BZKF S\KG

PCGBG\ G\ZDGO:

P[R\ 4291 MZHF N RYP\F [N YZKPFKNE, INYG F[RK [N FSZJ FRKCNGRDKO CCKPGKG [N VZKW NBRD BKGZ F[TZ:

# 6002, MN FHMGKG\ [PGZG\ NFGXB\ FYKCGW FPBGIE GNBZKF S\KG.

PS\"C 9=1430=20=569 NBSI REVS CK[ZBN 6002 learsI ni detnirP B. BGZQ FVYG\ EVGS CT"P SEZ TKPGE GFVYF:

vatS heirA

:noitcudortnI dna noitalsnarT

''effotS nehcstued rella etsehcstued red...``

DEILNEGNULEBIN SAD

V.Y. JYKJGS, DZPRKF )ZBG TP' 325(

NRKXF VNE

J. F[VF GF\ZDGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 I. IKHGK FT\KE GPGJKC YSREZF )''gnutuedsuaroV``( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 H. [CZG [N FB\GS FVKBGENK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
NVK Z.S. CGBZ
)reoB(

G. SGDKG\ CCKYGZ\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
. FRKCNGRDKO NVZKW NBRD . JCT\ FRKCNGRDKO NZKMZE GDRZ

. EGDPB NYZKBF SNYJKCK\ [N FKXKZF { "ZXI CP[VIF"

F. [GCO [N FRKCNGRDKO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 E. FRKCNGRDKO { 005 [RG\ [MIF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

. FPYGZ FRGZEK { F\TNGPF FDKBGDZVK\ . SBD\ FRKCNGRDKO { FFY[Z FFKSJGZK . SBD\ FRKCNGRDKO { FFKCJ FPK\K

D. XKZGU FFKCJ FPK\K=FKSJGZK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03

. NGI RYGEG\ FF[YF CKQ FPYGZG\ FRGZEKKO NCKQ FSBDF FDZPRK\ . RYGEG\ F[YF CKQ FPYGZG\ FRGZEKKO N [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO . [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO { \YXKZ

C. [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO GFSBDF FRGZEK\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 B. NKKIGEG [N FBVGS FJGGJGRK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

I. P C G B M N N K
V\I ECZ
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\GMQ FTRKKRKO

TNKNF M''D

{ MKXE FPKZF YZKPFKNE B\ KKSGZKF C\BGG\ RYO . . . . . . 482

TNKNF M''C { MKXE YKCNG FFGRKO B\ YZKPFKNEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672 TNKNF M''B { PSTF [N YZKPFKNE BN BZW FFGRKO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762 TNKNF M' CCGZDGRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642 { MKXE FPNL BJXN [NI [NKIKO BN YZKPKFKNE

INY C' { RYP\F [N YZKPFKNE

TNKNF K''J TNKNF K''I TNKNF K''H TNKNF J''H TNKNF J''G TNKNF K''E TNKNF K''D TNKNF K''C TNKNF K''B TNKNF K' TNKNF J' TNKNF I' TNKNF H' TNKNF G' TNKNF F' TNKNF E' TNKNF D' TNKNF C' TNKNF B' { MKXE FGCB BN GGZPS BGXZ FRKCNGRDKO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932 { MKXE HKDPGRE [C FCK\F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 { MKXE F\BCNG TN HKDVZKE GYCZGFG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 { MKXE RZXI HKDVZKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702 { FCDKEF CHKDVZKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 002 { ZKC FP@MG\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 091 N { MKXE KXB HKDVZKE NIDKDG\ TO B[\G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 { MKXE DGRJZ FHPKQ B\ HKDVZKE NIDKDG\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 { MKXE HKDVZKE [C TO B[\G FCK\F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 071 { MKXE YKCNG CGGZPS B\ VRK CZGRFKNEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 { MKXE R[NI HKDVZKE BN GGZPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 { MKXE YKCW HKDVZKE B\ RBPRKG FRKCNGRDKO . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 { MKXE MC[ DGRJZ B\ CZGRFKNEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911 { MKXE KXB DGRJZ NBKSNRE NIHZ BIZ CZGRFKNE . . . . . . . . 801 { MKXE ZBF HKDVZKE NZB[GRF B\ YZKPFKNE . . . . . . . . . . . 99 { MKXE RNIO HKDVZKE CSYSGRKO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 { HKDVZKE CB BN GGZPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 { MKXE HKDVZKE RP[I NBCKZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 { INGPF [N YZKPFKNE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

INY B' { ZXI HKDVZKE

II. [ K Z \ F R K C N G R D K O
8
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

+ ZKMZE GDRZ { EPEGPK FBNKO { PTZMF B', \PGRF [NK[K\. . . . . . . . . . . . 674

292, 392, 592 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 \KE& YSBDF { VZYKO 061, 161, 371, 471, 012, 112, 212, 192, Z

GfNSeR#SBDF VZYKO M', M"B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 D #N&& F { [RK PYJTKO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954 G EZ & FBEF FIE[F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 & FBEF FVKGJK\ { [KZ\ DGEZGQ TN PG\G [N SKDGZE )YJT( . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
] NEaZR [KZ\ FK^& ^#^E { "NB + # ]K BvF @+ Q # C vIaeNf\" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 ` Z T N #@ H Y Z # ^

III. [ K Z G \ G Y J T K O F P [ K Y K O N [ K Z \ F R K C N G R D K O
TNKNF N''J { MKXE FZDG B\ DGRJZ, FBDQ GYZKPFKNE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 TNKNF N''I { MKXE RVNG CYZC BCKZKG [N EKJZKL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 024 TNKNF N''H TNKNF N''G TNKNF N''E TNKNF N''D { MKXE FZDG B\ ZGEKDZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 { MKXE VYEF YZKPFKNEF NFTNG\ B\ FBGNO CB[ . . . . . 793 { MKXE SKNYG B\ FP\KO PQ FBGNO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 { MKXE FCGZDGREKO NIPG CFGRKO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

TNKNF N''F { MKXE FZDG B\ BKZKRD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883

TNKNF N''C { MKXE ERYGGZJ FZD B\ CNGEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963 TNKNF N''B { MKXE FNMG FBCKZKO NMRSKKF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753 TNKNF N' { MKXE TPEG FBDQ GVGNYZ TN FP[PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 TNKNF M''J { MKXE NB YO FBDQ NMCGE YZKPFKNEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 TNKNF M''I { MKXE CBG FCGZDGREKO BN BZW FFGRKO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 TNKNF M''H TNKNF M''G TNKNF M''E { MKXE FDKT FPST BN CMNZQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 { MKXE FZD ERYGGZJ B\ DNVZJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 { MKXE GZCN G[GGPN PSZG B\ FC[GZF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982

TNKNF M''F { PST BCKZK CGZDGRE BN BZW FFGRKO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

9
\GMQ FTRKKRKO

CKCNKGDZVKF RCIZ\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 NGI [PG\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855 FTZG\

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545

V. R S V I K O
BZKF S\KG TR\ CZKKZ RKN \GPS
FRKCNGRDKO { PQ FPZIC FJZRSXRERJK [N GDRZ GTE "TKEQ FVZGEKF" 205

[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO { PCJ IJGU CPBVNKK\ FRV[ FDZPRK\ . . . . . . . . . . . 325

FR[KO C[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO MPKKXDG\ PXKBG\ VGNKJK\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 015

KISK BEO=JCT GDHTRG\ BYGNGDK\ C RKCNGRDKO NVZKW NBRD . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

SGHQ CZBJGQ

KGBMKO FKKRXNF

[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO: FBGPRO RYGE\ PGXB CPK\GNGDKF DZPRK\ [N IGZCQ?

184

VI. B I Z K \ E C Z
01
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

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sucinotuet roruf YZK: MCKJGK PG[NO NB\GS FDZPRK. BMQ BKGZ RBPQ NYCKT\G [N NGYBQ, FP[GZZ GFFKSJZKGQ FIKRGL FDZPRK\ CKPK FZKKL F[NK[K G[KZ\e B\ PRDRGQ F\TPGNF [N DCNS, R\VSG TN KEO FRKCNGRDKO" )euertnegnulebiN(. K[ NHMGZ MK FKXKZF GEPGKG\KF B[Z FKG NPGV\ CPTZM\ CSKS FB\GS FVKBGENK GFYGE FBCKZK, FPRIF NMBGZF XPE HF CPF [PMGRF "RBPRG\ CTNKNF, FBDQ GYZKPFKNE, NPKEF MHG [N FYXRF FIGZD\ PTCZ NMN PRKT [RK\Q NFSCKZG TN ZC=TGXPF [N JZDEKF, FZK [CBU NB BI\ PDKTF \BGG\ FEO GFRYO [N [RK FVZGJDGRKSJKO BKQ NG BI GZT CXPZ\ [KZG\ FTNKNF FPRGKG\ NTKN. DO BO CBIEG\ PFQ PXGK DZTKQ FPGG\ F\GNF PTN BVGS HF CZGI "EPEGPK FBNKO", F=gnuremmadrettoG PBSMGN\ GDRZ, [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO CPMNGN F[KZG\ FBVKG\ [N KPK=FCKRKKO. TRQ FYEZG\, FBKPF GBKGGK SZ \GPS PNGZK CPIXK\ F[RKKF [N FPBF F=51. TO HB\ Y[F [NB NFCIKQ CKKIGEF [N ZIC FKZKTF [N FPK\GNGDKF FBRDNK\ { FIN C CBGGNU GMNF C PG\ BZ\GZ { BG\G DKC[ KXKZG\KFO [N YZJKKQ EF JZGBF, GGNVZO VGQ B[RCL, DGJVZKE VGQ [JZSCGZD, GMQ FBGVGS TO [KBK TKEQ F[KZF FBVK\ C[NFK KPK=FCKRKKO. GHB\ KIE TO [KZ\ ZGNQ, BN SKE, FRKCNGRDKO" CZGI F[GZF FIG\P\ B\ FKXKZF, FBVGS FJGGJGRK ZC FFKYU GFSDGNF, RPRK\ CSVZG\ HF YZGC N=002 [RKO, FKB BMQ RBPRF GYGNT\. [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO, BG PGJC: "YW effotS nehcstued" CPYGZ { \ZDGO NBG EGGYB PKNGNK BL RBPQ NZGI FFKDE FDZPRK FPGVKT MG\Z\ FP[RF NMZL HF: "CKJGK PG[NO NPFG\F [N FDZPRKG\" { rella etsehcstued red"

V\I ECZ
11
V\I ECZ

[TZK \YGGF, [NFK S\KG 5002. \[ZK F\[S"G

B.S.

FFKSJGZK FMGVF TN TO NCEE K[MGQ PTDN YSPKO [N VGZTRG\. CTKRKKO TXGPG\ NZGGIF [N [CJK FRKCNGRDKO CT\ FZIGYF FFKB, NCKQ FEJZPKRKHO PEKR\ FKFGEKO N[NGI KE CRV[F. GBMQ, Y[F [NB NDHGZ DHZF [GGF CKQ FFNKMF NBCEGQ CB[, TRG\ FPDGZ[KO PK [TGNPO IZC TNKFO, NB FG\KZG SVY ZC CB[Z NEZL CF CIZF NGFJ \Z\K P[PT. \PGRG\ IGZCQ FF\KK[CG\ CICN THF GXVGQ F[GPZGQ, C\K FMRS\ FTGNKO GTGE FTZF, CZGI "EPEGPK FBNKO". FKXKZF \GZDPF CKPK FYKW FNGFJ [N [R\ \[S"F. NIKGC GN[NKNF { FKB TNK CNCE. [R\YE[ CPYGPG\KRG, NB RTR\F MNN. GNCSGU, MRFGD NXKKQ CV\I ECZ, FBIZKG\ NM\GC { CK[ZBN, BGNO FVRKKF BN PGSEG\ PMGCEKO BNF BG [RTR\F CSKZGC PRGPS, BG, TN VK FRGFD CIVW NC FKK\K PGEF NDGVKO GPGSEG\ FBPGRKO TN SKGT NVZSGO [N \ZDGO KXKZG\ [KZF MZL HF PGYE[ NF. \GEF NRKXF VNE TN FRKYGE GMQ TN FFTZG\ GF\KYGRKO TNKFO FPNKXF GBG\O YKCN\K CZXGQ, CF[D\ HMGKG\ N\PGRG\ FPBKKZG\ B\ FMZL, MGNN \PGRG\ PSZJG [N VZKW NBRD, FRKCNGRDKO. NSVZKK\ PMGQ D\F CK[ZBN GMQ NGGKYJGZ BKMVNEZ )redlefhciE( PGGZPS, DZPRKF, TN FSKGT BRDNKF. [NPK \GEF NZTK\K, NKF S\KG, TN FCIKRF FIGHZ\ GR[RK\ [N FM\GC GFDF\G, \GEG\ PBGRKCZSKJBG\ YSN GPZCGZD, DZPRKF; GMQ NVZGV' RKN \GPS )samohT( PBGRKCZSKJ\ EZRFO, Sof+ KKQ, BZF"C; E"Z TR\ CZKKZ PBGRKCZSKJ\ CZ=BKNQ; VZGV' KGBMKO FKKRXNF )elznieH( Y PPIYZKFO N"BIZK\ ECZ" )CSEZ BNVCK\K(: E"Z SGHQ CZBJGQ )nottarB( PPMNN\ ]GKJGfZ\, G CPEGZ F\GEG\ IGCF RTKPF NK NFMKZ \GEF NBZCTF IGYZKO PGCFYKO B[Z \ZPG

21
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

ZB[K\ FPBF F=31. FSVZKKF FNBGPK\, YZNSZGFF. FTPGE FVG\I )YJT( B\ [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO. M\C FKE C,

. . . . . . . .

. F[VF GF\ZDGO ( ) IKHGK FT\KE GPGJKC YSREZF [CZG [N FB\GS FVKBGENK SGDKG\ CCKYGZ\ [GCO [N FRKCNGRDKO: ZKMZE GDRZ, VZKW NBRD FRKCNGRDKO { 005 [RG\ [MIF XKZGU FFKCJ FPK\K=FKSJGZK [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO GFSBDF FRGZEK\ NKKIGEG [N FBVGS FJGGJGRK
''gnutuedsuaroV``

F\[KTK\, FKB HG FPKJKCF N[PZ B\ FRGVL FPKGIE [N KPK=FCKRKKO. [N SJGZNGSGQ, GBGNK EGGYB CDKRF, FZK [ FBEF FYEGPF, MMN FRZBF P[NFK FPBF )9711=1421 nosulrutS irronS(. TO HB\ PQ FZBGK NXKKQ, [TN BU TCGE\G FPYV\ GFVZ[RK\ CN[GQ VZGHF, VZK BKSGU, PIYZ GTKCGE [N FVKKJQ GFFKSJGZKGQ FBKSNREK SRGZK SJGZNGSGQ M\GCF CIZGHK [KZ GP[YN VKGJK, G FBEF FPBGIZ\ BG FBEF CVZGHF, TN [GO [RM\CF FPGMZ\ NRG, FKB F&EF FBKSNREK\ TN [RK INYKF. FBEF FYEGPF, BG "FVKGJK\" [MQ FKB B FPK\GNGDKF FJGGJGRK\ FPSVZ\ B\ YGZG\ FBNKO GFDKCGZKO PYEO CDZS\F FYEGPF CKG\Z [N BKZGVF GXVGRF, NCKQ RVKN\ BIZGQ PCXZK FBNKNG\ CBKSRNE. CVZY HPQ HF TGXCF FRF MK MQ RK\Q NYCGT VTZ [N 003 [RKO GKG\Z CKQ F\KKXCG\ FFDPGRKF FRGXZK\ CPZMHF FZIGYF, [O TNF CKEF N[PZ B\ FPGZ[\ FBNKNK\ VZY HPQ RGSU [N PBF [RKO CYKZGC. F\RDEG\ THF CYZC FBXGNF FRGZEK\, B[Z MKGGQ [NB KMNF NG, FKDZF CINYF FRKMZ NBKSNRE FDZPRKO GFVZRYKO CKC[\ FBKZGVK\. K\ZF PML, FZVGZPF FE\K\ [N JZKDGGSGQ TGZZF PB\KKO [RKO GKG\Z NBIZ [HG, CEPG\G [N FYKSZ [ZNPQ, FKK\F NE\ Z[PK\ [N [CJK FRGXZKO [N RGZCDKF, MVF B\ FRXZG\ TN TPG ZY C[RKO FBIZGRG\ [N FPBF FT[KZK\, FRXZG\ GPIF P\GMG B\ [KKZK FBNKNG\. BGNU JZKDGGSGQ )nosavggyr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tornnoL( FVKRK, BGNO FTGCEF [ZBF BGZ ZY CBPXT FR[KKF MKGGQ [NB R[\PZG. FPMNGN FPK\K FVKRK=YZNK YNGGNF, HMF BPRO NF[\PZ \GEG\ \[\K\ C\ZCG\ FPTZC. PK\GSKO ZCKO, MDGQ FPK\GNGDKF FSNCK\ CZGCF FDEGN, XNNG N\FGO PK\GSKO EGDP\ SVZ CZB[K\, FPK\GNGDKF FB[GZK\, FPXZK\, FKGGRK\, FYNJK\, FVMG NBCRK PCY[\ NF\PGEE, CMNKO [TPEG NZ[G\G [N FPSVZ FYEGO, TO IKE\ FBEO CZB[K\ YKGPG. FPK\GNDKF, CCIKR\ &CZ PK\GSKO FPSVZ B\ YGZG\ FBNKO, FEPGRKO, FDKCGZKO GFPVNXG\, X

B. NKKIGEG [N FBVGS FJGGJGRK

PCGB MNNK
51
PCGB MNNK

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61
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71
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81
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91
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02
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12
PCGB MNNK

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22
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32
PCGB MNNK

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42
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

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52

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62
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72
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13
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23
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33
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63
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34
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BNKO BNB C\ BEO NMN ECZ GTRKKQ. MKGGQ [ML FKB P\RVN\ N\GL HZGTG\KG [N HKDVZKE. CZGRFKNEF PRSF NEIGY BG\G PVRKF, BGNO BH P\CZZ NF [MGIF BCE [FZK BKQ FKB TGE C\ VGZW B\ JCT\ FB[, RG[Y NCZGRFKNEF, PTKZ BG\F GPCY[ NICY B\ FTNPF FRBF. CJCT\ FRKCNGRDKO [R[PZF TN KEK FEZYGQ GKGXB NFTKZ B\ CZGRFKNEF P[R\F. HKDVZKE FBGVZF, [FKB [KZ FNN NHKDVZKE FTNO, PSVZ\ TN HKDVZKE YGJN FEZYGQ VVRKZ, FHGMF

HKDVZKE
FCQ [KKGGNE PZIPF [N HKDNKRE, C\G [N GGJBQ. JCT\ FB[ FPYKVF BG\F, NFYKW BG\F P[R\F GML NHMG\ CF. [RKFO PSMKPKO [KFKF HF BG\F NC\ \PG\F. K\ZF PHG, FGB PZEKO BG\F TE B[Z KKPXB FDCZ FBPKW [KGMN NVZGW B\ FZGCX\ TN HFC FZKKQ, PSKZ PC\G FPGZE\ B\ \MGR\ FBNGFG\ [N FGGNKYZF GCML FGVL GMQ TN FZKC CKQ CZGRFKNEF FGGNYKZF NCKQ BCKF GGJBQ. GGJBQ PSVZ NC\G TN FYNNF FBGVZF PSVZ\ TN VDK[\O [N HKDPGRE GHKDNKRE [FO BI GBIG\, TN BFC\O GTN RK[GBKFO,

FGGNYKZG\
CKRKFO BNCZKL, FCTNKO [N DNKP\ FZGBF GBKRG RZBF. FQ P[RK JKVGSKO CNCE: CRG\ FZKKQ )rethcotniehR( GFRKCNGRDKO { DPEKO IZ[K P\M\, FEPGKG\ FP[KYG\ N[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO, FDO [CFY[Z [GRF NINGJKQ PHF [CTNKN\ FBVGS, FTNKNF P\ZI[\ CTGNO NNB CRK BEO, GBRG VGD[KO CG ZY BNKO GMQ EPGKG\ PQ FBDEG\.

