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CBIP Recommondations 1
CBIP Recommondations 1
MAIN- 1 PROTECTION
2 O/L + E/F ( 51 + 51N ) 3 O/L + E/F ( 51 + 51N ) SWITCHED DISTANCE SCHEME OR NUMERICAL DISTANCE SCHEME (21P+ 21N)
NON SWITCHED DISTANCE SCHEME OR SWITCHED DISTANCE SCHEME OR 220 KV LINES NUMERICAL DISTANCE SCHEME (21P + 21N) NUMERICAL DISTANCE SCHEME (21P+ 21N) DISTANCE SCHEME (21P (21) 400 KV LINES NUMERICAL BUILT DEF RELAY(67N) + 21N) NUMERICAL DISTANCE SCHEME WITHOR LINE + in DIFFERENTIAL SCHEME (87L) 67N DISTANCE SCHEME (21P (21) 765 KV LINES NUMERICAL BUILT DEF RELAY(67N) + 21N) NUMERICAL DISTANCE SCHEME WITHOR LINE + in DIFFERENTIAL SCHEME (87L) 67N
The DEF 67N is in built to detect high resistance fault which distance relay cannot. REACH SETTINGS ZONE-1: 80-85% OF PROTECTED LINE ZONE-2: 120% = 100% OF MAIN LINE + 50% OF SHORTEST LINE AT OTHER END / 6O% OF T/F ZONE-3: 200% = 100% OF MAIN LINE + 100% OF LONGEST LINE AT OTHER END / 100% OF T/F ZONE-4: 100% OF MAIN LINE + (100% OF SHORTEST LINE + 100% OF LONGEST LINE) AT OTHER END. R-REACH: UP TO LOAD POINT ENCROACHMENT TIME SETTINGS ZONE-1: INSTANTENEOUS ZONE-2: 0.3 SEC FOR SHORT LINES & 0.5 SEC FOR LONG LINES for Discrimination ZONE-3: 0.6 SEC ZONE-4: 0.9 SEC
I. Zone-I: to be set to cover 80-85% of protected Line length. II.Zone II: to be set to cover minimum 120% of length of principle line section. However, in case of D/C lines 150% coverage must be provided to take care of, under reaching due to mutual coupling effect but, care is to be taken that it does not reach into next lower voltage level.
The Relay shall have following features. i) Have a High drop off to Pick ratio. ii) Have adjustable setting range for voltage & time. iii) Have Two stages. iv) Low set stage shall monitor any one Phase to Phase Voltage and shall be associated timer. v) High set stage shall monitor all three Phase to Phase Voltage and shall be associated timer. vi) Over Voltage relay for 400KV Lines shall be connected to trip concerned Line Breaker(s), Start LBB, Block A/R and send Direct Trip command.
Outage times will be short compared to where station personnel have to re-energize the lines after a fault. In interconnected networks auto-reclosing helps in maintaining system stability
This should normally kept in Zone-1. It is a Zone-1 fault and SLG fault only auto-reclosure is comes in to picture. In other zones the auto reclosure is blocked.
According to IEC Publication 56.2, a breaker must be capable of withstanding the following operating cycle with full rated breaking current: O + 0.3 s + CO + 3 min + CO The recommended operating cycle at 400kV and 220kV is as per the IEC standard. Reclaim time of 25 sec is recommended.
i) Zone 2/3/4 of Distance Protection. ii) Carrier fail Conditions. iii) Circuit Breaker problems. iv) Direct Transfer Trip signal Received. v) LBB/BFR relay operates. vi) Line Reactor Protections. vii) Over Voltage Protection. viii) Busbar Protection Operated
A Power Transformer is a very valuable and vital link in a Power Transmission system Fast protection system for transformer is essential to minimize the damage in case of an internal fault with suitable back-up protection scheme to take care of uncleared system faults. Faults in a Transformer occur due to insulation breakdown, ageing of insulation, overheating due to overexcitation, oil contamination and leakage or reduced cooling. To give an early warning and to minimise the damage in case of fault it is necessary to equip it with monitors and protective relays.
