'~ho,
cfz'tf]if, ;j]{Zj/, gf6\o]Zj/, dxfb]j
cflb !))* gfdn] zf:qxdf ;Daf]wg

u/]sf] kfOG5 . lzjk'/f0f, ln+uk'/f0f,
:sGbk'/f0fflbsf cg';f/ eujfg\ lzj
b]jtfxsf klg k/d cfb/0fLo, k/d]Zj/,
ljZja|df08sf ;Dk"0f{ l;l4 / zlQmsf
:jfdL x'g'x'G5 . ;Dk"0f{ hLj, hut\sf
d"nfwf/ eujfg\ lzj s0fs0fdf JofKt
x'g'x'G5 .
ho u'?b]j
27
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j >L >L dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfysf nLnfxsf] j0f{g u/L tof/
kfl/Psf] >L uf]/v dxfk'/f0fnfO{ z[\vnfa4kdf k|sflzt ub}{ nluPsf] 5 . o;af6
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jsf] af/]df hfGg, a'g vf]Hg] ;Dk"0f{ kf7sx nfeflGjt x'g'x'g]5 eGg]
s'/fdf xfdL ljZj:t 5f}F . o; dxfk'/f0fnfO{ ;+sng Pj+ cg'jfb u/L k|:t't ul/Psf]
xf] . o;;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ s'/fxsf] lhDd]jf/L ;+sns Pj+ cg'jfbs -lji0f' vgfn, uf]vf{_
:jo+sf] g} x'g]5 .
28
lglvnjf0fL,
jf0fL,@)^$
@)^$d\
kmfu'
g
uf]uf]//IfIflglvn
l;/
-PsrfnL;f}F efusf] afFsL c+z_

bf]xf
O+lb|of]+ s] j; dg /x], dg s] j; /x] a'l4 .
jxfF Wofg s};] nu], hxfF ;]jf xf]o lj?4 ..
afa' ha;Dd dgsf] P]gf pHHjn x'Fb}g ta;Dd dg'ion]
k|e'elQmsf] cfgGb lng ;Sb}g . k|Zg of] cfpF5 ls dg s;/L
pHHjn x'G5 < o;sf] ;xL pQ/ oxL xf] cfgf] tgdgnfO{
k|e'sf] sfo{df nufpg' / k/dlktf k/dfTdfsf] kltj|tf gf/L
ag]/ b'MvLxsf] b'Mv eufpg] pkfodf h'6\g' . of] sfo{ a|dro{
j|tnfO{ kfng ugf{n] ;'rf?kn] x'g ;S5 .
bf]xf
phnf cfof jtg ;], ha htg lsof s'5 sfn .
e"nf rfn s'rfn rn, kmF; uof hd s] hfn ..
hutu'? z/frfo{sf] hLjgLaf6 of] yfxf x'G5 a|drfo{
j|t wf/0f ug{df pgsf] sfdgf w]/} k|an lyof] . afa' pgn]
ljjfxsf] ljsf/af6 aRgsf] nflu g} cfgf] dftf;Fu rt'ofOFkj" s
{
cfgf] OR5fsf] k"lt{ u/fPsf lyP . z/frfo{ cfdfsf Ps
dfq Kof/f k'q lyP . pgsf] pd]/ tLg jif{sf] dfq} lyof], pgsf
afa' :ju]{ eP . ha pgL cf7 jif{sf eP, ta pgsL cfdfn]
pgsf] ljjfx u/]/ k'qjw' Nofpg] ;+sNk ul/g\ . t/ z/frfo{
ljjfxsf] h~hfndf afFlwg rfxFb}gy] lsgeg] pgsf u'?b]jn]
pgnfO{ a|dro{sf ;a} u'0fx k"0f{kdf k9fPsf lyP . pgL
cfgL cfdfsf] ;+sNknfO{ s;/L ljkmn u/f}F eg]/ /ftlbg k|e';Fu
k|fy{gf ug]{ uy]{ .
o;}u/L lrGtg ubf{ub}{ Pslbg uf :gfgsf] kj{ cfof] / b'j}
cfdf5f]/f ufpFsf] glhs} 7"nf] gbLdf :gfg ug{ uP . cfdf t
6\k6\ :gfg u/]/ gbLsf] lsgf/fdf cfP/ sk8f km]g{ nflug\ t/
z/frfo{ :gfg ub}{ lyP . ta pgL s?0f /f]bg u/]/ lrRofP
cfdf, cfdf ca d]/f] cGt ;do glhs cfOk'Uof], uf]xLn] d]/f]
v'f ;dfTof] . olt ;'Gg] lalQs} cfdfn] lrRofpFb}, ?Fb}, s/fpFb}
elgg\ x/] bf}8]/ s;}n] d]/f] afa'nfO{ arfpg'xf];\ . cfgL
cfdfsf] o:tf] bzf b]v]/ z/frfo{n] eg] dftf d aRg] ca
Pp6} dfq ;lhnf] pkfo 5 . tkfOF{ o;/L k|fy{gf ug'{xf];\ k|e'
ltd|f] bf; ltdLnfO{ g} ck{0f ub{5' . cfhaf6 ltdL g} o;sf
dftflktf xf} . o;f] eg]df zfob k|e'n] dnfO{ arfpg'x'g]5 .
dftf l56f]l56f] k/dfTdf;Fu eGg'xf];\ . l9nf] u/]df cgy{ x'g5] .
s]jn k|e'n] g} o; uf]xLaf6 d]/f] /Iff ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 .
dftfn] cfgf] 5f]/fsf] ctflnPsf] jrg ;'g/] k'qk|]ddf
kfun eP/ elgg\ x] k|e', of] k'q dnfO{ tkfO{Fn] lbg'ePsf]
xf] . of] clxn] klg d]/f] xf]Og, tkfO{Fsf] g} xf], tkfO{F o;nfO{
s[kf u/]/ hLjgbfg lbg'xf];\ . o;n] cfgf] ;Dk"0f{ pd]/ tkfO{Fsf]
;]jfdf latfpg]5 . cfgL cfdfsf] ;+sNknfO{ ;'g]/ z/frfo{n]
d':s'/fpFb} gbLaf6 aflx/ cfP/ cfgL cfdfsf] r/0f:kz{ u/] /

eg] dft] ca ljjfxsf] ljrf/ Toflulbg'xf];\ / dnfO{ a|dro{
j|t wf/0f u/]/ k|e';]jf ug{ lbg'xf];\ .
cfdf elG5g\ afa' s'g dftf of] rfxGg ls cfgf
5f]/fsf] gfdn] ljfg\xsf] >]0fLdf k|sfz km}nfcf];\ . afa'
kgfy a|dro{ j|tsf] s'/f t ;fw';+Gof;Lxsf] >]0fL;Dd
dfq ;Lldt /xg uof] . olb s'g} afnaflnsf o; k':tssf]
pkb]znfO{ u|x0f u/]/ a|drfo{ j|t kfng ug]{ vf]Hb5 eg] klg
p;sL cfdf g} uf]xLsf] k wf/0f u/]/, /f]P/, v'f ;dft]/
p;nfO{ ljifojf;gfsf] e'd/Ldf km;fpg] k|oTg ug]{l5g\ . t/
hf] afnaflnsf cfgf] ;+sNkdf b[9 /xG5g\, tL afnaflnsfnfO{
cfdfn] dfg]{, lk6\g] k|oTg ug]{l5g\ / eGg]l5g\ clxn] j|t lng]
a]nf ePsf] 5}g .
ca z/frfo{n] 3/ 5f]8]kl5sf] ljrf/ ;'g afa'
z/frfo{sL cfdf ljjz eOg\ . pgL t cfgf] 5f]/fsf] hLjg
dg}n] rfxlGyg\ . pgL 5f]/fnfO{ x/t/xn] ;'vL b]Vg rfxlGyg\ .
pgnfO{ ca s'g} dtna lyPg rfx] z/frfo{n] ljjfx u/f];\
cyjf gu/f];\ . pgn] xfF;Lv';L cfgf] k'qnfO{ ;+Gof; lngsf]
nflu :jLs[lt lbOg\ . To;a]nf z/frfo{sf] pd]/ P3f/ jif{sf]
lyof], pgn] ljrf/ u/] sfd, qmf]w, nf]e OToflb oL dxfkfk
u/fpg] k|e' x'g\ . pgn] oL ljifoljsf/nfO{ sfnf] ;k{sf] ljifeGbf
klg clws eo/ ;D] / eg] oL ljifn] dg'iosf] a'l4nfO{
dnLg u/]/ t]hxLg ul/lbG5g\ / p;nfO{ kfOnfkfOnfdf d[To'
b]lvg nfUb5 . x] afa' kgfy ca k[YjLdf wd{sf] gfd dfq
/xg uPsf] 5 / a|dro{nfO{ la;]{sf] sf/0fn] rf/}tkm{ xfxfsf/
dlRrPsf] 5, c/fhstf tLa| ultn] km}lnO/x]sf] 5, ljifojf;gfn]
x/]s gf/gf/LnfO{ olt cGwf] agfOlbPsf] 5 ls pm /fd|f], g/fd|f]
klg ljrf/ ug{ ;Sb}g .
o;sf/0f, ca d]/f] ljrf/ lxdfno kj{tdf hfg] kSsf ePsf]
5 . ToxLF ca xfdL tk:of ug]{5f}F, ltdL cfgf u'?efOxnfO{
t}of/ eP/ hfg] d]/f] cfb]z ;'gfOb]pm . oL dgf]dfgL ug]{ g/ssf
clwsf/Lxdf ca km"6 km}n]sf] 5 / ;a} g} sfd, s~rg,
sfldgLsf k|]dL ag]sf 5g\ . afa' d}n] :ki6 b]lv/x]sf] 5' ls
o;} cfk;L km"6sf] sf/0f of] b]z rfF8} g} u'nfd aGg]5 / oxfF
Dn]R5n] /fHo ug]{5g\ . cfgf] u'?b]jsf] ljrf/ ;'g]/ kgfyn]
u'? uf]/vgfysf] r/0f :kz{ u/] . pgL p7]/ u'?efOxsf]
glhs uP / u'?b]jsf] cfb]z eg]/ ;a}nfO{ ;'gfP . ;a}n] u'?
jrgnfO{ >4fsf ;fy ;'g] . pgLxn] cfgf] u'?b]jsf] cfb]zdf
lz/ 'sfP / lxdfno kj{ttkm{ lxF8\gsf] nflu cfgf] f]nL,
vKk/, sDdn, lrD6f / sd08n' ;Dxfn]/, v/fp klx/]/ ;a}
lzio tof/ eP . xl/ tT;t\ .
-PsrfnL;f}F efu ;dfKt_
29
o; :tDecGtu{t xfdLn] ;b\u'?b]j 8f=

gf/fo0f bQ >LdfnLHo"n] cfgf] cjt/0fsfndf
ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg ljifodf lbg'ePsf]
k|jrgnfO{ wf/fjflxskdf k|:t't ug]{ qmddf
;"nL pmk/ ;]h lkof sL ljifosf] k|jrgnfO{
u'? / lzio zLif{sdf k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 .
30
u'? uLtf / :sGb k'/f0fdf laNs'n

b'O{ zAbdf n]lvPsf] 5 ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf
7"nf] kfk of] xf] u'?sf] lgGbf ;'Gg'=== /
tkfO{F u'?sf] lgGbf o;sf/0f ;'Gg'x'G5 ls
tkfO{Fdf k|xf/ ug]{ Ifdtf 5}g, tkfO{Fdf
k|xf/ ug]{ Ifdtf o;sf/0f 5}g ls u'?n]
tkfO{FnfO{ k|xf/ g} ug'{ePsf] 5}g . olb
u'?n] tkfO{nF fO{ k|xf/ ug'e{ Psf] eP tkfO{dF f
To;nfO{ ;xg] -]Ng]_ Ifdtf x'G5, tkfO{Fdf
dx;'; ug]{ Ifdtf x'G5 / tkfO{Fdf hjfkm
lbg] Ifdtf cfpF5 . gk';+ s / sfo/ JolQmn]
cfgf] hLjgnfO{ kz'n] h:t} latfpF5 .
hLjgsf] cy{ xf] zfgbf/ t/Lsfn]
cfgf] hLjgnfO{ k"0f{tf;Dd k'ofpg]
lqmof . lziosf k"FhL eg]sf] dfq tLgj6f
rLhx x'g,\ rf}yf] rLh olb lzio;Fu x'G5
eg] t Tof] lzio xf]Og . lzio;Fu rf}yf]
rLh sbflk x'g'x'Gg, pm;Fu s]jn ;dk{0f
x'G5, pm;Fu ;]jf x'G5, pm;Fu >4f x'G5 .
/, olb >4f 5}g eg] Tof] lzio aGg of]Uo
x'Fb}g . xhf/ jif{;Dd r/0f ;dfP/ klg
Tof] lzio aGg} ;Sb}g . olb s'g} rLhdf
cf:yf 5Fb}5}g eg], ljZjf; 5Fb}5}g, >4f
5Fb}5}g eg] Tof] lzio aGg} ;Sb}g .
To;} n ] , ltdLnfO{ d} n ] af/Daf/
;DfpF5' ls u'?n] h:tf] u/] To:tf] ug{
ltdLnfO{ h?/L 5}g, ltdLn] t u'?n] h:tf]
eGb5g\ To:tf] ug'{kb{5 . u'?n] o:tf] lsg
ul//x]sf] 5, o; s'/fnfO{ ltdLn] clxn]
a'g ;Sb}gf} . Tof] t a'g] Ifdtf cfPkl5
dfq yfxf kfpg] xf] lsgls pgsf ;fd'
s}of}F sNk / ljsNk x'G5g\ . pgn] ;of}F
k|sf/sf ;fws, of]uL, ;+Gof;Lxsf] ;fdgf
ug'k{ b{5 . k|ToIfkdf klg, ck|ToIfkdf
klg, /flt ;'t]sf] ;dodf klg, lapFlPsf]
a]nf klg, hlxn];s
' } hf];s
' n} ] klg k|xf/ ug{
;Sb5, lsgls k|xf/ ug{sf nflu n7\7L
/ t/jf/ lnP/ ;Lw} glhs cfpg' h?/L
5}g, sxLFaf6 klg df/0f k|of]u x'g ;S5 .
hf] ;j{>]i7 aGg rfxG5, p;nfO{ Tolt
g} 7"nf] oGq0ff klg ]Ng'kb{5 . cfkm}nfO{
lhpFbf] /fVgsf nflu, cfgf] jr{:j agfO{
/fVgsf nflu Tolt g} ;+3if{ klg ug'{kb{5,
o;nfO{ u'?n] dfq hfGb5 .

ltdLn] u'?sf lqmofsnfkxnfO{
a'g ;Sb}gf}, pxfFsf] lrGtgnfO{ a'g
;Ifd 5}gf} . lsgls clxn] ltdL / u'?df
Tolt g} cGt/ 5 hlt Pp6f ;fgf] la?jf /
vdf cGt/ 5 . v x'/L / cfFwLnfO{ klg
;x]/ pleg ;Sb5 t/ la?jf yf]/} xfjfsf]
j]un] klg n8\5, yf]/} dfq 3fd k/] klg
cf]OnfpF5 . v n8\b}g, v cf]OnfpFb}g
klg lsgls To;n] klxn] s}of}F x'/Latf;
b]lv;s]sf] x'G5 . To;}n], d}n] eg]sf]
x'F lzionfO{ u'?sf] gSsn ug'{ h?/t
5}g, lzion] t u'?n] h] eGb5g\ To;nfO{
ug'{ h?/t 5, o;nfO{ >4f elgG5 .
>4fsf ;fy cfkm" n ] cfkm} n fO{
k"0f{kaf6 ;dlk{t ug]{ lqmofsf] klg
efg x'g' cfjZos 5 . ltdL ;f]R5f} ltd|f]
;dk{0faf6 u'?nfO{ dxfgtf k|fKt x'G5 t/
u'?sf] dxfgtf t pgsf] 1fg xf] . cfh
ltdL cfPgf}, sf]xL csf]{ cfpnf, ltdLeGbf
klxn] s'g} cGo lzio lyof], ef]ln s'g} c
lzio cfpnf . u'? t pxL /xG5g\, olb
pgdf u'?Tj 5 eg]====/ pm olb gSsnL
xf] eg], 9f]+uL xf] eg] pm rf/ kfOnf lxF8]/
kfFrf} kfOnfdf n8\v8fpF5 . km]l/ Tof] k"/f
hLjgsf] cy{ xf]

zfgbf/ t/Lsfn] cfgf]
hLjgnfO{ k"0f{tf;Dd k'ofpg]
lqmof . lziosf k"FhL eg]sf]
dfq tLgj6f rLhx x'g\, rf}yf]
rLh olb lzio;Fu x'G5 eg] t
Tof] lzio xf]Og . lzio;Fu rf}yf]
rLh sbflk x'g'x'Gg, pm;Fu
s]jn ;dk{0f x'G5, pm;Fu ;]jf
x'G5, pm;Fu >4f x'G5 . /,
olb >4f 5}g eg] Tof] lzio
aGg of]Uo x'Fb}g . xhf/ jif{;Dd
r/0f ;dfP/ klg Tof] lzio
aGg} ;Sb}g . olb s'g} rLhdf
cf:yf 5Fb}5}g eg], ljZjf;
5Fb}5}g, >4f 5Fb}5}g eg] Tof]
lzio aGg} ;Sb}g .
ef/tjif{df sxLF klg 5ftL km'nfP/ af]Ng