HFC FZKKQ
NZ[\ CCGB FKGO B\ PYGO FBNKO GN[NGJ TN FBZW. FGGNFBNF, CZGRFKNEF FKB HG FPGCKNF B\ FTNKNF [N GDRZ. FDKCGZKO, CRK FBNKO, RGTEG PTKKRG\ GVNDK PKO. PCKQ \[T FGGNYKZKG\ B[Z RGTEG N[B\ B\ ZGIG\ FDKCGZKO BN BGNO CKRKFQ GGDNKREF )adnilgoW( GVNGSFKNEF )adlihssolF(, FQ C\GNG\ HMG\ GJFGZG\, [GMRG\ DPEKO GBNCZKL PNMO, BU FO BGKCK FBNKO, FO DHT IZGW F[GMQ CPTCF FBEPF. FRKPVG\, FTRYKO, GCZB[O VVRKZ, BGKCK FBNKO, FO DHT BK\Q BGNO RTEZ IGMPF. FRKCNGRDKO { CZB[G\G [N GGJBQ [GMRKO \IKNF CMZK E[B CPZGPK FZKO GPBGIZ KG\Z CBZPGQ GNFBNF. PGVKTKO CRK BEO CTNK \MGRG\ BNKO NPIXF, FO FDKCGZKO GFGGNYKZKG\. BZCT\ FBNKO B\ BZCT\ FBGVZG\ PBMNSKO BNKO PYEO, TRYKO, DPEKO GRKPVG\. C[NC PBGIZ KG\Z

44
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

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FRKCNGRDKO NVZKW NBRD

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negelhcsre nhi'bah, )MQ, BRK ZXI\K BG\G(. P\V\I ZKC CKRG NCKQ DGRJZ TN FJCT\, GDGRJZ PGCN DGVG [N HKDVZKE BN FBZPGQ PB[KPF DGJZGQ B\ FBDQ CZXI. FBDQ PGEF: hcI !nned aJ``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{ FGB MC[ B\ CZGRFKNEF TCGZ DGRJZ. B\ FJCT\. NGC[ B\ EPG\G [N DGRJZ CTHZ\ MK[GU FDNKPF, CB BN CZGRFKNEF MCTNF GRGJN PBXCTF GPCJKI NDGRJZ B\ KEF [N CZGRFKNEF. F[RKKO MGZ\KO CZK\ EPKO. TO ZE\ FNKNF HKDVZKE DGJZGQ. HKDVZKE PDKT BN FBZPGQ, NGDO B\ SO F[MIF, [GMI B\ MN\G, P\BFC CDGJZGQ HKDVZKE C[KYGK [MIF. TN PR\ NVXG\ B\ HKDVZKE TN FPT[F PXKT FBDQ N\\ NG B\ KEF [N

54
PCGB MNNK

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64
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

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74
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84
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044

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064

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094

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&N G[PB FDI\ PQ F\GV\ [N F#F? FCQ=BRG[ B\F? )EPPF BZGMF CKQ F[RKKO( PK B\F BK[ FPDGZ? NJZGU B\ DGVK. PVNX\ CEPG\ BEO CBF F[JQ TXPG RI\ TN FXGY. NKJGN CMGI B\ FPDKT NG. BCKZ GNGIO. FRMGQ

CZGRFKNEF: )BIGH\ BKPF( HKDVZKE:

774
[KZG\ GYJTKO

HKDVZKE: )[GNU B\ IZCG, GFVTO, CYGNG FJCTK, BN TXPG.( CZGRFKNEF: )PCKJF CTKRKKO MCGKG\.(
)HKDVZKE PBG\\ NF NCGB BIZKG. ZGTE\, CXTE MG[N, FKB VGST\ BIZKG BN FPTZF.( G^PF YKGGK\, CZGRFKNEF FBGPNN\? N

# E FC+ N BG\K PMN\L. [PGZ NK BPGRKO, B]K. BIK, N ] MK MC[\K BG\F C\GO NC. GTM[KG PQ FEKQ [+ET FTGNO K

HKDVZKE: )PG[KC BG\F TN SVSN BCQ PGN FMRKSF BN FPTZF.(

PCJKFO RVD[KO.( NFSKZ B\ FJCT\ PBXCTF. FKB HGTY\ CYGN DEGN, RMRT\ GRBSV\, [CGZF CHZGTG\KG. BG\F C[RK\. FKB RPNJ\, FGB ZW GNGME BG\F CHZGTG\KG. FO [CKO NFKBCY. FGB PXNKI )FGB TJ TNKF. FO RBCYKO. CZGRFKNEF P[\IZZ\ PBIKH\G, GIGHZ\ NFKBCY. HKDVZKE \GYU

MN\G [N DGRJZ. CGBK TPK BN FPTZF. TM[KG B\ [NK, CZGRFKNEF,

HKDVZKE:

BO NB \KMRTK NK PZXGRL, BMRKT BG\L CIGHY KE.

CZGRFKNEF: HKDVZKE:

NTGNO NB \DRGC BG\F PPRK. \GEG\ NJCT\ HG MGIK TXGO GZC. NCN \TH NF\YZC BNK. #+L Ny PPRK [GEE, MGVZ TNGC, jN

\FKF NRG HG TEG\ RK[GBKO. HMG\G [N FCTN NEZG[ PPL B\ FJCT\,

874
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

. . . . .

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{ BZKF S\KG { TR\ CZKKZ { RKN \GPS { SGHQ CZBJGQ { KGBMKO FKKRXNF

tleW(, C=7 CPZW 4002. HF TN CSKS FZXBF [FPICZ R[B CMRS B[Z FGYE[ N"[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO GTGNPO" ) enies dnu deilnegnulebiN saD M\C FT\ mutretlA sehcstued ruf tfirhcstieZ GTGPE CZB[ "BDGE\ GGNVZO VGQ B[RCL". FPBPZ FGMQ NVZSGO CMZL CRG[BK SVZG\ DZPRK\ CKPK=FCKRKKO. VZGV' FKKRXNF NKPE VKNGNGDKF DZPRK\ CBGRKCZSKJBG\ YSN GPZCGZD, FGB TGZL B\ VZGV' KGBMKO FKKRXNF )elznieH(, FRPRF TO CMKZK FIGYZKO [N [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO, VZSO [GZF BZGMF [N IKCGZKO

P [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO? F\D[PG\F EGGYB CIGZCQ FYFKNF FNBGPK\, GBO MQ, FBO ZTKGQ HF KRY B\ PYGZ F[ZB\G FYP\F [N PEKR\ FNBGO FDZPRK\, I[GC FKF FZTKGQ [HFG\ NBGPK\ HG \PXB B\ + M[BNF: FBO CPFG\ HFG\O FNBGPK\ [N FDZPRKO, B[Z FKGG\F CSKS \ZCG\K N\FNKL FRKCNGRDKO FKK\F RYGE\ FPGXB CPK\GNGDKF DZPRK\ [N IGZCQ?" BRK PCKQ B\ ECZKG BGNK FZFZ PBZDQ FMRS CRBGPG [N DZKRD MB[Z RKSI B\ F[BNF [FXKD NVRK: "FBO [KZ\ {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j CFHEPRG\ HG PTPE [N 'BVGS NBGPK DZPRK'. FYJT [XGJJ ZCG\ PECZKG FGB: NYZB\ FYZCG\ FCBKO". NXGZL PJZF HG DKKS DZKRD B\ [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO GFTRKY NF 2 NFEDK[ B\ PSKZG\ FRV[ [N FXCB GN[PGZ CPKE\ FBV[Z TN PGMRG\G [N FGGZPMJ GCTGRF BI\ KSKKT N[NJGQ CEZK[\G NFDEN\ FPBPW FPNIP\K. MPG MQ FKF XGZL TNKGQ \VYKEG [N DZKRD FKF "NY[GZ CKQ [RK FRG[BKO CBGVQ [KPRT PXC PCKL NP[JZ, GCT\ N\VKS\ F[NJGQ CKEK FRBXKO, BL "FRG[B FPP[K [N FRBGO FKF FBSGQ [N SJNKRDZE". 1 PTK\GRK FPVNDF rethcaboeB nehcsikloV. DZKRD R[B B\ RBGPG NZDN KGO F[RF FT[KZK CVRK MKRGS [N PVYEK FGGZPMJ. FRBGO [GEZ CZEKG GVGZSO CDZSF PYGXZ\ GTZGMF CBIE C=03 CKRGBZ 3491 RBO FZPQ DZKRD CBGNO FJYSKO [N FP[ZE NTRKKRK \TGVF [N FZKKL,
KGBMKO FKKRXNF*

FBGPRO RYGE\ PGXB CPK\GNGDKF DZPRK\ [N IGZCQ? [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO:

184
BIZK\ ECZ

F[CJ PSGZKO NZB[ F[CJ CBG\F RBPRG\ GXKK\RG\ [BKQ TNKF TGZZKQ... NPTQ FPNL FTO FDZPRK #NTE RXIK. ZB[ F[CJ PSGZ NICZK F[CJ CRBPRG\ CN=\KPIF, GICZK D YGNI EPG FJFGZ GFBXKN CKG\Z [N TPRG. C[KZKO BNF FXKCF NTXPF RBPRG\G [N IGJ F[RK FMGZL B\ MGNQ GPJCKT TNKFQ B\ IG\PF [N F[KZF FDZPRK\, [KZF CF TNK NXKKQ B\ FPBVKKQ FMNNK FP[G\U NFQ CBGVQ [GGF { HB\ TN PR\ NFXKD B\ CJZO BCY[ B\ YGZBK NNGG\ BG\K CTKGQ CKXKZG\ F[GRG\ [N FBVGS FNBGPK [NRG, FHKYF CKQ PGJKC FRBPRG\ NCKQ PGJKC FPGG\ GFIGZCQ: ramliV( BK[ PZCGZD, CPYZBF NSVZG\ DZPRK\ [FKK\F NNFKJ CHPRG. DO BXNG PGED[\ CBGVQ YGNT CPKGIE RKSI B\ FZTKGQ TGE C[R\ 5481 VZGVSGZ B.V.SK VKNPZ ).C.F.A CFJPT\F CZGI FDZPRK\ ZGBF ZGJF B\ NGH FB\GS FJGGJGRK. ZGJF, FKB FRBPRG\ TE YW, FNB FKB "RBPRG\ FRKCNGRDKO" )euertnegnulebiN(, B[Z FT\ FT\KYF. FPKEF FRTNF, FBGNJKPJKCK\ PCKQ FSDGNG\ [N FDZPRKe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{ aicacivrep avarp { "Y[K TGZU MRG\. BMQ, NKC\ FDZPRKG\ FKB FNFJ FZTKGRK, \MGRF CF FCIKQ MCZ JYKJGS FZGPK B[Z CTYZGQ FRBPRG\ FDZPRK\ P\BIE FMGN NMNN PMNGN [NO: NFJ, BKEKBNKHO, [NPG\, C=03 CBGYJGCZ 4191 YCT FBK[ RIZXG\, MK: FBGVK FDZPRK GF\ZCG\ FDZPRK\', [R[B FDZPRKSJ FCZNKRBK FRGET DGSJC ZGJF )ehteoR(. KSIU TPG N\FGO B\ FTGNO MGNG, TNF [GC CPNIP\ FTGNO FZB[GRF, CRBGO FPNIPF 'TN CNFCG\ B\ FKMN BJKNF "CT\ IGZCQ FJGGJGRKO". FIHGQ FPIZKE [N IGZCQ FDZPRKO, B[Z 4 [RK [N FRKCNGRDKO", CPFNMG KTNG FDZPRKO B\ BKZGVF CNFCG\ MVK [CKPKO FFO FTNG MCKMGN, CFMZH\ PNIPF TN DZPRKF. PQ F[KZ TGNF BKGO MNVK FBGKC B[Z PGNG K\RFN "YZC [C[R\ 9581, C[KZ P\GTC NPEK, F\KKIS N[PGTF NVKF ZGSKF, XZV\ GBKJNKF KXBG, [RKO ZCG\ NVRK DZKRD F\KKIS BN FSGDKKF VNKMS EBQ )nhaD( FKSJGZKGQ GP[GZZ, PK TN FCGZDGREKO CBZPGRG [N BJKNF, FGB BJXN, CKXKZF [NVRKRG. GF=02, FBPGZG\ NXKKQ HKYF CKQ F\ZI[G\ TEMRK\ C\IGO FVGNKJK=XCBK NCKQ FBSGQ [RI\ FPTRF TN F[BNF EGZ[ CEKYF [N TEGKG\ RGSVG\ )TN HG [N DZKRD CRBGPG(, PQ FPBF F=91

B.

284
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

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

FBGPRO PICZ IGJ [RK B\ YGZG\ FDZPRKO CKQ HKDVZKE CPBF FIPK[K\ NCKQ BEGNU CPBF FT[ZKO?

384
BIZK\ ECZ

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ss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{ VZRW VGQ NKSJ )tsiL(, EPG\ ZC\ I[KCG\ MKEGT, IGNNF "RBPRG\ FRKCNGRDKO" FDZPRK\=BGSJZG=FGRDZK\ B\ PNIP\ FTGNO FZB[GRF. BGSJZKF=FGRDZKF, RBPRG\ YEG[F, [TNKF BRG ZGXKO N[PGZ. 7 C[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO; BL BKQ BRG ZGXKO NVDGT CRBPRG\ FRKCNGRDKO CKISKRG TO FBGSJZG=FGRDZK\. HB\ BK=FCRF PXTZ\. BKQ MBQ ZKC TN TNKGRG\ MHG [CKQ [\K FPNMG\ ZCG\K, YZB\K CPYGO MN[FG FTZF RNTD\ TN PTPERG MGGSNKO MCKMGN [N FYKSZG\

484
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

NTGCEF [F[KZF RG[B\ CYZCF B\ \MRKF FNBGPKKO GB\ PFG\F [N FBGPF FDZPRK\. NPG\Z NXKKQ MK YCKTF HG BKRF P\KKIS\ CFMZI NTZMF FSDGNK [N FKXKZF CNCE, MK BO FDZPRKO". 61 FBDRS )snegaH red nov( GCG FYCKTF MK [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO FKB "FBVGS FNBGPK [N KG\Z RHMZ\ FKXKZF, MMN FRZBF NZB[GRF CM\GCKO, CVZSGO PB\ VZKEZKL FKKRZKL VGQ EZ SGNDZ )reglo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tierebO( GFGB M\C=FKE B[Z YGJND PBGIZ KG\Z M"M\C=KE C". BGCZKKJ SKVZ CSVZKK\G [N FZGHQ VGQ FGFRBPS )smenehoH(, RVN M\C=FKE NKEKG [N BIE C[O KTYC FZPQ [N PB\KKO GIPK[KO [RF CYKZGC. FGB R\DNF [GC C=92 CKGRK 5571, MB[Z CT\ TKGQ [N FYKSZ PMSKPKNKBQ. NBIZ PMQ RTNO F[KZ CI[M\ FBZMKGRKO GFSVZKG\ NP[L VZY HPQ F=61, MB[Z RZ[O FJYSJ FYRGRK C"SVZ FDKCGZKO", FGB F= hcubnedleH resarbmA FRGET CKPK=FCKRKKO FPBGIZKO RPSZF [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO NVKYEGQ FEGZG\ FCBKO CZB[K\ FPBF \IKNF TNKRG NCZZ MKXE YZF FECZ [ [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO FVMF N 'BVGS NBGPK' DZPRK.

C.