It is widely used as instantaneous protection for short circuit faults with in the differential zone. This is treated as Main-1 Protection for T/F. The most common type of protection is the current restraint type. Some type of DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS require interposing CTs for CT ratio matching and/or phase shift. High impedance differential protection can be used on auto T/F or ICT & Reactors. It covers one galvanically interconnected winding (Winding Differential). But not a separate tertiary winding. It requires a three phase set of CTs at the neutral side of winding. In case of Auto Transformer, 3-ph High Impedance Differential relay is used as Main-2 Protection in addition to Percentage Biased Differential Protection is used as Main-1.
An Alternative to Differential Protection that can be applied to AT/Fs. A Circulating Current System is arranged between Equal Ratio CTs in the two Groups of Line Connections and the Neutral End Connections. The Line CTs can be connected in Parallel to A Single Element Relay, Thus providing a Scheme Responsive to E/F Only. If CTs are fitted in Each Phase at the Neutral End of the Windings and a Three-Element Relay is used, A Differential System can be provided, giving Full Protection against Phase and Earth Faults. This Provides High-speed Sensitive Protection. It is Unaffected by Ratio Changes on the T/F due to Tap-changing and is immune to the Effects of Magnetizing In Rush Current. It does not respond to Inter-turn Faults. In Addition, This Scheme does not respond to any Fault in a Tertiary Winding. Unloaded Delta- connected Tertiary Windings are often not Protected.
CAPACITY IN MVA 7.5 & 16 7.5 , 16 & 25 7.5 , 16 , 25 & 31.5 16 , 31.5 50 & 80 31.5, 50 31.5, 50 & 100 100, 200 & 250 100 & 160 315, 500 & 630
1000 & 1500
VOLTAGE RATIO IN KV
T Y P E
MAIN-1
MAIN-2
BACK UP PROTECTION HV LV
PROTECTION
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
66 / 11 66 / 33 132 / 11 132 / 33 220 / 33 220 / 66 400 / 132 220 / 132 400 / 220 765 / 400
87 TL DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
3 OL + 1 EL (51)
( LOW IMPEDANCE PERCENTAGE BIASED PHASE SEGREGATED DIFFERENTIAL RELAY PRINCIPLE: MERZ PRICE)
HV & LV REF 64
NIL
HV REF (64)
BUCHHOLZ OVER FLUX OLTC OSR PRV/PRD OIL TEMP WDNG TEMP
87 TH / 64 REF
630, 750,
i) Triple Pole with Individual Indication. ii) Have Unrestrained instantaneous high-set which should not operate during in rush. iii) Have an adjustable or Multi Bias setting iv) Have second Harmonic or other inrush proof features and should be stable under normal Over Fluxing conditions, Magnetizing inrush proof feature shall not be achieved through any intentional time delay e.g. use of timers to block relay operation or using disc operated relays. v) Have one Bias Winding Per Phase for CT input. vi) Have an adjustable operating Current. vii) Have an operating time not grater than 30 msec at 5 times of setting. viii) The scheme shall have facility for ration and phase angle correction either through auxiliary transformer or through in-built Provisions.
i) shall be single Pole. ii) Have an operating current sensitivity at least 10% of nominal current. iii) be tuned with system frequency. iv) Have a suitable non-linear resistor to limit the peak voltage during in-zone faults in case of high impedance type. v) Shall be high or low impedance Principle type. vi) Whenever separate Ph-wise CTs are available on neutral side of T/F, a 3-pole High Impedance Relay may be provided instead of 1-ph REF.
i) Shall be 3-pole type. ii) Have IDMT characteristic (direction on T/F) iii) Have a Variable setting range of 50-200% of rated current. iv) Have a Characteristic angle, 30/45 deg Lead. v) Shall include high unit having low transient over-reach and variable setting range of typically 500-2000% of rated current. vi) include hand reset indicators per phase.
BACKUP E/F PROTECTION RELAY REQUIREMENTS (HV&LV)
i) Shall be 1-pole type. ii) Have IDMT characteristic (direction on T/F) iii) Have a Variable setting range of 20-80% of rated current. iv) Have a Characteristic angle, 45/60 deg Lag. v) Shall include high unit having low transient over-reach and variable setting range of typically 200-800% of rated current. vi) include hand reset indicators.
i) Shall be 1-pole type. ii) Shall be of definite time over current type. iii) Shall have a continuously variable current range of 50-200% of rated current and continuously variable timer setting range of 1-10 sec. iv) Shall have a drop off to pickup ratio of 95% better.
