Chapter 38

Water Drive Oil Reservoirs

Daylon L. Walton,

Roebuck-Walton Inc.*

Introduction
Water drive reservoirs are those reservoirs in which a significant portion of volumetric withdrawals is replaced by
water influx during the producing life of the reservoir.
The total influx, and influx rates, will be governed by the
aquifer characteristics together with the pressure-time behavior along the original reservoir/aquifer contact. Ordinarily, few wells are drilled into the aquifer and little
or no information concerning the aquifer size, geometry,
or rock properties is available. However, if sufficient
reservoir pressure and production history is available, the
aquifer properties may be inferred from solutions of Eq.
1, the radial form of the diffusivity equation.

ap 5h.b~
ap ..I..........,
a% 1 ar=k
p+;
-$

(1)

where
p = pressure,
r = radius,

4
p
c
t

=
=
=
=
k =

porosity,
viscosity,
compressibility,
time, and
permeability.

during the time of interest.

Finite outcropping-aquifer

is finite with pressure constant at exterior boundary (i.e., aquifer outcrops into lake,
gulf, or other surface water source).
Basic Conditions and Assumptions
1. The reservoir is at the equilibrium average pressure
at all times.
2. The water/oil (WOC) or water/gas contact (WCC)
is an equipotential line.
3. The hydrocarbons behind the front are immobile.
4. The effects of gravity are negligible.
5. The difference between the average reservoir pressure and the pressure at the original WOC or WGC will
be assumed to be zero if unknown.

Basic Equations

Definitions
Aquifer Geometry
Radial-boundaries
are formed by two concentric cylinders or sectors of cylinders.
Linear-boundaries
are formed by two sets of parallel
planes.
Nonsymmetrical-neither
radial nor linear.
ofthe original
chapter onthis topic
m the 1962 edltm

Infinite-pressure disturbances do not affect the exterior

boundary of the system, during the time of inrerest.
Finite closed-no flow occurs across the exterior boundary. Pressure disturbances reach the exterior boundary,

Mathematical Analysis

These inferred aquifer properties then can be used to

calculate the future effect of the aquifer on the reservoir
performance.

Author

Exterior Boundary Conditions

was Vment

J Skora

Van Everdingen and Hurst obtained a general solution

to Eq. 1 for two cases: (1) a constant water-influx rate
(constant-terminal-rate case) and (2) a constant pressure
drop (constant-terminal-pressure case). By using the principle of superposition, van Everdingen and Hurst extended
these solutions to include variable water-influx rates and
pressure drops. Mortada further extended the solutions
to include interference effects in homogeneous infinite
radial aquifers.
Constant-Terminal-Rate
Case. If time is divided into
a finite number of intervals (Fig. 38. l), the average water
influx in each interval can be used in Eq. 2 to calculate
the pressure drop at the interior aquifer boundary. Eq.
2 shows that the relationship between the pressures and

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

PO
e

ew

aewa
w3

e
w2

wI

P
I
i

p3
4-I

Fig. 38.1 -Water

%
--------

P_

2INTERVAL

.OI

NUMBER

influxrates-constant terminal rate case.

is a function of a constant m,. and a

variable po. The constant m, is a function of the aquifer properties, whereas pD is a function of aquifer properties and time.

Fig. 38.2-Pressure

AP..,~ =mr

AP,,.,~
=mrc [c,,,~,,+,+~,
-el,.,,r
,,IPD,
3
j=l

=mrIelv,,

where

for radial aquifers,

drops-constant terminalpressure case.

e,, ,,,,+,-,,ApD,

40,

e,, ? MD,,,

(3)

n-l
NUMBER

. .

j+l

.(2)

where
P w,, = cumulative pressure drop to the end of
interval n,
e ,,,,r,+,-,I -- water-influx rate at interval n-t 1 -j,
PI1

For calculation convenience it is recommended that time

be divided into equal intervals and Eq. 6 be used.

= 0.00,,27kha

2
INTERVAL

water-influx rates

m,

--

40,

PO,

fe,,,,,

,, APL)-

,, +e,,.,

(7)

APD,~ 1,

-PO,-,

Constant-Terminal-Pressure
Case. If time is divided
into a finite number of intervals (Fig. 38.2), Eq. 8 can
be used to calculate the cumulative water influx for a given
pressure history, using average pressure drops in each
time interval.
,I

m,

PM

= o.ool *27kh

..

(4)

P WL

= 0~00,127khb

. .._................

for finite linear aquifers,

pi
e,.
pI(,
k
h

=
=
=
=
=
=
L =
FL,, =
cx =

dimensionless pressure term,

water influx rate, RB/D,
pressure at the original WOC, psi,
permeability, md,
aquifer thickness, ft,
aquifer width, ft,
aquifer length, ft,
water viscosity, cp, and
angle subtended by reservoir, radians

Apcrr+,-,)

w,D, , .

(8)

j=l

where

for infinite linear aquifers,

m,

WC>,)
=mp

(5)

w,!, = cumulative water influx to end of

interval,
+c,,,har,,.
____._. ._. .(9)
=
0.17811
P
for radial aquifers,
= 0.17811 $r ,,.,hb 2
.(lO)
MI]
for infinite linear aquifers,
AP(~~+I-~, = average pressure drop in interval
n+l-j,
W PD = dimensionless water-influx term,
rw = field radius, ft, and
c.,i = total aquifer compressibility, psi - .
The solution of Eq. 8 requires the use of superposition,
in a manner similar to that shown by the expansion of
Eq. 6. A modification presented by Carter and Tracy3
permits calculations of W, that approximate the values

WATER

DRIVE OIL RESERVOIRS

38-3

obtained from Eq. 8 but does not require the use of superposition. This method is advantageous when the calculations are to be made manually. since fewer terms are
required.
Using Carter and Tracys method, Eq. I I, the cumulative water influx at time t,, is calculated directly from the
previous value obtained at t,,-,

4\

FAULT

+ bpA~,,r~,, - W,,,, ,,PD,,IVo,,-[I+,, ,, 1

Fig. 38.3~Infiniteaquiferbounded on one side by a fault.

PD,,-tDdD,,
..

.... .....

........

(11)

where
p,D

=pD,, -pD,,,
,>

I,

. . . . . . . ..I.....

(12)

ID,,-rD,,,-,,

and
Ap,,=p,-pn,

. .... .....

.. .....

(13)

Reservoir Interference. Where two or more reservoirs2

are in a common aquifer, it is possible to calculate the
change in pressure at Reservoir A, for example, caused
by water influx into another reservoir, B, using Eq. 14
or 15. These are Eqs. 2 and 3 with modified subscripts.
For unequal time intervals,

A~Pnwo,, =tnr

Ii [~doi,-,)
J=I

.... .