NRYGE\ FPGXB [N PK\GS FIGZCQ FDZPRK? FRF MK MQ F[BNF FPMZT\ FKB: FBO FTEGKG\ FNNG PGMKIG\ MK [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO FKK\F B\ [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO. 9 PKNKO N\BZ B\ FEZPF [N DKCGZKO BNF. CSJNKRDZE RTHZKO CF[GGBF FPTPKEF CXN

584
BIZK\ ECZ

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nega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{ YGPEKF PCKMF GTPGPF [N PZPF, FDGN[\ BKQ CKRF ~[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO| GCKQ FFKSJGZKF FDZPRK\ GNB MNGO, BKQ HF BNB P\GGF [N HF )eeS nov( { CKG\Z P[PKRK\ [N SZYHO: NFDEZ\G [N "B\GS NBGPK", [FZK { MVK [XKKQ FVKNGNGD GFFKSJGZKGQ FDZPRK YNBGS VGQ F[BNF FKB PPF PGZMC \GMQ HF. NMBGZF CZGZ MK BKQ NL ECZ FP\BKO VIG\ PQ FBVGS

684
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

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tzsiL nov znarF( MK "SGVG [N FYZC TZGCF RIZX\ N[NGO. 12 PEO, BRK PPPFZ NFGSKU MK EGGYB C\PKM\RG FBK\RF CBGSJZKF=FGRDZKF ZGBF BRK ZCG\K, TN PR\ NPRGT MN BV[ZG\ [PGDK=FNC CKRKRG KTNG \PGRG\ [N \CGSF TYGCF "VKZG[ [DGK" NECZKG CP[N "RBPRG\ FRKCNGRDKO": F\KKISG\ MHG. ML ZBF TXPG FYRXNZ [N FZKKL PIGKC NSNY PKE MN BK=FCRF BV[ZK\ [N NTNKN\ FIGZCQ [N [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO F\IPYG CEZL MNN PFPSYRF FYJSJZGVNK\ [N IGZCQ NBGPK FPCGSS TN TNKN\ FRKCNGRDKO. BGNO VGNKJKYBKO GBKEKBGNGDKO B[Z F\KKISG [FGB RZPH NVIG\ BXN VKNPZ )ramliV( GZGJF )ehteoR(, BMQ KMGN FKF NIGNN PK\GS [N CKXKZ\ FPK\GS FNBGPK. GBKNG FZTKGQ [N RBPRG\ JGGJGRK\=DZPRK\ MTKNF NIGZCQ, MVK FDZPRK. NB FKF HF PQ FRPRT [NCSGU DO FTNKNF CPNGBF, MGNN FSGU FYJNRK, RMNNF NPG\Z NXKKQ [NB RK\Q FKF NFINKU B\ FEPGKG\, B[Z FVMG BJ=BJ GFKG NDKCGZK FNBGO

D.

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
FDZPRKKO, CPFZF CKPKRG, MQ KFK. 91 RGIO GTKEGE... DBGGF GBFC\ FTO GFPGNE\. GFTKYZ: \YGGF N[GCO [N F\FKNF GFFEZ

784
BIZK\ ECZ

''reilucitrap )NMN BGPF BGVKF FPKGIE(, RBPZ CSVZ FKSGE [N TKEQ F\CGRF, F= FDEZ\ "FBGVK FNBGPK" BKRF PKGIEG\ NDZPRKO. eretcarac nos a noitan euqahC``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
FBGVKKRK\ NRG KG\Z. 72 RBPRG\". BMQ RBPRG\! TY[RG\ DPGZF GPGINJ\ NJGC GNZT! BKQ SDGNF BIZ\ FPSVZ HB\ CIKCGZG DZPRKF, GPGSKU FFKSJGZKGQ FZGPK: "FO CTXPO YGZBKO NML NC NFKPMZ NTCEG\. "MF YJNRK\ GPZG[T\ FKB FTY[RG\ FJGGJGRK\", PGSKU JYKJGS ZMG[G CP[IY YGCKKF, GCRKSKGQ BIZGQ PFPZ TN IKZG\G, PVSKE DO BG\F GPSMKO CIVW TGNKO NBDZB ZPB GRGVNKO NCKZB TPKY\B. BRG EGPKO NBG\G JGGJGRK [FVSKE B\ MN FTEZ BP\=PKEF ZKBNK\ NPXKBG\ FGB MVK FRZBF FYNNF [N F\V\IG\RG FZGIRK\. BRG GGKNFNO [ZZ )rerehcS mlehliW( FMG\C CHG FN[GQ: FDZPRK". BKGZ GFGMIF NML PXB FPICZ CYJT P\GL \GNEG\ FSVZG\ FDZPRK\ PB\ 62 "FS\KZF FPHTHT\ [R\IGNNF CKQ FFGGF FDZPRK NCKQ F[NCKO FBPK\KKO [N FTCZ CTKEQ FRBXK CEZHEQ. CVZY \I\ FMG\Z\ "[GZ[K FDZPRKG\" PFZFZ YNPVZZ BGEG\ VGD[KO BG\G CPYGO CN\K XVGK. FMGGRF NHKMZGRG\KG [N GKYJGZ YNPVZZ FKFGEK P[RG\KG R[GC NXGZL TRKKRRG BN JYKJGS [BG\G PXJJ ZGJF CRBGO FPNIPF [NG. FVTO BRG FNBGPK\ CTN PBVKRKO FVGMKO. YJSJZGVNK FMZIK [N FFKSJGZKF FDZPRK\ {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{ NVKF FGCKNG YGZG\ FDZPRKO NDKCG[ [N PFNMKO FKSJGZKKO [SGVO VGZTRG\ FDZPRK". F\KKISG\ NSGDKF HG P\CY[\ PBNKF NRGMI FETF { FZGGI\ DO BO NB [NJ\ FKSGE NVKF [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO FVMF C[NC HF BG BIZ NRYGE\ PGXB C"PK\GS FIGZCQ TO HB\, GNPZG\ ZGI FECZKO FPGCB\ NTKN, BKQ MN TEG\, NET\K, FT[GKF N\PGL CFRI\

E.

884
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

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iopo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{ ECZ [NPZCF FXTZ FDKT CEKTCE RKS\F NYCGT B\ "JKCG" [N "FBGVK FNBGPK" FXZV\K, NP[N, NTGP\ FDZPRK. CML SKKT 13 CRK EGZG, FVL YNPVZZ B\ \CRK\ I[KC\G NBYSKGPF [N "\GZ\ F\ZCG\ G\GZ\ FJCT", B[Z DZPRKF FPBGIE\ MNVK IGW GMNVK VRKO CT\ GCTGRF BI\. CEGPF NSGVZKO GIGYZKO BIZKO HF FVL NNKC\ "PTZM\ FBPGRF GFFTZMF FNBGPKG\" B[Z CKY[F NFCJKI B\ YKGPF [N 03 FTXPK \VYKE ZC=I[KCG\ CDKCG[Q [N PEKRG\ NBGO. ML CK\Z [B\ CPYZF FDZPRK, MB[Z FTKEQ FPGEZRK, FPIGKC\ PXEF N\KBGZKG\ YNBSKG\. CPBG\ F=91 GF=02 FKF NEKPGK 92 eidepolcycnE CTZKM\O [N EKEZG GEBNPCZ FPP[KMF CML B\ FB\RGNGDKF P\IKN\G [N

984
BIZK\ ECZ

* * *
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{ BI\ FTYGCG\ CKG\Z PEO". GMB[Z "BRIRG", MVK [[JGZL PP[KL 34 EZMO [N FDZPRKO { FIN PYW FBKPVZKF FZGPK\ FYEG[F [N FBGPF FDZPRK\ GTE SGU CVZY FHPQ [N PBF GIPK[KO [RF { P[R\ 6081 GTE 5491: "BIZK MMNG\ FMGN, FKK\F [RTZMF TN KEG, \GPL [JGZL CJKTGQ NVKG PFG\ FRKCNGRDKO YCTF B\ PFNL YGZG\ FDZPRKO NCKJGK NBIZGRF CTCGE\G [N GGNVDRD [JGZL )hcrot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
24

094
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

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194
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294
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

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FRKCNGRDKO NVZKW NBRD

TKNBK. CFP[L HKDVZKE MPTJ RGVN PKEKG [N BNCZKL, NB TRKKQ [N PF CML CPYZFG [N DKCGZ

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394
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494
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F[RKe\ FBGZDRK\ GFCN\K=BGZDRK\

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594
BIZK\ ECZ

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694
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FSCKCF MRKDGE \GMRK

21

NB ZY CIKK FDKCGZ, MK BO RP[L BN FRXI. FZGGK VZIKO FGB FKVGMG FSKPJZK NFVKM\O [N FRKCNGRKO NPBGCRKO. EGBNKHO HF PXGK BVGB FPTPE FGB BVGB PYGZ NSDGNG\KG [N HKDVZKE FBXKN GBK[GZ NBGVKG FRTNF. TZ[ FEGGK
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794
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

NPFG\ BK[KG\G [N HKDVZKE

FZB[GQ [N FSZJ BN INYG F[RK, GHB\ BU CK\Z [B\. FRF MK MQ, FHKYF CKQ FBEO FZBGK GFBGZDRK CRKDGE N\\=FBEO FCN\K=ZBGK, DGN[\ PINYG ["BZPGRG" [N BJXN EGPF KG\Z NEKZ IHKZKO )llatsniewhcS( PB[Z NPYGO FKBF NPNL. 71 SZJG [N NBRD RGTE NTGZZ B\ [RB\ FKFGEKO G[BZ nehcsnemretnU, PXCKT TN ML FTRYKKO CKTZG\=TE. BGVKKO [N FFGRKO EGPF NSCKC\O. ZGNU FPVN )lepme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nedoB dnu tulB( FVMF CPFZF 51 B\ F[CZ FMNMNK NRHY [FBDQ DGZO NYZKPFKNE TO F[NM\ FBGXZ, ZMG[G FNDKJKPK [N DZPRKF, FVZKEG PDZPRKF B\ ICN FZKKQ GFMZKHG TNKG MTN [JI SDGZ. YN FKF NFP[KN 41 BGXZ FBGPF FDZPRK\. FSMPK GZSBK FEZYGRKKO, CRGSU TN FPTPSF FMNMNK\ [FJKNG TN FZKKQ B\ BGXZ FRKCNGRDKO HM\F PKE NVZ[RG\ VGNKJK\ FPB[KPF B\ F[NJGQ CF[NM\

894
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

MN BIE PTGNPG\ BNF TGPE NMBGZF CVRK TXPG GCN\K \NGK CBIZKO. NBRD JGTQ CSZJG 72 NRYO. 62 FPHZI [NKJK FBZW )edrE(, B[Z DGZNO Y[GZ CBNPR\G [N HKDVZKE GC\[GY\F FMVKK\K\ FPGHZ [N CZGRFKNEF, F[GMQ CKQ [NDK FXVGQ; GFBIZGQ { TGNPG [N BJXN GFFGRKO, BR[K FPTZF, FT[KZKO CHFC GCEPGKG\ CN\K=BRG[KG\ EGDP\ FEZYGQ GDPEK FRKCNGRDKO; TGNPF INY CEZPF; PTCF FKTZ [N HKDVZKE FXTKZ FMGNN B\ Y\EZN\ FKTZ, FEPEGPKO, FBIG, FVZHF { IXZ FPNL CF [NJ\ ZXKRG\ \FGPK\ GTYZF GCF RDHZKO DGZNG\ FRV[G\ FNGYIG\ NBRD IKNY B\ FRKCNGRDKO [NG NBZCTF TGNPG\: GGZPS TN \ZCG\F FC[NF GFCGDZ\ TE HKY\F NNBGPRG\ FDZPRK\. 52 FKTZ", TN I[KCG\F [N HG CXKGZ FRGU CDZPRKF [N FPBF F\[T=T[ZF GFT[ZKO, GTN )nahguaV( GSKPGQ [BPB )amahcS( FZIKCG B\ FEKCGZ CM\CKFO TN I[KCG\F [N "Y\EZN\ FYPBKO, etnemelerU. [GZF [N PCYZK BPRG\ GFKSJGZKGRKO EGDP\ GKNKBO GGFBQ 42 "FNFJ FTPGY [N \VKNF RBPRF CY\EZNF" { moD ni etebaG retsnre TO SGE FKSGEG\ "NXB\ BN FTGNO GNNPE B\ MNN FBRG[G\". CTKRKG [N FCPBK FVJZKGJK FSZJ PBIE B\ 32 TN FSZJ MBVGS NBGPK P[R\ 4291 PXFKZ NBRD MK KKTGEG FB\K [N FZBKRGT FDZPRK FGB EGKE VZKEZKL, BG B\ KXKZG\KG FRGETG\ [N BZRGNE &YNKQ BK FP\KO GMQ [NGG\ FKTZ. CPBPZ a CRG[B PK\GNGDK, NBRD PIYF CPGET GCPMGGQ \PGRG\ [N XKKZKO, EGDP\ RGVK TZVN [N YSVZ MK HKDVZKE DEN C"Y\EZN\ FKTZ" )sedlaW sed moD red(. CEZL [N ]JNGD BPRG\ DZPRK\ Y 22 FDZPRK\. NBRD FGEF NPTXC FCPF [NG TN "FKTZ FDZPRK" [RCRF CEPG\ Y\EZNF, GFXFKZ 12 NBRD JTQ [FPEGCZ FGB CTZMK YGE[ ZGIRKKO, mutgilieH egitsieg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

994
BIZK\ ECZ

BEZKMN GFG[VT TPGYG\ PQ FTKXGC FBYSVZSKGRKSJK CQ HPRG. "Y\EZN\ FKTZ". "FKTZ FDZPRK FXGPI CEPG\ Y\EZNF" FGB PSPNKG FBGVKKRKKO [N NBRD, PK [FKF CRG [N

005
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

* * *
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fNSe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snurB( JTRF MK TCGE\F [N VGQ FBZCG NB FKK\F BNB "BZMKGQ 82 FDZPRK FBG\RJK NFSMPK GZSBK, [CTKRK FDZPRKO FKG PT[F [VN [N FXE FPRXI FP\TZC FBSGQ. PMBQ PSYR\G [N EKJZ EKZRPBJ )ttamnerruD( MK FRKCNGRDKO [N NBRD FO FPTRF FBZW FHZF NF, PCKBF IGZCQ TN HKDVZKE GFKB FPRKTF B\ FJZDEKF TN \GXBG\KF FZG\ NIGZCRO. FCGZDGREKO PIZKCKO B\ TGNPF F[+G [N CZGRFKNEF, GHG C\GZF, TO CGBF BN N [IEKZ\ RGMZKO BN TGNPG\ BNF, FSDGZKO GFBGJZYKO, FP[NKPKO B\ TXPO, PCKBF

105
BIZK\ ECZ

CBGRKCZSKJ\ EZFO, CZKJRKF. FPBPZ FGB TEMGQ GFZICF [N PSF PVZK TJG [N FPICZ P[R\ 5991. VZGV' RKN \GPS )samohT(, N[TCZ R[KB FICZF FBZ\GZKBRK\ FTGNPK\, PNPE CPINYF NSVZG\ DZPRK\

FRKCNGRDKO P[R\ 4291(. FCN PCKB MEGDPB NMGGR\G B\ \PGR\ FSKGO [N FKXKZF. CVKRBNF FRKI NEPGKG\KG NF\V\I CBPXTG\ PT[KFO )\MGRF [VZKW NBRD VK\I CSZJG FBKNO PBKQ PZIC NVZ[RG\ FRTEZ\ PQ FKXKZF FPYGZK\. FCN FCKQ MK PICZ FBVGS, MPIHBK, 3 FJZDK\ [IKCZ TN KSGE [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO C[R\ 1681, F\NGRQ C[T\G MK TNKG NCZGB K[ NNB VZ[RG\ P[N TXPG. FTNKNF MF TRKKRK\ GKC[F TE MK VZKEZKL FaN )lebbeH( CEZPF VGNKJK\, [GRF GPRGDE\ NT\KO, { FKB MK FPYGZ PXKD B\ IGPZKG CXPXGO GIKSMGQ GNPT[F FFRIF FKB MK FTKNF FPMZT\ NML [FRKCNGRDKO HMG NVZ[RG\ MF ZICF { SVZG\K\ BG
FBVGS, [NB NJGC\Q, MBCRK PXCF MCEG\. 2 GPFQ [RVNG YGZCQ NPIYZ PDP\K CSGDKF FDZPRK\. YNK[BG\ FZGCXG\ TN EPGKG\ NCRK TZGCF [N YNK[BG\, PFQ YNK[BG\ KNKEG\ FTKEQ FRBXK, PFQ [N PTZKXK GDRZ, FCTKF TO FEPGKG\ CPIHGZ FRKCNGRDKO FKB MK HF EGZG\ NB RK\R\ NFQ PRGIF. FQ FKG NFO YGZCQ: FRNTDKO" )gnumhanniereV ehcilmad eseid...( [FJYSJ FPYGZK [N [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO RVN MG\C PGZKW Z`RYF )ekniR( PQ FSGVZKO FVGVGNZKKO CDZPRKF, KNKE 7691, TN "FTKGG\KO FYGZB. ML NP[N CZ[KPG\KG FCKGDZVKG\ N[IHGZ TNKN\ FRKCNGRDKO, [ZBG BGZ C=2002, CIGPZK FKXKZF CF\BO NPMGGRG\ [N IGYZ BG PDPF VGNKJK\, TGZZG, MXVGK, B\ IP\G [N F[KPG[ CKXKZF NYKEGO SEZ KGO NBGPK { BG NBGPRK CPYZF FDZPRK { GMQ JKVGN [FVTKNG FRBXKO TZC PNIPF FTGNO F[RKKF. 1 FXKCGZ CKPK FMKCG[ FXZV\K. \VYKE EGPF RGTE NKXKZF [NVRKRG CTKYZ CPTZM\ F\TPGNF FTGPE\ CHMG\ TXPF. FTKSGY CBVGS GCPYGZG\KG [KP[ CKQ FK\Z NFZP\ FPGZN FKZGE [N [DO CVZY HPQ HF NB FKK\F [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO MK BO RSVI N BDEG\ DZKO KXKZ\ PGV\ FBVGSKO [N FGPZGS GGZDKNKGS. TO HB\ HM\F FKXKZF N\IKKF CKPK PNIPG\ RVGNKBGQ. BNB [N DZPRKF, NB FKK\F PZRKRF, HB\ CTKYZ PXE RGJZK FIGPG\ [N FJTO FDZPRK FBPGQ TN CFGXB\G [N X.F PKNZ )rellyM(. YCN\ FVRKO NKXKZF, [\FVGL CCGB FT\ NBVGS FNBGPK C=5571 [C GR\DNF CKEK KGFQ KTYC CGEPZ, FIGYZ F[GGKKXZK, GZBF BGZ PYW [CT [RKO FKXKZF CHPRF. BGNO FBVGS XNN, MKEGT, C\FGO FR[KKF NVZY HPQ [N PBG\ C[RKO, GZY M [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO. [VT [N M\CK KE CRK F\YGVF PTKEKO TN FVGVGNZKG\ FZCF PPRF RFR\F PTJKO FO TPGEK F\GGL C[KZ\ KPK=FCKRKKO B[Z HMG NYCN\ VRKO MF PTGZC\ GZC\=VRKO
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205
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305
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7