OVER FLUX PROTECTION RELAY REQUIREMENTS (HV&LV)
i) Shall be Phase to Phase connected. ii) Operate on the Principle of Measurement of Voltage to Frequency ratio. iii) Have inverse time characteristics compatible with transformer over fluxing. iv) Provide on independent alarm with a definite time delay at value of V/F between 100% to 130% of rated value. v) Have high resetting ratio of 98% or better. vi) The T/F, V/F relay has been recommended on both sides of ICTs.
i) In case of Breaker and Half schemes, the differential Protection CTs associated with Main and Tie Breakers should be connected to separate bias windings and these should not be paralleled in order to avoid false operation due to dissimilar CT transient response. ii) The current setting of the Backup O/C relay shall be set above the expected maximum load current so as to allow possible overload an account of loss of one of the parallel T/Fs. iii) Over Load relay shall be set at 110% of rated current with delay of 5 sec. This shall be connected to give only alarm and not for tripping. iv) Whenever separate Ph-wise Bushing CTs are available on neutral side of T/F, a 3-pole High Impedance Relay may be provided instead of 1-ph REF. v) Over-fluxing relay shall be provided on the untapped winding of the Transformer
A. BASED ON REACTOR CONNECTION i) SHUNT REACTOR. ii) SERIES REACTOR. B. BASED ON REACTOR LOCATION i) BUS REACTOR ii) LINE REACTOR iii)THROUGH CB TO THE TERITIARY WNDG OF ICT C. BASED ON CONTROL i) 3-PH OIL IMMERSED REACTOR WITH GAPPED IRON CORE. ii) THYRISTOR CONTROLLED REACTOR (STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR)
Shunt Reactors are used in EHV systems to limit the over voltages due to capacitive VAR Generation (Ferranti effect) in Long transmission Lines.
The purpose of the Protection Relaying is to disconnect the Reactor and limit damage in case of internal short circuits, Earth faults, inter-turn faults and over voltage or over load. The reactor forms certain impedance for rated frequency, and as it is shunt connected, as over load may be caused by over voltage or harmonics in voltage and current.
A) Oil immersed Reactor usually have a Gas detector and Oil surge. Detector (Buchholz Alarm & Trip devices), which are excellent for detecting internal faults. B) Temperature Monitors for Oil & Winding provide good Over Load Protection. C)Pressure Relief Device is provided to safe guard the Reactor from High Pressures.
1) Reactor Differential Function. 2) Reactor REF Protection. 3) Reactor Backup Protection ( Impedance type or Def Time O/L&E/F). 4) Protections and Monitors built in to Reactor.
i) Shall be Triple Pole Type. ii) Have an operating current sensitivity at least 10% of nominal current. iii) be tuned with system frequency. iv) Have an operating time not grater than 30 msec at 5 times of setting. v) Have a suitable non-linear resistor to limit the peak voltage during in-zone faults in case of high impedance type. vi) Shall be high or low impedance Principle type.
i) shall be single Pole. ii) Have an operating current sensitivity at least 10% of nominal current. iii) be tuned with system frequency. iv) Have a suitable non-linear resistor to limit the peak voltage during in-zone faults in case of high impedance type. v) Shall be high or low impedance Principle type.
i) Shall be Triple pole type. ii) Shall be single step Polarized MHO or Impedance Distance relay suitable for Measuring Phase to Ground and Phase to Phase to faults. iii)Shall grounds a Characteristic angle between 60-80 deg. iv) Shall have adjustable definite time delay with setting range of 0.2 to 2.0 sec. v) Shall have a suitable range for covering 60% of Reactor impedance. OR i) Shall be single stage Definite Time 3 Pole, Over Current relay with adjustable current and Time. ii) Shall be connected for 2 O/C and 1 E/F connection and shall be non-directional with reset ratio and low Transient Overreach.
Connection of restricted earth fault protection on the neutral side shall be from residually connected Bushing CTs or from the ground side CT. The impedance or over current backup protection may not be able to detect inter-turn fault in the reactor, for which buchholz may be the only answer, unless the number of turns involved is very high.