-enB,,,JPD(A.R),~

.. ....

... ...

(14)

and for equal time intervals,

*P~(A,B),, =m,

e MB,,,+,mj ,APD(A,B),

>

.(I3

Hicks et al. 4 used the past pressure and production history in an analog computer to obtain influence-function
curves for each pool in a multipool aquifer. The influence function F(r) can be defined as the product of m,
and PO,
F(r)=m,pD,

.. ..

.(l7)

and can be substituted in Eqs. 59 and 60 to calculate the

future performance.
Nonsymmetrical
Aquifers. By use of the images
method,2 the procedure for calculating reservoir interference can be extended to the case where one boundary
of an infinite aquifer is a fault. For example, Fig. 38.3
shows Reservoir A located in this type of aquifer. To calculate the pressure performance at Reservoir A, first locate the mirror-image Reservoir A across the fault. The
water-influx history for the mirror-image Reservoir A
will be taken to be the same as Reservoir A. Next, assume that the fault does not exist so that there are two
identical reservoirs in a single infinite aquifer, with Rexrvoir A causing interference at Reservoir A. The pressure drop at Reservoir A now can be calculated by use
of Eq. I9 (for equal time intervals).

j=l
APIA,,

where

=mr

[~NzA~,,+,~, , APO,

J=t

pressure term for

PD(A,B) = dimensionless
Reservoir B with respect to
Reservoir A,
AP,~(~,J) = pressure drop at Reservoir A caused
by Reservoir B, and
e,,,B = Water inflUX rate at Reservoir B.

Because e ,,,A=e Lr,A,

,

n
The total pressure drop at Reservoir A at any given time
is the sum of the pressure drops caused by all reservoirs
in the common aquifer, or

APoA,,

=m,

j=l

e)+,A ,,!+,-, j [APO,

.., . . . . . . . . .
APIA,, =AP~(A,A I,, +AP~(A.B),,

+AP~(A,cJ,,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

+.
. . .

(16)

Since dimensionless pressure differences are available

only for homogeneous infinite radial aquifers, pressureinterference calculations are limited at the present time
to aquifers that can be approximated by a uniform, infinite, radial system.

-APD(A.AY,

.... ....

1.
. (1%

If other reservoirs in the aquifer also are causing reservoir interference at Reservoir A, each mirror image will
cause reservoir interference at Reservoir A. The total
pressure drop at Reservoir A, therefore, will be the sum
of the pressure drops caused by each reservoir and each
mirror image (see Fig. 38.4).
Nonsymmetrical aquifers will be discussed further under Methods of Analysis, Method 2.

PETROLEUM

38-4

ENGINEERING

Ap~=-$Aro.

HANDBOOK

..

. . (25)

ID

and
pD=tD+o.33333,

..... ...

. . .(26)

where
to = dtmensionless time,
rD = dimensionless radius =T,/T,,
ru = aquifer radius, ft,
rw = field radius, ft, and
d = a geometry term obtained from Table 38.1.
Methods of Analysis
Fig. 38.4-Dimensionless pressure drop forinfinite
aquifersystem for constant flow rate.,8

pn and W,~Values. Values ofpn, PD(A,B),and W,D are

functions of dimensionless time rg (Eq. ZO), aquifer geometry, and aquifer size (to for radial aquifers).
Table 38.1 gives the substitution for d in Eq. 20 to calculate tD and the table, graph, or equation to obtain po,
P&A-B), or W,D for various types of aquifers. The following equations are used in conjunction with Table 38.1.
0.006328kr
tD = ~C~,~?ftL,d2,

po=l.l284JtD,
pD=o.5(h
pD=h

. .

.(21)
.(22)

tD+0.80!?07), .................

.(23)

,-D, .............................
.....

TABLE

_..

. ..(24)

3&l--REFERENCE

Aquifer Type
Infinite
radial
Smaller t,
Larger t,
Finiteoutcropping radial
Smaller t,
Larger t,
Finiteclosed radial
Smaller lo
Larger t,
Infinite
linear
Finiteclosed linear
Larger to
Interference(infinite
radial)
Larger to

where AZ, =Zi -Zj- r .

Method 2 is not limited to homogeneous linear or radial aquifers because the final Z is obtained by adjusting
previous approximations to Z. Techniques for applying
Method 2 to the case where reservoir interference exists
are not available at this time, except for unusual circumstances.
Personal

TABLE

FOR

Value of d
in Eq. 20
*
rw
rw
rw
r,
rw
rw
rw
r,
rw
b
Lf
L
r(A.B15
W)

*r* = radus of pwl bang analyzed, f,

b
+P*D

(27)

e, fn+, , ,AZj,

Apwj,, = 2
j=l

(20)

........................

WeD=0.5(rD-I),

Reservoir Volume Known. Rigorous Methods. There

are two methods for obtaining the coefficient m, and
APO in Eq. 6 from the past pressures and the waterinflux rates from a material balance on the reservoir.
Method l* is used whenever the aquifer can be approximated by a uniform linear or radial system; therefore,
published values of pD are used. If the aquifer can be approximated by a homogeneous, infinite, radial system,
the method can be extended to handle reservoir interference. In Method 2,5 the product of m, and pD is replaced by Z (the resistance function).

= width Of aquifer. ft
= We,

1 = length of aqwfei, ft
r ,A,Bj =distance between centers of Reservoirs A and 8. ft

communication

OBTAINING

from Allant~c Refining

WeD AND

PD
Table 38.3
Eq. 21
Eq. 22
Table 38.7
Table 38.7
Eq. 23
Table 38.6
Table 38.3
Eq. 25
Eq. 21
Table 38.8
Eq. 26
Fig. 38.4 pDcA,E)
Table 38.3, Eq. 22

p.

WC?0
Table 38.3
Eq. 21
Table 38.5

Table 38.6
Table 38.3
Eq. 24
Eq. 21+

Co

WATERDRIVEOIL RESERVOIRS

TABLE

36-5

38.2-COMPARISON

QuaXer or
Interval No

OF RESULTS

MZtLal
Balance
(B/D)
500
1.100

APf
Field
(Psi)

OF METHODS

PO
210

AI,

rD=m

1 AND

2 FOR SAMPLE

Z
4PW
Method 1
fi
(psi/B/D)
(Psi)

CALCULATION

Mzi%d 2
(psi)

478
581

1.651
1.960
2.147
2.282
2.389

1.000
1.414
2.732
2.000
2.236

55
136
318
478
581

55
135
317
477
584

2.476
2.550
2.615
2.672
2.723

2.449
2.646
2.828
3.000
3.162

663
616
599
652
733

672
630
614
664
739

2.770
2.812
2.851
2.887
2.921

3.317
3.464
3.606
3.742
3.873

761
803
858
928
949

761
607
860
934
946

55
136

318

8
9
IO

3,100
3,600

663
616
599
652
733

11
12
13
14
15

3,500
3,600
3,800
4,100
3,900

761
803
858
928
949

The procedure for both methods can be illustrated best

by an application to a single-pool aquifer. Assume that
a reservoir has produced for 15 quarters and that Cols.
2 and 3 in Table 38.2 are, respectively, the pressures at
the end of each quarter and the average water-influx rates
obtained by material balance for each quarter.