405
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505
BIZK\ ECZ

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emiM( GNBNCZKL, [MN TGNPO R[NJ TN KEK \BGG\O NZGGI [\TRKY NG [NKJF CN\K PGDCN\. KZKE\G, \Z\K P[PT, BN PIKNG\ FRKCNGRDKO FGVM\ BG\G MB[Z KGZE GGJBQ BN PIGHG\ FDGVZK\ F\\=YZYTKKO [N FRKCNGRDKO CRKSKGQ NHMG\ CJCT\ [K[ NFKVJZ PPRG. PMBQ [FXGZL CFMIE\ FBNKO RG[B BGVK [N FMZI PGSZK. ML NP[N NTKRKRG MZGEU CXT GZGYO PHKPG\, GCZGZ NRG PF\RFNG\G MK [NJGQ FBNKO FGB BRMZGRKHO FP\RFN CKQ GGJBQ NCKQ VZKYF )akcirF( B[\G, P\DNF CCKZGZ [IK\G\ FBNKO; GGJBQ P\KKXC FBNKO PGXDKO MPK [BKRO PSGDNKO TGE NF[NKJ B\ ZXGRO GB\ SPMG\O. CEKQ GECZKO CKYGZ\G FB\BKSJK\ [N GDRZ RKMZ\ MCZ C HFC FZKKQ, FVZY FZB[GQ CYGGZJJ CG 51 BN RG[BKO FPTGZZKO PINGY\ CB[Z NINYG [N HKDVZKE CYGGZJJ FBGVZBK [N GDRZ. FZB[GRKO CYGGZJJ FBGVZBK. NPTQ FBKHGQ PQ FZBGK NXKKQ RG[BKO IKGCKKO BNF NVRK [RVRF FRXNRK\ GFP[TCE\ GMQ YZKBF NBPRXKVXKF [N R[KO { FRG[B FPZMHK C[RK FINYKO RMGRF", F=tnasnep-neib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

605
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

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705
BIZK\ ECZ

[CI NRG[BK FRKCNGRDKO. K\ZF PHB\, F[KPG[ CPK\GS, CPKEF [RT[F, FGCB MTEG\ FKKRZKL CN, FKKRZKL PKNZ GMQ VGNYZ CZBGQ EBDG NF\ZIY MMN FBV[Z PMN FHEFG\ BG ECZ FRKCNGRDKO FJCKTF BG\ YKQ TN MNN FHFG\ FDZPRK\. SGVZKO DZPRKO BIZK FPNIPF EGDP\ GHB\ FQ CZP\ F\ZCG\ FMNNK\ GFQ CZP\ FPIYZ FPYXGTK. FFZD[F FKK\F MK TNKN\ 42 [NBIZ \CGS\F [N DZPRKF CPNIP\ FTGNO F[RKKF { MBKNG FGM\PF CM\O FZ[T FRBXK. NBEO TNKGQ BZK TN CSKS FBRNGDKF TO RKJ[F GGDRZ, R\VSF TNKN\ FRKCNGRDKO { CT[GZKO MMNG\ F[KPG[ FDHTRK [T[G FRBXKO CIGPZK F RKCNGRDKO, GNBIZ FVKM\G [N HKDVZKE PCIGW GCB BN YXG MMK[NGQ ICZ\K=VGNKJK DPGZ C=9891. BNB [\KO=T[ZF [RKO GCB BN YXG CPBK 5491. FRKSKGQ F[RK, [RP[L BZCTKO [RF, FGM\C C\YGVF FZB[GRF FDKTF DZPRKF N"EPEGPK FBNKO" CMGIG\ TXPF NHPQ YXZ [NB RP[L FT[ZKO, BGNO C[\K FVTPKO FKF HF BL FE ZIGY NBPGR\G FPFVMRK\ FBPK\K\ [N GDRZ. GF[NM\O FPG[I\\ TN CRK \PG\F, FGD[PF VTPKKO CFKSJGZKF FDZPRK\ [N FPBF F\YGGF FP[KIK\ NP[JZ VGNKJK [GRF CBGVQ ZEKYNK GCN\K \NGK TGE CF[VT\ FBNKO "FBKPF GFPKZGY" FBZKSJGJNK. 32 CBPXTG\ FTGR[ FZBGK, BMHZK GY[GI MMN [KFKF, [FG[\ TN FRCNKO CKXKZF, GHB\ CZGI [N FJZDEKF RGCT PQ FTGCEF [RGMN NTCGZ T\F NSEZ FKGO CTYCG\ FFKJFZG\ FPG[D\ BGNO, MVK [XKKQ FPCYZ FCZKJK PKMBN JBRZ )rennaT(, "FSKVGY [BRG I[KO NBIZ [KBF F\PG\F, GFMGN K[YTG C\FGPG\ FPCGN [KCGB TN FBZW, \\IGNN F\IE[G\ YGSPK\ MCKZF. + FSYREKRCK FKEGT C[O korangaR. TN VK VGBPF HG, NBIZ [FB[ \#NF B\ TGNO FBNKO GCRK M TKGRKG [N GDRZ CPK\GNGDKF FDZPRK\ [N KTYC DZKO SNNG MMN FRZBF B\ EZMG BN FPK\GS C JZKSJQ GBKHGNEF(. CGGRFKKO )miehnha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gnuremmadretto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

805
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

* * *
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905
BIZK\ ECZ

E"Z T. CZKKZ PNPE\ CIGD NSVZG\ P[GGF, BGRKCZSKJ\ CZ=BKNQ.

CZGZ MK PRYGE\ PCJO [N FFGFR[JBGVF, FMRSKKF FKB FB[PF CSMSGL TO FYKSZG\. HF RKSKGRF [N FMRSKKF NFGMKI MK FYKSZ FGB ZY PTKQ "CGCF TN IGJ" CKEKG [N FBVKVKGZ. CKEKG B\ [\K FIZCG\: FBZXK\ GFZGIRK\, GTN MQ FGB RTNF TN FYKSZ C[RK FFKCJKO. FKF FED[\ TNKGRG\G TN FYKSZ. CZRZE FYEG[ MG\C C=enoitaredisnoC eD MK FBVKVKGZ BGIH FTRY\ FBKRGGSJKJGZF )FP\\ FVKBGENK\( \GL FED[\ PTPEG [N FBVKVKGZ {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ragvloW( PVSBG FKF P\GPMK [G[N\ FFfFR[JBe&Q P##Be. BEGBZE Z' FKKPS CSVZG [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO: FKSJGZKF GVZ[RG\ PMRF IXZ HG "IXZ oS 1 2 FPIYZKO FBIZGRKO PSMKPKO MK MG\C [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO IK GKXZ CIXZG [N FCK[GU FMRSKKF CTKXGPG [N FSMSGL. CPFNL F[NC FVGNKJK [YEO NZKC FBKR&GSJKJe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
TR\ CZKKZ*

FR[KO C [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO MPKKXDG\ PXKBG\ VGNKJK\

015
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

VTO [PGHMZ\ DGJNKRE, PGHMZ\ TPF C\F )[F=deilnegnulebiN BKRG PMRF C[O(. BPRO, DGJNKRE, B[\ ZGEKDZ VGQ CMNZQ, PGVKTF MPTJ BL GZY CFY[Z FBPFK. NPT[F, CMN RM[N, RK\Q NNPGE PPRG MK FY[Z CKQ FBO NCRKO FGB Y[Z [N BFCF GEBDF. P[GO [INPF INGO FPC[Z B\ PG\O )9051(, RKSKGQ [RM[N, MPGCQ. BGNO BU [FRKSKGQ CRKF RK\Q NIG[ C\MGRG\ FBPFKG\ [N BGJF: FKB PRSF NPRGT PFO NXB\ NPST NFeRNRE, B\ C\F FBFGCF )'nm rethot nebeil eid `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eres ez thin ze hcrpsrev. MNGPZ, FKB PCKTF EBDF [PB ECZKF [N YZKPFKNE K\PP[G, DO PPFZ\ NF[\KY B\ YZKPFKNE FP\PZPZ\ TN VZ[RG\ FINGO, CBGPZF NF: uN`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

F[NC FZB[GQ: FR[KO FPSGZ\KG\

CTCZ. CPFNMKO FYKSZKKO CPYGO NFS\VY CPTPE [N \GPM\ ZGIRK\ [N FYKSZG\, MVK [FKF FMRSKKF NYKSZG\. FGB PZPH NML [FMRSKKF "IX\F B\ FDCGNG\" CRSG\F NF\TZC INGY\ EPGKG\ FR[KO N[\K YCGXG\, MB[Z MN BI\ PKKXD\ [NC BIZ CPTZM\ FKISKO [CKQ MG\C FBVGS P[\P[ CEPGKG\ FR[KO NFCKT B\ ET\G TN FSMSGL FP\P[L, TN KEK

115
BIZK\ ECZ

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nednik ned b`( GNB CICZ\ FTNPG\. MNGPZ: FJYSJ PZPH CBGVQ CZGZ NBIZ PMQ PBZSKO BG\F NDKHNFZ( GNB CDNN FKG\F KNEF. BGNO FJYSJ PEDK[ MK FG[BZF PIGW NBGNO RGCTKO BGNK PEBDF NXRKTG\F )[FZK PEGCZ CTNPF TN SU CDZG\ { FZK SGTEKO FCGZDGREKO. FKKRG KMGNKO NGPZ BGNK MK FPRKTKO [N DGJNKRE CF[BZ\ FRTZF FXTKZF PBGIZ KG\Z B\ F\RFDG\F FNB=PYGCN\ [N YZKPFKNE, FPMRKSF B\ BGZJNKC CRF NBGNO CG )3-2 ,2761('zas ether nov is ad ,nednik ned b. K[ NXKKQ MK FECZ RT[F TN PR\ NFEDK[ FCGZDGREKO FP\BZIKO CIXZF. FGB DO PEDK[ MK ML ZBGK NT[G\:nebleb eil od is rethot ri` NXEF [N HG. FPSVZ PXKKQ MK DGJNKRE CGIZ\ [NB NFMRKS B\ C\F NBGNO CG SGTEKO MEPG\ P[RK\ CKG\Z, BKQ FJYSJ PZIKC TN KISKF TO C\F, BL RK\Q NZBG\ MK FQ VGTNG\ HG

215
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

NFKR[B GMK \PXB B\ PYGPF NXEG [N DCZ RBG\, TGRF FKB MK BKRF ZGXF NET\ [GO ECZ NB ] PGZE\ CPI[CG\KF GBKRF PGMRF NMCE B\ FPSGZ\ GNFKR[B. NECZKF [N BPF MK TNKF \DGC\F NVZ[RG\ FINGO [N BGJF, MK BU [FKB RPXB\ CDCGNG\ FIXZ FR[K\, FZK FKB 41 MBK[F PSGZ\K\ JKVGSK\. MCZ C\PGRF FZB[GRF [CF PGVKTF YZKPFKNE, BRG ZGBKO, EZL [N FDCZ CFGZDF B\ FBDQ CMGIG\ TXPF. BGNO MCZ CZB[K\ FKXKZF YZKPFKNE NB PXJKKZ\ CSKGPG [N \FNKL F\V\IG\ FEZD\K PGXB\ YZKPFKNE B\ PG\F NBIZ [\VSF B\ PYGPG

YZKPFKNE

[PNPT[F FKB RTNP\. C[RK FPYZKO PEGCZ C\FNKL FEZD\K FP\ZI[ CPSVZ [NCKO. CZGRFKNEF TGCZ\ B\ F\FNKL FFVGL { PBK[F PGZE\ FKB FGVM\ NBK[F PSGZ\K\, TE YZKPFKNE FGVM\ PEPG\ BK[F PSGZ\K\, VIG\ BG KG\Z, NEPG\ BK[F PGZE\, GBKNG FRKCNGRDKO: YZKPFKNE GCZGRFKNEF. [\KFQ TGCZG\ CPFNL FKXKZF \FNKMKO FVGMKO: YCGX\ FR[KO FPGZEG\ CPSGZ\ PGZMC\ NPT[F P[\K EPGKG\ FR[KO FCGNJG\ C [KZ\

F[NC F[RK: R[KO FPGZEG\ CPSGZ\

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

315
BIZK\ ECZ

BK[KKO' PTKEF TN ML [FGGKMGI BKRG RGDT NPTPEG [N FCTN CNCE, MK BO NPTPE FBK[K [N )838(, F[KCF NF YZKPFKNE CMKRGK FPTNKC esbe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etanemeK` )IEZ FPKJG\(, MK BO CPSDZ\ FP[VI\K\ FZICF KG\Z: CKQ BIKF CPGSMPG\, GFVTO NB C\GL=\GMK KGNKGS [RGZ )rronhcS(, 0581. GBCKZKO P[N TXPF. CML FKB PGZE\ [GC ZY PNMF NXEG GCISEG, MK BO CTN\ ZMG[ NPTPE [N TGXPF MNMNK\ GVGNKJK\. [KRGK FTZMKO [IN CMRSKKF PPTPE [N ZGI GYEG[F NHKDVZKE, FZK [FKB BKRF PTGRKKR\ NFKG\ CMRKSF NCK\ F\VKNF, PSPN\, FDO [BKZGRK\ P[FG, B\ RMRTF NPSDZ\ FICZ\K\ CTXO RK[GBKF YZKPFKNE NCZGRFKNEF, PK P[\KFQ \YEKO B\ ZTG\F KVF, PZPH NML MK TN BU [YZKPFKNE ZKC FPNMG\ TN PEZDG\ FY\EZNF. FPINGY\ CKQ BO CTXPBG\ GMGI. RKSKGQ HF, [BKRG TGNF PTKEF TN ML [FKB BKRF ZGXF CMSU, MK CBGVQ PVGZ[ NYI\ B\ FBDQ ]PF, T )696(. FTGCEF [YZKPFKNE PCY[\ NYI\ ]PF BNU BCKZKO PBCKZK BIKF T BKRG KMGN NF\RDE CBGVQ DNGK NZXGRF [N BIKF NYCN B\ FBEPG\ F[KKMG\ NF, FIGYK\. NMQ HKDVZKE, FP\RDE NFXT\O INYF CKZG[\ BCKF, [MQ HGFK HMG\F 51 FP\TY[\ CTGHCF NYSRJQ NYCN B\ NIG[ CPZERG\F [N YZKPFKNE, DO NBIZ [FKB RK[B\ NHKDVZKE, RK\Q ] PZKEF CPSGZ\ [PKKXD\ BGJF, BPF. HKDVZKE )54=64(. MCZ CFINJF HG K[ CEIG\F PIHZKO ZCKO TE NCGBG [N [NB NFKR[B )81( GMK F\PKEF CML HG BGPZ NRG FPSVZ, MK YZKPFKNE FINKJF DGZP\ ZY XTZ )71(. MVGTN KGXB P[KIF TN DCZKO GNB TN BFCF, [MQ HG FBIZGRF

415
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

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

515
BIZK\ ECZ

\IKNF M[FKB RKXC\ CPYGPG [N CTNF, CYCNF B\ VRK BIKF; NBIZ PMQ M[FKB DGZP\ FPTDN FICZ\K FR[K, NHF FP[VI\K GF[CJK, GNCSGU BU IGXF B\ FDCGNG\ CBGVQ FEZD\K: FPXKCG\ B\ FBK[F CPYGO PGDEZ CDCGNG\ F='etanemeK`. YZKPFKNE TGCZ\ PPZE CDCGNG\ EPG\F [N YZKPFKNE MEPG\ FTGCZ\ \FNKL F\V\IG\ [N PZE CPGSMPG\ FICZ\KG\ HGMF MNN N\DGC\G [N BJXN. ML RK\Q NZBG\ MK K[RF PDPF CZGZF [N FP#VZ NFXKD B\ S 91 FZKD\F FPKKEK\ [N YZKPFKNE, [FKB CCIKR\ FGXBF NFGZD TN KEK CK\ EKQ [EF, GTN MQ NB [NC HF R\VS MYKXGRK, BU CTKRK FMG\C, B[Z PGSKU PKE B\ F\DGCF FDCZK\ NPT[F: NTGNO FDCZK, GCML PCKBF B\ FPZE, CG FINF TGE CFKG\F CDCGNG\ F='etanemeK`, N[KBG.

FRKCNGRDKO DO FKB CKJGK NPDPF HG.

PIKN\G. MRKTF HG [N FZ[G\ FIKNGRK\ CVRK FMRSKKF IGNNF [GZF [N CKJGKKO CSVZG\. KK\MQ [ [KZ\ G[NG[F NKNG\ TPE FPNL FRZK KIU CIGZU [R\ 7701 PGN P[MRG [N FBVKVKGZ DZDGZKGS FZCKTK GCKY[ B\ FPNL FRZK FZCKTK CYBRGSF, 7701. PKGIS ND' CZKDS

0981 )sggirB(,

BGSU SKVNK

)yelpiS(.