SETTING CRITERIA
The magnitude and nature of the switching-in currents should be considered when determining settings of reactor protections Typical settings of o/c relays are: Current Setting- 1.3 x Rated current , Time setting - 1 sec Typical settings of impedance relays are: Reach - 60% of Reactor Impedance, Time setting - 1 sec
In the event of any CB fails to trip on receipt of command from Protection relays, all CBs connected to the Bus section to which the faulty circuit Breaker is connected are required to be tripped with minimum possibly delay through LBB Protection. This Protection also Provides coverage for faults between CB and CT which are not cleared by other protections.
i) In all new 400KV and 220KV Substations as well as Generating Stations Switch Yard, it must be provided for each Circuit Breaker. ii) For existing Switch Yards, it is considered a must at 400KV level and also 220KV Switch Yards having multiple feed. iii)In case of radially fed 220KV Substations, Provision of LBB Protection is desirable but not essential.
i) Have Short Operation and Drop off times. ii) Have 3 Phase Current elements with facility for Phase wise initiation. iii)Have current setting range such that these can be set minimum 200mA for Line and 50mA for generators (for 1A CT for secondary). iv) Have one common associated timer with adjustable setting.
REQUIREMENTS OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Operating Time Breaking Capacity Stuck Breaker Probability Operating Sequence / Duty cycle
(LBB/BFR)
can
When used as single-stage protection, the Bus trip command is given to the adjacent Circuit Breakers if the protected feeder Breaker fails. When used as two-stage protection, the first stage can be used to repeat the trip command to the relevant feeder Breaker, normally on a different trip coil, if the initial trip command from the feeder protection is not successful. The second stage will result in a Bus trip to the adjacent Breakers, if the command of the first stage is not successful. (This is More recommended)
YES
FAULT CLEARED
YES
NO RETRIP
YES
INITIATE BFR
AND
(i) The relay is separate for each breaker and is to be connected in the secondary circuit of the CTs associated with that particular breaker. (ii) For line breakers, direct tripping of remote end breaker(s) should be arranged on operation of LBB protection. For transformer breakers, direct tripping of breaker(s) on the other side of the transformer should be arranged on operation of LBB protection (iii) For lines employing single phase auto reclosing, the LBB relays should be started on a single phase basis from the trip relays.
(iv) The CT sec core may be separate core, if available. Other wise it shall be Clubbed (in series) with Main-1 or Main-2 protection. (v)It is considered a good practice to have DC circuits of Gr.A and Gr. B protections and relay independent. (vi) LBB cannot operate without proper initiation. It is good practice to provide redundant trip output and breaker fail input where other forms of redundancy does not exist. (vii) Separation should be maintained between protective relay and CB trip coil DC circuit so that short circuit or blown fuse in the CB circuit will not prevent the protective relay from energizing the LBB scheme.
(viii) In addition to other fault sensing relays the LBB relay should be initiated by Bus bar protection, since failure of CB to clear a bus fault would result in the loss of entire station if BFP relay is not initiated (ix) Tripping logic of the bus bar protection scheme shall be used for LBB protection also. (x) For breaker-fail relaying for low energy faults like buchholz operation, special considerations may have to be given to ensure proper scheme operation by using C.B. contact logic in addition to current detectors.
(i) Current level detectors should be set as sensitive as the main protections A general setting of 0.2 A is commonly practiced for Lines and Transformers (ii)Timer setting should be set considering breaker interrupting time, current detector reset time and a margin. Generally a timer setting of 200 ms has been found to be adequate.
Bus bar protection is provided for high speed sensitive clearance of bus bar faults by tripping all the circuit breakers connected to faulty bus. Recommendations for providing Bus bar protection at different voltage levels are as follows: (i) Bus bar protection must be provided in all new 400kV and 220kV substations as well as generating station switchyards. (ii) For existing substations, provision of Bus bar protection is considered must at 400kV level and at 220kV level. In case of radially fed 220kV substations, having more than one bus it is desirable to have bus bar protection but is not a must.
A.
B.