If the AZD selected is the correct value, m, as a function of n will be constant. Variations from a constant can
result from (1) incorrect AtD, (2) production and pressure errors, (3) incorrect aquifer size or shape, or (4) aquifer inhomogeneities. An examination of the m, plot will
aid in the analysis of the cause.

Example Problem 1. Method 1. From the following

assumed best set of aquifer properties, check Table 38.1
for the substitution of d in Eq. 20.

Value of m,

Possible Remedy

increase
decrease
constant,
constant,

decrease with At,

increase AtD
finite-closed aquifer
finite-outcropping aquifer

c,,, =
/.i,,, =
h =
01 =
k =
q5 =
r,, =

5.5X10- psi-,
0.6 cp,
50 ft ,
27~ radians,
76 md,
0.16,
3,270 ft,

For a finite-closed aquifer or finite-outcropping

fer, Eq. 29 or 30 is used to find rD.
rD=2.3(NilAtD)0.518
for N;,At,

and the aquifer geometry is infinite radial.

Calculate a convenient value (to minimize interpolation)
of dimensionless time interval (AZ,) for the quarterly interval (Ar=91.25 days) by varying the permeability (if
necessary) in Eq. 20. In this case, AID = 10, corresponding to k=91 md, was selected. A check of Table 38.1
shows that pi is to be obtained from Table 38.3 (also
tabulated in Table 38.2, Col. 4).

APS,,
?I=

),

with II
with n
then increasing
then decreasing

(28)

where Ape is the known field pressure drop at original

woe.
Calculate ApD as a function of interval number. Then
calculate m, as a function of interval number using Eq.
28 and plot m, as a function of n (Curve 1, Fig. 38.5).
Fig. 38.6 shows an example of the calculation procedure
for n=5 using equal time intervals.

~3.4,

... .

aqui-

. . (29)

and

r~=3(Ai,Af~).30

.(30)

for NirAtD 63.4, where N;, is the time interval number

where m, vs. n increases from a constant value.
In this example, m,. increased with n (Fig. 38.5.
AtD = 10). Therefore, AtD was decreased from 10 to 1
(large changes are recommended) and m, for At, = 1 was
calculated (Curve 2). Now m, is constant until about Interval 9 and then increases, indicating the possibility of
a finite-closed aquifer. Using Ni, =9 and AtD = I in Eq.
29 gives a first approximation of 7 (rounded from 7.2)
for rD. The m,. calculated for AtD = 1 and rD =7 is rem
duced after Interval 9 (Curve 3) but is still too high and
therefore indicates that the aquifer is still too large. An
rg of 6 is taken for the next approximation, and this results in a constant value of m, (Curve 4). This shows that
the past field behavior (Col. 3, Table 38.2) can be duplicated by assuming a finite-closed aquifer where AtD = 1
and rD=6 (Col. 6, Table 38.2). Because these aquifer
properties gave the best match to the past field performance, they should be taken as the best set for predicting
the future performance.

38-6

TABLE

PETROLEUM

38.3-DIMENSIONLESS

WATER

INFLUX

AND

DIMENSIONLESS

t,

W c?D

0.112
0.278
0.404
0.520
0.606

PO
~___
0.112
0.229
0.315
0.376
0.424

1.5x103
2.0 x 103
2.5x IO3
3.0 x 103
4.0 x IO3

4.136x10'
5.315x10"
6.466x IO2
7.590x10'
9.757x10'

2.5x 10 -'
3.0x10-'
4.0x10-'
50x106.0x 10 -'

0.689
0.758
0.898
1.020
1.140

0.469
0.503
0.564
0.616
0.659

5.0 x103
6.0 x IO3
7.0 x lo3
8.0 x103
9.0 x lo3

11.88
13.95
15.99
18.00
19.99

7.0x10-'
8.0x10-'
9.0x10-'
1.0
1.5

1.251
1.359
1.469
1.570
2.032

0.702
0.735
0.772
0.802
0.927

1.0x
1.5x
2.0 x
2.5 x
3.0 x

2.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
5.0

2.442
2.838
3.209
3.897
4.541

1.020
1.101
1.169
1.275
1.362

6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
1.0x10'

5.148
5.749
6314
6.661
7417

1.5x10'
2.0x10'
2.5x10'
3.0x IO'
4.0x10'
5.0x10'
6.0x IO'
7.0x10'
8.0x10'
9.0x10'

w eD

PRESSURES
tD

FOR
W eD

ENGINEERINGHANDBOOK

INFINITE RADIAL

to

AQUIFERS

1.5~10~
2.0x107
2.5x10'
3.0x107
4.0x107

1.828~10~
2.398x106
2.961~10~
3.517x106
4.610~10"

1.5x
2.0x
2.5x
3.0x
4.0x

5.0x107
6.0~10~
7.0x107
8.0~10~
9.0x107

5689x10'
6.758~10~
7.816~10~
8.866x10e
9.911xlO~

5.0x10"
6.0x IO"
7.0x IO"
8.0x IO"
9.0x IO"

3.75xlO'O
4.47x 10"
5.19x IO'O
5.89x 10'0
6.58~10'~

21.96 x102
3.146~10~
4.679x103
4.991 x103
5.891 x IO3

1.0~10~
1.5~10'
2.0~10~
2.5~10'
3.0x 10'

10.95 x 106
1.604x 10'
2.108x 10'
2.607~10'
3.100x10'

1.0~10'~
1.5x10"
2.0~10'~

7.28x IO"
1.08x10"
1.42~10"

4.0x10"
5.0x104
6.0 x lo4
7.0~10~
8.0x lo4

7.634~10~
9.342x103
11.03 x104
12.69 x104
14.33 x104

4.0x10*
50x108
6.0~10"
7.0~10'
8.0~10'

4.071x10'
5.032~10~
5.984x10'
6.928x10'
7.865~10'