[NG[F KPKO

615
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

B\ F\RFDG\ CZGRFKNEF C[O F\GBZ 'ehclsierv`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

CZGRFKNEF

32

ZB[F [N YZKPFKNE, FP[GZZ PXKT CBGVQ PZGPH RYKJ\ XTE EGPF RDE FMRSKKF. CF\TZCG\ FMRSKKF CTGNO FIKNGRK=YKSZK. FYKSZG\ BKRF KMGNF NSCGN PXC HF, GCTZKV\ CPTZM\ FP[VJ FIKNGRK\. PRYGE\ FZBG\ [N FFGFR[JBGVF, XG HF IGXF MN DCGN ] 2021, [BV[Z [KVGJ MRSKK\K DO CPYZKO [BKQ NFO RDKTF MNN NMRSKKF G[R[VJG TE BH 22 FDKT N[KBG TO FXG FMRSKK\K [N FBVKVKGZ BKRGYRJKGS F[NK[K )melibareneV re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{ PPBCY VZJK NPBCY MNNK FGRK=CGZDGREK; GNCSGU

715
BIZK\ ECZ

NDCGZ TN TGXP\F FPBKKP\ [N FMRSKKF. BG CPKNKO BIZG\, BO MN FTGNO FIKNGRK FKF FYGEO. BVKHGE\ F\IZG\ RZBK\ MPMGGR\ NML [BO MN \GPMK FYKSZG\ K\BIEG, FO KGMNG RKXIGRG TNKF FGVL BG\F P[NKJF CN\K PRGXI\ NBK[F [RGXIF, GCML PGZKE BG\F PPTPEF CYZC. FKB PTRKYF NG B\ BKSNRE GCML PBCE\ B\ PTPEF M[NKJF CTN\ TGXPF KKIGEK\. )PT[F [BKRG JKVGSK NR[KO( GPYCN\ TN TXPF B\ FIGY, GRMRT\ NDGRJZ [RKXI BG\F \GBZF M[JRK\, FZK [CZGRFKNEF P\DNF MBK[F FTGPE\ CEKCGZF { FKB YCTF IGY CDGRJZ MPRFKDO FIE[. MNGPZ: BU [TGXP\F P\GBZ\ MTN=JCTK\ GF\RFDG\F TE MF PBEKPF PHTO. BGNO TN BU HTPF FZC, FKB BGPZ\ PKE NBR[KF MK TNKFO NFMKZ MT\ FJYSJ PXKKZ B\ MTSF CBGVQ DZVK:tor enroz ni traw uid encs uid tlihnurP )564( { FKB )264(. C[NC F[RK [N F\IZG\, M[HKDVZKE GDGRJZ PRXIKO CMN FB\DZKO [FTPKEF CVRKFO, M[FMKEGQ VGDT CCZGRFKNEF, FKB PGEF NG TN FFJNF FIHYF, BL NPT[F FKB MCZ MGTS\ PFGGKO BKHF [FGB B\DZ NDCZ\. FGB DO P\BZ B\ HTPF FFGNL GDGCZ: C[NC FZB[GRK, JGZI NFHMKZ CBGHRKRG MK ZY FTGCEF [HKDVZKE TGHZ NDGRJZ DGZP\ NML [F[RKKO CMNN P\V\I, TGNF HTPF GDGCZ, [MQ BKQ FKB ZDKNF NML [K[ PK [PSGDN NF\PGEE TPF. FP#VZ S FYKSZG\, FPKGXD\ TN=KEK HKDVZKE GDGRJZ MBIE. BGNO MMN [F\IZG\ RP[M\ GFYZC PJBVGZK RK\Q NGPZ MK FMRSKKF, FPKGXD\ TN KEK CZGRFKNEF, FINKJF NF[\P[ CIZCF RDE CPFNL F\IZG\ TXPF P\DNF CZGRFKNEF MCJGIF CTXPF GBEK[F )554(. CBGVQ [N FZS FYKSZG\. FJCTKKO PGXD\ FMRSKKF M[JRK\ { F\RFDG\F FNB=RGZPNK\ FKB INY PF\GMRK\ F[JRK\ ] FPXGKF CVSD\ MGIF FGB MBN BKGO TN [NGPF [N FYKSZG\. CIXG\F B\ DCGNG\KF FGVMG\ NPSGMRG\ GPHGFG\ TO F[NKNK PMGN. [GC RK\Q NIG[ MK KISG [N FP[GZZ NMRSKKF FPSGZ\ FPTPKEF BG\Q CPSDZ\ FR[KG\ [NFQ. M[FQ IGZDG\ BG SGJG\ PDCGNG\ BNF, FQ HF )1732(. MNGPZ: FQ CZGRFKNEF GFQ YZKPFKNE PHGFG\ TO F[JQ M[FQ IGXG\ B\ DCGNG\ C[O "[JRF" )ennidnalav( )8471(, GDO FBDQ NBIZ [FKB FGZD\ B\ DGRJZ PMRF BG\F C[O C\FNKL FF\V\IG\ [NF, M[FCGZDGREKO PDKTKO NFeRNRE, PMGRF TN KEK EKJZKL VGQ CZQ SJKK\F PPYGPF FGVM\ BG\F N"BIZ" FPSGMQ. I[GC NXKKQ MK DO YZKPFKNE C[NC PBGIZ FMRS\ F[JQ PTPKEF B\ CZGRFKNEF NXEG [N F"BIZ", F[NKNK CPFG\G. MNGPZ: DGRJZ BGPZ MK BVKNG F[JQ PFDKFKRGO NB KGMN NRXIF )244(. KG\Z C[O "MN\G [N F[JQ CDKFKRGO" )turb slevuit nlebu sed ns elleh red ni los aj( )054(. CZGRFKNEF: FBDQ PMRF BG\F C\IKNF C[O "B[\ F[JQ" )pw selevut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

815
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

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

915
BIZK\ ECZ

TNCGRG. FTXPBK\ [N ZB[K\ FKXKZF. FBDQ KGXB NRYGO B\ TNCGRF, MK C\GZ DCKZ\G TNCGRF FGB YZKPFKNE. MNGPZ: FKGHPF PXGKF CKEKG [N FBDQ, ECZ FPRGDE NINGJKQ NCZGRFKNEF "SKVZF NG B\ FECZ" )erm uid mi etgas od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{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nedaleg esuh ez mieh levuit nlebu ned nah hci tnaw(. MVGTN C#VZG NHKDVZKE TN F\RFDG\F [N CZGRFKNEF CNKN FMNGNG\ FGB [C GPMRF BG\F C[O S DGRJZ ZGBF CF\RFDG\F [N CZGRFKNEF IZKDF CGJF PQ FF\RFDG\ FPYGCN\, FPSGZ\K\. BK[F )046(, BL M[FGB PEDK[ CBGHRKF MK MCGEF KKVDT PML NB VIG\, FKB PPFZ\ NF\KZG. [FKB PGZKEF BG\G PQ FPSPZ FKB NGTD\ NG MK MCGEG KKVDT BO BR[KG KZBG [RY[Z CKEK FSMKRF NPXCF FIE[, GMK TEKKQ MCGEF I[GC CTKRKF VK MPF PMCGEG [N CTNF. ML NVRK CMKRGK "FPG[N" )retsiem red(. BKQ SVY [XTEF HF [N CZGRFKNEF PNPE MK TEKKQ NB FZDF BG\G. CFEDK[G B\ FBKZGRKF [CPXC, PMRF FPSVZ B\ DGRJZ FP\IRQ TN RV[G 62 )636=736(. FPSVZ [GC PEDK[ B\ TGXP\F FVKHK\: TN DGRJZ NFKG\ BSKZ \GEF [NB
52

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125
BIZK\ ECZ

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* * *

225
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325
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B.J. FBJG

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FBDQ { PTYZGQ F=euerT GTE F=piznirprerhuF

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euertnegnulebiN, FKF NXKG\ TKGGZ NFKJNZ, FNB FGB F=piznirprerhuF. [\K FPNIPG\, GFKB HB\ B[Z [KP[F PGV\ N"B\GS" FRBXK, MB[Z TYZGQ FRBPRG\ NPRFKD, FJCI [N BEO CBEO CMN YGZG\ FBRG[G\. [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO FKB HG [TPEF NRDE PIGNNK FDKTG NPTPE FDPGRK CBKZGVF, FKG MN BI\ C\GZF RYGE\ F[VN FB=PGSZK\ C\GNEG\ PT[K CIKCGZG DZPRKF. [\K PNIPG\ FTGNO B[Z RGHPG TN KEK FDZPRKO, XBXBK FJGGJGRKO, MB[Z

425
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euerT NYZKPFKNE B\ PYGO FBGXZ. PKXGKF FPG[NO. BIZK MMNG\ FMGN P[NO DO FBDQ CIKKG MB[Z FGB PSZC NDNG\ PT[K FBK[ Y[KO GBMHZKKO, FZK [BKQ CFO KG\Z PB[Z FCB\ TYZGQ FRBPRG\ FVKBGENK\ BN TE MBQ FPGSZ FYGRCRXKGRNK. BNB [PTZKXKG PCRK TPG [N FBDQ JGTRKO NHMG\G MK DO BO + EPEGPK BNKO GDRZK\=RBXK\, @NKO FRKCNGRDKO TE FBIZGQ [CFO. j BJXN NPNIP\ IGZPF TE PGG\. GBMQ CPFNMG [N JCI CN\K VGSY, C\PXK\ EIGSF [N NPNIPF MGNN\, MGZ\ FBDQ B\ ZB[G [N BGZJNKC, KNEO [N YZKPFKNE GBJXN. T\F PIGKC CIXZG [N BJXN, MKGGQ [YZKPFKNE BKRRF PSGDN\ NTGZZ ZKC [\FKF CG TKNF PSVY\ FRKCNGRDKO. [CZKF NRFZ. ML RPRT\ FBV[ZG\ N[GC GNXNGI B\ FRFZ IHZF, GML RI\O BVGB DGZN # NBIZ [FDKKSG\ XNIG B\ FRFZ, PrCZ FBDQ NZSKSKO B\ SKZ\ FPTCGZ\ GP[NKL B\ FMGPZ, CBK[ FPTCGZ\. RV[G CJTRF [BKRG KGET N[IG\, HB\ TN PR\ NFS\KZ B\ PT[F FZXI [CKXT FBDQ, NTKRK FBDQ P[NKL B\ MGPZ FIXZ BN RFZ FERGCF CRKSKGQ NFJCKTG, BU MK FMGPZ P\IRQ TN GCML PB[Z B\ FMNN FKEGT "FZXI\ GDO KZ[\". NBIZ [ZXI B\ FCTN, PR[N FBDQ B\ YZKPFKNE PKZG[\ CTNF, FKB BGXZ FRKCNGRDKO, NBIZ [RM[N CPCIQ FEO, PCIQ [FGB TEG\ [BKQ TNKF TGZZKQ CYZC BR[K FIXZ. FBDQ P[YZ DNGKG\ CJTRF MK [GEEKO FZDG B\ HKDVZKE, GPP[KL N[YZ CPXI RIG[F DO

525
BIZK\ ECZ

BGNO NRKSKGRG [N CGSJGY NFXKD B\ FRKCNGRDKO MJZDEKF KGGRK\ FP\ZKTF PVRK IJB ML VGDP\ CSDGNG\ FBEO". 7 PGDEZ\, YZK: MK TN FBVGS NF\ZKT PVRK IJB FZFC GTNKG NFZBG\ MKXE FRJKKF NIJGB TYC )kcotsoB( CPBPZ [TGZZ EKGQ G\DGCG\ ZCG\: "BRG PRKIKO [NPICZ FKK\F MGGRF EKEYJK\ FSVZG\ NFRIF NVKF FPICZ FTNGO CKY[ NF\ZKT PVRK FZ[T. ML MG\C D'KK. YZN CGSJGY K[ [FYG[K NF\PGEE TO FZ[T FJGGJGRK C [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO PGCKN B\ FIGYZ GPCYZ

FFKCJ "FEKEYJK"

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nedneguT rehcsilaitram dnu rehcsioreh noitanrakn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

625
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

FBDQ { "EPG\ FDKCGZ FRTNF TN MGNO"

BGGF FKG NBVGS FNBGPK [N DZPRKF, MK BO [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO. NVKE F"B\GS" FDZPRK. BIZK MMNG\ FMN BKQ HF PYZF [NB VZSKVN NB[RCL GNB BZY NVGQ [FRKSKGQ FFKSJGZK PNPE. FRF MK MQ KK\MQ CFINJ MK EGGYB FBDQ GYZKPFKNE FO FO RG[BK CB\GS JGGJGRK, K[ NHMGZ MK F"Z[T" MPGRI KFGEK=RGXZK, BKRRG CFMZI HFF NHF FDZPRK, MVK [RK FVZGJDGRKSJKO, FBDQ GYZKPFKNE, FO SJZKBGJKVKO [N Z[T. BGNO CCGBRG NTSGY NDKCGZKG, NJGC GNZT. K\ZF PHG, NMBGZF C RKCNGRDKO, KXKZF CF FPSVZ PRGMZ MNKN FMG\Z\: "FBDQ, FNGIO CQ EPG\ FKDGQ". )latretuaL( HM\F NFRXKI B\ FBDQ VGQ JZGRD CVSN \I\ [N FPICZ BN EPGKG\KG. NB ML FECZ FZKKQ BREZJBG\ NDKCGZK FRKCNGRDKO. FTKKZF NBGJZJN "EKEYJK", FZK [BKQ SVY CB[Z NKISG NMCGE KGCN [PGRF PBG\ [RF NKXKZF, FYKPG \G[CK ICN N#RG\ [NG[ KXKZG\ BNF CMKRGK M NTKRKRG PGV\ B[Z [MZG CXEG. DO BO BKQ VGQ B[RCL, FQ EPGKG\ FBPGZG\ NFXKD BGGF )euA(, YN GIGPZ VZSKVN NGGNVZO )cerE( BG BKGGKKQ )niewI( NFZJPQ VGQ C[KZG\ KPK=FCKRKKO, BU HG FDZPRK\. BZY & FTEZ "EKEYJK" DPGZ, KGXB\ FKXKZF EGVQ NCYZKO PVRK FBSGQ FXVGK. CPGCQ HF, [N VZGPKO GBO CF\ZBF FIGHZ\ IE[G\ FTNKNF, BO TN PR\ NY[GZ YXGG\ TXPG, FPZCF BPRO NF\TZC CPFNL MN ZPH NML, CGGEBK [NB PVK FPSVZ FDKCGZKO. CJZDEKF [N FRKCNGRDKO BKQ FPYFNF FPVZ[\ NRG B\ PT[K FKGGRK\ F\VYKE FEKEYJK FGB INYF [N NPZCF FXTZ BIKHF CKXKZF. CJZDEKF FZFC, FGB F"FKCZKS" FRGET N[PXF, BKQ

725
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CVR\KBGQ FDZPRK, FTRKY NBRD NFBDQ PTPE=TN CSZJG. "[KZG\", CMZL HF(. GGJBQ FPKZ B\ TKRG C\PGZF NP\\ [N IGMPF TNKGRF. FRF MK MQ, CFP[N\G NCMKZ FBNKO

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825
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925
BIZK\ ECZ

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FFJKF FFKSJGZK\ C[KZG\ FJKZGU FJGGJGRK

FPGCRF C\GVT\ FDZPRKG\. EO N[PF, B[Z FMSG\ F[YGVF [N TYZGQ FRBPRG\ BKRF PSGDN\ NMSG\ TN TZGG\ FZ[T GMNF CZ[T FRBXK FPGMZ NRG BL P\PGN [N[GO. C[RK FPYZKO )GNB PTJ C\GGL( HG \BGG\

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035
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C\GET\ \ZCG\ FPTZC )NPTJ BZW FGQ=DZKF CF RFRF FBK[ PPTPE BCK FBGPF( HMGZ BJKNF FFGRK MDEGN PIZKCK BJKNF FFGRK PSEZ\ "EPGKG\ BKPKO CFKSJGZKF". KGSJGQ, JYSS, 2002.

135
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21

BS\JK\ FPK\ZDP\ CB\GS FDZPRK N"JGC" G"ZT", CCIKR\ FCB\G NFYXRF [N F=

sohtagA & solaK FYNBSK.

GF\RFNG\G FPHMKZG\ YGU CMNGC, NTGP\ KGVKF FPBGVY GFIPGZ [N YZKPFKNE FCBF NFKR[B NG, FO FXFZF

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235
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335
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435
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YZKPFKNE: "NB BZIO, HZF NK PKE\ FZIPKO" `

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535
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635
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TNKNF I'
FGB SG\Z B\ F\KBGZ FYGEO. 3. 2. 1. BHDGY. CEGPF NHHPRY )ZBF TNKNF G'( PIGH VZK EPKGRG [N FPICZ. MMN FRZBF [GZCC PBGIZ KG\Z [MQ HKDVZKE FPTPKE VRK GSN [N DGR\Z TGPE MREZ[ PBIGZKG. HKDVZKE PGCKN B\ SGSG [N DGR\Z TN PR\ NFCFKZ NXGVKO MK FGB GSN [N DGR\Z.

TNKNF H'
BPVCKKO EGDP\ FNGJZF, MNC KO BG CGRF. 4. 3. 2. CKPK FCKRKKO N\KCF "ED" FK\F P[PTG\ ZICF KG\Z PHG [T\F. C"TGZ EDKO" FMGGRF NCTNK IKKO

HHPRY, ''cnamazaZ`` [O CZGRFKNEF. ZBG N"[.

PPNMF EPKGRK\. GGNVZO VGQ B[RCL RJN BG\F NVZSKCN.

FKO"(.

CZGRFKNEF, BKHR[JKKQ 1.