;Sb}g lsgls af]Ngsf nflu cToGt} 7"nf]
lxDdt / xf};nf rflxG5, yfxf 5}g sxfF
s;n] r'gf}lt lbg]5 .
===j]bsf] r'gf}lt lbg ;S5, zf:qsf]
r'gf}lt lbg ;S5, Jofs/0fsf] r'gf}lt lbg
;S5, sxLF klg s'g} klg r'gf}lt ldNg
;Sb5 . /, To;a]nf olb Tof] tn kb{5
eg], olb p;n] hjfkm lbg ;Sb}g eg]
dnfO{ nfUb5 ls u'?sf] ckdfg Tof]eGbf
7"nf] c x'g} ;Sb}g, lzioxsf] ;fd' .
To;}n], lziodf ;dy{tf x'g' cfjZos 5,
lzionfO{ u'?Tj k|flKtsf nflu ;dk{0f x'g'
cfjZos 5=== / ;dk{0f eg]sf] TjbLo+
j:t' uf]ljGb t'Eod]j+ ;dk{o]t\ cyf{t\ d
s]xL klg xf]Og . d}n] egF] ltdL Pp6f
df6f]sf] y'k|f] xf}, g ltdL bLof] xf}, g ltdL
3}F6f] xf} . clxn] t ltdLnfO{ s]xL agfPsf]
g} 5}g . o;}n] agfPsf] 5}g ls ltdLdfly
s'g} k|xf/ ul/Psf] 5}g .
df6f]nfO{ bLof] agfpg klg k|xf/
]Ng' cfjZos 5 . /, ltdLdfly xNsf
k|xf/ ubf{ klg ltdL ltnldnfp5f}, ljrlnt
x'G5f} . dnfO{ nfUb5, olb jf:tjdf
ltdLnfO{ 3}F6f] aGg' 5 eg] u'?n] ltdLdfly
w]/} k|xf/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 . olt k|xf/
ls u'?n] b]vf];\ o; JolQmdf aL; 306f
sfd ug]{ Ifdtf 5 . u'?nfO{ yfxf 5 ls
Ps lbgdf aL; 306f sfd u/]/ kms]{kl5
csf]{ lbg aL; 306f sfd ug{ ;Sb}g, t];|f]
lbg t p;n] ug}{ ;Sb}g=== yfS5===z/L/
t xf] . p;nfO{ yfxf x'G5 /ft / lbgdf
hDdf @$ 306f x'G5, of] klg hfGb5 ls
z/L/sf] Pp6f :6]h 5, ;Ldf 5 Pp6f
z/L/ HofbfeGbf Hofbf aL; 306f sfd
ug{ ;Sb5 5, km]l/ yfs]/ 9Nb5, km]l/ klg
ltdLnfO{ PSsfO; 306f sfd ug]{ cf1f
lbOG5, k'gM t];|f] lbg klg PSsfO; 306f
sfd ug]{ cf1f lbOG5 eg] To;sf] k5fl8
s'g} lrGtg x'G5 . qmdzM
ho u'?b]j
31
-l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|;Fu cfa4 eP/ k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jxsf] s[kf, cg'sDkf:jk

;fws ;flwsfnufot cGo dxfg'efjxn] cfgf hLjgdf kfpg'ePsf ljljw k|sf/ /
k|s[ltsf cg'ejcg'e"ltx o; klqsfdf :yfoL :tDecGtu{t k|sflzt x'Fb} cfO/x]sf
5g\ . l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|;Fu hf]l8Pkl5 oxfFxn] ;fNg] ;f}efUo kfpg'ePsf] v08df tL
cg'ejcg'e"ltxnfO{ klg o; klqsfdf k|sfzgfy{ pknAw u/fpg ;Sg'x'g]5, :jLs[lt
ePdf dfq 5flkg]5 ._
OGwga]u/sf] df]6/;fOsn u'8\of]===

k/dk" H o ;b\ u ' ? b] j x >L >L
dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfy, k/dx+; :jfdL >L
lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fhsf] >Lr/0fsdndf
sf]l6sf]l6 ;fi6f b08jt\ k|0ffd ck{0f ub}{
pxfFxs} s[kfjz k|fKt cg'ej cg'el" tnfO{
oxfF k|:t't ug{ uO/x]sf] 5' .
xfdLn] x/]s If0f s]xL g s]xL cg'ej,
cg'e"lt ul//x]s} x'G5f}F . t/ klg cg'ej
/ cg'e"lt xfdLnfO{ cgf}7f] nfU5 . o;af/]
dnfO{ s:tf] nfUb5 eg], pbfx/0fsf nflu,
ltvf{ nfu]kl5 kfgL lkpg' cg'ej xf] eg]
kfgL lkpFbf ltvf{ d]l6g' cg'e"lt x'g' xf] .
lrof lkpFbf tftf], w]/} tftf] jf lr;f] /
u'lnof], a9L u'lnof], g'lgnf] s:tf] 5, Tof]
lkpg]sf] cg'ej x'g\ / lrof lkpg] OR5f
k"lt{ x'g', lwt d/]/ cfgGbsf] cg'ej,
;Gt'li6sf] cg'ej ug'{ cg'el" t xf] . o;nfO{
o;/L klg eGg ;lsG5 h'g sfo{ x'G5
cyjf 36gf x'G5 Tof] cg'ej xf] eg]
To; 36gfaf6 k|fKt xif{, lj:dft\, ;'v,
b'Mv, kL8f ;a} To; 36gfsf cg'e"lt
x'g\ . t/ u'?s[kfaf6 x'g] c;fdfGoh:tf]
nfUg] 36gfx g} xfd|f cg'ej / cg'e"lt
32
x'g\ / u'? dfu{df cufl8 a9\g yk OGwg,

hf]z, hfFu/, xf};nf / k|]/0ff klg x'g\ .
o:t} k|sf/sf] cg'e"ltnfO{ d oxfF atfpg]
k|of; ub}{5' .
d]/f] gfd s[i0fs'df/ P:dfnL xf] .
d ;nf{xL j/xyjf& lgjf;L x'F / @)%*
;fn j}zfvaf6 l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|;Fu
hf]l8Psf] x'F . d}n] u'?s[kfaf6 kRrL;j6f
;fwgfx ;DkGg ug] { df} s f kfPF .
;fwgfsfn / cGo ;dodf w]/} cg'ej,
cg'e"lt k|fKt eof] . tLdWo oxfF Pp6fsf]
pNn]v ug]{ k|of; ug]{ cf1f rfxG5'' .
@)^) ;fn r}q @! ut] lbgsf]
! ah]b]lv @M#) ah];Ddsf] cjlwdf
36]sf] 36gf xf] of] . cl3Nnf] lbg
gjnk' / af6 j/xyjf -@@ ls=dL=sf]
b"/L_ ;fyLsf] df]6/;fOsn lnP/ cfPsf]
lyPF . kl5 Tof] df]6/;fOsn k'ofpg d
hfFb} lyPF . lxF8\g a]nfdf df]6/;fOsnsf]
6\of+sL vf]n]/ x]/]F . k]6f]n clnslt dfq
lyof] . sl/a %) lsnf]ld6/ cl3Nnf]
lbg u'l8;s]sf] lyof] . klxn] g} l/he{df
lyof] df]6/;fOsn . k'/fgf] xf]08f l;=8L=
sf] t]nsf] Pe/]h klg dnfO{ yfxf lyPg .

ahf/df k'u]/ t]n xfNg] ljrf/n] lxF8]
klg ahf/df t]n gxfnL lxF8]5' . ;Fu} hfg]
csf]{ df]6/;fOsnjfnf ;fyL klg 5'6\of] .
d PSn} df]6/;fOsn lnP/ gx/sf] af6f]
x'Fb} 3'sf}{nL eP/ gjnk'/ hfg lxF8] . t/
!# lsnf]ld6/ u'8]kl5 k]6f]n l;l4of] .
6\of+sL vf]n/] x]/]F k]6f]n yf]kf lyPg .
ofqf c} gf} lsnf]ld6/ afFsL lyof] . df]6/
;fOsnnfO{ cf]N6fOkN6fO u/]F, s]xL ;Lk
nfu]g . cGtdf tftf] 3fddf df]6/;fOsn
8f]ofpg yfn]F . s]xL k/ k'u]kl5 ufpFdf
dlt]n kfOG5 ls eg]/ vf]h]F . s;}n] dfly
rf]sdf kfOG5 eg]kl5 df]6/;fOsnnfO{
ToxLF /fv]/ vf]Hg lxF8] . t/ dlt]n kfpg
;lsg . To;}a]nf Pp6f df]6/;fOsn
cfOk'Uof] . pm;Fu k]6f]n dfuf}F ls gdfuf}F
eGg] ;f]Rbf;f]Rb} pm uof] . ca s'g} pkfo
/x]g . To; cgsG6f/ ufpFdf c s'g}
uf8L, s'g} df]6/;fOsn cfpg] cfzf
klg lyPg . To;kl5 s'?s[kfaf6 k]6f]n
pknAw x'Fbf klg lng g;s]sf] sf/0f
cfkm"n] cfkm}nfO{ ufnL ub}{ tftf] 3fddf
km]l/ df]6/;fOsn 8f]ofP/ lxF8\g yfn]F .

kl;gf r'xfpFb} df]6/;fOsn 8f]ofO/x]sf]
a]nf uf]7fnfxn] x]bf{ / cGo j6'jfx;Fu
e]6 x'Fbf nfhn] e't'Ss x'Gy]F / 3f];]d'G6f]
nfP/ cufl8 a9\b} dgdf ;f]Ry]F kSs}
daf6 s]xL uNtL ePsf] 5 / To;sf] ;hfoF
d}n] kfO/x]sf] 5' . km]l/ cfkm}nfO{ ufnL ub}{
eGy]F a]js'km t}Fn] b'Mv gkfP s;n]
kfpF5 t < u'?s[kfsf] ;]t a'g g;Sg]
tF b'Mv kfpg nfos g} 5;\ . u'?b]jn]
o; ufpFdf klg t]/f] lgldQ df]6/;fOsn
k7fOlbg'eof] k]6f]nsf] nflu . t/ t}Fn]
Tof] a'g ;lsg;\, ca ef]u ;hfoF . clg
;D]F To; lbg zlgaf/ lyof] . zlgb]j
kf] d;Fu l/;fpg' eP/ o:tf] b'Mv kfPsf]

xf] ls eGg] ts{gf dgdf p7\of] . km]l/ csf]{
ts{gf cfof] zlgb]j d;Fu l/;fpg'kg]{
s'g} sf/0f 5}g . l/;fpg' ePs} eP klg
u'?b]j gl/;fpg' eP k'U5 . u'?b]jn] t
dnfO{ s[kf ug'{ePs} xf] . u'?s[kfsf] ;]t
ga']sf] sf/0f kfpg'kg]{ b'Mv kfO/x]sf]
5' . dgdf o:t} ts{gf ub}{ cfkm"n] cfkm}nfO{
ufnL ub}{ lxFFb} lyPF . dgdf csf]{ 8/
knfP/ cfof] . ;8s lgl:sPkl5 sl/a
#$ lsnf]ld6/ ;8s g} ;8s hfg'k5{ .
glhs} t]n xfNg] 7fpF 5}g . t]n gePsf]
df]6/;fOsn 8f]ofP/ hfFbf af6f]df e]6\g],
b]Vg] / lrGg]xn] s] eGnfg\ < t]n gePsf]
df]6/;fOsn eG7fnfg\ . s] ;f]Rnfg\ <
uf8L ot} /fv]/ k]6f]n lsGg hfpF eg] klg
/fVg] 7fpF 5}g . cfh g/fd|f];Fu a]OHht
x'g] eof] . o:t} s'/fx dgdf v]nfpFb}
kl;gf k'5b\ } uf8L 8f]ofP/ lxF8b\ } lyPF . t]n
xfNg la;{g,' ;Fus
} f] df]6/;fOsnjfnf ;fyL
5'6\g', oL s'g} sf/0fn] g} ePsf] x'g'k5{ /
daf6 ePsf uNtL, sdLsdhf]/L / cg]s
sd{bf]ifnfO{ o;/L ;hfoF lbP/ u'?b]jn] sf
ub}{ x'g'x'G5 eGg] dgdf nfUof] . sl/a #
lsnf]ld6/ lxF8L kmF;]sf] lyPF . ysfO{ klg
nfUof] . otfptf x]/]F . zLtn 5xf/L st}
lyPg . ltvf{ nfUof], kfgL 5}g . c} ^
lsnf]ld6/ lxF8\g afFsL lyof] . u'?s[kfn]
6\of+sLdf Pscfwf ln6/ k]6f n] cfof] eg]
dgdf csf]{ ts{gf cfpg yfNof] . km]l/

wt\ a]kms'km r'krfk ;hfoF ef]u eg]/
cfkm}nfO{ ufnL ub}{ cufl8 a9]F . km]l/ dgdf
ts{gf cfof] s]xL u/L df]6/;fOsn :6f6{
eof] eg] lg df]6/;fOsn :6f6{ eof] eg]===
df]6/;fOsn===dgdf nuftf/ tLgrf/k6s
ts{gf cfP . ts{gfs} ;'/df df]6/;fOsndf
r9]F / :6f6{ u/]F . df]6/;fOsn :6f6{ eof] .
cufl8 a9]F, a9\b} uPF . ;fyLsf] clkm; cufl8
uP/ df]6/;fOsn /f]s]F . s]xL If0fdf ;fyL
cfof] / To;sf] s]xL a]/df g} csf]{ dfG5]n]
df]6/;fOsn ;fyL;Fu dfUof] . d}n] ;fyLnfO{
df]6/;fOsndf Psyf]kf klg k]6f]n gePsf]
s'/f atfPF . ;fyLn] d;Fu ;fFrf] lnP/ To;
dflg;nfO{ lbof] . To; dflg;n] ;fyL / d]/}
cufl8 df]6/;fOsn :6f6{ u/]/ r9]/ uof] .
o;/L u'?b]jn] dnfO{ a]OHhlt x'gaf6 /
3fd, kfgL, ltvf{ cflbaf6 arfpg'eof] . wGo
u'?b]j xh"/sf] s[kf xh"/sf] xfdLh:tf
c1fgLxdflysf] bof x] u'?b]j xh"/sf]
s[kf, bof s'g kdf s;/L al;{/x]sf] 5, xfdL
c1fgLxn] To;nfO{ a'g} ;Sb}gf}F . ;fy}, xh"/sf]
s[kfaf6 k|fKt cg'ej, cg'e"lt ;fNg ;Sg]
kfqtf klg xfdLdf 5}g . x] u'?b]j xh"/sf]
s[kf k|fKt ug]{ kfqtf klg xfdLdf cfcf];\,
oxL sfdgf, oxL k|fy{gf ub}{ r/0fsdndf
sf]l6sf]l6 b08jt\ k|0ffd ub{5' .
ho u'?b]j
tkfO{Fs} lk|o /]l8of] sfo{qmd uf]/If lglvn ;Gb]z

sf7df8f}Fdf x/]s ;f]daf/ laxfg &M)) ah]b]lv *M)) ah];Dd .
kf]v/fdf x/]s ;f]daf/ laxfg %M)% ah] .
lrtjgdf x/]s ;f]daf/ laxfg %M)) ah] .
g]kfnu~hdf x/]s ;f]daf/ laxfg %M#) ah] .
e}/xjfdf x/]s laxLaf/ laxfg %M)) ah] .
sf7df8f}
kf]v/f
lrtjg
g]kfnu~h
e}/xjf
/]l8of] l;6L FM
(*=* MHz
df5fk'R5] FM
(! MHz
sflnsf FM
(%=@ MHz
jfu]Zj/L FM
($=^ MHz
kGb]xL FM
!)@ MHz
33
o; :tDecGtu{t k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j 8f=

gf/fo0f bQ >LdfnLHo"n] n]Vg'ePsf x:t/]vf
;DaGwL k':tsaf6 ljleGg /f]rs tYoxnfO{
qmdzM k|sflzt ub}{ nluPsf] 5 . cfzf 5,
o;af6 kf7sju{ nfeflGjt x'g'x'g]5 .
ufF7f
ufF7fx geP cf}Fnf aGb}g . t/ s]xL JolQmxsf xftdf ufF7f cToGt}}
km'n]sf x'G5g\ . jf:tjdf km'n]sf oL efux g} ufF7f x'g\ . oxfF ufF7f]sf] tfTko{ of]
a'g'kb{5 ls k|To]s kj{df :ki6kdf b]lvg] hf]8 g} ufF7f] xf] hf] g/d cf}Fnfdf
g t cg'ej x'G5, g t b]lvG5 g} .
k|To]s cf}Fnfsf tLg efu x'G5g\ h'g b'O{ hf]8xaf6 ag]sf x'G5g\ . oL
b'O{ hf]8 b'O{ ufF7fsf ;"rs x'G5g\ . s]xL dflg;xsf] xftdf b'j} k|sf/sf
ufF7fx :ki6 cg'ej x'G5g\ / s]xL dflg;xsf xftdf Pp6f klg ufF7f] cg'ej
34
g} x'Fb}g .;fdfGokaf6 ufF7f ljrf/, sfo{