1.436
1.500
1.556
1.604
1.651

9.0 x IO4
l.OxlO~
1.5~10~
2.0~10~
25~10~

15.95 x104
17.56 x104
2.538~10~
3.308x104
4.066x IO4

9.0x10*
1.0~10~
1.5~10'
2.0x10"
2.5~10"

8.797x10'
9.725x10'
1.429x10n

9.965
1.229x10'
1.455x10'
1.681~10'
2.088~10'

1.829
1.960
2.067
2.147
2.282

3.0x105
40~10~
5.0~10~
6.0~10~
7.0~10"

4.817~10~
6.267~10~
7.699x IO4
9.113x104
10.51 x105

3.0~10"
40x10'
5.0~10~
60x10'
7.0~10~

2.771~10'
3.645~10'
4.510x108
5.368~10'
6.220~10'

2.482~10'
2.860x10'
3.228~10'
3599x10'
3.942x 10'

2.388 8.0~10~
2.476 9.0x10"
2.550 1.0~10"
2.615 1.5~10"
2.672 2.0 x lo6

11.89 x105
13.26 x105
14.62 x105
2.126~10~
2.781x lo5

8.0~10'
9.0x10"
1.0~10'~
1.5~10'~
2.0~10'~

7.066~10'
7.909x 108
8.747x10B
1.288~10"
1.697x10"

2.723 2.5 x IO6

2.921 3.0 x106
3.064 4.0 x lo6
3.173 5.0x lo6
3.263 6.0 x IO"

3.427x lo5
4.064x lo5
5.313x105
6.544~10~
7.761 x IO5

2.5x 10"
3.0x IO"
4.0x10'"
5.0~10'"
6.0~10'"

2.103~10~
2.505~10~
3.299x10"
4.087~10"
4.868~10~

7.0~10"
8.0~10'"
9.Ox1O'o
1.0~10"

5.643~10"
6.414~10~
7.183~10~
7.948x10'

1.0x10*
1.5x10*
2.0x 102
2.5x102
3.0x10'

4.301x10'
5.980x10'
7.586~10'
9.120x10'
10.58 x10'

4.0x10*
5.0x10*
6.0x 10'
7.0x 102
80x102
9.0x10'
l.OxlOJ

13.48
16.24
18.97
21.60
24.23
26.77
29.31

x10'
3.406
x10'
3.516
x10'
3.608
x.10' 3.684
x10'
3.750
x10'
3.809
x10'
3.860

lo4
lo4
lo4
lo4
IO4

7.0 x106
8.0~10"
9.0x106
1.0x10'

x103
x103
x103
x103
x 103

8.965x10'
10.16 x106
11.34 x106
12.52 x106

If an infinite aquifer had been indicated, it may be desirable in some cases to predict the future performance
assuming first an infinite aquifer and then a finite-closed
aquifer having a calculated rg based on the best estimate
of AtD and setting N;, equal to the last interval number
in Eq. 20 or 30.
Note that, in general. the plot of m,. will not be a
smooth plot because of errors in basic data. The first few
values are particularly sensitive to errors and generally
may be ignored.
If it is possible to obtain a relatively constant value of
v?,., check the production and pressure data for errors.
If the production and pressure data are correct, try Method

10"
IO"
10"
10"
10"

1.17xs100'"
1.55x 1o'O
1.92x10'"
229x1o'o
3.02~10"

2. If it appears that the production and/or pressure data

may be in error, refer to the following discussion of Errors
in Basic Data.
Example Problem 2. Method 2. This method is based
on the following principles: (I) the slope of Z (m, times
J>I)) as a function of time is always positive and never
increases; (2) a constant slope of Z vs. time indicates a
finite aquifer (see Eqs. 25 and 26) and therefore the extrapolated slope is constant; and (3) a constant slope of
Z vs. log time indicates an infinite radial aquifer (Eq. 22).
Extrapolation of this constant slope continues to simulate
an infinite aquifer.

WATER

DRIVE

OIL RESERVOIRS

38-7

e
l-l 15

0.18

e,
e
0.14

ew

t
%+I-,

*p,

0.1 6

-3

AP

= 467.5

1
Apo
I

AP
*2

0.10

= 1050.6

D2

ApD

E 3.12

=6 108.7

D4

II

*P

%I

148.5

53.5

0.08
u
0.06

5
7
9
II
13
TIME INTERVAL YUMBER

Fig. 38.5-Estimation of m,, N,, and roP fordata inTable 38.2

(Method 1).

As in the first procedure, time is divided into equal intervals. The first approximation to 2 can be obtained as
in Method 1 or by arbitrarily using the square root of the
interval number (Col. 5, Table 38.2, and Trial 1, Fig.
38.7). A fitting factor m is calculated as a function of time
for Trial 1 in exactly the same manner used to calculate
M r in Method 1.

APf,,
mn=

(31)

e,,,,+,m,,AZ,

...

j=l

However, instead of m being plotted, m is used to calculate the next approximation of Z by use of Eq. 32.
New Z, =m,(old

Z,,).

n=5

I5

581
=--0074

r5 7828.8

Fig. 38.6-Sample

.
pressure-drop calculation

Fig. 38.7 shows that three trials were needed to obtain

a constant value of 1 for m. Col. 7, Table 38.2, shows
that the final Zs will duplicate the past pressure performance and therefore may be used to predict the future performance. Because Z becomes a straight line as a function
of n, a finite-closed aquifer is indicated (Principle 2).
Therefore, Z can be extrapolated as a straight line to calculate the future performance.
Errors in Basic Data. Good results were obtained for
both methods, since accurate water influx and pressure
data were used. In many cases a solution for m, and Ape
in Method 1 or Z in Method 2 is impossible because of
errors in basic data. In these cases the errors may be eliminated by smoothing the basic data or may be adjusted
somewhat by using Eqs. 33 and 34.5

. .(32)
6Apf,, = -0. l-

The new values of Z are plotted as a function of n (Trial 2, Fig. 38.7), and a smooth curve is drawn through
the points, making certain the slope is positive and never
increases (Principle 1). This procedure is repeated with
values of 2 from this smoothed curve until the fitting factors are relatively constant and equal to 1 (Trial 3, Fig.
38.7).
The final 2 curve then is extrapolated to calculate the
future performance as follows.
1. If the final slope of Z as a function of time is constant, extrapolate Z at a constant slope (Principle 2).
2. If the final slope is not constant as a function of time
but is constant as a function of log time, first assume that
the aquifer is an infinite radial system and will continue
to behave as such (Principle 3) and extrapolate Z as a
straight line as a function of log time; then assume that
the aquifer is immediately bounded and extrapolate Z as
a straight line on a linear plot of time using the last known
slope (Principle 2).
3. If the final slope is not constant for either time or
log time, extrapolate Z as a straight line using half the
last known slope.