A. B.
i) DC Supply for Bus bar protection shall be independent from feeder. ii) Faults between CB & CT shall be cleared from one side by opening of CB on Bus bar Protection Operation. iii)However clearing of Fault from other side shall be through breaker failure protection. iv) 3ph trip relays shall be provided for each CB which shall also initiate LBB/BFR Protection. v) in case of existing SS where CTs are different ratios, biased type differential protection/ Numerical Bus bar protection is recommended. vi) Length of secondary leads should be kept as minimum as possible. vii)Where lead runs are excessive, an increase in wire size or use of parallel conductors are meant to reduce lead resistance.
It is possible to provide Back-up protection of Bus Bars by duplicating the dedicated protection. For Substations of High strategic importance i.e. 1200KV or 765KV or 400KV Systems, the complete Bus bar protection can be fully duplicated. Dedicated Protections invariably employ separate DC circuits and CT cores. They send trip impulses to separate trip coils and use separate isolator position auxiliary contacts. Cross tripping of both trip coils is also done. For substations of 1200KV or 765KV, instead of Providing Duplicate Bus bar Protection, Providing of Two Different Manufacturers Numerical Centralised or Distributed Architecture Bus bar Protection.
400KV SRISAILAM-2 MAIN-2 RAZFE PROT TRIP 400KV SRISAILAM-2 MAIN-1 REL100 PROT STARTY 400KV SRISAILAM-2 MAIN-1 REL100 PROT STARTR 400KV SRISAILAM-2 MAIN-1 REL100 PROT TRIP 400KV SRISAILAM-2 MAIN CB 752 Y-PH OPEN 400KV SRISAILAM-2 MAIN-2 RAZFE CARRIER SEND 400KV SRISAILAM-2 AT/F-2 TIE CB 852 B-PH OPEN 400KV SRISAILAM-2 MAIN CB 752 R-PH OPEN 400KV SRISAILAM-2 MAIN CB 752 B-PH OPEN 400KV SRISAILAM-2 AT/F-2 TIE CB 852 Y-PH OPEN 400KV SRISAILAM-2 AT/F-2 TIE CB 852 R-PH OPEN 400KV SRISAILAM-2 MAIN-1 REL100 CARRIER SEND 400KV SRISAILAM-2 CARRIER PROT CH-2 RECEIVED 400KV SRISAILAM-2 CARRIER PROT CH-1 RECEIVED 400KV SRISAILAM-2 MAIN-2 RAZFE PROT TRIP RESET 400KV SRISAILAM-2 MAIN-2 RAZFE CARRIER SEND RESET 400KV SRISAILAM-2 MAIN-1 REL100 START R RESET 400KV SRISAILAM-2 MAIN-1 REL100 PROT TRIP RESET 400KV SRISAILAM-2 MAIN-1 REL100 START Y RESET 400KV SRISAILAM-2 MAIN-1 REL100 CARRIER SEND RESET 400KV SRISAILAM-2 CARRIER PROT CH-2 RECEIVED RESET 400KV SRISAILAM-2 CARRIER PROT CH-1 RECEIVED RESET 400KV 400KV 400KV 400KV 400KV 400KV SRISAILAM-2 SRISAILAM-2 SRISAILAM-2 SRISAILAM-2 SRISAILAM-2 SRISAILAM-2 MAIN CB 752 B-PH CLOSE MAIN CB 752 R-PH CLOSE MAIN CB 752 Y-PH CLOSE AT/F-2 TIE CB 852 Y-PH CLOSE AT/F-2 TIE CB 852 R-PH CLOSE AT/F-2 TIE CB 852 B-PH CLOSE
DISTURBANCE RECORDER
R PH VOLTAGE Y PH VOLTAGE B PH VOLTAGE OPEN DELTA VOLTAGE R PH CURRENT Y PH CURRENT B PH CURRENT STAR/NEUTRAL CURRENT