[O FBZPGQ FGB ''rhtrageaS`` PKNGNK\: "DQ FKO" )CBDEG\ FBIKO DZKO PMGRF FJKZF ''grebmortS`` "FZ ''nietsnesI`` [VKZG[F FPKNGNK FGB "BCRK YZI" BG "BZPGQ YZI". C \KEZYSBDF ''tnal nesI`` NNB MN Y[Z TO FBK BKSNRE. MMN FRZBF PYGZG C[O JKZ\F [N

BKSRNRE.

''tnalsI``

F KB

TNKNF G'
1. BCKZKO GDCKZG\ RFDG N[C\ CMRSKKF CRVZE, FDO [NB CTHZ\ R[KO.

TNKNF F'
4.

PZY HFC.

052 DZO HFC CYKZGC. PZY MSU P[YN HFF CMSU.

[HG FSKCF [HKDVZKE, FPMKZ B\ FDGHPF, PS\VY CBNU CRK IKN CNCE. 3.

[NG[F ZKCGB.
F-21.

FPSVZ PGDHO MPGCQ. XCBG\ FPNMKO CKPK=FCKRKKO PRG NMN FKG\Z BNVKO SVGZKO. KK\MQ

2.

NGEDZ GNGEDSJ. PNMK FSYSGRKO GFERKO PGVKTKO NZB[GRF C=''floretiB`` [KZF BVK\ DZPRK\ PBPXT FPBF
MCKMGN FERKO GFSYSGRKO TZC \PGR\ FXKE GZXI HKDVZKE.

HYGY NFO FPICZ TN PR\ NFXEKY B\ FPHKPF [ZGYO FBDQ MB[Z FGB PSVZ TN FPNIPF [BGSZKO FRZBF MBKGZ NPBCYKO FCN\K VGSYKO CKQ FVZRYKO PHF NCKQ FSYSGRKO GFERKO PHF. PCIKR\ FRZBJKC 1.

SYSGRKO. FPNIPF CSYSGRKO NB PGVKTF C BEG\ FPYEKPG\ B\ FRKCNGRDKO. FPICZ P[ZCC PZMKC HF MMN

TNKNF E'
745
RSVIKO

4.

CMNZQ,

VGMNZQ.

nralhcoP ZBG N"[.

PQ F \KEZYSBDF. YZGC NGGEBK EPG\ CEGKF CTN\ TNKNF P[N

CTNKNF [BCEF. TXPF. ZGEKDZ FGB CMKZ FGGSNKO [N BJXN, TO HB\ FGB DGNF. PMBQ SCKZ NFRKI [FKF EPG\ PZMHK\

3. 2.

ZGEKDZ BK[ CMNZQ. ''ralakaB riegnidoR`` BJXN. ZBG TNKNF 1.

C \KEZYSBDF. B [\ G FPRGIF [N

FNYF. ''ehcleH`` TNKNF M'

1.

BJXN,

C\ G

[N

FPNL

BGHZKL

''hciresO``

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[F GB

PMGRF

43. 3. 2. 1.

NGMF. YZGC NGGEBK [FMGGRF N"NGMFKKO" ''miehcoL`` FPGEZRK\ CPIGH ZKKQ. GZBG "PV\ PGJ HFC. IVW PMG[U CBPXTG\G RK\Q NDNG\ BGXZ ICGK. P\\ NKN MNGNG\KF. PSGZ\ NVKF FI\Q FDK[ NMNF CCGYZ [K NBIZ NKN MNGNG\.

FRKCNGRDKO," TP'

TNKNF K"J

GCCZKJRKF CT\ FFKB. FEO KYNI BHK FRGDT B[O. HFG FBHMGZ FZB[GQ CSVZG\ FDZPRK\. FPT[F FKF PYGCN DO CXZV\ B\ FZGXI BG B\ FI[GE CZXI. TN FI[GE FKF ND[\ BN TZ[G [N FP\ GNDT\ CDGVF, HB\ CFRIF [BO 1.

[\\ FVXT EO. HG NB FK\F ZY BPGRF JVNF BNB DO IGCF IGYK\ CPYZF [N ZXI, MB[Z FKF XGZL NDNG\

TNKNF K"H

HB\ NTGP\ FFKMZG\ FYZGCF NICNK BGSJZKF NBGZL DEG\ FERGCF. NXKE CQ KGPG. HGJG\ PSGD HF BKRQ PTRKKRG [N FPICZ [BKRG CYK C[JI FDKBGDZVK [N EZGO=PTZC DZPRKF,

5. 4. 3.

KTZG\ [VSZJ trassepS, [GMRKO CPZIY [N 07 Y"P CYKZGC EZGO=PHZIK\ NGGZPS, GNB RK\Q NZMGC BNKFO XCK, CPYGZ ''hclehcs``, MMN FRZBF DHT [N XCK TRY FRMIE CKPKRG. F\BG FBKZGVK, RMIE CP[L FHPQ, FKF PXGK CKPK=FCKRKKO.
NTGXPF GSMRF, HB\ TN PR\ NFBEKZ B\ TGH NCG [N HKDVZKE G\FKN\G MXKKE.

2.

B Z KF ,

NPG\Z NXKKQ [BZKG\ NB [MRG CKTZG\ DZPRKF, BU NB CKPK=FCKRKKO. TO HB\ [KP[ FBZKF SPN

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TNKNF J"H

RFZ FZKKQ. BIZ\, NB RHMZ\ FTGCEF [FXKZKO XNIG B\ FKO. NFVL. YZKPFKNE PECZ\ TNKFO MTN PK [ZMCG CPGZE 1.

RGZGGDKF.

FPICZ [GMI [IXZG [N HKDVZKE [GMR\ CYSRJQ CKZ\ BZXG, GP[MQ BG\F CRGZGGDKF. ML BG

TNKNF K"C
845
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

3.

[GGRRVNE.
GGZXCGZD.

''edlevenawS`` FKB PIGH CGGBZK [TN FERGCF.

FKB VZRYGRKF FPHZIK\

2.

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FDKKSG\.

''silatneirO ainocnarF``,

CF [GMRG\ CKQ FK\Z FTZKO VGNEF

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[K[KO GBNU.

FPSVZ BKRG TGNF CYRF BIE TO FR\GRKO [RPSZG CTNKNF FYGEP\. FPSVZ "\[T\ BNVK

TNKNF M"F
1.

DZBQ.

N"[.

TNKNF M"E
BGZJNKC ''beiltrO`` TNKNF M"D
1. . BKQ NG HMZ CPYGZG\ BIZKO. NCRG [N BJKNF C\KEZYSBDF YGZBKO BNEZKBQ

nairdlA.

51. 41. 01.

RRJGGKQ. N"[. FZBJ. ''tarreH`` FKB C\G [N FPNL RRJGGKQ ''niwtneN`` FRHMZ CNGEN. 11 GZCN G[GGPN. 21 FKKPCGZD. 31 PKHRCGZD. N"[.
CPNIP\G CSYSGRKO.

C \KEZYSBDF MMN\G [N EKJZKL.

9. 8. 3.

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F[GMRKO CKQ FEGQ N[VL FERGCF. RGETG CZXIRG\O. CKQ FK\Z MC[G B\ YKKC. [CJ JGZYK, PGXBG PXVGQ FKO FMSVK. FVJ[RDZ MC[G CHPRO ICNK BZW

2. 1.

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TNKNF M"C
9.

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01

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11

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21

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8. 7. 6. 5. 4.

CRG [N CGJNGRD

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FR[KYF TN VF PXE FPBZI\ PKGTE\ NBGZI)\( FPXGK CZB[ FSGNO FVKBGENK. HB\ NXKGQ PTPEF MPNMF FTGPE\ NVDG[ B[\ GSN. N" [ .

BVZEKRDQ. ''negnidrevE``. BRHF. ZBG BRH. N"[.

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3. 2. 1.

TNKNF M"B

VKNDZKO BG VKNDZKQ, ''niregliP`` FKF CK[GU VSBG C[NFK FPBF FT[KZK\. FTGCEF [FPICZ PYEKO BG\G BRH. ZBG N"[. GZKRDQ FKB VGZKRD gnirofP [N KPKRG, F[GMR\ EZGPK\ NBKRDGN[JEJ. PTCGZ\ FRFZ PXGKF CF PBH KPK YEO.

945
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''llaf`` FBRDNK. KXGKQ [M\C FKE C RGYJ CPNF teiL YZK: [KZ.
, CPYGZ YZK: VGZTRG\, BSGQ. CIZ\K C"YW" [MQ NFINKVF CVGZTRG\ BG BSGQ KFVGL B\

FP[PTG\ P"YW FRKCNGRDKO" N"YW FVGZTRG\". CRG[B HF RFD\K TN VK \ZDGPKO N[VG\ BIZG\. MDGQ

YW ''ton`` TNKNF N"J

1.

2. 1.

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TNKNF N"I

ZMS FZK FGGH' )

segsoV( CXVGQ XZV\ NDEG\ FZKKQ.

GSYF. ''eksaW`` TNKNF N"F

1.

, BGNK Y[GZ NGGNJZ BK[ GSDR[JKKQ

nietsnegsaW nov rehtlaW P[CJ FGGSDKO, TN [O

2. 1.

[ZGJQ.

''nattorokS`` PGVKT C \KEZYSBDF. ''naturhcS``, F[O NB PGVKT CPYGZG\ BIZKO. KK\MQ [FMGGRF FKB NBK[ SYGJKF. F[O CPGCQ HF

FTNKNF FKB VZK \GSV\ PBGIZ\. BKQ NF HMZ CPYGZG\ BIZKO.

TNKNF N"B

1.

B ZB S .

N" [ .

TNKNF N'

2. 1.

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TNKNF M"I

2. 1.

GKJKD. N"[. RGEGRD. N"[.

ZGIXG\ CBDO B[Z [PG PZF

TNKNF M"H
2. 1.

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''ereoM`` CTGE [CRKCNGRDKO FQ ZGIXG\ CPTKKQ.

FTNKNF MGNF FKB \GSV\ PBGIZ\ KG\Z. BKQ NF HMZ CDZSBG\ FRGZEKG\.

TNKNF M"G
055
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

42. 32. 22. 12. 02.

91. 81.

71.

61.

51. 41. 31.

21.

11. 01.

.)1 .mnA( tdimhcsdlaW / elznieH :ni ,gnulletsretnunniS sla noitpezeR :redo negaH lamiewZ :elznieH mihcaoJ .lgV .)1 .mnA eiw( regurK .)8 .mnA eiw( tzsiL nov .)7 .mnA eiw( wossaM nov .)51 .mnA eiw( regloS .)1 .mnA eiw tdimhcsdlaW / elznieH :ni ;trednuhrhaJ .02 dnu .91 mi thcirretnU dnu eluhcS ruf sedeilnegnulebiN sed emhantsneidnI nehcsigogadap ruZ '.. .dneguJ nehcstued red gnuheizrE red yeb hcubtpuaH niE ,:hcilrednuW renreW hcan treitiZ .)51 .mnA eiw( regloS .4991 grebledieH ,nehcstueD red tatitnedI red hcan ehcuS eiD ,elznieH :ni ,?sopelanoitaN nie deilnegnulebiN saD :eeS nov sualK .5081 zraM ,aimonuE :ni ,]...[ sopE seseid ebagsuA neuen renie eborP .negnulebiN red deiL saD :negaH red nov hcirnieH hcirdeirF .6281 gizpieL ,I .dB ,leshcewfeirB dnu netfirhcS enessaleghcan s'regloS :).gsrH( remuaR nov hcirdeirF / kceiT giwduL 5691 tragttutS ,rutaretiL nehcsitnamor red ethcihcseG :legelhcS mlehliW tsuguA. .6871 gizpieL ,2/II .dB ,tfahcsnessonegdiE rehcsireziewhcs nethcihcseG :relluM nov sennahoJ .0991 negnibuT ,'tiertsnegnulebiN ,mi kitsinamreG red noitasinagrO nelaizos ruz eidutS eniE ?gizpieL redo nilreB :kloK reniaR ,renroK .lgV .0891 negnippoG ,rutaretiL rehcstuedtla gnureuenrE skceiT giwduL .noitpezeR-retlalettiM ehciltfahcsnessiw-hcsitiloP :relbaG-reknirB alesiG .lgV
[O .

9. 8. 7.

6. 5.

4. 3. 2.

1.

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KGBMKO FKKRXNF

VI.

BIZK\ ECZ

155
RSVIKO

3. 2. 1.

.2991 ,sserP ytisrevinU elaY :nevaH weN ,noituloveR dna ecaR ,rengaW ,esoR .P dna ;6891 ,sserP ytisrevinU siednarB ,HN ,revonaH ,msitimeS-itnA s'rengaW drahciR :suineG fo ediS rekraD ehT ,ztaK .J osla ees ;5991 ,sserP aksarbeN fo ytisrevinU :EN ,nlocniL ,noitanigamI citimeS-itnA eht dna rengaW drahciR ,renieW .A.M .66-75 .pp ,7991 ,sserP s'nitraM .tS :YN ,tsaeB eht fo erutaN ehT :gnaL ztirF ,nagilliGcM .P
ZBG VZY "RSVIKO" CMZL HF.

SGHQ CZBJGQ

44. 34. 24. 14. 04. 93.

83. 73. 63. 53. 43.

33. 23.

13.

03.

92. 82.

72. 62.

52.

.7991 tragttutS ,sindnatsrevtsbleS sehcilgom niE :.B .H :ni ,nies uz gihafdluhcs ,trhaweg sohtymdluhcS red ned ,gnurpsroV moV :grebnemulB snaH .7891 nehcnuM ,gnagretnU dnu tarreV ,ebeiL nov redliB .negnulebiN eiD :).gsrH( hcrotS gnagf1oW .281 .S ,.dbE .)13 .mnA eiw( rerepmelK .)22 .mnA eiw( eigoloedI-nenamreG ,eeS nov .)34 .mnA eiw( dnuL .lgV .5991 grebledieH ,'hcieR nettirD ,mi suticaT sed ainamreG red noitpezeR ruZ .sumsilaizoslanoitaN mi eigoloedinenamreG :dnuL .A nallA .)93 .mnA eiw( enamreG ,eeS nov .lgV .)93 .mnA eiw( enamreG ,eeS nov .lgV .)93 .mnA eiw( enamreG ,eeS nov .0291 ni1reB / gizpieL ,ainamreG suticaT ni ethcihcsegrU ehcsinamreg eiD :nedroN draudE .)71 .mnA eiw( rabraB ,eeS nov :ni ,rabraB sla enamreG reD :eeS nov sualK .9391 ,gizpieL ,rehcafluhcs-skloV red gnutlatsegsthcirretnU red ni eknadegnessaR reD .sixarpsthcirretnU ehcsitilopnessaR :).gsrH( eklegiH truK / srebboD tsnrE :ni ,hcstueD :hcimleH mlehliW .)13 .mnA eiw( rerepmelK .1891 tdatsmraD ,kilbupeR reramieW red ni snesewluhcS sed gnulkciwtnE ruZ .sumsihcsaF dnu hcierresiaK nehcsiwz eluhcS :).gsrH( relliW groJ / ramhtiD drahnieR :ni ,hcsisoznarF hcaF sad ruf negloF enies dnu thcirretnunehcarpsdmerF mi piznirP ehcildnukrutluk saD .hcafsthcirretnU sla eibohponeX :tnabarT negruJ .lgV .9891 .M.a trufknarF ,trednuhrhaJ .02 dnu .91 mi gnulkciwtnesutibaH dnu efpmakthcaM .nehcstueD eid rebu neidutS :sailE trebroN :).gsrH( retorhcS leahciM .7991 nehcnuM ,6991 gnisI atcA .ethcihcseG nehcstued red ni sumsilanoitaN dnu lhufeglanoitaN ,sumsitoirtaP :nredna eid dnu nehcstueD eiD ,).gsrH( sbriZ dnaleiW / mmirK nafetS :ni ,tiezueN nehurF red ni elietruroV elanoitan dnu nekneD selanoitaN .``animircsid inoitan euqiuc auS :ezluhcS deirfniW .)13 .mnA eiw( rerepmelK .0191 nilreB ,egalfuA .21 red hcan treitiz reih ,rutaretiL nehcstueD red ethcihcseG ,rerehcS mlehliW .)872 kehtoilbiB-malceR( 5791 gizpieL ,negololihP senie hcubzitoN .ITL :rerepmelK rotciV .8891 ni1reB ,sohtyM nehcstued menie tim kitiloP .nedeirfgeiS :hcrotS gnagfloW / relknuM deirfreH :ni ,nedeirfgeiS :relknuM deirfreH
255
[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

2.

.111 ,011 .pp ,)2002 ,tlhowoR :kebnieR( negnulebiN eiD( 'nerugiF ned rebu nettalpbarG eiw negeil nesarhP eseiD .nesarhP nehcsitsinamreg nov ednesuaT hcua snegirbu du nesarhP-rengaW eid nnad ,nesarhP-izaN eid tsre ,nesarhP nov tfahcsnegnafeG red ni dnis eiS .nebel tiehierF ni rhem thcin netiekgiwE ties eis ssad ,tsi negnulebiN red melborP saD`
MGNNKO FTZG\ PNBG\ NSVZG\ RGSV\. ZBG:

1.

221-131; )5002 ,kceB :hcinuM( deilnegnulebiN saD ,nnamsirhE CPKGIE TP' 011-98. [RK FMZMKO )5002 ,sumirP :tdatsmraD( egaS dnu deiL .negnulebiN eiD ,elznieH mihcaoJ CPKGIE TP', dirftO

RKN \GPS

03. 92. 82. 72.

62.

52. 42.

32. 22. 12. 02. 91.