.087 I= 7828.8

m, -m

Apf,,

. (33)

m,

IO

12

14

n
Fig. 38.7-Estimation of Z for data in Table 38.2 (Method 2).

PETROLEUM

38-0

TABLE

38.4-WATER

ENGINEERING

DRIVE

BEHAVIOR

Type Aquifer

0.06

EQUATIONS

Basis

Infinite
radial
Infinite
hear
Finiteoutcropping
Finiteclosed

0.1

HANDBOOK

lo
;
Li
L
t

Eq.
Eq.
Eq.
Eq. 25

22
21
23
or 26

0.04
EL 0.02
0.0 I
0.006

TIME

( QUARTERS

Fig. 38.8-Estimation of mF and F function for approximate

water drive analysisof data in Table 38.2.

and

--!---&e
n,i,i+,-, , AZ,,
AZ

..

.(34)

I j=2

where
@f = correction to Apf,, ,
6e% = correction to eM?
n , and
ti = average value of m.
In applying Eqs. 33 and 34 to Method 1, replace m by
m, and AZ by ApD. Note that, since Eqs. 33 and 34 imply that the last values of Z (or APO) are reasonably correct, some judgment must be exercised when making these
adjustments.
Approximate Methods. If the water influx rate is constant for a sufficiently long period of time, the following
equations can be used to estimate water drive behavior
roughly.
A P w,,, =mFervr,,F

..

(35)

and
W e,,,m,l,=-

2 4M.r

s
mF, I

...............

The equations for the infinite-radial

and finiteoutcropping aquifers are commonly referred to in the literature as the simplified Hurst and Schilthuis6 water
drive equations.
The procedure consists of calculating mF for the past
history using Eq. 35 or 36, plotting mF as a function of
time, and extrapolating m,V to predict the future water
drive performance. Since the method assumes a constant
water influx rate, the use of these equations should be
limited to short-term rough approximations of future water
drive behavior. Large errors may be obtained if the
method is used to predict the behavior for large changes
in reservoir withdrawal rates.
Fig. 38.8 shows a comparison of mF as a function of
time for various values of F and the data in Table 38.2.
These curves seem indicative of either an infinite linear
or radial aquifer (the curves for these assumptions more
nearly approach a constant value), whereas the more
rigorous analyses indicated a finite aquifer. The selection
of the best curve to use in predicting the future performance is difficult because of the fluctuations in the curves
caused by variations in water influx rates. Note that this
difficulty would be compounded if there were errors in
the production and pressure data.
Fetkovitch presented a simplified approach that is
based on the concept of a stabilized or pseudosteadystate aquifer productivity index and an aquifer material
balance relating average aquifer pressure to cumulative
water influx. This method is best suited for smaller aquifers, which may approach a pseudosteady condition quickly and in which the aquifer geometry and physical
properties are known.
In a manner similar to single-well performance, the rate
of water influx is expressed by Eq. 37.
ew,=Ja(Pa

where
e wp=
J, =
p, =
P W=

-p,),

..

... . ..

. (37)

water influx rate, B/D,

aquifer productivity index, B/D-psi,
average aquifer pressure, psi, and
pressure at the original WOC, psi.

Combining Eq. 37 with a material-balance equation for

the aquifer, the increment of influx over a time interval
t,, -t,- 1 is given by Eq. 38.

(36)

where F is an approximation to pD and a function of the

type of aquifer and m,G is a proportionality factor. See
Table 38.4 for function and aquifer type.

Aw

= wet[Pa(n-j)

-p wn [l -,(-J,*,)((,,V,,)]
Pd

. . . . . . . . ..~......_...._.___

(38)