MAIN CB R PH OPEN MAIN CB Y PH OPEN MAIN CB B PH OPEN TIE CB R PH OPEN TIE CB Y PH OPEN TIE CB B PH OPEN MAIN/TIE CB LBB OPTD DIRECT TRIP CH-1/2 OPTD BUSBAR PROT OPTD MAIN-1 PROT OPTD MAIN-2 PROT OPTD OVER VOLTAGE STAGE-1/2 OPTD STUB PROT-1/2 OPTD MAIN-1 PROT CARRIER RECEIVE MAIN-2 PROT CARRIER RECEIVE DF/DT OPTD EVENT NO NAME OF FEEDER DATE & TIME
400 KV TRANSFORMER
ANALOG CHANNELS
1. HV 2. HV 3. HV 4. HV 5. LV 6. LV 7. LV 8. LV 9. HV 10. HV 11. HV 12. HV 13. LV 14. LV 15. LV 16. LV R-PH VOLTAGE Y-PH VOLTAGE B-PH VOLTAGE OPEN DELTA VOLTAGE R-PH VOLTAGE Y-PH VOLTAGE B-PH VOLTAGE OPEN DELTA VOLTAGE R-PH CURRENT Y-PH CURRENT B-PH CURRENT NEUTRAL/STAR CURRENT R-PH CURRENT Y-PH CURRENT B-PH CURRENT NEUTRAL/STAR CURRENT
DIGITAL CHANNELS
1. HV MAIN CB R-PH OPEN 2. HV MAIN CB Y-PH OPEN 3. HV MAIN CB B-PH OPEN 4. HV TIE CB R-PH OPEN 5. HV TIE CB Y-PH OPEN 6. HV TIE CB B-PH OPEN 7. LV 220 CB R-PH OPEN 8. LV 220 CB Y-PH OPEN 9. LV 220 CB B-PH OPEN 10 87 LZ DIFF RLY OPERATED 11. HV 67 ABCN OPERATED 12. LV 67 ABCN OPERATED 13. 51 O/L RLY OPERATED 14. 64 REF / 87 HZ RLY OPERATED 15. NDR RLY OPERATED 16. HV 99T OVER FLUX OPTD 17. LV 99T OVER FLUX OPTD 18. HV 400 BUSBAR OPERATED 19. LV 220 BUSBAR OPERATED 20. HV MAIN CB LBB OPERATED 21. HV TIE CB LBB OPERATED 22. LV 220 CB LBB OPERATED 23. HV 86 GR-A/B RELAY OPTD 24. LV 86 GR-A/B RELAY OPTD 25. AT/F 21T UZ RELAY OPERATED 26. OIL TEMP HIGH TRIP 27. WNDG TEMP HV/IV/LV TRIP 28. BUCHHOLZ MAIN/OLTC TRIP 29. PRD 1/ 2 TRIP 30. AT/F NEUTRAL CURRENT TRIP
DIGITAL CHANNELS
1. HV MAIN CB R-PH OPEN 2. HV MAIN CB Y-PH OPEN 3. HV MAIN CB B-PH OPEN 4. HV TIE CB R-PH OPEN 5. HV TIE CB Y-PH OPEN 6. HV TIE CB B-PH OPEN 7. 21 MAIN1 REL 521 OPERATED 8. 21 MAIN2 REL 316 OPERATED 9. 87 BUSBAR RELAY OPERATED 10. MAIN CB A/R OPERATED 11. TIE CB A/R OPERATED 12. PSB OPERATED 13. SOTF OPERATED 14. 27 O/V STG-1/2 OPERATED 15. 51 STUB-1/2 OPERATED 16. 87HZ / LZ TEED-1/2 OPERATED 17. MAIN CB LBB OPERATED 18. TIE CB LBB OPERATED 19. DIRECT TRIP CH-1/2 RECEIVED 20. 21M1 / 21M2 CARRIER RECEIVE 21. 86 GR-A/B RELAY OPERATED 22. 67N DEF/TEF RLY OPERATED 23. DF/DT RELAY OPERATED
Some broad guidelines for Engineering of Protection System are given below and could be refined if felt necessary by the Utility according to its specific needs and practices. Wherever two sets of DC sources are available, to obtain redundancy and to be able to take protection out for maintenance, while equipment. in service, the relays are electrically and physically segregated into two groups. Interconnection between these two groups shall not generally be attempted. Segregation of protections and trip circuits in two groups may be considered by giving DC supplies through separate fuses.