tyf k|/] 0ffsf ;"rs x'G5g\ . o;;DaGwL
s]xL tYo lgDgk|sf/ 5g\ M
!= olb rf]/L cf}Fnfdf tnlt/ dfq
ufF7f] 5 eg] o:tf JolQm dGb a'l4sf
x'G5g\ . t/ olb dflysf] ufF7f] cg'ej x'G5
eg] pm cfgf] sfo{df rt'/ Pj+ of]Uo x'G5 .
olb rf]/L cf}Fnfdf b'j} ufF7f b]lvG5g\ eg]
o:tf JolQm cN5L tyf hLjgdf lgl:qmo
alg/xG5g\ . o;sf] ljk/Lt olb rf]/L
cf}Fnfdf Pp6f klg ufF7f] gePdf o:tf
JolQm rt'/, d]wfjL, b"/bzL{ tyf cfgf]
nIodf ;kmntf k|fKt ug]{ x'G5g\ .
@= olb dfL cf}Fnfsf] tnsf] efudf
ufF7f] 5 eg] JolQm cfgf] sfo{df af/Daf/
c;kmn x'G5 . o;sf] ljk/Lt olb s]jn
dfly dfq ufF7f] 5 eg] JolQm b[9lgZroL
x'G5 / c;kmntf ldNbf klg xtfz jf
lg/fz x'Fb}g . olb dfL cf}Fnfdf b'j} ufF7f
b]lvG5g\ eg] of] ;lDg'kb{5 ls To;
JolQmn] Jofkf/df hlt tLa|tfn] k|ult
ub{5 TolQs} tLa|kdf p;sf] ktg klg
x'G5 . olb dfL cf}Fnfdf s'g} ufF7f] 5}g
eg] Tof] JolQm wL/, uDeL/ tyf cToGt
pRr:t/Lo ljfg\ cyjf Jofkf/L x'G5
/ ;of}F dflg;xsf] e/0fkf]if0f ug{df
;dy{ x'G5 .
#= ;flxFnL cf}nF fdf olb tn dfq ufF7f]
5 eg] JolQm wd{sf] dfdnfdf sdhf]/

x'G5 . wfld{s sfo{xdf p;sf] ?lr
sd x'G5 . t/ olb s]jn dflysf] efudf
dfq ufF7f] b]lvG5 eg] t o:tf JolQm
wd{eL? tyf sdhf]/ Xbosf x'G5g\ . olb
;flxFnL cf}Fnfdf b'j} ufF7f k|tLt x'G5g\
eg] o:tf JolQm ;dfhb|f]xL Pj+ wd{b|f]xL
x'G5g\ . p;sf] hLjgdf wd{ jf ;fdflhs
sfo{xsf] s'g} dxj /xFb}g . Tof] JolQm
k"0f{tM :jfyL{ tyf cfg} lxtlrGtgdf
nflu/xG5 . o;sf] ljk/Lt olb ;flxFnL
cf}Fnfdf s'g} ufF7f] x'Fb}g eg] o:tf JolQm
;dfhsf] g]t[Tj ug{df ;Ifd x'G5g\ tyf
;dfhnfO{ logLxsf] b]g :ki6 b]vf kb{5 .
logLxsf] sfo{df Ps lglZrt p2]Zo
x'G5 . oL JolQmx cfgf] :Jffy{sf] ck]Iff
csf] enfOsf] ljz]if Wofg lbG5g\ .
o:tf JolQmn] ;dfhnfO{ ;xL lgb]{zg lbg
;Sb5g\ .
$= olb sfG5L cf}Fnfsf] tn ufF7f]
5 eg] Tof] JolQm cfjZoseGbf w]/}
rnfv Pj+ ;fjwfg x'G5 . sfg'g tf]8\g'
logLxsf nflu afofF xftsf] v]n x'G5
tyf oL ;dfhlj/f]wL sfo{xdf cu|0fL
/xG5g\ . olb sfG5L cf}Fnfsf] dflysf]
efudf g} ufF7f] 5 eg] o:tf JolQm ;dfhsf
nflu ;xfos x'G5g\ tyf pgLxsf]
hLjgsf] clwstd efu ;fdflhs sfo{df
nfUb5 . olb sfG5L cf}Fnfdf b'O{ ufF7f 5g\

eg] lgZro g} Tof] JolQm t6:y eP/ a:g
;Sb}g . o:tf JolQm :jfyL{ x'gfsf ;fy;fy}
unt sfo{xdf klg nfu]sf x'G5g\ .
;dfh;Fu o:tf JolQmn] w]/} cfzfx /fVg'
dgfl;j 5}g . o;sf] ljk/Lt olb sfG5L
cf}Fnfdf s'g} ufF7f] x'Fb}g eg] logLxsf]
ljrf/ z'4 Pj+ kljq x'G5 tyf oL JolQm
cfgf] hLjgdf ;dfhnfO{ s]xL gofF lbg]
;fdYo{ /fVb5g\ . o:tf JolQm g} ;dfhsf
cfe"if0f dflgG5g\ .
%= a"9L cf}Fnfdf s]jn Pp6f dfq
ufF7f] x'G5 lsgeg] o; cf}Fnfdf s]jn b'O{
efu x'G5g\ . olb a"9L cf}nF fdf ufF7f] b]lvG5
eg] o:tf JolQm sdhf]/ Xbosf x'G5g\
tyf cfgf] st{Jok|lt oL nueu pbf;Lg
/xG5g\ . o;sf] ljk/Lt olb a"9L cf}Fnfdf
s'g} ufF7f] cg'ej x'Fb}g eg] o:tf JolQm
b[9lgZroL tyf cfgf] sfo{k|lt c6"6
cf:yf /fVg] x'G5g\ . Psk6s dgdf h'g
lgZro ub{5g\, To; sfo{nfO{ k"/f u/]/
g} 5f]8\5g\ . logLxsf] hLjgdf b[9tf,
k|an OR5fzlQm / sfo{ ug]{xk|lt c6"6
cf:yf x'G5 . o:tf JolQm cfgf] hLjgdf
;kmn eP/ b]z / ;dfhnfO{ gofF g]t[Tj
lbg ;Ifd x'g ;S5g\ .
qmdzM .
ho u'?b]j
cf>ddf pknAw ;]jfx

of]u, Wofg, lxKgf]l6Hd, cflb af/] cWoog, cg';Gwfg Pj+ k/fdz{ ;]jf .
dGq zlQmf/f xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ljljw ;d:ofxsf] ;dfwfg .
kmf]6f] y]/fkLsf] dfWodaf6 c;fWo /f]uxsf] pkrf/ .
dGq tGqsf] dfWodaf6 ;fwgfdf cl3 a9\g rfxg] ;fws ;flwsfxnfO{ ljz]if dfu{lgb]{zg .
k"0f{ k|fdfl0fskdf ljz]if k|lqmoff/f k|f0fk|ltli7t oGq, dfnf, cf;gnufot ;fwgfsf nflu cfjZos
;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|Lxsf] Joj:yf .

k/dk"Ho ;b\u?' b]j >L >L dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfy Pj+ k/dx+; :jfdL lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fhsf] af/]df cWoog
cg';Gwfg Pj+ hfgsf/L rfxg]xsf nflu uf]/If lglvn k':tsfnosf] Joj:yf .
ljleGg lsl;dsf /f]uxsf] pkrf/sf nflu ljz]if tflGqs lxln\sf] Joj:yf .
35
;b/d'sfd l;Gw'nLdf8Laf6 blIf0ftkm{

sl/a * ls=dL=sf] b"/Ldf sdnfdfO{
gu/kflnsf j8f g+= $ l:yt sdnfdfO{
gbL / uf}dtL gbLsf] kljq ;ddf / ag]kf
l;Gw'nLalb{af; ;8s5]p klZrdtkm{
sdnfdfO{ dlGb/ 5 . sdnfdfO{sf] pTklQ
ePsf] :yfg eg] dlGb/b]lv sl/a ^
ls=dL= sf] b"/Ldf klZrdtkm{ sdnfdfO{
gu/kflnsf# df kg]{ 3g3f]/ hn /
ljs6 kxf8sf] aLr efudf kb{5 .
klxn] oxfF s'g} a|fd0f a"9fa"9Lsf]
au}Frf lyof] / oxfFaf6 ufu|Lsf] d'vh:tf]
r]kaf6 kfgL alu/x]sf] lyof] . ;f]] b[Zo
lj=;+= @)!! ;fnb]lv k6sk6ssf]] af9L
klx/f]n] aufP/ x/fPsf] egfO 5 .
kf} / fl0fs ;dodf uf, sdnf,
sfnL / uf}dtL gfdsf b]jL lbbLalxgLx
o;} l;Gw'nLdf8Lsf] af6f] eP/ sfzLtkm{
hfFb} lyP . af6f]sf] 5]pdf s'g} a|fd0f
36
a"9fa"9Lsf] ltnsf] af/L lyof] . uf, sfnL

/ uf}dtLrflxF af6}af6f] / sdnfrflxF af6f]
5f]8L a|fd0fsf] ltnaf/Laf6 lxFl85g\ .
s]xL a]/kl5 ;a} lbbLalxgLxsf] e]6
eof] . sdnfsf] h'Qfdf a|fd0fsf] af/Lsf]
ltnsf] sf];f clNPsf] b]v]/ a|d:j
nfUg] c lbbLalxgLxn] eg]kl5 k'gM
sdnf a|fd0fsf] 3/df uP/ a|d:j
s6fpgsf] nflu gf]sgL{sf] kdf sfd
ug{ yflng\ . Pslbg a|fd0f a"9fa"9L
tLy{j|t ug{ sfzL hfg] ePkl5 3/sf]
/]vb]vsf] lhDdf sdnfnfO{ lbP5g\ .
sdnfn] klg cIftf e]6L kf]sf] kf/L of]
ufhLdf r9fOlbg'xf]nf eg]/ a|fd0f
a"9fa"9LnfO{ lbO5g\ . a|fd0f a"9fa"9L
sfzLdf k'u/] uf :gfg u/L k"hf, j|t
;s]/ 3/tkm{ kmls{P . lxF8\b} hfFbf a|fd0f
a"9fa"9L 3l/3l/ ufd} k'Ug yfn]/ x}/fg
ePkl5 a|fd0fn] ;lDP sdnfn]
k7fPsf] cIftf e]6L . cIftf e]6L ls]/

a|fd0f a"9fa"9Ln] ufdf r9fpg nfUbf
ufdftfn] k|ToIfkdf bz{g lbO{ cIftf
e] 6 L ;dfpg' e of] . a| fd0f a" 9 fa" 9 L
cfZro{rlst eP . x] dftf uf xfdLn]
:gfg u/]/ elQmefj;Fu k"hf, cf/fwgf
ubf{ xh"/sf] bz{g kfOPg, xfd|f] ;]jf ug]{
sdnfn] k7fPsf] cIftf e]6L r9fpFbf
bz{g lbg'eof] egL k|Zg ubf{ ufdftfn]
x] a|fd0f, a|fd0fL, tkfO{Fxn] crDd
dfGg' kb}{g . cIftf e]6L k7fpg] d]/L
alxgL sdnf x'g\ . tkfO{Fxsf] af/Lsf]
ltn s'lNrPsf] x'gfn] a|d:j nfU5 egL
Tof] x6fpgsf] nflu k'gM tkfO{Fxsf]
3/df uP/ ;]jf ug{ nfu]sL x'g\ eg]/
uf cnk x'g'eof] .
To;kl5 a|fd0f a"9fa"9L 3/df
cfpFbf sdnf kFw]/f]af6 kfgL e/]sf] ufu|L
sfvLdf Rofk]/ cfpFb} /lxl5g\ . b]Vg]lalQs}
a|fd0f a"9fa"9Ln] PSsf;L x] sdnf xh"/ b]jL x'g'x'Fbf]/x]5 . xfdLn]

tkfO{FnfO{ gf]sgL{ agfP/ e"n u/]5f}F . xfdLnfO{ Ifdf ul/lbg'xf]nf eg]/
sdnfsf] kfp ;dfpg hfFbf a|fd0f a"9fa"9Ln] kfp ;dfpg gkfpFb} sdnf
ufu|L e'OFdf f/]/ efUg yflng\ . a|fd0fn] d b]jLnfO{ ;dfP/ NofpF5'
eg]/ nv]6\b} hfFbf uf}dtL / sdnf gbLsf] bf]efg kljq wfld{s ;dn]
el/Psf] blIf0ftkm{sf] kx/fsf] 6fk"df cfOk'u]kl5 sdnfn] x] a|fd0f
dnfO{ gk5\ofpg", d tkfO{Fxsf] Ifdfofrgfb]lv k|;Gg ePF . tkfO{Fxsf]
dgn] h] lrtfof] ;f]xL k'Ug]5 eg]/ sdnfdfO{ ;f]xL ;d:yndf lznfkL
9'fdf kl/0ft x'g'eP5 . ;do laTb} uPkl5 a|fd0fa|fd0fL klg ;+;f/nfO{
5f]8L uP5g\ .
sdnfdfO{ lznfkL 9'fdf a:g'ePsf] :yfgdf 9fqm]x lxF8\g] af6f]
/x]5 . 9fqm]xn] Pslbg ef/L la;fP/ vfgf vfg] hdsf]{ u/]5g\ . ;a}
9fqm]xn] cfcfg} k|sf/n] r'Nxf] agfP/ eft ksfpg yfn]5g\ . Pshgf
9fqm]n] tLgj6f 9'fdWo] lznf:jksf] 9'fnfO{ ldnfP/ t;nfdf eft ksfpg
yfn]5 . lgh 9fqm] wfdL sfd klg ubf]{/x]5 . eft pDng yfn]kl5 r'Nxf]sf]
lznfkL 9'f xlNnP/ eft kf]lvP5 . eft kf]lvPsf] f]s
F df 9fqm]n] kmnfdsf]
kGo"Fn] ;f] 9'fnfO{ lxsf{P5 . kGo"sf] wf/n] 9'f sfl6P/ To;af6 /ut aUg
yfNof] . o;kl5 9fqm]sf] cfdf sdnfdfO{ cfP/ eGg'eof] d sdnfdfO{ x'F,
o;k|sf/n] d oxfF a;]sf] x'F, h;n] d]/f] k"hf, cf/fwgf u5{ p;n] lrtfPsf]
k'U5, h;n] sdnf gbLdf cfP/ :gfg jf hn :kz{ u5{ p;sf] kfk gfz
x'G5 . ;a} 9fqm]x cfZro{rlst eP . pgLxn] xtf/xtf/ lznfkL
9'fnfO{ g'xfOlbP / ;kmf kf/]/ Ifdfofrgf / k"hf, cf/fwgf u/] . o;kl5
9fs/ af]s/] pgLx cfcfgf] af6f] nfu] . ;a}sf] 9fs/ u?f] ePsf]n]
pgLx ;a}n] 9fs/df x]/] . cfZro{, 9fs/df ;fdn, vfhfsf nflu /fv]sf]
sf]bf]sf] lk7f]sf] 7fpFdf rfdn el/Psf] b]v/] pgLxsf] dg cToGt} k|;Gg
eof] . x] b]jL xfd|f] OR5f k"/f ul/lbg'eof], xfdL xh"/sf] ;w}F ;Dgf /
k"hf, cf/fwgf ug]{5f}F eg]/ 9fqm]x cfcfgf] 3/lt/ nfu] .
;f]xL lznfkL 9'fnfO{ dgf]sf\Iff k"/f ug]{ b]jLsf] kdf k"Hb} cfPsf]
egfO Psflt/ 5 eg] 9fqm]sf] kGo"n] sf6]sf] rf]6sf] lrgsf] kdf xfn;Dd
klg lznfsf] bflxg]klsf] ufnfdf sf6]sf] wsf]{ b]lvG5 . Pp6f egfOcg';f/
sdnfn] e'OFdf v;fP/ kf]lvPsf] kfgLaf6 gbL lgdf{0f eP/ aUb} cfPsf]
kfgLnfO{ g} sdnf gbL eGg] ul/Psf] xf] . ;f] sdnf gbL uf}dtL gbLdf
ldn]/ blIf0fk"j{tkm{ alu/x]sf] b[Zo cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 .
>L sdnfdfO{sf] d'Vo lz/df 3g3f]/ hn / ljs6 kxf8 /x]sf] 5 .
af3, efn'sf] 8/n]] ;f] 7fpFdf hfg g;Sg] x'Fbf wfld{s cf:yf ePsfxnfO{
;'ljwfsf] nflu >L sdnfdfO{ / uf}dtL gbLsf] bf]efgsf] 6fk"df dlGb/ lgdf{0f
u/L sdnfdfO{sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] egfO 5 .
ho u'?b]j
;+sns M lbnLks'df/ yfkf, l;Gw'nL .
37
bfgsf]
zf:qLo /x:o
tkM k/+ s[to'u] q]tfof+ 1fgd'Rot] .

fk/] o1d]jfx'bf{gd]s+ snf} o'u] .
-dg':d[lt_
;Too'udf tk:of, q]tfdf 1fg, fk/df o1 / slno'udf
bfgnfO{ wd{ dflgPsf] 5 . lxGb' wd{zf:qxdf dfq xf]Og,
;+;f/sf ;a} wd{n] bfgnfO{ ljz]if dxj lbPsf] kfOG5 . bfg
cToGt} zL3| k|efjL x'G5 . o;sf] dfxfTDonfO{ dflg;n] a'g'k5{ .
o;sf] k|efjn] zq'nfO{ klg ldq agfpg ;Sb5 . s]jn dfgj
;d'bfodf dfq xf]Og, ljj]sxLg kz'xdf klg bfg eGg] s'/f
cfgf] ;GtfgeGbf klg Kof/f] x'G5 . 3fF;, k/fn, cGg cflb vfg
kfPkl5 e};F L cflbn] cfgf b"w kf8f]nfO{ lbg'sf] ;f dflg;nfO{ g}
lbO/x]sf x'G5g\ . bfgsf] dxjnO{ hfg]/ xf];\ jf ghfg]/, cfgf]
k|lti7f hf]ufpg xf];\ jf a9fpg afWotfdf, s/sfkdf k/]/ g}
lsg gxf];\, ;a} 7fpFdf ;a}n] w]/} yf]/}, s]xL g s]xL bfg cjZo
u/]sf x'G5g\ . a']/ ug'{ / ga'L nx}nx}df ug'{df kSs} klg
km/s x'G5 . o;sf] jf:tljstfnfO{ a']/ ;xL 9 / k|lqmofaf6
bfg ugf{n] bfg lbg] / lng] b'j}nfO{ kmfObf ldN5 . zf:qn] :ki6
kf/]sf] 5 w]/} bfg ub}{df w]/} kmn / yf]/} bfg ub}{df yf]/} kmn
k|fKt x'g] xf]Og . wgL JolQmxn] w]/} bfg u/]/ h'g kmn k|fKt
ub{5g\, ToxL kmn lgw{g dflg;n] sf}8L hlt jf clnslt dfq}
u/] klg kfpFb5 . bfgsf] kmn cfgf] ;fdYo{cg';f/ x'G5 . ul/a
g} eP klg bfg ug]{ :jefj ePsf] JolQmsf] ;a}n] k|z+;f / ;]jf
ub{5g\ . t/ wgL eOsg klg s~h'; JolQmsf] ;]jf s;}n] ub}}{g .
x]g'{xf];\ g, ;fgf] eP klg vfg]kfgLsf] s'jf / Ogf/;Fu dflg;x
Hofb} v'zL x'G5g\ . t/ ljzfn eP klg To; lsl;dsf] v'zL
;d'b|af6 s;}n] k|fKt ub}{g . 9's'6Lsf] /Iff ug]{ k|x/LnfO{ s;}n]
38
/fhf eGb}g . t/ s'a]/ bfgL :jefjsf ePsfn] g} pgnfO{ /fhf