WATERDRIVEOIL RESERVOIRS

38-9

where
WC,, = ~C..,P,,, total aquifer expansion capacity,
bbl,
IJ,~,;= initial water volume in the aquifer, bbl,
PO1 = initial aquifer pressure, psi, and
c ,I, = total aquifer compressibility, psi -1 .

~~~~,~,,=p~j[l-~],

7.08x

Jo = ~,,,(ln

.t...,

10 - kh
rD-0,75)

(39)

RESERVES IN)
.

(40)

Fig. 38.9-Estimation of reservoir volume and water drive

(Brownscombe-Collins method).

for a closed radial system, and

Jo =

3(1.127x

IO-)kbh
(41)

tiplied by the factor X calculated by Eq. 43 gives the best

estimate of OOIP for the selected permeability. Eq. 44
gives the minimum variance for this permeability.

PJ

-*of,
for a closed linear system.

x=-

Original Oil in Place (OOIP)

Occasionally. it may be necessary to estimate the OOIP
and to make a water drive analysis simultaneously. In
general. the methods available are very sensitive to errors
in basic data so that it is necessary to have a large amount
of accurate data. Also, since the expansion of the reservoir above the bubblepoint is relatively small, generally
only the data obtained after the reservoir has passed
through the bubblepoint will be significant in defining the
OOIP. In the three methods to be discussed, the aquifer
will be assumed to be infinite and radial.
Brownscombe-Collins Method. This method assumes
that the OOIP and the aquifer permeability are unknown
and that the reservoir and aquifer properties other than
permeability are known.
The pressure performance and the variance are calculated using Eqs. 7 and 42 for a given assumed aquifer
permeability and various estimates. The minimum variance from a plot of variance vs. OOIP (Fig. 38.9) will
be the best estimate of OOIP for the selected permeability.

c2=i

-$

(AP.~, -a~,,.).

(42)

/
This procedure is repeated for various estimates of permeability until it is possible to obtain a minimum of the
minimums. The permeability and the OOIP associated
with this minimum should be the best estimates for the
assumptions made.
It is possible to calculate the best estimate of OOIP for
each selected permeability by the following procedure.
Using the best available estimate of OOIP. calculate the
reservoir voidage and expansion rates as a function of
time. Select an aquifer permeability and use these rates
in place of the water influx rates in Eq. 6 to calculate pressure drops Ap, ,, and APE,, The estimated OOIP mul-

WPE,

c
j=l

(43)

(APE,)~

and
.d

.. .

i W~+P~,-XA~~,)~,
n j=1

where
A~,z = total pressure drop at original WOC (field
data), psi,
Ap, = total pressure drop at WOC (calculated
using reservoir voidage rates), psi, and
ApE = total pressure drop at WOC (calculated
using reservoir expansion rates). psi.
van Everdingen, Timmerman, and McMahon Method.
This method9 assumes that the OOIP, aquifer conductivity k/m/p, and diffusivity kI(@pc) are unknown. Combination of the material-balance equation and Eq. 8 and
solving for the OOIP yields Eq. 4.5.
N=A +m/,F(t),

. .

(45)

where
1
A=

VV- 1P,;

U,JvB,

+N,,(R,,

-R,)&

+ w,,l.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._...
II

1
F(t) =
CFVmllBoi

F=Ph-P
-+I,
PY

C
j=I

*PC,,+ 1-j) Wa/,

1
,

(46)

(47)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(48)

PETROLEUM

38-l 0

TABLE
To =I.5
t,

36.5-DIMENSIONLESS

WATER

FOR

rD =2.5

70 =2.0
to

INFLUX

W eD

t,

FINITE OUTCROPPING
fD =3.0

W eD

ENGINEERING

RADIAL

rD =3.5

HANDBOOK

AQUIFERS
rD =4.0

--~~

rD =4.5

w,D

t,

weD

5.0x 10 -?
6.0x10-*
7.0x10-2
8.0x10-'
9.0x10m2

0.276
0.304
0.330
0.354
0.375

5.0~10~'
7.5x10-"
1.0x10-'
1.25x10-'
1.50x10-'

0.278
0.345
0.404
0.458
0507

1.0x10-'
1.5x10-'
2.0x10-'
2.5x10-'
3.0x10-'

0.408
0.509
0.599
0.681
0.758

3.0x10m
4.0x105.0x10 6.0x10 7.0x10 -

0.755
0.895
1.023
1.143
1.256

1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.60

1.571
1.761
1.940
2.111
2.273

2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80

2.442
2.598
2.748
2.893
3.034

2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5

2.835
3.196
3.537
3.859
4.165

1.0x10-'
11x10~'
1.2x10-'
1.3x10-'
1.4x10-'

0.395
0.414
0.431
0.446
0.461

1.75x10-'
2.00x10-'
2.25x10-l
2.50~10 -'
2.75x10-l

0.553
0597
0.638
0.678
0.715

3.5x10-'
4.0x 0-l
4.5x 10-l
5.0x 0-l
5.5x 0-l

0.829
0.897
0.962
1.024
1.083

8.0~10~
9.0x10 -'
1.00
1.25
1.50

1.363
1.465
1.563
1.791
1.997

2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80

2.427
2.574
2.715
2 649
2.976

3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00

3.170
3.334
3.493
3.645
3.792

5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0

4.454
4.727
4.986
5.231
5.464

1.5x10m'
1.6x10-'
1.7x10m1
1.8~10~'
1.9x10-'

0.474 3.00x 10 -'

0.486 3.25x10-l
0.497 3.50x10-'
0.507 3.75x10-1
0.517 4.00x10 -'

0.751
0.785
0.817
0.848
0.677

6.0x 0-l
6.5x 0-l
7.0x 0-l
7.5x 0-l
8.0x10 -'

1.140
1.195
1.248
1.229
1.348

1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75

2.184
2.353
2.507
2.646
2.772

3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00

3.098
3.242
3.379
3.507
3.628

4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.50

3.932
4.068
4.198
4.323
4.560

7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5

5.684
5.892
6.089
6.276
6.453

2.0x 10 -'
2.1x10-'
2.2x10-l
2.3~10~'
2.4x10-l

0.525
0.533
0.541
0.548
0.554

4.25 x 10 -'
4.50 x IO -'
4.75 x IO -'
5.00 x 10 -'
5.50x10-'

0.905
0.932
0.958
0.982
1.028

8.5x10-'
9.0x10 -'
9.5x10m'
1.0
1.1

1.395
1.440
1.484
1.526
1.605

3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00

2.886
2.990
3.084
3.170
3.247

4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.50

3.742
3.850
3.951
4.047
4.222

6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00

4.779
4.982
5.169
5.343
5.504

10
11
12
13
14

6.621
6.930
7.200
7.457
7.680

2.5~10.'
2.6x10 -'
2.8x 10 -'
3.0x 10 -'
3.2x 10 -'

0.559 6.00x10 -'

0.565 6.50x IO-'
0.574 7.00x10m'
0.582 7.50x10-'
0.588 8.00x10 -'

1.070
1.108
1.143
1.174
1.203

1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

1.679
1.747
1.811
1.870
1.924

4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.50

3.317
3.381
3.439
3.491
3.581

6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00