.4891 ,sserP egdirbmaC fo ytisrevinU :egdirbmaC ,hcieR drihT eht dna ramieW ni scitiloP dna erutluC ,ygolonhceT :msinredoM yranoitcaeR ,freH .J .21-11 .pp ,uobraH nov aehT red efruwtnemliF eiD :5491-0291 :nehtymoniK ,snurB .11 .p ,2891 ,muesuM mliF ssiwS :lesaB ,kreW dnu nebeL :gnaL ztirF ,ttamnerruD .D .99 .p ,gnaL ztirF ,netsaK dna relheG ni ''netleW reiV .271-171 .pp ,gnaL ztirF ,netsaK hcirllU dna relheG derF ni ,''mliF-negnulebiN mieb se fuaroW`` ,gnaL .F .431-57 ,71-3 .pp ,5991 ,fponK .A derflA :YN ,yromeM dna epacsdnaL ,amahcS .S ;4991 ,sserP ytisrevinU elaY :nevaH weN ,gnitniaP citnamoR namreG ,nahguaV .W .361 .p ,.dibI .261 .p ,gnaL ztirF ,netsaK dna relheG ni detnirpeR .4291 ,1 .beF ,3 .rN tfeH ,nehcnuM ,dneguJ ,''mliF mi elliwlitS`` ,''rekloV ella erhel dnu tleW ella ni nih eheG`` .dibI .071 .p ,gnaL ztirF ,netsaK hcirllU dna relheG derF ni ,''mliF-negnulebiN mieb se fuaroW`` ,gnaL .F .74 .p ,gnaL ztirF fo ameniC ehT ,nesneJ .P
GDRZ CPGCQ HF FGB FZGPRJK KG\Z, CTGE [NRD [GBN FQ PQ FZGPRJKXKHO GFQ PQ FBYSVZSKGRKHO.

81. 71. 61. 51. 41. 31. 21. 11. 01. 9. 8.

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855

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GGNVGGKQ, )niwfloW( GSN [N EKJZKL. GGNVCZRE, )dnarbfloW( GSN [N EKJZKL. GGNBMKO, )nehcalaW( MKGO MKRGK NHZKO PPGXB ZGPB, GKMZJ, )trahciW( GSN [N EKJZKL. GKJDF, )egetiW( FBCKZ FYGJN B\ RGEGRD. GKZDQ, )negreV( FKGO VGZKRD )gnirofP( NDEG\ FERGCF

CBVGS FMGGRF N[CJKO SNCKKO. SPGMF NBKRDGN[JEJ.

FGRKO, )nennuH( )BZW(, PZIC FRTEZ FDEZF DKBGDZVK\ CBVGS. CTNKNF M"C BJXN KGXB PGGKRF PHZIF BN BZW FGRGNJ, )tlonuH( [Z CIXZ PNMG\ CGZDGRE. FGGBZJ, )traweH( RSKL ERPZY, DGNF FIK CIXZG [N BJXN. FECGZD, )grubedaH( BI\ P[\K CRG\ FKO FVGD[G\ B\ FBDQ. FBDQ, )negaH( VGQ FBDQ, VGQ JZGRD, CRG [N BNEZKBQ, [Z FIXZ [N PNMK CGZDGRE. ERYZJ, )tarknaD( CTNF [N BGJF, BCKF [N YZKPFKNE ERYGZJ, )trawknaD( BIKG [N FBDQ. EKJZKL, )hcirteiD( PNL BPNGRDKO, DGNF FIK CIXZG [N

FZJ, )tarreH( C\ BIG\F [N FNYF, PDCZG\ FIXZ [N BJXN JZO RK[GBKG NFNYF. FNPRGJ, )tonmleH( GSN [N EKJZKL. FNVZKL, )hcirfleH( GSN [N EKJZKL. FNYF, )acleH( B[\G FZB[GRF [N BJXN. FKKPCGZD, )grubmieH( MMN FRZBF FKRCGZD )grubniaH(, TKZ CBGSJZKF TN DCGN FGRDZKF. FKNEDGRE, )dnugedliH( MN\G [N GNJZ BK[ SVZE TPG RPNJF PIXZG [N BJXN. FKNECZRE, )dnarbedliH( PGZFG [N EKJZKL GRG[B MNKG, EGEG [N GGNVFZE. FGZRCGD, )egobnroH( GSN [N BJXN. IHY\G FVKBGENK\ NBJXN. GF[JI PTZCF NF [KKMKO BU FO NBJXN, [FZK ZGEKDZ F[GMQ CCMNZQ )ZBe NTKN( PIHKY CRIN\G PMGI FFGRKO GCF BJXNCGZD CKZ\G. TN VK FM\GC KK\MQ [FMGGRF NFGRDZKF. BGNO PQ FM\GC TGNF MK GKRF TXPF

G[NG[\ BIKF, PNMK CGZDGRE. EKJZKL.

DZRGJ, )tonreG( CRF F[RK [N BGJF, PNL CGZDGRE. DZF, )ereG( [GT CGZDGREK, CQ NP[VI\ FPNGMF. DZBQ, )narG( TKZ CFGRDZKF, P[MQ IXZG [N BJXN. DZCZJ, )trabreG( BIE FGGSNKO [N EKJZKL. DNVZJ, )tarfleG( [GT CGGBZK, BIKG [N BNHF. DKHNFZ, )rehlesiG( FTNO. FBI FXTKZ CKQ PNMK CGZDGRE. DKCYF, )ehcebiG( PNL DGNF CIXZG [N BJXN. DGRJZ, )2(, )rehtnuG( CRG [N HKDVZKE GYZKPFKNEF. DGRJZ, )1(, )rehtnuG( FCGDZ [CKQ [NG[\ PNMK CGZDGRE, DGJNKRE, )dniletoG( B[\ FDZU ZGEKDZ CCMNZQ.

CTNF [N CZGRFKNEF.

955

RSVIKO

RGZGGDKF, )gewroN( PQ FM\GC BKQ HF CZGZ BO FMGGRF RGEGRD, )gnuduN( PCRK CK\F [N DGJNKRE.

HKDVZKE.

NBZW CSRYEKRCKF BG MKRGK INGVK NREZNRE, PMGZ\G [N

PW, )zteM( TKZ FGNE\G [N BGZJGGKQ, F[GMR\ TN RFZ FPGHN CXVGQ PHZI XZV\. PKHRCGZD, )grubnesiM( FKGO GKHNCGZD )grubleseiW(, TKZ NDEG\ FERGCF CFGRDZKF. PZKRDQ, )negnireoM( FKGO PFZKRD )gnirheM(, TKZ TN FERGCF PTZCK\ NVSBG, FPYGO CG XNIG FCGZDGREKO B\ PGJZQ, )neratuM( FKGO PBGJZQ, TKZ TN FERGCF CSPGL NGGKRF. PENKY, )kciledeM( FKGO PNY )kleM(, TKZ FSPGMF NGGKRF. NGEDZ, )regeduiL( BIKG [N NKGEDSJ, PNL FSYSGRKO. NGEDSJ, )tsageduiL( PNL ERPZY. NGMF, )ehcoL( FKGO NGMFKKQ )miehhcoL(, FSPGMF NGGZPS.

F RF Z .

JZKKSQ,

JZGRD, )genorT( BG JZGRKKF, PYGO FGNE\G [N FBDQ. MMN FRZBF [KCG[ [N JZKBRF )anaiarT(, PG[CF ZGPK\ JGNRF, )enluT( FKGO JGNQ )nlluT(, TKZ NDEG\ FERGCF SPGMF NGGKRF.

C[VL FZKKQ.

)nesierT(

KGCN [N FERGCF CEZGO BGSJZKF.

HKD[JBC, )batsgeiS( EGMS CZQ, CQ BIG\G [N EKJZKL. HKKHRPGZ, )erumnezieZ( MMN FRZBF [KCG[ [N JZKHPBGZ )reuamsierT( [NDEG\ JZKKSQ, HKDVZKE, )2(, )dirfgeiS( CRO [N DGRJZ GCZGRFKNEF. HKDVZKE, )1(, )dirfgeiS( CRO [N HKDPGRE GHKDNKRE, CTNF [N YZKPFKNE. HKDPGRE, )dnumgeiS( BCKG [N HKDVZKE GCTNF )TN VK FGGNSGRDF, DO BIKF( [N HKDNKRE. HKDNKRE, )2(, )dnilegeiS( BI\ P[\K C\GNG\ FKO FVGD[G\ B\ FBDQ. HKDNKRE, )1(, )dnilegeiS( B[\ HKDPGRE, BPG [N HKDVZKE. HHPRY, )cnamazaZ( BZW EPKGRK\ BK [O CPHZI, RHMZ\ C VZSKCN NGGNVZO VGQ B[RCL.

PTZCK\ NGGKRF.

GZCN, )lebreW( PQ FVKKJRKO CIXZG [N BJXN. GSYR[JKKQ, )nietsneksaW( PTCZ FZKO XZ CFZK GGSD CXVGQ PHZI XZV\ CG RNIO GNJZ CDKKSG\KG [N DGRJZ. GSYF, )eksaW( IZCG [N BKZKRD. GGNVFZE, )trahfloW( CQ BIG\G [N FKNECZRE, GSN [N EKJZKL. CIXZG [N BJXN, ZTFG [N FBDQ. )rehtlaW( BK[ SVZE, DKCGZ TNKNF RET\ F[PGZF CPSVZ DZSBG\. CRG [N PNL BYGGKJRKF, CQ TZGCF GNJZ,

065

[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

[ZGJQ, )naturhcS( BIE FFGRKO FNGYIKO INY CP[IYK FJGZRKZ FP\GBZKO CTNKNF N"B. FFKB NPST XKE. J"H, FBPGZ N[MGQ SPGL NGGZPS. BGNO FPZIY FDKBGDZVK FGB 001 Y"P CYKZGC, ZIGY PEK C\RBK FT\

[VSBZJ, )trassepS( ICN BZW FZZK GPKGTZ PPHZI GXVGQ=PHZI NGGZPS. BHGZ XKE FRHMZ CVKG [N FBDQ CTNKNF [VKKZ, )reyepS( TKZ NDEG\ FZKKQ EZGPK\ NGGZPS. [KNCGRD, )gnublihcS( BIE P[RK CRKG [N FPNL RKCNGRD.

ZPGRD, )gnumaR( EGMS PBZW FGGNBMKO. ZKJ[ZJ, )trahcstiR( GSN [N EKJZKL. ZGPGNJ, )tlomuR( [Z FJCIKO CIXZ PNMK CGZDGRE. ZGEKDZ, )regeduR( DZU CMNZQ, CTNF [N DGJNKRE.

YZKPFKNE)F(, )dlihmeirK( C\O [N BGJF GERYZJ, BIG\O [N [NG[\ PNMK CGZDGRE, B[\G [N HKDVZKE GNBIZ YSRJQ, )netnaX( CKZ\ REZNRE, F[GMR\ C[VL FZKKQ. FKGO YSRJQ CPIGH RKEZKKQ TN DCGNF FPTZCK [N DZPRKF. YKKC, FTKZ FZB[K\ CZGSKF [N FT\ FFKB. VKNDZKO, )mirgliP( FDPGQ VSBG, BIKF [N BGJF, EGEO [N YZKPFKNEF GBIKF. [N FKGO. FIN CPBF F-91 RTNPG TYCG\KG. [MQ PXVGQ NKO FMSVK, NBIZ PMQ CCGNDZKF VJ[RDZKO, )neregnehcteP( [CJ RGGEKO JGZYK. CPBF F\[KTK\ VGNYZ, )rekloV( VKKJQ BK[ BNHKK, GSN PNMK CGZDGRE.

PMQ [N BJXN.

SKREGNJ,

)tlodniS(

RG[B FDCKT CIXZ PNMK CGZDGRE.

RKCNGRD, )1( )gnulebiN( FPNL RKCNGRD, BCKFO [N [KNCGRD GRKCNGRD GCTN BGXZ, PMBQ "BGXZ REZNRE, )dnalrehteN( PPNM\G [N HKDPGRE, ICN BZW TN [VL FZKKQ, CK\G [N HKDVZKE.

RRJGGKQ, )niwtnaN( BCKG [N FZBJ. CPIXK\ F[RKKF, FIN CTNKNF M"F, MKRGK MNNK NPNMK CGZDGRE. NVZJKO GFZICF ZBG VZY FPCGB. )3( RKCNGRDKO. CPIXK\ FZB[GRF [N FBVGS, CTNK BGXZ FRKCNGRDKO B[Z HKDVZKE FGB FBIZGQ C[G[N\O. )2( BIE P[RK CRKG [N RKCNGRD. FRKCNGRDKO".

165

RSVIKO

.5791 nehcnuM ;galreV kniF mlehliW ;hcsinuK nnamreH dnu zteB renreW .gsrH ;''geirktleW netsrE muz sib strednuhrhaJ .81 sed ettiM red nov sdeilnegnulebiN sed noitpezeR ruz neidutS .dnalhcstueD ni deilnegnulebiN saD`` :dirftO ,nnamsirhE

.''noitpeceR fo ssecorP eht ni tcepsA erneG ehT :ecnamoR dna cipE neewteB deilnegnulebiN ehT`` ,.S tsnrE ,kciD .9691 ,nodnoL ,ygolohtyM naivanidnacS ,.E.R.H ,nosdivaD .0891 ,nodnoL ,shtyM esroN ehT ,.K ,dnalloH-yelssorC .5991 ,nehcnuM ,''deilnegnulebiN`` mi ethcihcseG ehcsitiloP .eder reheaps tiM ,negruJ ,reuerB/reteiD ,reuerB .5591 ,nodnoL ,htroN eht fo sdoG ,.B ,notsnarB .7991 ,niaM ma trufknarF ,nenoitpadA nehcilretlalettimhcoh nenies dnu deilnegnulebiN mi gnulletsraD erhi dnu kitamehtstfahcslleseG ,netraM ,tdnarB 463-343 .S ;1791 nehcnuM ;bloK trebreH dnu gninneH alusrU .gsrH ;''gatstrubeG .08 muz rooB ed tumleH ruf tfirhcstseF .airarettil ailavaideM`` :ni ;''eigoloedI nehcstued renie ethcihcseG ruZ .eknadeglanoitaN dnu deilnegnulebiN`` :tumleH ,trekcarB .3002 ,tdatsmraD ,galreV sumirP ,ehurslraK kehtoilbibsednaL nehcsidaB red dnu muesumsednaL nehcsidaB mov .gH ,golataK .tleW enies dnu deilnegnulebiN saD ...neraM netla ni tsi snU .6791 ,drofxO ,yrteoP cidlacS ,htroN eht fo noigileR dna htyM .3002 ,nedabseiW ,galreV trehcieR giwduL .fohbO etU dnu nielK sualK ,elznieH mihcaoJ nov .gH ,sohtyM sopE egaS ,negnulebiN eiD

.1991 ,negnippoG ,nessalC thcerblA .v .gsrH

NPCGB MNNK

1991 ,.M.a trufknarF ;galrevhcubnehcsaT pmakrhuS ;tdimhcsdlaW eseilennA dnu elznieH mihcaoJ .gsrH ;''negnulebiN eiD`` :ni ;''sedeilnegnulebiN sed gnuztesrebU skcormiS lraK uZ .enoT negitfark nenier eseid`` ,mihcaoJ ,elznieH 0791 ,.M.a trufknarF ;HbmG galrevhcubnehcsaT rehcsiF ;trekcarB tumleH .gsrH ;''2 deilnegnulebiN saD`` 0791 ,.M.a trufknarF ;HbmG galrevhcubnehcsaT rehcsiF ;trekcarB tumleH .gsrH ;''1 deilnegnulebiN saD``

)2 )1

FKXKZF
NCKCNKGDZVKF FP\KIS\ BN SEZ\ FPBPZKO C"BIZK\ ECZ", ZBG VZY "FTZG\".