;Daf]wg ul/of] . olb pgL bfgL gePsf] eP pgnfO{ /fh
zAbn] ;Daf]wg ug'{ Joy}{ 7flgGYof] lsgls s~h';nfO{ s;}n]
klg /fh/fh eGb}gg\ . xfQL hlt;'s} b'Anf] xf];\, pm ;Ddfgsf]
kfq g} dflgG5 t/ hlt;'s} alnof] eP klg s~h'; ePsfn] uwf
;w]}F lgGbgLo dflgPsf] 5 . ul/aLn] hlt;'s} hh{/ agfPsf] eP
klg dflg;n] cj;/ kbf{ / of]Uo kfq kfOPsf] cj:yfdf s]xL
g s]xL bfg oyfzSo cjZo lbg'kb{5 . elgPsf] 5 b]zsfn
cg';f/sf] ;'of]Uo kfqnfO{ h;n] ljj]sk"0f{kdf bfg ub{5, Tof]
bfg cgGtsfn;Ddsf] nflu ;'vbfoL x'G5 . hf] sf]xLnfO{ hxfF
kfof] ToxLF ;a} s'/f ljrf/} gu/L bfg ug'{ x'Fb}g . ;d'b|df jiff{,
c3fPsfnfO{ ef]hg, lbgsf] aQL / wgLnfO{ bfg Joy{ x'g\ .
bofn' dflg;n] b'MvLnfO{ >4fk"j{s bfg ug'{k5{, To;sf] nfe
kfpgnfO{ dfq} xf]Og, O{Zj/sf] s[kf klg bfg ug]{sf] nflu k|z:t
j[l4 x'G5 egL gLlt jfSo /x]sf] 5 . cGg, hn, j:q, e"ld bfg,
a|do1, b]jo1, jlnj}Zo o1 cflb ;a} vfnsf sd{x lvOP/
gi6 xf]nfg\ t/ c;n JolQmnfO{ lbOPsf] bfg jf ;xof]u / s;}nfO{
cfkt\ kbf{sf ;do ;'/Iff lbOPsf] 5 eg] To;sf] k|efj slxNo}
klg gfz x'Fb}g . xftsf] zf]ef ;'gsf] r'/f nufP/ xf]Og, bfg
lbgfn] dfq} a9\b5 . bfgdf jL/ g} jf:tljs jL/ xf], wd{sf] cfwf/
;To / bfg xf] egL dxfg\ gLlt1 rf0fSon] atfpg'ePsf] 5 .
wgnfO{ kfPkl5 csf{sf] sfd rNg] u/L bfg lbg'kb{5 / cfk\gf]
sfd rnfpgsf] nflu vr{ ug'{kb{5 . slxNo} klg To;nfO{ ;fFr]/
/fVg'xbF' g} . dfx'/Ln] ;fFr/] /fv]sf] wg pgLxsf] sfd cfpg gkfO{
csf{n] vf];]/ vfOlbG5g\ . wgn] lxF8\g] u/]sf af6fx tLgyl/
5g\ . klxnf] af6f] bfg jf csf] d2tdf vr{ ug'{, bf];|f] cfgf]
sfdsf] nflu vr{ ug'{ / t];|f] eg]sf] gfz eP/ hfg' xf] . h'g
JolQmn] g csf{sf] d2t ub{5, g cfg} sfddf vr{ ub{5, To:tf
JolQmn] hDdf kf/]sf] wg t];|f] cyf{t\ ljgfzsf] af6f] cfkm} vf]h]/
hfG5 . o:tf s'/fxnfO{ dgg ub}{ ljj]sxLg dflg;n] dfx'/Ln]
}F wg hDdf kf/]/ /fVgsf] nflu wg sdfpg' x'Fb}g lsgeg]
hDdf u/]/ /fVgsf] nflu sdfOPsf] wg kl5sf nflu b'MvbfoL
x'g ;S5 . bfghlt ultnf] wgsf] vhfgf csf]{ s'g} x'Fb}g, nf]e
hqf] 7"nf] zq' ;+;f/df csf]{ s'g} x'Fb}g / ;Gtf]ifh:tf] csf]{ 7"nf]
wg klg x'Fb}g . bfgn] g} bl/b|tf gfz ub{5 .
wg / bfg lbg] OR5f dflg;sf] ;fgf]ltgf] tk:ofn] ldNb}g .
dg':d[ltdf atfOPsf] 5 j]bljlwk"j{s ufO{ bfg ubf{ h'g k'0o
ldNb5, u[x:yn] leIffsf] bfg ubf{ ToxL k'0o k|fKt ub{5 . t/
;'vf afn'jfdf 5/]sf] aLpmaf6 s'g} lsl;dsf] kmn kfpg g;s]}F
d"v{ -s'kfq_ nfO{ bfg ul/Psf] b]jfGgaf6 klg bfg ug]{nfO{ kmn
ldNb}g cyf{t\ d"v{ tyf ;f]rljrf/ gu/L hf] sf]xLnfO{ lbOPsf]
bfg s'kfqdf kbf{ To;sf] kmn kfOFb}g . zf:qsf] ljwfgljk/Lt
/fhfsf] bfg lng] nf]eLn] qmd};Fu PSsfO;j6f g/sdf kg'{kb{5 .

bfg ug{ ;Sg] ePkl5 bfg lng] OR5fnfO{ af/Daf/ TofUg'kb{5
lsgeg] bfg lngfn] a|dt]h 36\b5 . Hofb} ef]sKof; nfu]sf]
eP klg bfgsf] wfld{s dxj yfxf gkfOsg a'l4dfg a|fd0fn]
bfg lng'x'Fb}g . d"v{ a|fd0fn] clnslt bfg lng klg 8/fpg'k5{
lsgeg] To; bfgn] bnbndf efl;Psf] ufO{ }F g/sdf 8'afP/
b'Mv lbG5 .
g jfo{lk k|oR5]Q' a}8fnj{lts] lh]
g as j|lts] ljk|] gfj]bljlb wd{ljt\ .
-dg':d[lt_
wd{sf] dd{ hfGg] JolQmn] j]b gk9]sf, la/fnf]h:tf /
as'Nnf]h:tf a|fd0fnfO{ kfgL klg bfg ug'{x'Fb}g . ;Hhg JolQmn]
j]b gk9]sf eGgfn] j]bfg'sn" cfr/0f gug],{ gfl:ts, j]b, k/a|d
k/dfTdfk|lt d'd'If'tf gePsf] egL a'g'k5{ . la/fnf]h:tf] eg]sf]
csf{sf] wg vfgsf] nflu b]vfj6L wd{ ug]{ sk6, 7u, csf{sf]
lgGbf ug]{, lx+;fdf nfUg]] egL a'g'k5{ . o:t} :jfy{ l;4 ug]{
bfpdf /x]sf], 5n sk6sf] Jojxf/ ug]{, b]vfj6L gd|tf ePsf]
as'Nnf]h:tf] as'Nnf] ;fw' jf jsjfbL xf] .
s;}n] s]xL dfu]df h] ;lsG5 Tof] >4fk"j{s lbg'k5{ lsgeg]
bfgL k'?if;Fu klg ;f/f kfkaf6 d'lQm lbnfpg] O{Zj/ klg cltly
ag]/ dfUg cfpg'ePsf] x'g ;S5 . ltvf{PsfnfO{ kfgL lbgfn]
t[lKt, ef]sfPsfnfO{ ef]hg lbgfn] cIfo ;'v, ltnsf] bfg ug]{nfO{
OlR5t ;Gtfg / aQLsf] bfg ug]{nfO{ cfFvf k|fKt x'G5 . hldg
bfg ug]{n] w]/} e"ld, ;'gsf] bfg ug]{n] nfdf] cfo', 3/sf] bfg ug]{n]
c;n 3/ / rfFbLsf] bfg ug]{n] /fd|f] k kfpF5 . j:qsf] bfg
ug]{n] rGb|nf]s, 3f]8fsf] bfg ug]{n] clZjgL s'df/nf]s, jx/sf]
bfg ug]{n] wg;DklQ / ufO{sf] bfg ug]{n] ;"o{nf]s kfpF5 .
;jf/L;fwg / kn bfg ug]{n] /fd|L :qL, 8/fPsf a]nf d2t
ug]{n] P]Zjo{, cGgsf] bfg ug]{n] :yfO{ zflGt / j]bsf] lzIff bfg
ug]{n] a|dnf]ssf] ult cyf{t\ df]If k|fKt ub{5 . hn, cGg, ufO{,
k[YjL, j:q, ;'g / l3p oL ;a} s'/fxsf] t'ngfdf a|d1fg
bfgnfO{ ljlzi6 dflgG5 egL dg':d[ltdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
o:t}u/L, h:tf] efjgfn] h'g j:t' h;n] bfg ub{5, csf]{ hGddf
To;n] To:t} efjgf cg';f/sf tL j:t'x ;Ddfgk"j{s kfpF5 .
t/ h;/L 9'fsf] gf}sfdf r9\bf gf}sf / r9\g] b'j} 8'A5g\,
p;}u/L bfg lbg] / lng]dWo] hf] d"v{ eP klg b'j} 8'A5g\ . bftfn]
cfb/k"j{s bfg lbG5 / u|x0f ug]{n] klg p:t} cfb/sf ;fy lnG5
eg] tL b'j} :ju{nf]s hfG5g\ . t/ o;sf] ljk/Lt cfb/ ePg eg]
bfg lbg] jf lng] g/sdf kb{5g\ egL atfOPsf] 5 .
cfhef]ln bfgsf] lgs} k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/
dg'n] bfg lbPkl5 To;sf] rrf{ ug'{x'Fb}g eGg'ePsf] 5 lsgls
k|rf/ ugf{n] bfgsf] dlxdf IfL0f x'G5 . t;y{, uf]Kokn] bfg
ug'{ g} >]ois/ x'G5 . hlt To;sf] rrf{ kl/rrf{ ul/G5 Tolt g}
kmndf klg x|f; x'Fb} hfG5 eGg] o;sf] cfzo xf] . k/dfy{ lxtsf
nflu, dftflktf cflb u'?hg Pj+ ;]jsxsf] kfngkf]if0fsf nflu,
b]jtf, lkt[ / cltly ;]jfsf nflu hf];s
' ;} uF klg bfg lng'k5{ . t/
To;n] cfgf] :jfy{ u'hf/f ug'{ x'bF g} . Ifdfn] ljfg\, bfgn] sd{xLg
z'4 x'G5 . kfqsf] ljz]iftf / >4fsf] tf/tDoaf6 bfgsf] kmn
k/nf]sdf w]/} jf yf]/} ldNb5 eGg] k|; dg':d[ltdf kfOG5 .
o;k|sf/n] bfgsf] kfqtf, kmn, k|lqmof cflb ljifo
;DaGwdf cg]s g}lts pkb]zx zf:qxdf atfOPsf 5g\ .
cfhef]ln ul/g] wfld{s o1flb s[Tox cyjf cGo ;fdflhs
sfo{xdf bfg;DaGwL zf:qLo wf/0ffnfO{ dfGotf glbOPsf]
h:tf] efg x'G5 . ;xL s'/fnfO{ ;xL / unt s'/fnfO{ unt egL
7Dofpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . k"j{h Clifd'lg ljfg\xn]
lbg'ePsf gLlt;"qxdf s]xL g s]xL /x:ox n's]sf cjZo
x'G5g\ . ltgnfO{ vf]h, cg';Gwfg u/L cfhsf] kl/j]z, ;dofg'sn"
k|ltkflbt u/L Pp6f ;To dfu{df ;dfhnfO{ 8f]ofpg' ;DalGwt
kIfsf] st{Jo xf] / of] g} jf:tljs wd{ xf] .
bLks k/fh'nL
kf]v/f
39
ljBfyL{ k9fOdf pTs[i6 x'g], sd{rf/L sfo{df bIf x'g], snfsf/ snfsfl/tfdf
kf]Vt x'g], /f]uL rfF8f] lgsf] x'g], lg/f]uL :j:y /lx/xg] k|an OR5f / rfxgf ;a}df
eO/x]sf] x'G5 . o;sf nflu ;a}n] ljljw k|of; / k|oTg ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . h:t}, s;}n]
of]u u/]/, s;}n] eujfg\sf] k"hf u/]/, 8fS6/sf] ;Nnfx lnP/, cfo'j]{lbs cf}iflwx
;]jg u/]/ cflb . o;} s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ o; c+sdf xfd|f] dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s
kIfnfO{ ;an agfpgsf] nflu cfo'j]{bdf plNnlvt /;fog lrlsT;fsf] af/]df s]xL
hfgsf/L lbg uO/x]sf 5f}F . cfzf 5, kf7sju{n] o;af6 clwsflws nfe lng] k|of;
ug'{x'g]5 .
cfo'j]{bdf /;fog lrlsT;f M
cfo'j]{bdf cf}iflwnfO{ b'O{ ju{df afFl8Psf] 5 Psyl/ cf}iflwn] :j:y dflg;sf]
:jf:Yosf] ;+jw{g u5{g\ / z/L/nfO{ kl5;Dd alnof] / lg/f]uL agfO/fV5g\, /f]ux
nfUg lbFbg} g\ . csf]y{ l/ cf}iflw /f]u nfu]sf] cj:yfdf k|of]u x'G5 / ltgLxn] /f]uxsf]
lgjf/0f u5{g\ . /;fog / afhLs/0f cf}iflwx klxnf] ju{df cfpF5g\ . oL b'j}n] z/L/df
wft'xnfO{ a9fpF5g\ / :j:y JolQmsf] :jf:Yo /fd|f] /fVg d2t ub{5g\ .
/;fog
h;af6 dflg;sf] cfo' a9\5, j[4fj:yf rfF8} cfpg kfpFb}g / cfP/ klg z/L/
lzlyn kfg{ ;Sb}g, To; lrlsT;f ljlwnfO{ /;fog lrlsT;f elgG5 . o;af6 dflg;nfO{
pQd :jf:Yo, dfgl;s of]Uotf ldNb5 . ;fy} /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds zlQm tyf :d/0f
zlQmsf] klg j[l4 x'G5 . dWod cfo' cyf{t\ k|f}9 cj:yfsf /f]uLxsf nflu of] lrlsT;f
lgs} pkof]uL x'G5 / o;sf] plrt ;dodf /fd|/L k|of]u ugf{n] z/L/sf wft'x IfL0f
x'g] k|lqmof /f]lsG5 . j[4 cj:yfaf6 hL0f{ z/L/ /;fogsf] k|of]uaf6 of}jg cj:yfdf
ablnPsf] pbfx/0fsf] kdf xfdL Rojg ClifnfO{ lng ;S5f}F .
/;fogsf] d"n cy{ /;/Qm cflb wft'xsf] clwstd kf]if0f ug]{ dfWod xf]
cyf{t\ /;cog/;fog . nfef]kfof] lx z:tfgf+ /;fbLgf+ /;fogd\ . o;af6 of] :ki6
x'G5 /;fog cfo'j]{bsf] Tof] c xf] h;n] dfgj z/L/sf d"n tGt'x h:t} wft',
clUg, ;|f]t cflbsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ u/]/ j[4fj:yf cfpg lbFb}g, zf/Ll/s an sfod
/fVb5 .
/;fog lrlsT;f /f]uLnfO{ Jojl:yt :jf:Yo s]Gb|df egf{ u/]/ jf afo /f]uL
ljefu (O.P.D.) df plrt lgb]{zg lbP/ ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ klxnf] ljlw pQd x'G5 .
/;fog lrlsT;faf6 pQd kl/0ffd kfpg /;fog cf}iflwxsf] k|of]u ug'{eGbf klxn]
zf]wg lrlsT;fsf] kdf k~rsd{sf] k|of]u cfjZos x'G5 .
/;fognfO{ d'Vo rf/ ju{df afFl8Psf] 5
!= sfDo /;fog @= g}ldlQs /;fog #= d]Wo /;fog / $= cfrf/ /;fog .
!= sfDo /;fog
h'g cf}iflwxn] :j:y JolQmsf] sfdgfcg';f/ :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ NofpF5g\ / an
40
klg a9fpF5g\ ltgLxnfO{ sfDo /;fog