4.378
4.516
4.639
4.749
4.846

8.50
9.00
9.50
10
11

5.653
5.790
5.917
6.035
6.246

15
16
18
20
22

7.880
8.060
8.365
8.611
8.809

3.4x10-'
3.6~10~'
3.8x10-'
4.0x10m'
4.5x10-'
5.0x10m'
6.0x10-'
7.0x10 -'
8.0x10-'

0.594 9.00x 10-l

0.599 1.00
0.603 1.1
0.606 1.2
0.613 1.3
0.617 1.4
0.621 1.6
0.623 1.7
0.624 1.8
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
5.0

1.253
1.295
1.330
1.358
1.382
1.402
1.432
1.444
1.453
1.468
1.487
1.495
1499
1.500

1.7
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.4
3.8
4.2
4.6
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0

1.975
2.022
2.106
2.178
2.241
2.294
2.340
2.380
2.444
2.491
2.525
2.551
2.570
2.599
2.613
2.619
2.622
2.624

6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
22.00
24.00

3.656
3.717
3.767
3.809
3.843
3.894
3.928
3.951
3.967
3.985
3.993
3.997
3.999
3.999
4.000

8.50
9.00
9.50
10.00
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
20
25
30
35
40

4.932
5.009
5.078
5.138
5.241
5.321
5.385
5.435
5.476
5.506
5531
5.551
5579
5.611
5621
5.624
5.625

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
20
22
24
26
30
34
38
42
46
50

6.425
6.580
6.712
6.825
6.922
7.004
7.076
7.189
7.272
7.332
7.377
7.434
7.464
7.481
7.490
7.494
7.497

24
26
28
30
34
38
42
46
50
60
70
80
90
100

8.968
9.097
9.200
9.283
9.404
9.481
9.532
9.565
9.586
9.612
9.621
9.623
9.624
9.625

weD

and
y=

ph-p
P(FV-,).

~.~..............,._.._,,,,

FV = ratio of volume of oil and its dissolved

N =
N,, =
W,] =
R,, =
B,, =
B,q =
p/1 =

original gas at a given pressure to its

volume at initial pressure,
OOIP. STB,
cumulative oil produced, STB,
cumulative water produced. bbl,
cumulative produced GOR, scf/STB.
oil FVF, bbl/STB,
gas FVF. bbhscf, and
bubblepoint pressure. psia.

tD

weD

tD

weD

tD

Generally, Y is calculated with laboratory-determined

values of FV - 1. Because Y vs. p is generally a straight
line, smoothed values of Ycan be calculated with Eq. 50:
Y=b+m,

(50)

where h= intercept and m =slope.

The equations for obtaining the least-squares tit to Eqs.
46 and 47 for a given dimensionless time interval, At,.
and n data points are

II

nN=

c
j=l

A,-m,

i
J=I

F(t),

.(51)

WATER

DRIVE

OIL RESERVOIRS

38-11

TABLE 38.5-DIMENSIONLESS

WATER INFLUX FOR FINITE OUTCROPPING

rD = 6.0

r, = 5.0

rD = 7.0

tD

to

W ell

tD

W eD

3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

3.195
3.542
3.875
4.193
4.499

6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0

5.148
5.440
5.724
6.002
6.273

9.00
9.50
IO
11
12

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5

4.792
5.074
5.345
5.605
5.854

8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5

6.537
6.795
7.047
7.293
7.533

8.0
a.5
9.0
9.5
10

6.094
6.325
6.547
6.760
6.965

11
12
13
14
15

11
12
13
14
15

7.350
7.706
8.035
8.339
8.620

16
18
20
22
24

___~

rD =8.0

weD

tD

7.389
7.902
6.397

11

7.920

12
13

a.431
8.930

13
14
15
16
17

a.876
9.341
9.791
10.23
10.65

14
15
16
17
18

9.418
9.895
10.361
10.82
11.26

26
28
30
32
34

7.767
8.220
8.651
9.063
9.456

18
19
20
22
24

11.06
11.46
11.85
12.58
13.27

19
20
22
24
26

11.70
12.13

16
17
18
19
20

9.829
10.19
10.53
10.85
11.16

26
28
30
35
40

13.92
14.53
15.11
16.39
1749

8.879
9.338
9.731
10.07
10.35

22
24
25
31
35

il.74
12.16
12.50
13.74
14.40

45
50
60
70
80

26
28
30
34
38

10.59
10.80
10.89
11.26
il.46

39
51
60
70
80

14.93
16.05
16.56
16.91
17.14

42
46
50
60
70

11.61
11.71
11.79
11.91
11.96

90
100
110
120
130

17.27
17.36
17.41
17.45
17.46

80

il.98
11.99
12.00
12.0

140
150
160
180
200

17.48
17.49
17.49
17.50
17.50

220

17.50

j=l

weD

rD

13.98

9.965
12.32
13.22
14.09
14.95

14.79
15.59
16.35
17.10
17.82

28
30
32
34
36

15.78
16.59
17.38
18.16
18.91

13.74
14.50

36
38
40
42
44

18.52
19.19
19.85
20.48
21.09

38
40
42
44
46

19.65
20.37
21.07
21.76
22.42

28
30
34
38
40

15.23
15.92
17.22
18.41
18.97

46
48
50
52
54

21.69
22.26
22.82
23.36
23.89

48
50
52
54
56

23.07
23.71
24.33
24.94
25.53

18.43
19.24
20.51
21 45
22.13

45
50
55
60
70

20.26
21.42
22.46
23.40
24.98

56
58
60
65
70

24.39
24.88
25.36
26.48
27.52

58
60
65
70
75

26.11
26.67
28.02
29.29
30.49

90
100
120
140
160

22.63
23.00
2347
23.71
23.85

80
90
100
120
140

26.26
27.28
28.11
29.31
30.08

75
80
a5
90
95

28.48
29.36
30.18
30.93
31.63

80
85
90
95
100

31.61
32.67
33.66
34.60
35.48

180
200
500

23.92
23.96
24.00

160
180
200
240
280

30.58
30.91
31.12
31.34
31.43

100
120
140
160
180

32.27
34.39
35.92
37.04
37.85

120
140
160
la0
200

38.51
40.89
42.75
44.21
45.36

320
360
400
500

31.47
31.49
31.50
31.50

200
240
280
320
360

38.44
39.17
39.56
39.77
39.88

240
280
320
360
400

46.95
47.94
48.54
48.91
49.14

400
440
480

39.94
39.97
39.98

440
480

49.28
49.36

J=f

The variance of this fit from field data can be calculated by Eq. 53.

12.95

7.417
9.945
12.26
13.13

I
u
Id

02=1 i {A,,-N+m,[F(r)],}?
n /=I

weD

15
20
22
24
26

6.861
7.398

rD
_-_

10
15
20
22
24

and

J=i

weD

9
10

100
120

r, =lO.O

rD =9.0

6.861
7.127

90

RADIAL AQUIFERS (continued)

(53)

The minimum in a plot of variance vs. various assumed

values of At, will be the best estimate of At, and can
be used in Eqs. 51 and 52 to solve for the best estimate
of N and m,, (see Fig. 38. IO).

BEST ESTIMATE
OF At,

Ato
Fig. 38.10-Estimation of reservoirvolumeand waterdrive(van
Everdingen-Timmerman-McMahon

method).

PETROLEUM

36-12

TABLE 38.6-DIMENSIONLESS

ID=1.5

tLl

HANDBOOK

PRESSURES FOR FINITE CLOSED RADIAL AQUIFERS

r,=25

rD =2.0

PO

to

ENGINEERING

PO

tD

rD = 3.0

rD = 3.5

rn =4.5

r. =4.0

PO
tD PO
__- tD -~-

tD

PO

--

PO

t,

PD

6.0x10-'
8.0x10-'
1.0x10-'
1.2x10-'
1.4x10-l

0.251
0.288
0.322
0.355
0.387

2.2x10-'
2.4x10-l
2.6x10-l
2.8x10-l
3.0x10-'

0.443
0.459
0.476
0.492
0.507

4.0x 10-l
4.2x10-l
4.4x 10-l
4.6x 10-l
4.8% lo-'

0.565
0.576
0.587
0.598
0.608

5.2x10
5.4x 10
5.6x10
6.0x10
6.5x10

0.627
0.636
0.645
0.662
0.683

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.802
0.830
0.857
0.882
0.906

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.927
0.948
0.968
0.988
1.007

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1.023