FBZK. NPCY[ BIZ RG[BKO SVXKVKKO CPZC FKTKNG\ PGXT NTKKQ CB\Z: C\PXK\ FYKXGZ, ZY B\ FRG[BKO FRKEGRKO CMZL HF, FKB BL YGPW [NB RGTE NF[CKT B\ TN VRK MZMKO ZCKO. FCKCNKGDZVKF FRCIZ\ FPGD[\ CHB\ NYGZB, B[Z RGTEF NFBKZ, GHB\ NPG\Z NXKKQ [FCKCNKGDZVKF CRG[B [KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO, FS\TVGKG\KF GPGXBG\KF, P[\ZT\

>mth.lebin/onml_itlum/nerotua/kitsinamreg/noitamrofnihcaf/nelleuqtenretni/ed.nilreB-uf.bu.www<

CKCNKGDZVKF RCIZ\
265

[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

.1991 ,sneimA ,1991 reivnaj 31 te 21 sneimA euqolloc ud setcA ,iuh'druojua te reih negnulebiN sed nosnahC aL :ni ,''gnussafdeiL al :etsinimef deilnegnulebiN nU`` ,naeJ ,teuqruoF .1991 ,negnippoG .nessalC thcerblA .v .gsrH ,erutaretiL namreG hgiH elddiM ot sehcaorppA tsinimeF fo ygolohtnA nA .segA elddiM namreG eht ni steoP dna stsinogatorP sa nemoW :ni ,''nemowelboN rof ledoM :dooG eht ehcleH neeuQ`` ,.H htuR ,enotseriF
.3991 ,2 ,86 ,

hcirlU dnu hcilrednuW renreW .v gsrH ,deilnegnulebiN muz neidutS ehcsinakiremA-hcstueD ,''hcahcseg ad redis zaW`` :ni ,''tahT llA dna ,dlihnurB ,dlihmeirK :deulaV)eD( ytinigriV`` ,.G selrahC ,nosleN .0591 ,28 ,AdfZ ,''doT sdlihmeirK dnu sdlihnurB`` ,snaH ,nhuK .6891 ,elremmuK :negnippoG ,654 GAG ,trednuhrhaJ ,41 dnu 31 ,21 sed nenamoR nehcsifoh ned ni uarF red elloR nehcsitilop ruz negnuhcusretnU :retlalettiM mi kitiloP dnu uarF ,arteP ,faaH-nnamrelleK .4991 ,aihpledalihP ,ainavlysnneP ,cipE s'nemoW namreG laveideM ni rewoP dna ,ytreporP ,redneG ,mooD dna sedirB ,.C dloreJ ,sekarF

.5891 ,reyemeiN :negnibuT ,?namorneuarF nie-sopenurduK saD ,rodoehT ,etloN .2991 ,negnippoG ,relluM

ehcsinakiremA-hcstueD ,''hcahcseg ad redis zaW`` :ni ,''stxeT yraretiL ni decnivE sa yhcrairtaM no sthguohT emoS htiw ,deilnegnulebiN eht ni dlihnurB hcrairtaM eht fo taefeD ehT`` ,thcerblA ,nessalC .13-1 .S ,1 ,1991 ,61 ,LSAI :ni ,''deil -negnulebiN mi stahcrairtaM sed espylakopA dnu nerutkurtS ehcsilahcrairtaM`` ,thcerblA ,nessalC .9791 ,pmakrhuS :trufknarF ,tiekhcilbieW etreinigami eiD ,aivlyS ,nehcsnevoB dnu kreW ,deilnegnulebiN muz neidutS ehcsinakiremA-hcstueD ,''hcahcseg ad redis zaW`` :ni ,''hcaorppA lacigolotarraN A deilnegnulebiN eht ni eloR s`leztE ?scitiloP dna xeS`` ,leahciM ,regnirheoB 31 te 21 sneimA euqolloc ud setcA ,iuh'druojua te reih negnulebiN sed nosnahC aL :ni ,''eelbuoded etinimef al ed ecifelam el :sniam sehcnalb xua tuesY/ednolb al tuesY ,dlihnurB/dlihmeirK`` ,ennA ,tolehtreB .1991 reivnaj .2991 ,negnippoG ,noitpezeR

.2991 ,negnippoG .relluM hcirlU dnu hcilrednuW renreW .v gsrH ,19/0991-0891 ,noitpezeR dnu kreW .deilnegnulebiN muz neidutS

mulucepS ,''eporuE nrehtroN ylraE ni rewoP dna ,nemoW ,neM :xeS fo sseldrageR`` ,loraC ,revolC

RKCNGRDKO { FFKCJ FVPKRKSJK

.3991 ,negnibuT .treppeG ramliV

snaH .v .gsrH ,3 dnaB ,

rutaretiL red ekreW eorG :ni ,''deilnegnulebiN saD`` ,renreW ,pparK-smailliW deilnegnulebiN eht gnidaeR ,lieN ,samohT 1 ehieR netfirhcsluhcshcoH ehcsiaporuE

.5991 ,mahruD ,seireS segaugnaL nredoM mahruD , .3991 ,gnaL reteP :.M.a trufknarF ,5931 .loV ,

,''sretlalettiM sed rutaretiL nehcstued red ni neknadegehcaR muz neidutS`` ,samohT ,suiboM .6991 ,kroY weN ,selcyC hcirteiD dna gnulebiN eht ot noitcudortnI nA .htroN eht fo sdnegeL cioreH ,.T nnasuS ,selpmaS dna .R drawdE ,semyaH
.3991 .221 ,

AdfZ :ni ,''dluhcS sdeirfgeiS`` ,sneJ ,nietsuaH

.171

-751 .S ,4991 ,negnibuT ,nnamenoH rekloV .v .gsrH ,seirutneC htneetrihT dna htflewT eht fo erutaretiL evitarraN namreG :ni ,''deilnegnulebiN eht dna eoF raluceS ehT`` ,samohT ruhtrA ,ottaH .0891 ,sserP ytisrevinU egdirbmaC ,).S acinamreG acilgnA(

yrteoP rehtO dna namreG laveaideM no syassE ,samohT ruhtrA ,ottaH

365

RSVIKO

.2991 ,negnippoG .relluM hcirlU dnu hcilrednuW renreW .v gsrH ,noitpezeR dnu kreW .deilnegnulebiN muz neidutS ehcsinakiremA-hcstueD ,''hcahcseg ad redis zaW`` :ni ,''deilnegnulebiN eht ni 'enezssgnuredroftroH` eht fo gnidaeR lacirotehR A`` ,.R drawdE ,semyaH .4991 ,dlawsfierG ,regnihcsuB elleinaD .v .gsrH ,retlalettiM mi nerutaretiL ehcsiaporuE :ni ,''?kreW sehciltsirhcnu nie :deilnegnulebiN saD`` ,dirtsA ,emualliuG .4991 ,negnittoG .renraB deirfliW .v .gsrH ,rebahbeiL ruf rutaretiltleW .reseL nie dnu txeT niE :ni ,''deilnegnulebiN`` ,sualK ,rellumburG .2991 ,negnippoG ,gnubierhcssthcihcsegrutaretiL ehcsitsivaideM
:ni ,'''sedeilnegnulebiN` sed gnulletS nehcilthcihcsegrutaretil ruz negnugelrebU`` ,reteP ,relhoG

.2991 ,negnippoG ,relluM hcirlU dnu hcilrednuW renreW .v gsrH ,19/0991-0891 ,eihpargoilbiB renie tiM ,noitpezeR dnu kreW .deilnegnulebiN muz neidutS ehcsinakiremA -hcstueD ,''hcahcseg ad redis zaW`` :ni ,''deilnegnulebiN eht ni seicnetsisnocnI`` ,yrneH ,ztarK .1991 ,sneimA ,1991 reivnaj 31 te 21 sneimA euqolloc ud setcA ,iuh`druojua te reih negnulebiN sed nosnahC aL :ni ,'')4291( gnaL ztirF ed mlif ud erutcel enu ruop xuairetaM .negnulebiN eiD`` ,nialA ,euhledreK .4991 ,)etseirT( ,1 ,orepsorP :ni ,''rengaW drahciR ieb dnu deilnegnulebiN mi negnuheizebrethcelhcseG red etkepsA`` ,derflA ,nienraK 2991 ,tragttutS ;galreV relzteM .B .J ;''rutaretiL ruz neilaeR .relzteM gnulmmaS`` :ni ;''deilnegnulebiN saD`` :renreW ,nnamffoH

.0991 neiW .lakuoltaZ sualK .v.gsrH ,muaruanoD erelttim red dnu deilnegnulebiN saD ,hcarpsegdeilnedleH renralhcoP :ni ,''tlewmU ehcsiraretil enies dnu deilnegnulebiN saD`` ,snaH ,mmorF .191-371.S ,4991 ,negnibuT ,nnamenoH rekloV .v .gsrH ,seirutneC htneetrihT dna htflewT eht fo erutaretiL evitarraN namreG :ni ,negaH dna rehtnuG fo shtaeD eht nO :sdaeH dereveS ehT`` ,.L nhoJ ,doolF .1991 ,sneimA ,1991 reivnaj 31 te 21 sneimA euqolloc ud setcA ,iuh`druojua te reih negnulebiN sed nosnahC aL :ni ,''eiroehtrutaretiL renredom thciL mi negnugelrebU ehcsitameht dnu elleutxetretni :sdeilnegnulebiN sed rutkurtS ehcsihtnirybal eiD`` ,thcerblA ,nessalC

nairdA .v .gsrH ,dnegeL natsirT laveideM eht dna grubssartS nov deirfttoG :ni ,''deilnegnulebiN eht dna natsirT s`deirfttoG fo ydutS evitarapmoC A :'ebeildeirfgeiS dnu -natsirT``` ,groeG ,eipselliG .4991 ,nnoB .''lavizraP`` hcabnehcsE nov smarfloW ni dnu "deilnegnulebiN" mi nemheN dnu nebeG ,dragmrI ,trahpeG

.0991 ,egdirbmaC ,yebsiW yoR dna snevetS

PCRF FKXKZF, RG[BKO, CKYGZ\

.0991 ,evreM :nilreB ,trednuhrhaJ ,31 sed noissuksiddlihmeirK red ni kitehtsaneuarF dnu thcamneuarF :negasreV ,nehcerpsreV ,retlaW ,rettieS .0991 ,nilreB ,strednuhrhaJ ,31 sed noissuksiD-dlihmeirK red ni kitehtsaneuarF dnu thcamneuarF .negasrev ,nehcerpsreV ,retlaW ,rettieS .6891 ,PU snikpoH snhoJ ehT :eromitlaB .trakiewhcS oinicoraP dna nnylF htebazilE .dE ,stxetnoC dna stxeT ,sredaeR no syassE :gnidaeR dna redneG ,''namoW sa gnidaeR fo trA ehT :tpygE fo tuO dloG eht gnikaT`` ,nasuS ,ffonabihcS .9791 ,elremmuK :negnippoG ,272 GAG ,strednuhrhaJ ,31 dnu 21 sed rutaretiL nehcstued red ni uarF ednefpmak eiD ,avE ,elefuahcS .1991 ,sneimA ,1991 reivnaj 31 te 21 sneimA euqolloc ud setcA ,iuh`drojua te reih negnulebiN sed nosnahC aL :ni ,''deilnegnulebiN mi ellorneuarF dnu tfahcsllesegneuarF .etanemeK`` ,leinaD ,rehcoR .5991 ,07 ,RG :ni ,''nurduK dna deilnegnulebiN eht ni msioreH dna ,xeS ,redneG :drowS eht dna eldnipS ehT`` ,.B einahpetS ,grebnefaP
465

[KZ\ FRKCNGRDKO

.0991 ,neiW ,lakuoltaZ sualK .v .gsrH ,muaruanoD erelttim red dnu deilnegnulebiN saD .hcarpsegdeilnedleH renralhcoP :ni ,''sailI ehcstuet eiD :laM netztel muZ`` ,hcirlU ,ssyW .2991 ,negnippoG ,relluM hcirlU dnu

.5991 ,rraN :negnibuT ,tiekhciltfirhcS dnu tiekhcildnuM nov dlefsgnunnapS mi gnuttaG nehcilhcarpssklov nehcilretlalettim renie gnureiutitsnoK ruZ .sopE dnu egasnedleH ,siolA ,floW .4991 ,.M .a trufknarF ,noitpezeR renies dnu smliF sed tiekgitfahdliB ruz negarF .mlifnegnulebiN sgnaL ztirF ,''?negobnegeR nenie nam thcam eiW`` ,saerdnA ,ikslawriW .0991 ,neiW ,lakuoltaZ sualK .v.gsrH ,muaruanoD erelttim red dnu deilnegnulebiN saD .hcarpsegdeilnedleH renralhcoP :ni ,''deilnegnulebiN sad :0021 mu kitiloP dnu gnuthciD`` ,znieH ,samohT .3991 ,negnibuT ,snetreM rekloV .v .wtiM retnu rentraG truK dnu nnamgreB floR .v .gsrH ,etxeT rehcstued rehcilretlalettim noitidE red emelborP dnu nedohteM :ni ,''sreluaT 'netgiderP` eiD .'legeipsnebawhcS` reD .'deilnegnulebiN`

hcilrednuW renreW .v gsrH ,deilnegnulebiN muz neidutS ehcsinakiremA-hcstueD ,''hcahcseg ad redis zaW`` :ni ,''tsnuK red suaH renehcnuM mi 0991/9891 gnulletssuA-negnulebiN eiD`` ,renreW ,hcilrednuW

rellerutlukretni nemroF .txeT rellerutluk singiereneideM nonakrutaretiL :ni ,''7081 erhaJ med sua gnuztesrebU snegaH red nov hcirnieH hcirdeirF ,gnuztesrebU ehcsiraretil ehcsinonak sla dnu txeT rellerutluk sla deilnegnulebiN saD ,'eiseoP neuen renie effotsdnurG``` ,saerdnA ,nnamretloP

.3991 ,.M.a trufknarF ,gnuthciD nehcstuedhcohlettim red ni kitamehtsohtyM dnu nerutkurtslleppA .deilnegnulebiN saD ,nailuJ ,hcetS .1991 ,negnippoG ,nessalC thcerblA .v .gsrH ,trednuhrhaJ ,51 ,muz sib grubneieW nov dirftO noV :ni ,' nurduK dna deilnegnulebiN eht ni ytlayoL lanretaM`` ,nnasuS ,selpmaS .5991 ,24 ,BiL :ni ,' eigrutiL dnu eigoloehtlaroM nehcsiwz egalK dnu deilnegnulebiN ...hahcseg trom ezorg red nednewenus nenie`Z`` ,ennairaM ,remmaS .5991 ,nilreB .nnamretloP saerdnA .v .gsrH .gnuztesrebU dnu noitakinummoK

sad :nessezorptxeT nov noitatnesarP ehcsirotidE .ethcihcsegtxeT dnu kitirktxeT`` ,groeG ,reetS

neidutS ehcsinakiremA-hcstueD ,''hcahcseg ad redis zaW`` :ni ,''deilnegnulebiN eht fo snoitatpadA namreG tseW tneceR ni oreH eht fo noitcnuF ehT ?lodI sa deirfgeiS`` ,reteP ,letieK-sirroM .6991 ,811 ,BBP :ni ,'lerutiT` 'egalK` 'deilnegnulebiN` .snelhazrE nehcsipenedleh noitkurtsnokeD dnu noitkurtsnoK`` ,rekloV ,snetreM reih negnulebiN sed nosnahC aL :ni ,''tirfgS/htrugiS fo htaeD eht ot snoitcaeR elameF`` ,nhoJ ,llenniKcM .5991 ,44/34 ,GaBA :ni ,'''deilnegnulebiN` eht ni laineD dna noisserpeR`` ,redniW ,llennoCcM .2991 ,nehcnuM ,sohtyM senie ethcihcseG eiD .nesohpromateM-negnulebiN ,drahnreB ,nitraM .2991 ,negnippoG .relluM hcirlU dnu hcilrednuW renreW .v gsrH ,noitpezeR dnu kreW .deilnegnulebiN muz neidutS ehcsinakiremA-hcstueD ,''hcahcseg ad redis zaW`` :ni ,''sohtyM sed noitknuF ehcsitil -opstfahcslleseg eid rebU .deilnegnulebiN sad dnu taatslanoitaN ehcstued reD`` ,drahnreB ,nitraM .3991 ,78 ,noirohpuE :ni ,''dnurgretniH nehcsihtym muz negnugelrebU :trohnegnulebiN reD`` ,edualC ,xuetuoceL
565

.1991 reivnaj 31 te 21 sneimA euqolloc ud setcA ,iuh'druojua te reih negnulebiN sed nosnahC aL :ni ,' deilnegnulebiN el snad sellenoitcnofirt serutcurts seuqleuq :sednegel te sehtyM`` ,craM-naeJ ,ertsaP .5991 ,mahruD ,deilnegnulebiN eht gnidaeR ,samohT ,lieN .4991 ,kroY weN/notsiweL ,samohT lieN .v .gsrH ,erutaretiL naeporuE ni semehT cinamreG dna citleC :ni ,''hcieR drihT eht dna deilnegnulebiN ehT`` ,samohT ,lieN .2991 ,negnippoG ,relluM hcirlU dnu hcilrednuW renreW .v gsrH ,deilnegnulebiN muz

.1991 reivnaj 31 te 21 sneimA euqolloc ud setcA ,iuh'druojua te

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.0991 ,neiW ,lakuoltaZ sualK .v.gsrH ,muaruanoD erelttim red dnu deilnegnulebiN saD .hcarpsegdeilnedleH renralhcoP :ni ,''?rugiF ehcsirotsih enie neralehceB nov regiduR fargkraM`` ,xaM ,nitleW .3991 ,nehcnuM ,miehlhaD renreW dnu remarC samohT .v .gsrH ,releipsnegeG :ni ,''?releipsnegeG nie :negaH`` ,reteP ,ikswenpaW .1991 ,sneimA ,1991 reivnaj 31 te 21 sneimA euqolloc ud setcA ,iuh'druojua te reih negnulebiN sed nosnahC aL :ni ,''rugiftsnuK renie trewnU dnu treW mov sopE-negnulebiN mi dlehitnA dnu dleH deirfgeiS`` ,gnagfloW ,kcoweipS .1991 ,sneimA ,1991 reivnaj 31 te 21 sneimA euqolloc ud setcA ,iuh;druojua te reih negnulebiN sed nosnahC aL :ni ,''?eidogarT-dlihmeirK eniE deilnegnulebiN saD`` ,gnagfloW ,kcoweipS .2991 ,grebledieH ,tfarK hcirdeirF-lraK .v.gsrH ,tfahcsnes -siwrutaretiL dnu ethcihcseghcarpS ruz neidutS .ewuirT :ni ,''eigersedoT ehcsitkarp snegaH`` ,etU ,bawhcS .1991 ,negnippoG ,gruB nov enerI .v .gsrH ,eimonokO ,eigoloedI ,kitiloP ,neideM .4 noitpezeR-retlalettiM .5991 ,98 ,noirohpuE :ni ,''dnurgretniH nehcsihtym muz negnugelrebU :dneguJ sdeirfgeiS`` ,edualC ,xuetuoceL .2991 ,neiW ,lakuoltaZ sualK .v .gsrH ,kipehcirteiD ehcsirotsih eiD
:ni ,''nretsiegeb nessaM eid eid ,nekruhcS iewZ .gniwE .R.J dnu ejnorT nov negaH`` ,dirgeiS ,tdimhcS

.1991 reivnaj 31 te 21 sneimA euqolloc ud setcA ,iuh'druojua te reih negnulebiN sed nosnahC aL :ni ,''siotruoc soreh nu`d noitcurtsed al :deirfgeiS`` ,elleinaD ,regnihcsuB .1991 ,negnippoG .regnihcsuB elleinaD .v .gsrH ,eidraciP ed etisrevinU`l ed selaveideM sedutE`d ertnec ud euqolloc ud setcA .egA neyoM ua erutarettil te eriotsiH :ni ,''agasskerdihT al te deilnegnulebiN el snad alittA`d egannosrep eL`` :aneladgaM ,euveR-eddaB

,''hcarpsegdeilnedleH renralhcoP .2 :nI .esylanA red nemelborP nehcsigolodohtem uZ .'deilnegnulebiN` mi rugifhcirteiD red noitknuF eiD`` ,reteP ,relhoG

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665

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