elgG5 . o;cGtu{t of}jg cj:yf kl5;Dd
sfod /fVg k|of]u ul/g] joM:yfkg
cf}iflwx, bL3f{o' k|fKt ug{ k|of]u ul/g]
k|f0fsfDo -cfo'io_ b|Jox, ;f}Gbo{ a9fpg
pkof]uL >LsfDo b|Jox kb{5g\ . o;
ju{df cfdns, xl/tsL -x/f]_{ cflb b|Jo /
Rojgk|fz cflb of]ux k|of]u x'G5g\ .
@= g}ldlQs /;fog
ljleGg /f]u nfu]/ sdhf]/ ePsf
/f]uLxsf] an a9fpg / ;fy} ;DalGwt
/f]u lgsf] kfg{ k|of]u ul/g] cf}iflwxnfO{
g}ldlQs /;fog elgG5 . o:tf cf}iflwxnfO{
ljlzi6 /f]usf] lrlsT;f Joj:yfsf] k"/ssf
kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 h;af6 /f]uLnfO{
rfF8} g} :jf:Yonfe x'G5 . h:t}M Ifo/f]udf
gfuanf, :j0f{ of]uxsf] k|of]u, cz{
(Piles) /f]udf eNnfts /;fogsf] k|of]u,
jft/Qm (Gout) /f]udf u'8'rLsf] k|of]u,
k|d]x /f]udf lznflhtsf]

k| o f] u o;sf] pbfx/0f
dfGg ;lsG5 .
#= d]Wo /;fog
h'g cf}iflwxn]
ljz]ifkdf dfgl;s
Ifdtf cyf{t\ :d/0f
zlQm a9fpg] sfd
u5{g\ ltgLxnfO{
d]Wo /;fog elgG5 .
z\vk'ikL, a|fdL,
jrf, oi6Ldw' cflb
hl8a'6Lx o;
ju{df kb{5g\ . x'g t
;a} /;fog cf}iflwxn]
z/L/df /fd|f] k|efjsf
;fy} dfgl;s Ifdtfdf
klg ;'wf/ u5{g\ . t/ d]Wo
/;fogsf] ljz]if dxj dfgl;s
Ifdtfsf] clej4{gdf /xG5 . :d/0f
zlQm a9fpg] x'gfn] o;k|sf/sf /;fogx
ljBfyL{ ju{sf nflu c a9L pkof]uL
b]lvG5 .
$= cfrf/ /;fog
JolQmsf] rl/q, c;n lsl;dsf],
vfgkfg, af]nLjrg ug]{ afgL, dfgl;s
k|;Ggtf Pj+ efjgfxsf] lgoGq0f cflb
Jojxf/nfO{ cfrf/ /;fog elgG5 .
o;cGtu{t ;To af]Ng', ;Gt'lntkdf lxF8g\ ,'
Ct'cg';f/ plrt cfxf/ljxf/ ug'{, bfg
lbg', lxF;f, qmf]w cflb 5f]8\g', dBsf]
;]jg gug'{, cnfO{ si6 x'g] sfd gug'{
cflb s'/fx kb{5g\ . cfrf/ /;fogsf]
kfngfsf ;fy} c /;fogsf] ;]jg ubf{
pQm /;fogxaf6 k"0f{ / lglZrt nfe
x'G5 . cfrf/ /;fogsf] kfnglagf cGo
/;fogsf] k|of]u / ;]jgaf6 :yfoL nfe
x'Fb}g .
/;fogsf] kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]
s]xL cf}iflwx
!= h]7Ldw'sf] r"0f{ !@ u|fd, b"w !@@%
ld=nL=sf ;fy laxfga]n'sf ;]jg
ug]{ .
@= u'hf]{sf] /; %!% ld=nL= dfqfdf
lbgsf] @ k6s ;]jg ug]{ .
#= cZjuGwfsf] r"0f{ !# u|fd vfO{ b"w
!))@%) ld=nL= lkpg] .
$= lkKnfsf] r"0f{ ! u|fd dx;Fu vfPkl5
b"w lkpg] .
%= lqkmnf r"0f{ #^ u|fd, dx $^
u|fd;Fu cyjf !))@%) ld=nL=
b"w;Fu lbgsf] @ k6s ;]jg ug]{ .
^= cfdnsL /;fog !# u|fd b"w;Fu lbgsf]
@ k6s ;]jg ug]{ . of] cf}iflw cfdfzo
cyjf kSjfzosf] j|0f -cN;/_ /f]udf
ljz]ifkdf pkof]uL x'G5 .
&= ce|s e:d ^)!@) ld=u|f=dfqfdf
dx;Fu ;]jg u/]kl5 !))@%)
ld=nL= b"w lkpg] .
*= ds/Wjh #)^) ld=u|f=dx;Fu lbgsf]
tLgk6s ;]jg ug]{ .
(= k"0f{rGb| /; ^)!@) ld=u|f= dx;Fu
vfO{ !))@%) ld=nL= b"w lkpg] .
!)= Rojgk|fz cjn]x !@@$ u|fd lbgsf]
@ k6s vfO{ !))@%) ld=nL b"w
lkpg] .
!!= a|fdL3[t !@@$ u|fd !)) b]lv
@%) ld=nL b"w;Fu lbgsf] @ k6s
;]jg ug]{ .
8f= wlgsnfn e/v]/
SofDk; k|d'v, cfo'j]{b SofDk;, lq=lj=,
lrlsT;fzf:q cWoog ;+:yfg, sLlt{k/'
k|frLg u"9 ljBfxsf]

k|fdfl0fs k|of]u /
ljz]if hfgsf/L k|fKt
ug{ ;lsg] ljZjsf] Ps
dfq klqsf
d+qt+qo+q lj1fg
vf]hL vf]hL k9f} .
41
cl3Nnf] caf6 qmdzM

cfTdLo kf7sj[Gb,
w]/} kf7sxsf] ljz]if
cg'/f]wdf xfdLn] 8fo/L
:tDenfO{ k'gM k|sflzt
u/]sf 5f}F . sf]/f
;}4flGts JofVofeGbf
k|of]ufTdskdf
Pshgf ;fwsn] ef]u]sf
cg'ejxnfO{ oxfF
h:tfsf] t:t} ptfl/Psf]
5 . o;sf] df}lnstfnfO{
sfod /fVb} ;fwssf]
JolQmut k[i7e"ld
Pj+ kl/ronfO{ eGbf
/f]rs Pj+ cfjZos
k|;xnfO{ dfq o;df
;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
o;sf afFsL c+zxnfO{
wf/fjflxskdf qmdzM
k|:t't ub}{ nlug]5 .
42
===hfFbfhfFbf o:tf] /dfOnf] f/ cfof]

ls ljleGg k| s f/sf /+ u Lg b[ i oxn]
;lhPsf] f/ lyof] Tof] . /ftf, xl/of,
kx]Fnf, gLnfnufot s}of}F /d0fLo /+uaf6
;lhPsf lyP . ;fy}, b[iox cbnabn
eO/xGy] . tL /+ux, h;sf] j0f{g ug{ d
o; sndaf6 c;dy{ 5' / tL /+uxsf]
gfd lbgsf] nflu klg c;dy{ 5', d;Fu
zAbsf]if g} 5}g . t/ klg To:tf k|sf/sf
/+usf] JofVof eg] zAbn] EofP;Dd d
ug]{5' . k|To]s hLj, hLjfTdfdf o;/L g}
cnucnu vfnsf /+u el/g] /x]5g\ .
;f]xLcg';f/ pQm hLjgsf] k|s[lt aGbf]/x]5,
zlQmn] el/Fbf]/x]5 . ToxfF k'Ug] hlt k|sf/sf
gfugflug 5g\, ltgLx ToxL /+uxaf6
k|efljt /x]5g\, cfgf] /+u abNbf /x]5g\ /
ToxL /+uaf6 k[YjLt6df ljr/0f ubf{/x]5g\ .
ToxL sf/0fn] g} xfdLn] lgofn]/ x]of}F eg]
yl/yl/sf /+usf ;k{x b]Vg ;Sb5fF} . ToxL
/+usf] cfwf/df s]xL a9L ljiffn'sf] dfqf
a9\of] Tolt g} dfqfdf ;+hLjgL zlQmo'[Qm
;k{ -gfu_ klg x'g] /x]5g\ . k[YjLt6df
s'g} ;k{n] 8;]sf] -6f]s]sf]_ JolQmnfO{ s'g}
;fw', ;Gtn] arfPsf] va/ klg kfOG5 .

ToxL ;+hLjgLo'Qm gfugflugsf] d2taf6
arfpg] /x]5g\ . Tof] zlQm k|fKt ug{sf] nflu
sl7g tyf nfdf] tk:of ug}{kg]{ x'Fbf]/x]5 .
o;k|sf/n] x]bf{ v/fa zlQm / /fd|f]
zlQm Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s h:tf b]lvFbf
/x]5g\ . pQm f/af6 leq k|j]z u/]/ hfg]
qmddf h;nfO{ h'g /+u k/]sf] 5, ToxL
k|s[ltsf] aGbf]/x]5 / To;kl5sf ;d:t
36gfqmd, tk:of ToxL /+u;Fu ldNbfh'Nbf
x'Fbf/x]5g\ . To;}n] leq k:g'eGbf cufl8
sf]xL yfxf gkfOsg k|jz
] ubf{ v/fa /+usf]
cyf{t\ OR5fa]u/sf] /+u kbf]{/x]5 . oL ;a}
s'/fx d}n] ltgL -gflug_ af6 a'g] df}sf
kfPF . cgfjZos hf]lvd x'gaf6 arfj6
ePsf] kfPF . slxn]sfxLF t o:tf] nfU5
tL gflugsf] e]ifdf cfPsL cToGt pRr
w/f]x/sL tk:jL ;flwsf x'g\ t/ klg d}n]
ltgsf] af/]df cGo s]xL s'/f klg ;f]Wg
;ls/x]sf] 5}g . h:tf] ljifodf klg ;xh
/ ;/n kf/fn] clg clt /x:odoL s'/fx
ltgnfO{ yfxf ePsf] kfpFbf d crlDdt
lyPF . To;}n] dnfO{ cln 8/ nfUbYof] .
hlthlt d 8/sf] efjdf x'Gy]F, ltgL Tolt
glhssf] efjdf dtkm{ 'lDdlGyg\ . hlt

hlt d glhssf] efjdf hfGy],F ltgL cToGt
/x:odoL / cfFsng ug{ g;Sg] :jkdf
/xlGyg\ . xfd|f] nflu pko'Qm /+u s'g xf]
eGg] af/] dnfO{ s]xL yfxf lyPg . ;fy},
ltgn] -gflugn]_ h] eGb} lyOg\, h] OR5f ub}{
lyOg\ dnfO{ ToxL dgkb{Yof] . o; cy{af6
eGg'kbf{, JofVof ug'{kbf{ ltgsf] -gflug_
OR5f g} d]/f] OR5f x'GYof] / d]/f] OR5f g}
ltgsf] OR5f x'GYof] . z/L/df xfdL b'O{ t
lyof}F t/ p2]Zo, nIo, OR5f, cfsf+Iff Pp6}
lyof] . zfob o;}nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ Psaf6
cg]s / cg]saf6 Ps -Psf]x+ ax':ofd\_
elgPsf] xf]nf . xfd|f] jf:tljs /+usf] kfnf]
gcfpGh]n;Dd xfdL w}o{ u/]/ klv{/x\of}F,
klv{/x\of}F . Pp6f crDdsf] ldl>t /+u
b]vfk/\of] . 7\ofSs} kx]Fnf] klg xf]Og,
/ftf] klg xf]Og, ;]tf] klg xf]Og . nueu
To;k|sf/sf] /+usf] dfWodaf6 ;ftj6f
/+udf k|j]z ug{ ;lsFbf]/x]5 / tL ;ftj6f
/+ u nfO{ cnucnu kf/] / Pscsf{ d f
;dfof]hg u/fpFbf $( vfnsf /+usf]
lgdf{ 0 f eO{ ToxLcg' ; f/ /+ u z/L/sf]
dfWodaf6 pRrsf]l6sf] zlQm k|fKt ug{
d2t k'Ubf]/x]5 . ;fy} clnslt tfnd]n
gldn]sf] v08df eo+s/ b'ikl/0ffdsf]
rk]6fdf klg kg{;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]5 .
t}klg xfdL -gfugflug_ n] ToxL /+uaf6
k|j]z ug]{ lgwf] u/\of}F .
dnfO{ olt ljZjf; eO;s]sf] lyof] ls
h] ;+s6 cfP klg ltgn] ;dfwfg ul5{g\ .
oxL efjn] d}n] t ;f]Rg} 5f]l8;s]sf] lyPF .
t/ klg a]nfa]nfdf ljljw s'/fsf af/]df
d]/f] dt lng] / ;'Gg] clg 7Ls, a]7Ls
5'6\ofpg] sfdnfO{ eg] ltgn] lg/Gt/tf
lbO/x]sL lyOg\ . ha xfdL pQm f/af6
k|j]z u/\of}F, xfd|f] z/L/ :jtM g} ToxL
/+udf kl/0ft eof] . To; f/af6 leq
k'u]kl5 ljzfn -lj/f6\_ ;+;f/ b]vf k/\of] .
ToxfF htf x]/] klg ;k}{;k{ -gfu}gfu_ lyP .
ljleGg /+udf /x]sf tL gfugflugxsf]
;+;f/ b]Vbfdf gfugflug t/ jf:tljstf
cs}{ lyof] . ljljw vfnsf hnljBf k|fKt
s'
hfu/0fljz]ljz]
s'08lngL
8lngL hfu/0f
if if
ug{ gfugflugsf] e]ifdf cfPsf tL ;a}

sf]xL b]jx lyP xf]nfg\, sf]xL b]jLx
lyP xf]nfg, sf]xL dg'iox lyP xf]nfg\
;fy} cGo pRrsf]l6sf ;Dk|bfoaf6 klg
cfPsf xf]nfg\ .
oL ;d:t k|sf/sf JofVof d ul//xg
c;dy{ ePsf]n] o; s'/fnfO{ oxLF g} /fvf}F .
ha tL /+uLg gfu gflugsf] ;+;f/ b]vf
k/\of], :jtM g} Tof] /+uLg ;+;f/ rNanfpg
yfn]sf] h:tf] efg x'g yfNof] . x]bf{x]b}{
cnucnu /+usf efuefu x'g yfn] .
km/skm/s /+usf km/skm/s efu eP .
xfdL klg cfg} /+usf] efudf ;dfj]z x'g
k'Uof}F . To;kl5 cfg} :jksf] cfg} /+usf]
k|sl[ tdf cfwfl/t /xL Wofg:y x'g] k|lqmofdf
cufl8 a9\of}F .
jf:tjdf h] k|flKt ul/G5, aflx/af6
xf]Og /x]5, cfkm} leqaf6 aflx/sf] klg
k|fKt ug{ ;lsFbf]/x]5 . aflx/af6 aflx/sf]
k|flKt ug{ ;lsFbf] /x]g5 . h;/L C0ffTds /
wgfTdssf] ;dfof]hgaf6 gofF j:t' jf zlQm
;[hgf ug{, u/fpg ;lsG5, To;/L g} afx\o
;+;f/ / cfGtl/s ;+;f/sf] ;dfof]hgaf6
ljljw k|lqmof Pj+ 1fg, zlQmsf] ;[hgf
ug{ ;lsFbf]/x]5 eGg] s'/f d}n] o; r/0fdf
cfP/ /fd|/L a'g] df}sf kfPF . cfgf] k|s[lt
a'g g;Sg', cfgf] :jksf] klxrfg ug{
g;Sg' g} c1fgtf /x]5 . hxfF o; tj
/lx/xG5 ToxfF u'?Tj -1fg_ sf] cefj eOg}
/xFbf]/x]5, cfTdz/L/ 56\kl6O{ /xFbf]/x]5,
dgz/L/ e6\lsO{ /xFbf]/x]5 eg] ef}lts
z/L/ lhpFbf] nf;;dfg aGbf]/x]5 . hf] o;
r/0f -:jk|s[lt_ df ;wF} /xg ;S5, pm
;b}j u'? -1fg_ sf] glhs x'g]/x]5 . pm
hxfF /x] klg cfglGbt x'bF f]/x]5, cnfO{ klg
cfglGbt kfg]{ /x]5 . o:tf k|sf/sf JofVof
hlt klg cfpFbf /x]5g\, cv08kdf,
t/ ha cfgf] k|s[lt lal;{OG5 t'?Gt g}
pQm 1fgu+uf vl08t x'g k'Ug]/x]5 . xfdL
Wofgdf 8'Ag yfNof}F . Wofgsf] ulx/fOdf
hfg yfn]kl5 s]jn cfgf] :jksf] dfq
ofb x'g] /x]5 cyf{t\ s]jn cfTdaf]w x'g]
/x]5 . cfTdz/L/sf] cgGt ofqfdf p2]Zo