For 400kV stations there shall be two separate Battery Systems available for Protection, Control & Tripping/ Closing operations. To obtain Redundancy and to be able to take Protection out for Maintenance, while equipment is in service, the Relays are Electrically and Physically segregated in to Two groups. Grouping is done to the extent possible in such a way that each group can independently carryout Protective functions with near equal redundancy. Inter connection of these two groups shall not be generally be attempted. Distribution of DC supply shall be done bay wise to feed the following 1. Protection 2. CB control 3. Isolator / earth switch control 4. Annunciation / indication
a) Protection Function: For each group of protection, separate DC sources are recommended. Example: Group-1: 21L1, 87T1, 67HV, 87R, 87BB1 Group-2: 21L2, 87T2, 67LV, 21R, 87BB2 b) CB Functions Trip coil 1 & 2 shall be fed from separate sources. Closing coil can be from either of these two sources. c) Isolator / Earth switch These associated with any one circuit shall be fed from one of the two DC sources. In the case of One and half (1 & ) CB arrangement, the Isolator / Earth switch associated with the tie CB can be fed from either source 1 or 2.
d) Annunciation & Indication For each bay, these functions can be fed from either one of the two sources. Each function shall be fed however through separate feeds. e) Monitoring Functions These shall be grouped in 3 groups (i) Disturbance Recorders (ii) Fault Locators (iii) Event Loggers All the three groups shall be fed through separate feeds from either of the two sources. Now days Numerical IEDs / Protective Relays are Having above functions are offered as inbuilt. Most of the Utilities are accepting this.
GROUP-A
MAIN-1 PROTECTION M1 BUILT IN FUNCTIONS TEED-1 PROTECTION OVER VOLTAGE STAGE-1 PROT DIRECT TRIP CHANNEL-1 RECEIVED
GROUP-B
MAIN-2 PROTCTION M2 BUILT IN FUNCTIONS TEED-2 PROTECTION OVER VOLTAGE STAGE-2 PROT LBB/BFR RELAY DIRECT TRIP CHANNEL-2 RECEIVED
GROUP-A T/F DIFFERENTIAL RELAY T/F IMP / 21T RELAY T/F HV BACKUP RELAY T/F HV OVERFLUX RELAY OIL TEMP HIGH TRIP PRESURE RELIEF TRIP TERITIARY DELTA WNDG NDR PROT GROUP-B T/F REF / HIGH Z DIFF RELAY T/F NEUTRAL CURRENT / 51 O/C RLY T/F LV BACKUP RELAY OVER LOAD PROT (ALARM ONLY) T/F LV OVERFLUX RELAY BUCHHOLZ TRIP OLTC BUCHHOLZ TRIP WINDING TEMP HIGH TRIP LOW/ HIGH OIL LEVEL TRIP
GROUP-A
REACTOR DIFFERENTIAL RELAY REACTOR BACKUP / 21R RELAY OIL TEMP HIGH TRIP PRESURE RELIEF TRIP
GROUP-B
REACTOR REF RELAY BUCHHOLZ TRIP WINDING TEMP HIGH TRIP LOW/ HIGH OIL LEVEL TRIP FIRE PROTECTION TRIP
Instrument transformers (CTs and VTs) are used to obtain measured quantities of current and voltage in appropriate form for use in Control, Protection and Measuring equipment such as Energy meters, indicating instruments, Protective relays, fault locators, fault recorders, synchronizers. These are installed in different bays such as Line, Transformer, Reactor, Bus Coupler, Transfer Bus Coupler, Bus Sectionalizer Bays and also at the Bus Bar. Given below are some examples of different bus configurations showing suitable location of CTs & VTs.
CT Polarity As a practice the P1 terminal of the CT shall be towards the bus and P2 away from the bus. Double Bus Arrangement The CTs shall be placed near the circuit breakers (CBs) and on the Line side. The detection zones of Line Relays and Bus Bar relays start at the CTs. It is advantageous if these two points are close to each other. In the improbable case of a fault between the CT and CB the Bus Bar protection will detect and clear the fault.
Located at the line entry they also enable indication of voltage on a line energized from the opposite end. CVTs can also be used as coupling capacitors for power line carrier (PLCC) Communication. They are then to be located at the line side of the line traps and Line Earthing switches. For 400kV level it is recommended that each Line Bay is provided with CVTs all the three phases. However, depending on utility practice CVTs in one phase may also be provided in which case protections will have to be connected to bus VTs.