k"/f ug{sf] nflu cnucnu ;dodf cfgf]
nIo k|flKtsf] ;xof]uLsf] nflu ljleGg z/L/
wf/0f ug]{ /x]5 . slxn] dg'io z/L/, slxn]
b]j z/L/, b]jL z/L/, kz'k+IfL tyf cGo
k|sf/sf sltslt o;sf] JofVof u/]/
;fWo 5}g . Pp6f xfQLsf] z/L/ 7"nf] xf]nf,
sldnfsf] z/L/ ;fgf] xf]nf, t/ xfQLleq
/x]sf] cfTdf / sldnfleq /x]sf] cfTdfdf
s'g} e]b 5}g . o; r/0faf6 dnfO{ ;d:t
hLj, hLjfTdf ;[li6 Ps} x'g\ t/ s;/L
e]b lg:sg] /x]5 eGg] s'/f 5n{+u a'g]
df}sf kfPF . d Pp6f z/L/df xF'bf z/L/sf]
ljifout df]xn] l;l4sf] zlQmsf] sfdgf
-OR5f_ x'g] /x]5 . hxfF To; k|sf/sf]
cf;lQm /xG5 ToxfF 3d08 / cx+sf/ klg
x'g/] x]5 . hxfF 3d08 / cx+sf/ x'G5 ToxfF
u'?Tj gx'g] /x]5 . hxfF u'?Tj xF'b}g ToxfF
l;l4 / zlQm gx'g] /x]5 .
o; :jkdf /xL tk:ofdf nLg
xF'bf cfg} z/L/sf] klg df]x gx'g] /x]5 .
kl/jf/, ;dfh cflb t If0fe/df ;[li6
x'g], kfng x'g] / gfz x'g] x'g\, s'g rflxF
;[li6nfO{ df]x ug]{, s'gnfO{ gug]{ 5'6\ofpg
ufx|f] kbf]{/x]5 . ;fob o;} r/0f nlDaPdf
;dflwsf] ;+1f lbg] xf]nfg\ . Pp6} cj:yfaf6
km/skm/s sfnv08sf] 1fg xfl;n ug{
;Sg] cj:yf /x]5, of] -:jk|s[lt_ Wofg:y
x'g] qmddf d}n] t cfg} z/L/sf kx
b'O{j6f, tLgj6f xf]Og, xhf/fF} r/0f kf/
u/]/ of] r/0fdf cfP/ dfq af]w ePsf]
eGg] cfef; x'g yfNof] . Pp6} dg'io b]xdf
km/skm/s ljrf/x lsg ;[hgf x'g]
/x]5g\ eGg] s'/f klg a'g] df}sf kfPF . oxL
cfTd:jksf] km]l/O/xg] snfsf] cfwf/df
l;l4 / zlQmsf] klg cfjZostf kg]{ /x]5
/ To; zlQm ;dfj]z ug{ tk:ofsf] h?/t
kg]{ /x]5 . ha d 1fgu+ufdf ==== qmdzM
43
cf>d ultljlw
dfl;s xjg sfo{qmd
ut df3 & ut]] ;f]daf/ kz'klt

d[u:ynLsf] uf]/IfkL7df >L lzj uf]/If
xjg ;DkGg eof] . pQm xjg laxfg *
b]lv ( ah];Dd rn]sf] lyof] .
ut df3 ! ut] dnaf/ nlntk'/sf]
nugv]nl:yt j6's e}/j dlGb/df tfGqf]Qm
j6's e}/j xjg ;DkGg eof] . pQm xjg
laxfg &* ah];Dd rn]sf] lyof] . xjgdf
;xefuLxn] pQm lbg e}/jsf] jfxg

s's/' nfO{ vfg]s'/f lbg'kg]{ / lk6\g gx'g]
lgod /x]sf] 5 . df3] ;\qmflGtsf] kljq
lbgdf k/]sf] pQm xjg sfo{qmddf w]/}sf]
;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .
df3sf] s7\of\lu|g] hf8f]df klg
y'k|} ;fws ;flwsfxsf] ;xeflutfaLr
df3 @ ut] a'waf/ laxfg *( ah];Dd
nlntk' / sf] nugv] n l:yt dxfnIdL
dlGb/df tfGqf]Qm dxfnIdL xjg ;DkGg

eof] . pQm xjgdf ;xefuLxn] lbgel/
l/;fpg gkfpg] lgod /x]sf] 5 .
To:t}, ut df3 # ut] laxLaf/
nugv]n s'De]Zj/l:yt aunfd'vL dlGb/df
tfGqf]Qm aunfd'vL xjg ;DkGg eof] .
laxfg *( ;Dd ;~rfng ePsf] pQm
xjgdf ;fws;flwsf tyf >4fn'xn]
pQm xjgdf efu lng'ePsf] lyof] .
lbJo u'? dxf]T;j

ut df3 & ut] ;f]daf/ -tbg';f/
hgj/L @! tf/Lv, @))*_ a;'Gw/fdf
/x]sf] uf]/If lglvn Hof]lt lbJo ljBf>ddf
ljleGg sfo{qmdsf aLr lbJo u'? dxf]T;j
;DkGg eof] . 8f= gf/fo0f bQ >LdfnLHo"sf
kdf cf/fWo ;b\u?' b]j k/dx+; :jfdL >L
lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fh o; w/tLdf
cjtl/t x'g'ePsf] dxfg\ lbgsf] ;Dgf
ub}{ lbJo u'? dxf]T;jnfO{ l;4f>d zlQm
s]Gb|n] k|To]s dlxgfsf] @! tf/Lv dgfpFb}
cfO/x]sf] 5 .
:tjg jGbgf;F u ;F u } !)M!% df
z'? ePsf] pQm lbJo u'? dxf]T;jdf
u' ? kfb' s fsf] lbJo k" h g, dGqhk,
xjg, cf/tL, ehgsLt{g / g[To cflb
sfo{qmdx ;DkGg ePsf lyP . lbJo u'?
dxf]T;jdf k"hg ug]{ ;f}efUo ;flwsfx
/fwfb]jL >]i7, kljqf e/fO{, ;fws uf]ljGb
e/fO{n] k|fKt ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmdsf] bf];f| ] r/0f u'?;]jf bnsf
;b:o k|e';'Gb/ >]i7sf] :jfutdGtJoaf6
z'? ePsf] lyof] . bf];|f] r/0fdf ;fj/kGyL
;b:o g+= @ Ho" n] uf]/If lglvn Hof]lt
lbJo ljBf>d / uf]/If lglvn jf0fLsf
nflu gofF j]a;fO6 www.gnjdv.edu.np
/ www.gnv.org.np z'ef/De ug'{eof] .
pQm cj;/df l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|sf]
j]e;fO6 www.ssk.org.np sf] klg
hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf ;fj/kGyL ;b:o g+ @
44
Ho" n ] sfo{ s tf{ ;flwsf kljqf e/fO{

-u'/fufOF{_ tyf uf]ljGb e/fO{sf] ;'vdo
bfDkTo hLjgsf nflu 6Lsf nufP/ awfO{
lbg'ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmd cToGt} eJo Pj+ lbJokdf ;DkGg

ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf :jjrgdfkm{t\
;fj/kGyL ;b:o g+= ! Ho"n] u'?elQm /

u'? sfo{ lzionufot ;Dk"0f{ dfgjsf
To:t} If]qk'/ ;Dks{ sfof{nodf lbJo nflu ef}lts / cfWoflTds pRrtd
u'? dxf]T;j ;DkGg eof] . ;fj/ kGyL hLjgsf] rfxgfsf] k"lt{sf] ;an /
;b:o g+= ! sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] pQm k|efjsf/L dfWod /x]sf] atfpg'eof] .
l/k|m];d]G6 tflnd
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|n] ut df3
!@ ut] zlgaf/ kfFrf}F l/k|m]zd]G6 6]lg
-k'gtf{huL tflnd_ ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 .
sf7df8f}s
F f] a;'Gw/fdf /x]sf] uf]/If lglvn
Hof]lt lbJo ljBf>ddf laxfg !! ah]b]lv
z'? ePsf] lyof] .
pQm sfo{ q mddf ehg, sLt{ g ,
g[ T o, sljtf jfrgsf sfo{ q mdx
;DkGg ePsf lyP . lnlvtkdf cfPsf
lh1f;fxsf] ;dfwfg ;f=k= ;b:o g+=
# Ho"n] ug'{ePsf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf
sfo{stf{xn] ljljw k|s[ltsf lh1f;fx
/fVg'ePsf] lyof] eg] ;fj/kGyL ;b:o g++
@ n] lh1f;fx lgk0f ug'{'ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf sfo{stf{xsf k|Zgx ;fj/
kGyL ;b:o g++ # Ho"n] k9\g'ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf ;fj/ kGyL ;b:o g+=
! tyf Wofgfrfo{Ho"n] Wofg ;fwgfdf
nfUg]x l/;fpg 5f]8]kl5 ;xgzLntfsf]
ljsf; x'G5, ;xgzLntfsf] ljsf;kl5
elQmsf] pbo x'G5, elQmsf] pbo;Fu;Fu}
b} j Lk| 1 fsf] pbo eP/ ;fws leqL
;+;f/df /d0f ug{ ;Sg] atfpg'eof] .
pxfFn] lh1f;fxsf] ;dfwfg cfkm}leqaf6

vf] H g' k g] { cfjZostfdfly hf] 8 lbF b }
eGg'eof] cgGt hLjgz[+vnfsf] qmddf
cgGt lh1f;fx x'G5g\ / tL lh1f;fx
k':ts, JolQm jf cGo dfWodaf6 k|fKt
ug{' c:yfoL ;dfwfg dfq x'g]5 . :yfoL
;dfwfg t cfkm}leqaf6 dfq ldNb5 .
cfkm"leq} 8'Ag ;Sg]nfO{ tk:of ug]{ h'g;'s}
tl/sf eP klg s]xL km/s gkg]{ s'/f
pxfFn] pQm cj;/df atfpg' eof] . pQm
cj;/df ljz]if Wofg k4lt Xbo d'bf| klg
sfo{stf{xnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .
uf]/vfsf] b'D>Ldf cf/tL ;~rfng s]Gb| z'?
k/dk"Ho ;b\u?' b]jxsf] k/d s[kf cg'sDkf
:jk uf]/vf gf/]Zj/ uflj; b'D>Ldf
@)^$ kf}if #) ut]sf lbg ljlwjt\ kn]
cf/tL ;~rfng s]Gb| vf]lnof] . l;=z=s]=
;Dks{ sfof{no uf]/vf a;kfs{ tyf cf/tL
;~rfng s]Gb|x gf/]Zj/, b/af/dfu{
/ nIdLahf/sf ;fws ;flwsfxsf]
pkl:yltdf lbgsf] !M)) ah] ehgsLt{gsf]
z'?cft u/L ;fF %M)) ah]sf] cf/tL u/L
;f] s]Gb|sf] z'ef/De ul/of] .
cf>d ultljlw
sfo{stf{ ;xfos ;d"x / cfwf/e"t tflnd
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| tflnd sfo{qmdcGtu{t
sfo{stf{ ;xfos ;d"x u sf] kfFrf}+ / kGw|f}+
cfwf/e"t tflnd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . ut df3
@) / @! ut] ;DkGg pQm tflnd sf7df8f}F
a;'Gw/fl:yt uf]/If lglvn Hof]lt lbJo ljBf>ddf
laxfg & ah]b]lv !! ah];Dd sfo{stf{ ;xfos
;d"xsf] / lbpF;f] !@ ah]b]lv cfwf/e"t tflnd
;~rfng ePsf] lyof] .
:t'lt jGbgfaf6 z'? ePsf] tflnddf
sfo{stf{ ;xfos ;d"xaf6 klxnf] lbg u'? kfb'sfsf]
lbJo k"hg ;DkGg ug]{ ;f}efUo kfpg]xdf
;flwsfx dLgf yfkf, ;'ldqf kf}8]n, cfzf yfkf,
uf nfdfn] kfpg' ePsf] lyof] . o;}u/L ;f]xL
cfwf/e"t ;d"xaf6 ;fws lbk]Zj/ yfkf, drfd

dxh{g, bnaxfb'/ >]i7 / s'df/ bfxfnn] lbJo k"hg
ug]{ ;f}efUo kfpg'ePsf] lyof] .
o;}u/L bf];|f] lbg sfo{stf{ ;xfos ;d"xaf6
;flwsf /fwfb]jL >]i7, OGb' zdf{, /Ltf uf}td, zf]ef
ltldlN;gf, z'zLnf af]u6L / gGbf u'?n] lbJo
u'? k"hg ug'{ePsf] lyof] eg] ;f]xL lbg cfwf/e"t
tflndaf6 ;flwsf sNof0fL >]i7, ljdfof u'?,
s[i0fb]jL j:tfsf]6L / gf/fo0fL ;'a]bLn] k"hg ug]{
;f}efUo kfpg'ePsf] lyof] .
sf7df8f} F , nlntk' / , eQmk' / , sfe| ] ,
l;Gw'kfNrf]s, l;Gw'nL, lrtjg, uf]/vf, sf:sL,
e}/xjf, :of\hf, g'jfsf]6 lhNnfaf6 sfo{stf{
;xfos ;d'x tflndsf nflu hDdf !@* hgf

k|lzIffyL{xsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf]
cGTodf ePsf] u|l] 8df uf]kLs[i0f lqkf7L, eljdfof
u'?, df]ltnfn nfdf, dl0f/Tg dfgGw/, zf/bf
/fhe08f/L / nIdL l/hfn kbf]Gglt eO{ sfo{stf{
;xfos ;d"x v txdf k|j]z x'g'ePsf] 3f]if0ff
ePsf] lyof] .
o;}u/L kGw|f} cfwf/e"t k|lzIf0f tyf
tflnd sfo{qmddf sf7df8f}+nufot nlntk'/,
eQmk'/, lrtjg, ;nf{xL, sfe|], l;Gw'kfNrf]s,
l;Gw'nL, uf]/vf, sf:sL, :of\hf, bf]nvf lhNnfaf6
;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . pQm tflnddf @@) hgf
k|lzIffyL{xsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .
;Dks{ sfof{no ultljlw

cfWoflTds e|d0f
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|n] ljut s]xL jif{
otf ;d;fdlos kdf cfWoflTds e|d0fsf]
cfof]hgf ub}{ cfO/x]sf] qmddf ut k';
#) ut]b]lv df3 # ut];Dd e|d0f 6f]nLn]
P]ltxfl;s uf]/vf / tgx'Fsf k|Voft\ :yn
Jof; ;+ud -;]tL / dfbL gbLsf] bf]efg_ df
df3] :gfg ug'{sf ;fy} Jof; u'kmf, l;4 u'kmf
tyf 5fAbL jf/fxLsf] bz{g k"hf cr{gfsf]
sfo{qmd ;DkGg uof] .
To:t} ;Dks{ sfof{ n o :of\ h fdf
ehgsLt{gnufot kl/rofTds sfo{qmd
;DkGg ePsf] 5 . sfo{qmd laxfg !! ah]bl] v
ck/fGx # ah];Dd ;+rflnt ePsf] lyof] .
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| ;Dks{ sfof{no
n]vgfydf Wofg tyf of]u lzlj/ ;+rfng
eof] . pQm sfo{qmddf ;fj/ kGyL ;b:o
g++ ! Ho"n] :yfgLo sfo{stf{xnufot cGo
pkl:ytxnfO{ ljz]if Wofgsf] cEof;
u/fpg'ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf ;fj/ kGyL
;b:o g+= @ Ho"n] :jjrgdfkm{t cfgf egfO
/fVg'ePsf] lyof] eg] ;fj/ kGyL ;b:o g+=+ # Ho"n]
of]usf] k|lzIf0f lbg'ePsf] lyof] . pQm
sfo{ q md u' ? ;] j f bn g+ = $n] ;+ r fng
ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
To:t} ;Dks{ sfof{no afx|la;]df ut df3
!% d+unaf/ ut] k|yd jflif{sf]T;j ;df/f]xsf]
cfof]hgf ljz]if sfo{qmdxsf] cfof]hgfsf
;fy ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf
s]Gb|sf sfo{stf{xsf] klg ;xeflutf /x]sf]
lyof] . pQm sfo{qmd laxfg !! ah]af6 k|f/De
ePsf] lyof] .
uf]/vf ahf/df gu/ kl/qmdf

uf]/vf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 uf]/vf,
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt uf]/vf, k[YjLgf/fo0f
gu/kflnsf uf]/vfsf] ;+o'Qm cfof]gfdf
;~rfng ePsf] uf]/vf dxf]T;j @)^$ kf}if
@) ut]sf] sfo{qmdcGtu{t k|eftkm]l/ gu/
kl/qmdfdf l;=z=s]=;=sf=uf]/vf a;kfs{sf]
tkm{af6 %).^) hgf ;fws ;flwsfsf]
;d"xn] ehgsLt{g g[To ub}{ efu lng'ePsf]
lyof] .
kf]v/fdf jSt[Tjsnf k|ltof]lutf
k/dk" H o ;b\ u ' ? b] j xsf] c;Ld
cg'sDkf, s[kf Pj+ cfzLjf{b:jk ut
kf}if @& ut] z'qmaf/sf lbg kf]v/fsf]
5f]/]kf6gl:yt >L 5f]/] ]kf6g pRr df=lj=df
l;4f>d zlQm s] G b| ;Dks{ sfof{ n o
kf]v/fsf] cfof]hgf tyf cf/tL ;~rfng
s]Gb| lj/f}6fsf] Joj:yfkgdf jSt[Tjsnf
k|ltof]lutf ;DkGg eof] . xfd|f] wd{ xfd|f]
;+:s[lt ljifos pQm k|ltof]lutfdf ;f]xL
ljBfnosf * hgf ljBfyL{xsf] ;xeflutf

/x]sf]df l/df Gof}kfg], k|jL0f kf}8]n, cho
9sfn / lbnaxfb'/ g]kfnLn] qmdzM k|yd,
ltLo, t[tLo / ;fGTjgf :yfg k|fKt ug{e' Psf]
lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf :jfut dGtJo
;fws ;Gtf]if ;'j]bLn] ug{'ePsf] lyof] eg]
uf]=lg=Hof]=lb=ljBf>dsf ljBfyL{xn] ;'Gb/
ehg tyf g[To k|:t't ug{'ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmdsf k|d'v cltly k'0o kf}8]nn] wd{
;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu o:tf sfo{qmd
dxjk"0f{ x'g] cfzo JoQm ug{'ePsf] lyof] .
k|ltof]lutfdf k'/:sf/ ljt/0fsf] cleef/f
:yfgLo pBf]uL tyf ;dfh;]jL e/t lu/Ln]
u|x0f ug'{ePsf] lyof] eg] ;dfkg sfo{qmdsf
;efklt ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks nId0f
yfkfn] ug{'ePsf] lyof] . lzIfs, ljBfyL{,
cleefjs tyf :yfgLo JolQmTj u/L sl/a
@)) hgfsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] pQm sfo{qmd
laxfg !!M#) b]lv lbpF;f] !M#) ah];Dd
rn]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng ;fws
bLks k/fh'nLn] ug{'ePsf] lyof] .
;fj/ kGyLHo"x? /l;of k|:yfg

cfb/0fLo ;fj/kGyL ;b:o g+= !
/ @ Ho" ut df3 @# ut] ?; k|:yfg
ug'{eof] . lqe'jg cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yndf
pxfFxnfO{ ljbfO ug{ cfb/0fLo ;fj/
kGyL ;b:o g+= #, u'?;]jf bnsf ;b:ox
hfg' e Psf] lyof] . ljbfO ;df/f] x df
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|sf y'k}| sfo{stf{xsf]
klg pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jxsf] lrGtg

lj:tf/ ;d'b|kf/Lsf] d'n's ?;af6 z'?
eO;s]sf] 5 . ;fj/ kGyL ;b:oon] ?;df
;+:yfsf] lj:tf/ qmdnfO{ g} lg/Gt/tf
lbg'x'g] yfxf ePsf] 5 .
o;eGbf cl3 cfb/0fLo
;fj/kGyLon] ut c;f/ dlxgfdf ?;sf]
klxnf] e|d0f ug'{ePsf]] lyof] .
45
46
xl/ afaf;Fusf] e]6 -afsL k|;+u_

d]/f] egfOsf] tfTko{ of] xf] ls ca
of] ljBf uf]kgLo 5}g . o; ljBfsf] zlQmn]
cfZro{rlst kfl/lbG5 .
cF, d afafsf] af/]df atfO/x]sf]
lyPF . k/fdgf]lj1fgsf] af/]df ;j{ky| d d}n]
afafaf6} hfg]sf] lyPF . pgL o; ljBfdf
kf]Vt lyP . d]/f] 8fo/Ldf s'gs'g kfgfdf,
ss;sf] 7]ufgf n]lvPsf] 5, afafn] lrQ
Psfu| u/]/ k/fdgf]lj1fgsf] dfWodaf6
;a} ;lhn} atfOlbP . olt dfq xf]Og, s'g
kGgfdf s] n]lvPsf] 5, Tof] klg 8fo/L
gvf]lnsg} afafn] atfP/ o; ljBfsf]
k|fdfl0fstf lbPsf lyP .
dfg;/f]j/ ofqfsf] bf}/fgdf afafn]
o; ljBfsf] hfgsf/L dnfO{ lbPsf lyP .
s]jn hfgsf/L dfq xf]Og, lrQ Psfu| ug]{
ljlw klg atfP/ cfgf] cufl8 a;fP/
o;sf] k|of]u klg u/fPsf lyP . ha ljGb'
Psfu|sf] cEof; eof] ta ;+ljt;fwgf
l;sfP / o:tf] cg'ej x'g nfUof], dfgfF}
d cfgf] cfTdfsf] tfbfDo bf];|f] cfTdf;Fu
ug{ ;Sb5' . o;kl5 ha s'g} csf]{ JolQm
jf ;fw'nfO{ b]Vy]F ta t'?Gt p;sf] dgdf
cfO/x] s f efjgfx, ljrf/xnfO{
hfGby]F . ha o;sf] cEof; a9\b} uof],
6f9f /x]sf] kl/lrtsf] Wofg ug]{lalQs}
p;sf] dgsf] s'/f hfGg ;xh eof] . o;
cEof;kl5 w]/}k6s d cfgL kTgLsf]
ljrf/, cfdfsf] ljrf/nfO{ klg oxfF olt
6f9f a;L a;L hfGby]F .
dfg;/f]j/sf] ofqf hlt si6s/ 5
TolQs} cfgGbbfos klg . hlt ;'/Dotf,
zflGt Pj+ kljqtf oxfF 5, Tolt sxLF 5}g .
hxfF;Dd d]/f] cg'ej 5, lrQ Psfu| tyf
cEof; ug{sf] nflu o:tf] :yfg ;jf]{Qd
x'G5, o;df ;Gb]x 5}g .
s]jn afafn] k|fKt u/]sf l;l4sf
af/]df dfq} pNn]v ug]{ xf] eg] klg Pp6f
k"/} u|Gy aGg ;S5 . Psk6s pgL
uGwtGdfqf l;l4sf] af/]df s'/f ul//x]sf
lyP . afafn] atfP, o; ;fwgfaf6

z/L/df jf xftdf h:tf] rfx\of] To:t} uGw
pTkGg ug{ ;lsG5 / o; ;dodf h;nfO{
5f]OG5, Tof] tTIf0f uGwdo x'g ;S5 . o;f]
eGbfeGb} afafn] cfgf b'j} xft /u8] /
bflxg] xft d]/f] cufl8 NofP . nueu rf/
km'6sf] b"/Ldf d a;]sf] lyPF, tLa| j]usf
;fy u'nfasf] uGw cfO/x]sf] lyof] .
s] u'nfasf] uGw cfO/x]sf] 5 <
cF, afaf .
ca <
o;k6s pgn] km]l/ xft /u8]/ bflxg]
xft d]/f] cufl8 NofPsf lyP / o;k6s
rf/}lt/sf] jftfj/0fdf s:t'/Lsf] ;'uGw
JofKt lyof] .
afafdf of] cb\e't Ifdtf lyof] .
PsIf0fdf g} pgL h:tf];'s} ;'uGw pTkGg
ug{ ;dy{ lyP .
dnfO{ afafsf] ;fxro{ w]/} ;do;Dd
ldNof] . dfg;/f]j/sf] ofqf ;dfKt u/]/
pgL s]xL ;do d'8+ Lef6Ldf a;] . of] pgsf]
u'?sf] :yfg xf] tyf u'?n] o; :yfgdf
;dflw lnPsf lyP .
d'+8Lef6Ldf Pslbg d}n] ;f]w]F, afaf
s] of]uLn] cfgf] lqmofsf] rdTsf/ k|bz{g
ug'{k5{ <
afafn] eg], x'Fb}g . hxfF;Dd ;lsG5
p;n] rdTsf/af6 ;w}F 6f9f /xg'k5{
lsgls rdTsf/n] cx+sf/sf] pTklQ
ub{5 / cx+sf/n] of]unfO{ e|i6 u/fpFb5 .
ctM ha;Dd of]u, ;fwgfdf k"0f{tf k|fKt
ub}{g ta;Dd ;fwsn] ;bf ;fwf/0fkdf
/xg'k5{ . s;}n] pS;fOlbPdf klg rdTsf/
b]vfpg' x'Fb}g . cfgf] of}lus lqmof Pj+
;fwgfnfO{ ;w}F uf]Ko /fVg'kb{5 . oxfF;Dd
ls glhssf cfkmGtnfO{ klg o;sf]
hfgsf/L lbg'x'Fb}g . t/ hf] of]u ;fwgfdf
k"0f{ eO;s]sf] 5, p;sf] nflu aGwg
5}g lsgls pm cx+sf/af6 z"Go 5,
rdTsf/sf] k|bz{gn] klg p;sf] lrQdf
cx+sf/sf] ;[li6 ug{ ;Sb}g .

h;n] ;fwgf k"/f ul/;s]sf] 5,
p;sf] nflu s]xL klg c;Dej 5}g, pm
;Dk"0f{ ef}ltstfaf6 w]/} dfly p7]sf]
x'G5 .
afaf o; e' + 8 Lef6L cf>ddf
cfO/xGy] . o; cf>dsf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{
afafn] g} jxg ub{y] . w]/}k6s pgL
;fwgf/t x'Fbf o; cf>ddf ag]sf] l;4
u'kmfdf tLg, rf/ dlxgfsf] nflu k|j]z
ub{y] . To;a]nf g ef]hg lnGy], g kfgL g} .
rf/ dlxgfkl5 aflx/ lg:sGy] . pQm rf/
dlxgf s;}n] pgnfO{ b]Vg ;Sb}gYof] .
pgL oL lbgdf klg l;4 u'kmfdf k|jz
]
ug]{ jfnf lyP, pgsf] s7f]/ cf1f lz/f]wfo{
lyof] . h'g lbg pgn] l;4 u'kmfdf k|jz
] u/]
To; lbg ;a} lzio -hf] rf/, kfFrhgf lyP_
nfO{ / dnfO{ klg cfzLjf{b lbP, lz/df
xftn] d';f/] / u'kmfdf k|j]z u/] .
d}n] ;+Wofsfndf afafnfO{ ;D]F /
cufl8sf] ofqfsf] nflu lxF8]F . qmdzM .
-cfufdL c+sdf o;} :tDecGtu{t
u'?b]jsf] l;4f>d k|j]zsf] k|; cjZo
k9\g'xf]nf ._
ho u'?b]j
k/dk" H o ;b\ u ' ? b] j xsf]

cl;d s[kf:jk afx|lj;]
cf/tL ;~rfng s] G b|
;Dks{ sfof{nodf kl/0ft
ePsf] pknIodf ;DalGwt
;Dks{ sfof{nosf ;Dk"0f{
sfo{stf{xnfO{ xflb{s awfO{
1fkg ub{5f+} .
/fdgfy /fhynf
>Ldfof /fhynf
1fgdfof /fhynf
47
cfTdLo kf7sju{, k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fhsf] lbJo
:jksf] af/]df hfGg' / a'g' xfdL dg'iosf] jzsf] s'/f xf]Og . t}klg o; :tDedfkm{t s]xL dfqfdf
>L lglvn]Zj/ ztsd\nfO{ qmdzM k|sflzt ub}{ nluPsf] 5 . o; k|of;af6 kf7sju{ nfeflGjt x'g'x'g]5
eGg] s'/fdf xfdL ljZj:t 5f} .
..*%..
:d[Tjf :jkdg3+ l:dt;f}Doef;+,
tt\ ;fws]Eo pliftfEo'bok|sfzd\ .
j[i6fjkLl/tg[lt+ :jk/}M k|z:+ od\
jGb] u'/f] lglvn t] r/0ff/ljGbd\ ..
x] u'?b]j xh"/sf] To; lbJo l:dltsf] ;f}Do ef;af6
dgf]xf/L cg3lgZ5n, lgikfk, kljqtfdo :jksf
:d[ltxnfO{ d slxNo} la;{g ;lSbg h;sf] 5ljleq
;fwgflzlj/xdf ;Dk"0f{ ef/t / cGofGo /fi6xaf6
cfP/ Pslqt x'g] ;d:t ;fwsxsf] efUof]bokL
c0ff]bosf] k|eft a]nfh:tf] k|sfzk'~h lgofln/x]sf]
k|tLt eO/x]sf] lyof] . h;sf] jzLe"t eP/ To; l:dltdo
Oltaf6 k|]l/t ;d:t ;fwsu0f wf/fk|jfx j[li6f/f
l5GgleGgk|foMJoj:yfsf aLrdf klg /ftel/ ;fwgf /
g[Tolg/t x'bF } cfgGbljef]/ cj:yfnfO{ k|fKt x'bF } /x], tyf
h;sf] xh"/sf :jhg, k/sLohg ;a}n] d'Qms+7n] ;/fxgf
u/]sf lyP o:tf cbDo, cb\e't k|efjzfnL x] u'?b]j
lglvn]Zj/ d efjljef]/ Xboaf6 xh"/sf] kfbk~shsf]
;tt >4fk"j{s lgTo jGbgf ub{5' .
48
..*^..
sf+ sf+ :d[lt+ k|syofld dw"ld{nf+ j},
kLo"ifk"/ldj Xb\og'k/" oGtLd\ .
dfw'o{;fGb|3l6t+ lglvn+ TjbLod\
jGb] u'/f] lglvn t] r/0ff/ljGbd\ ..
x] u'?j/ lglvn]Zj/ xh"/sf] r/0ff/ljGbsf]
5fofFsf] k|flKtkl5 d]/f Xbok6ndf lrlqt :d[ltx
la;]{/ la;{g ;lsGg . xh"/sf] ;flGgWodf JotLt ePsf
:jNksflns cj;/xsf klg cul0ft If0fxsf]
cgGt :d[lt d]/f] Xbok6ndf clt 5g\ / To; If0fsf]
k'g/fj[lQdo :d[ltlrq klg dnfO{ lg/Gt/ gjn cfgGbdo
cg'e"lt k|bfg ub{5 . x] u'?b]j dfw'o{doL cgGt
pmld{oxaf6 t/lt, xbodf ;'wf/; ;+e[t ;l/tfsf]
p2fd k|jfx ub}{ lrQdf ;+lrt s'gs'g :d[ltsf] d
j0f{g u/f}F < x] u'?j/ xh"/sf ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfk ;3g
dfw'o{af6 ljlgld{t k|tLt x'G5 . ctM To;sf] j0f{gsf]
jf0fLdf ;fdYo{ geP/ a; af/Daf/ d s]jn olt dfq
eGg ;S5' d xh"/sf] k/d>4f:kb r/0fsdnsf] jGbgf
ub{5' .
ho u'?b]j
cfTdLo kf7sju{, u'?sf] dlxdf / dxjsf]

af/]df zf:qn] pNn]v u/]sf ljifoxnfO{
hg;dIf phfu/ ub}{ u'k|ltsf] ;Rrf efj
/ elQm hfu[t ug]{ p2]Zon] o; :tDecGtu{t
cy{;lxt k|sflzt ub}{
cfO/x]sf 5f} .
o:dfbg'u|x+ nAWjf
dxb\ c1fgd'T;[h]t\ .
t:d} >Lb}lzs]Gb|fo
gdZrfeLi6 l;4o] ..(!..
efjfy{ M h;sf] s[kf dfqn] ;+;f/df pTkGg ;d:t
c1fgxsf] gfz x'G5, o:tf ceLi6 l;l4sf nflu k"Ho u'?b]jnfO{
:g]xk"0f{ Xbob]lv gd:sf/ . u'? k"hfafx]s c s'g} o:tf] sfo{
jf ;fwgf 5}g h;af6 c1fgtfaf6 5'6sf/f kfpg ;lsof];\ .
u'?af6 k|fKt 1fg, ;fwgf Pj+ l;l4 ;d:t bf]ifxaf6 ;j{yf
d'Qm x'G5g\ . t;y{, lzion] u'?af6 ceLi6 l;l4 k|flKtsf nflu
k"0f{ ;dk{0fsf] dfWod ckgfcf];\ .
kfbfAh+ ;j{;+;f/
bfjfgn ljgfzsd\ .
a|d/+w|] l;tfDef]h
dWo:y+ rGb|d08n] ..(@..
efjfy{ M a|d/Gw| cyf{t\ ;x;|f/ -lz/sf] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf]
efu_ sf] dWol:yt rGb|d+8ndf Zj]tsdndf lj/fhdfg
k"Ho u'?b]jsf b'j} r/0fsdn ;+;f/kL bfjfgn -89]nf]_ sf]
kl/tfknfO{ zfGt kfg]{ x'gx' G' 5 . s'08lngL hfu/0f u/fpg cToGt
;xh lqmof xf] u'?r/0fsf] Wofg lsgls u'?r/0f g} ;x;|f/df
cjl:yt 5g\ / h;n] u'?r/0fsf] pkf;gf ub{5 p;sf] s'08lngL
:jtM hfu[t eP/ ;x;|f/ e]bg lqmof ;DkGg x'g hfG5 .
s'008lngL
8lngLhfu/0f
hfu/0fljz]ljz]
if if
;sne'jg;[li6M slNktfz]ifk'li6
lg{lvnlgudb[li6M ;Dkbf+ Joy{b[li6M .
cju'0fkl/dfli6{ :tTkbfy}{sb[li6
e{ju'0fk/d]li6df]{Ifdfu}{sb[li6M ..(#..
efjfy{ M ;d:t nf]ssf] ;[li6 ug]{, ;a}sf] sNof0f ug{df
Jo:t, ;Dk"0f{ zf:qxsf] 1fg;DkGg, ef}lts ;'vxnfO{ x]o
b[li6n] x]g]{, cju'0fxsf] gfz ug]{, k/dkbsf] lg/Gt/ lrGtgdf
Jo:t, ;b}j ;[hgfTds sfo{df ;+nUg tyf ;fwsxnfO{ lg/Gt/
df]Ifdf k|j[Q ug'{x'g] u'?b]j dnfO{ xh"/sf] lbJob[li6 k|bfg
ug'{xf];\ h;af6 d cfgf hGdhGdfGt/sf kfk ;dflKtsf
cgGt/ k/dtjsf] /x:o a'g ;s"F .
;sne'jg/+u:yfkgf:t+ eoli6M
;s?0f/;j[li6:tTjdfnf;dli6M .
;sn;do;[li6M ;lRrbfgGbb[li6
lg{j;t'dlo lgTo+ >Lu'/f]lb{Job[li6M ..($..
efjfy{ M o; ;+;f/kL /+uzfnfsf] lgdf{0fsf nflu
:tDe;dfg lg/Gt/ s?0f /;sf] jiff{ u/fpg], tjdl; cflb
dxfjfSoxsf] /x:onfO{ lj:t[t ug]{, lg/Gt/ sNof0fsf/L
sfo{xdf Jo:t, ;t\, lrt\ Pj+ cfgGbo'Qm b[li6n] kl/k"0f{ k"Ho
u'?b]jsf] lbJob[li6n] d lziosf] Xbodf lg/Gt/ lgjf; ug'{xf];\ .
u'?sf] s?0ffdoL b[li6 g} lziosf] sNof0fsf nflu ck]lIft 5,
hf] ;fwssf] ;]jf Pj+ ;dk{0faf6 dfq ;Dej 5 .
ho u'?b]j
49
cfTdf / k/dfTdf jf ;b\u'?;Fu

hf]8\g] jf ldNg] k|lqmof of]ucGtu{t /x]sf
ljleGg cf;g, k|f0ffofd, aGwxsf
af/]df ljutdf k|i6\ofpg] k|of; ePsf]
lyof] . of]us} csf]{ dxjk"0f{ ljwf d'bf| sf]
af/]df hfgsf/L k|bfg ug]{ k|of; eg] o;
c+sdf u/]sf 5f}F . d'b|f eGg]lalQs} xftsf
cf}nF fxaf6 ul/g] ljleGg ;f+sl] ts cj:yf
eGg] a'lG5 . d'b|fn] ljleGg lgliqmo
cj:yfdf /x]sf ;"Idflt;"Id u|lGyxdf
zlQmsf] ;~rf/ u/fO{ ;lqmo agfpg]
sfo{ ub{5 . h;/L x/]s k"hfkf7 cflbdf
k|f0ffofdsf] cEof; ul/G5, To;}u/L d'bf| sf]
klg cEof; ul/G5 . h:t} ;"o{ pkf;gfdf
;"o{nfO{ x]g]{ t/Lsf 5 . d'b|fn] ljz]if u/L
zlQmsf] ;+rf/ u/fpg] sfo{ ub{5 . cf;g
/ k|f0ffofdsf] cEof;kZrft\ z/L/ /
dg k"0f{kn] :j:y / zfGt eO;s]kl5
cyf{t\ lrQsf j[lQx lg/f]w ePkl5
cfTdbz{g jf Woflgt zlQmsf] bz{g k|fKt
ug]{ l:yltdf k'ofpg] ;a}eGbf ;/n Pj+
csf6\o dfWod g} d'b|f xf] .
d'b|fsf] cEof; ljleGg lsl;daf6
ug{ ;lsG5 . ;d:t a|df08 k~rtTjf/f
lgld{t 5 eg] xfd|f] z/L/ klg k~rtjs}
lk08 xf] . To;}n,] xfd|f] z/L/df l:yt kfFr
cf}Fnfxn] ToxL k+rtjsf] k|ltlglwTj
ub{5g\ . o;/L z/L/sf] k+rtjnfO{ k"0f{
;dGjo / ;Gt'lnt agfpg klg d'b|fsf]
cEof; cfjZos b]lvG5 . xftsf] a"9L
cf}Fnfn] clUgtj, rf]/L cf}Fnfn] jfo'tj,
dfL cf}Fnfn] cfsfztj, ;flxFnL cf}Fnfn]
k[YjLtj / sfG5L cf}Fnfn] hntjsf]
k| l tlglwTj ul//x] s f x' G 5g\ . log}
k~rtjsf] c;Gt'ngaf6 z/L/df /f]u
pTkGg x'G5g\ . d'bf| lrlsT;faf6 log} kfFr
tjsf] ;dGjoaf6 z/L/sf cfGtl/s
u|lGyx, cjojx / ltgsf lqmofxnfO{
50
lgoldt ug]{ sfd tyf ;'if'Kt zlQmnfO{

hufpg] sfd x'G5 . d'bf| sf] cEof;n] t'?Gt}
To;sf] ljk/Lt efudf /x]sf c+uxnfO{
;lqmo u/fpF5 bfofFsf]n] afofFtkm{ eg]
afofFsf] cEof;n] bfofFtkm{sf] c+uxdf
c;/ k'ofpF5 .
d'b|fsf] cEof; z/L/sf ljleGg
c+uxsf] ;xfotfaf6 ug]{ ePsf]n] o;nfO{
kfFr lsl;ddf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5
!= xftsf cf}Fnfxaf6 ul/g] d'b|fx
-Hand Mudras)
@= 6fpsf]sf] efu;Fu ;DalGwt d'b|fx
-Head Mudras)
#= cf;gsf] dfWoaf6 ul/g] d'b|fx
-Postural Mudras)
$= k|f0fzlQmsf] dfWodaf6 ul/g] d'b|fx
-Lock Mudras)
%= s'08lngLsf] cfwf/df ul/g] d'b|fx
-Perineal Mudra)
of]uf;g Pj+ k|f0ffofdsf] cEof; ubf{
o;sf] cfg} lgod / ;do x'g] ub{5 .
o;nfO{ ckgfpFbf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx
ckgfpgfn] w]/}eGbf w]/} nfe k|fKt ug{
;lsG5 . o;sf] cEof;af6 z/L/ Pj+ dgdf
zlQmsf] ;~rf/ u/fpg] ePsf]n] klg a'/] ,
hfg]/ jf of]Uo k|lzIfssf] ;flGgWodf /x]/
cEof; ubf{ a9L pko'Qm x'G5 h;sf] af/]df
tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
cg'ejL jf bIf k|lzIfssf] ;fydf l;Sg'
cfjZos x'G5 .
of]uf;g / k|f0ffofdkl5 dfq d'b|fsf]
cEof; ubf{ pko'Qm x'G5 .
cf;gsf] dfWodaf6 ul/g] d'bf| sf] cEof;
ubf{ of]uf;g ;Fu} ug{ ;lsG5 .
cGo ;Dk"0f{ k|sf/sf d'b|fx Wofg,
;fwgf ug'{k"j{ ug{ ;lsG5 eg] slt
d'b|fx Wofg, ;fwgf ubf{ ;Fu} cEof;
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
o;sf] cEof; ug]{ :yfg, ;do / jftfj/
0fsf] ;DaGwdf of]uf;g, k|f0ffofd ug]{
:yfgdf g} ubf{ pko'Qm x'G5 .
d'b|fsf] cEof; ubf{ ljz]if u/L dgnfO{
zfGt / l:y/ /fvL ;DalGwt c+uxdf
;"Id zlQmsf] cfef; ub}{ cf/fdk"j{s
ug'{kb{5 .
;DalGwt c+ux h:t}M cf}Fnf, cfFvf,
cGo efuafx] s cGo c+ u xnfO{
k"0f{kn] zfGt / l:y/ cj:yfdf
/fVg'kg]{ x'G5 .
o;sf] cEof; sd;]sd !) ldg]6
ug'{kb{5 eg] To;nfO{ a9fP/ $%
ldg]6;Dd ug{ ;lsG5 . Psk6s
g;lsPdf @# k6sdf klg ug{
;lsG5 .
o;sf] cEof; klg vfnL k]6df ubf{
a9L nfebfos x'G5 eg] zf/Ll/s Pj+
dfgl;s ysfj6, tgfjdf cEof; gubf{
g} j]z x'G5 .
d'b|fsf] cEof;n] k|f0fzlQm / s'08lngL
zlQmnfO{ ;lqmo agfP/ o;nfO{ hfu/0f
ug]{ ePsf]n] Psfu|tfsf ;fy o;nfO{
;Dkfbg ug'{kb{5 .
d'bf| nfO{ of]uf;g / k|f0ffofdsf] ljsl;t
k dflgG5 . of]uf;gsf] cEof;
ubf{ k|f0fzlQm eGbf c+u ljz]ifnfO{
hf] 8 lbOG5 eg] d' b | f df c+ u eGbf
k|f0fzlQmnfO{ ljz]if dxj lbOG5 .
cfufdL c+sxdf oL kfFr} k|sf/af6
ul/g] d'b|fxsf af/]df qmdzM hfgsf/L
u/fpFb} n}hfg] k|of; ul/g]5 h;sf] cEof;n]
Wofg ;fwgfdf tL lbJo zlQmnfO{ k|jfx
ug{ ;/n / ;lhnf] x'G5 . ;fy} Wofg
;fwgf ubf{ xftnfO{ sxfF / s;/L /fVbf
a9L kmfObf x'G5 eGg] ljifodf klg hfGg'
cfjZos b]lvG5 .
dGq ;fwgfsf] If]qdf cl3 a9]/ pRrtf xfl;n ug{ rfxg] ;Dk"0f{sf nflu cToGt dxjk"0f{ ;"qx h;sf] cIf/zM kfngf
ugf{n] dfq ;kmntf k|fKt x'G5, o:tf lbJotd ;"qx >L ;fj/ ;+/rgf zlQm s]Gb|f/f k|sflzt tyf of]uL lzjzlQmZj/fgGb
Pj+ of]uL sd{jL/fgGbf/f /lrt u|Gy dGq ;fwgfpmWj{;+ultsf] v08 3 -;fj/ ;+/rgfaf6 k|fKt lbJo ;fwgfTds
;"qx_ kf7sju{sf] nfefy{ qmdzM k|sflzt ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5f}F . xfdLnfO{ cfzf Pj+ ljZjf; 5, oL ;"qxn] oxfFxsf]
;fwgfTds pRrtf k|flKtdf cjZod]j 7f]; of]ubfg lbg]5g\ .
ClifM
;fdfGotof Clif eGgfn] cfWoflTds If] q sf lbJo

JolQmxnfO{ a'lG5 h;n] cfgf] hLjgnfO{ tk:ofdf nufpg'eof],
;fwgf, Wofg, hk, tk, xjg, k"hg cflbdf nfu]/ s]xL k|fKt
u/L ;dfhsNof0fsf] nflu nfUg'eof] . To:tf ;dfhsNof0fsf
lbJotd lje"ltxnfO{ Clifsf] kdf cfb/, ;Ddfg ul/G5,
k"lht ul/G5 . cfgf] hLjgnfO{ cfWoflTds u"9 /x:oxsf]
vf]h, cg';Gwfgdf nufO{ lbJo rLh Pj+ ljifoxdf gofFgofF
cfljisf/ ug]{ Clifxsf] pRrtf cfkm}df cj0f{gLo 5 .
;[li6sf] z'?cft;Fu} Clifxn] ;[li6nfO{ Jojl:yt kfg{
lbJotd zf:qxsf] lgdf{0f ug'{eof] . cfgf] tk:ofsf] ann]
j]bh:tf] lbJotd Pj+ cg'kd zf:qsf] lgdf{0f eof] . j]bdf
n]lvPsf dGqx, ;dfhsNof0fsf ljlwx, dfgjsNof0fsf
ljlwxnfO{ Crf elgG5 . oL Crf n]Vg] eP/ xf]nf, oL Crfsf]
lgdf{0fn] xf]nf pxfFxnfO{ Clif elgG5 . Clifxf/f g} dGqsf]
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] . j]bdf cWoog uof}F eg] klg j]bsf ljleGg
d08nxnfO{ cyf{t\ cWofoxnfO{ ljleGg Clifxsf] gfdaf6
gfds/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . h'g Clifn] cfgf] tkf]anaf6 tL
cWofoxsf] l;h{gf ug'{eof], Tof] cWofo cyf{t\ ;"Qm ;DalGwt
Clifsf] gfdaf6 ljVoft\ ePsf] kfOG5 . o;/L h'g Clifx tL
lbJotd\ Crfsf b|i6f eP pgLxnfO{ g} dGq ;|i6fsf] kdf
cfb/, ;Ddfg u/L k"lht ub}{ cfOPsf] 5 .
Clifxn] tL dGqxsf] lgdf{0f u/L dfgjsNof0f,
;dfhsNof0fsf] nflu ;j{;'ne agfOlbPsf] x'gfn] pxfFxnfO{
dGq ;|i6fsf] kdf pRr cfb/, ;Ddfg ug]{ ul/G5 . o;/L
Clifxf/f /rgf ul/Psf dGqxsf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ Clifxdf
lglxt x'g] ub{5 . Clifx v'zL geP;Dd tL dGqx l;4 x'bF g} g\,
tL dGqaf6 ul/Psf ;fwgfxdf ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;lsFb}g .
s'008lngL
8lngLhfu/0f
hfu/0fljz]ljz]
if if
klxn]klxn] ClifxnfO{ cfb/, ;Ddfg gk'Ubf, ClifxnfO{

v'zL agfpg g;Sbf cfkm"n] ;[li6 u/]sf dGqx sLlnt ul/lbg]
u/]sf] kfOG5 . sLlnt eGgfn] tL dGq h;n] hk] klg l;l4
gx'g] u/fOPsf] x'G5 . ;DalGwt Clif v'zL geP;Dd, pxfFnfO{
lbg dg gnfu];Dd, pxfFn] d"n tfNrf gvf]n];Dd pQm dGqn]
kmn lbg ;Sb}g, pQm ;fwgf ;kmn x'g ;Sb}g, dGqnfO{ l;4
ug{ ;lsFb}g . To;}n] dGq ;|i6f ClifnfO{ v'zL agfpgnfO{ pRr
cfb/, ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 .
dGq ;fwgfdf cl3 a9\g] k|To]s JolQmn] cfkm"n] k|fKt u/]sf]
dGqsf] ;|i6f ClifnfO{ pRr lsl;dsf] cfb/, ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5,
ClifnfO{ :yfkgf ug'{kb{5 . x'g t ;fwgfdf dfq} xf]Og, ;Dk"0f{
lqmofsd{ Pj+ wfld{s ultljlw Clifxsf] k"hf lagf, pxfFxsf]
:d/0f lagf cw"/f] / ck"/f] g} /xG5 . To;}n] klg cfWoflTds
If]qsf lbJotd w/f]x/xsf] pRr ;Ddfgn] g} k|flKt ;xh x'G5,
k|flKt cg's"n x'G5 . Clif;Qf b}jL;QfeGbf pRr ;Qf xf] .
Clifxn] /rgf ug'{ePsf] lbJo dGqleq} b}jL;Qf lglxt x'G5 .
Clifx v'zL geP;Dd, pxfFxn] grfx];Dd b}jLs[kf klg
;Dej x'Fb}g . o;}n], b}jLs[kf klg Clifs[kfdf g} lge{/ x'G5 .
To;}n], xfdLn] u/]sf] ;fwgfdf ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ClifxnfO{,
Clif;QfnfO{ ;w}F :d/0f, k|fy{gf, cf/fwgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;s];Dd
ClifxnfO{ :yfkgf ug]{, ;s];Ddsf] >4f, elQmn] k'sfbf{ klg
pxfFxnfO{ v'zL agfpg ;lsG5 . cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt dGq hk ub}d{ f
dfq} dGq l;4 x'g] xf]Og . dGq l;4 x'gnfO{, dGq ;fwgfdf
;kmntf k|fKt ug{nfO{ dGq /rgf ug]n{ fO{ klxn] v'zL u/fpg'kb{5,
cfb/, ;Ddfg ug'k{ b{5 . k|lqmof gldnfO{ s]xL s'/fdf klg ;kmntf
k|fKt ug{ ;lsFb}g . To;}n], Clif;QfnfO{ cfb/ u/f}F, ;Ddfg u/f}F,
;fwgfdf ;kmntf k|fKt u/f}F .
ho u'?b]j
51
ca l9nf gu/f}+
zflGt vf]Hbfvf]Hb} ;dfh km]l/ lj:tf/} czfGt kf] aGg] xf] ls eGg] 8/
tkfO{F xfdL ;a}sf] dgdf knfO/x]sf] 5. ;a} g]kfnLx? zflGt rfxG5g\. t/
zflGt g]kfnLx?b]lv 6f9f eflu/x]sf] dx;'; x'g yfln/x]sf] 5. clnslt
knfPsf] cfzf km]l/ lg/fzfdf kl/0ft x'Fb} uO/fv]sf] 5. /fhg}lts,
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gx'g] emg\emg\ u/La x'Fb} uO/fv]sf] 5. u/La / wgLaLrsf] kvf{nn] ;dfhdf
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;fob xfd|f] eljio cGwsf/ x'g;S5. :jl0f{d eljiosf nflu cfh}bl] v ;f]Rg
;s]gf}F eg] ef]ln k5'tfpg'afx]s xfdL;Fu s'g} ljsNk /xFb}g. ca ug]{ s]
t < Pp6} ljsNk 5 ;b\u'?sf] z/0fdf kg]{ lsgls haha xfdL g]kfn /
g]kfnLnfO{ cK7\of/f] k/]sf] 5, tata xfd|f ;b\u'?b]j >L >L dxfof]uL u'?
uf]/vgfysf] s[kf cfzLjf{bn] g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] /Iff ePsf] Oltxf; xfd|f]
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cfhsf] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf b]lvG5. x'g t clxn]sf] @! cf}F ztfAbLdf
klg o;/L elQmefjn] zflGt cfpF5 / eGg]x? klg k|z:t} e]l6G5g\,o;sf
nflu t k|of]u u/]/ x]g'{kb{5. aflx/} a;]/ x'G5 /< eg]/ kl/0ffd k|fKt ug{
;lsFb}g. l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|n] ;w}F eGg] u/]sf] 5 k9]/ ;'g]/ xf]Og cfkm}n]
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ck{0f u/f}F / u'?nfO{ k|fy{gf u/f}F. of] /fi6sf] cv08tfsf] /Iffsf] nflu,
of] /fi6sf] ;d'Ggltsf] nflu / of] /fi6nfO{ ;'Gb/ / zfGt agfpgsf nflu
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' sf] z/0fdf hfcfF}
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k|To]s g]kfnLnfO{ ;b\a'l4 lbg'xf];\. bfh'efOdf zq'tf xf]Og ldqtf lbg'xf];\
/ xfdL ;a}nfO{ ;'Gb/ zfGt g]kfn lbg'xf];\. k|fy{gfdf slt zlQm x'G5 tkfO{F
xfdL cfkm}n] cg'ej ug{ ;S5fF}F. t/ of] s'/fnfO{, of] jf:tljs ;TonfO{
ldYof 7fg]/ s'/} s'/fdf p8fOG5 eg] o;sf] kl/0ffd cToGt eofjx klg
x'g;S5. To;}n] ca xfdL;Fu afFsL ePsf] of] ljsNknfO{ k|of]u ug{ l9nf
gu/f}F. ;b\u'?sf] z/0fdf hfcf}F, g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] /Iff u/f}F. c:t'.
52

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