1.040
1.056
1.072
1.087

1.6x10-'
1.8x10-'
2.0x10-'
2.2x10-l
2.4x10 -'

0.420
0.452
0.484
0.516
0.548

3.2x10-l
3.4x10-l
3.6x10-l
3.8x10-l
4.0x10 -'

0.522
0.536
0.551
0.565
0.579

5.0x lo-'
5.2x 10-l
5.4x 10 -'
56x10-'
5.9x10-'

0.618
0.682
0.638
0.647
0.657

7.0x10
75x10
8.0x 10
8.5x10
9.0x IO

0.703
0.721
0.740
0.758
0.776

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.929
0.951
0.973
0.994
1.014

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

1.025
1.059
1.092
1.123
1.154

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1.102
1.116
1.130
1.144
1.158

2.6x10-l
2.8x10 -'
3.0x10 -'
3.5x10 -'
4.0x 10 -'

0.580
0.612
0.644
0.724
0.804

4.2x10-l
4.4x10-'
4.6x10-l
4.8x IO-'
5.0x10-'

0.593
0.607
0.621
0.634
0.648

6.0x 10-l
6.5x 10-l
7.0x 10-l
7.5x10-'
8.0x IO-'

0.666 9.5x10
0.688 1.0
0.710 1.2
0.731 1.4
0.752 1.6

0.791 2.0
0.806 2.25
0.865 2.50
0.920 2.75
0.973 3.0

1.034
1.083
1.130
1.176
1.221

3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

1.184
1.255
1.324
1.392
1.460

3.0
3.2
3.1
3.6
3.8

1.171
1.197
1.222
1.246
1.269

4.5x10m'
5.0x 10 -'
5.5x10m'
6.0x10-'

0.884
0.964
1.044
1.124

6.0x IO -'
7.0x 10-l
8.0x10-'
9.0x10-'

8.5x10-'
9.0x10-'
9.5x 10-l
1.0
2.0

0.772
0.792
0.812
0.832
1.215

1.076 4.0
1.328 5.0
1.578 6.0
1.828

1.401
1.579
1.757

1.o

0.715
0.782
0.849
0.915
0.982

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
8.0

1.527
1.594
1.660
1.727
1.861

4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0

1.292
1.349
1.403
1.457
1.510

2.0
3.0
5.0

1.649 3.0
2.316 4.0
3.649 5.0

9.0 1.994
10.0 2.127

7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0

1.615
1.719
1.823
1.927
2.031

12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0

2.135
2.239
2.343
2.447

1.596
1.977
2.358

Havlena-Odeh Method. In this method, lo the materialbalance equation is written as tire equation of a straight
line containing two unknown constants, N and m,, Combination of the material-balance equation and Eq. 8 yields
Eq. 54. (See Fig. 38.10.)
Nfm,
vR,,

EN,,

j=i

*PW I -;) WA,

.

. . .

(54)

EN,,

where

E,tr =B,-B,
I/

VR,,=
EN =
B, =

W,, =
Wi =
G, =
B,, =

+p Bf, (cf+Sw~w)(P;
I-S,,.

2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0

-P,,)

cumulative voidage at the end of interval

II, RB.
cumulative expansion per stock-tank barrel
OOIP. RB,
two-phase FVF, bbl/STB.
cumulative water produced, STB,
cumulative water injected. STB.
cumulative gas injected. scf.
water FVF, bbl/STB,

cf = formation compressibility, psi t ,

Cl, = formation water compressibility, psi t ,
s,,. = formation water saturation, fraction, and
m = fitting factor.
Eq. 54 is the equation of a straight line with a slope
of mP and a y intercept of N.
Estimates of TD and Are are made and the appropriate values of W,D are obtained from Table 38.3 or 38.5,
according to system geometry. The summation terms in
Eq. 54 then may be calculated and a graph plotted, as
shown in Fig. 38.11. If a straight line results, the values
of mp and N are obtained from the slope and intercept
of the resulting graph. An increasing slope indicates that
the summation terms are too small, while a decreasing
slope indicates that the summation terms are too large.
The procedure is repeated, using different estimates of
TD and/or Ato until a straight-line plot is obtained. It
should be noted that more than one combination of i-o
and AND may yield a reasonable straight line-i.e.,
a
straight-line result does not necessarily determine a unique
solution for N and mp.
Future Performance
The future field performance must be obtained from a simultaneous solution of the material-balance and water
drive equations. If the reservoir is above saturation pressure, a direct solution is possible; however, if the reservoir is below saturation pressure, a trial-and-error
procedure is necessary.

WATER

38-13

DRIVE OIL RESERVOIRS

PRESSURES FOR FINITE CLOSED

TABLE 3&G-DIMENSIONLESS

rD =6.0

rD = 5.0

t,

PO

PO

rD =7.0

tD

PD

10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0

1.651
1.673
1.693
1.713
1.732

t,
__~
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0

PO

1.556
1.582
1.607
1.631
1.653

8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
11.0

1.586
1.613
1.638
1.663
1.711

1.675
1.697
1.717
1.737
1.757

12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5

1.750
1.768
1.786
1.803
1.819

14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
17.0

1.817
1.832
1.847
1.862
1.890

12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0

1.757 13.0 1.776

1.801 13.5 1.795
1.845 14.0 1.813
1.888 14.5 1.831
1.931 15.0 1.849

15.0
15.5
16.0
17.0
18.0

1.835 18.0 1.917

1.851 19.0 1.943
1.867 20.0 1.968
1.897 22.0 2.017
1.926 24.0 2.063

4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0

1.275
1.322
1.364
1.404
1.441

6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.227
1.238
1.249
1.259
1.270

6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5

1.477
1.511
1.544
1.576
1.607

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

1.281
9.0 1.638
9.5 1.668
1.301
1.321 10.0 1.698
1.340 11.0 1.757
1.380 12.0 1.815

1.598
1.641
1.725
1.808
1.892

12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0

1.975
2.059
2.142
2.225

18.0
19.0
20.0
25.0
30.0

rD = 10.0

PO

1.167
1.180
1.192
1.204
1.215

7.5
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0

rD = 9.0

1.436
8.0
1.470
8.5
1.501
9.0
1.531
9.5
1.559 10.0

t,

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

5.0 1.378 13.0

5.5 1.424 14.0
6.0 1.469 15.0
6.5 1.513 16.0
7.0 1.556 17.0

rD =8.0

RADIAL AQUIFERS (continued)

PO

t,

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5

1.732
1.750
1.768
1.784
1.801

1.873 170
1.974 17.0 1.919 19.0
1.931 18.0 2.016 19.0 1.986 20.0
1.988 19 0 2.058 21.0 2051
22.0
2.045 20.0 2.100 23.0 2.116 24.0
2.103 22.0 2.184 25.0 2.180 26.0

1.955
1.983
2.037
2.090
2.142

26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0

2.108
2.151
2.194
2.236
2.278

2.160
2.217
2.274
2.560
2.846

2.193
2.244
2.345
2.446
2.496

36.0
38.0
40.0
50.0
60.0

2.319
2.360
2.401
2.604
2.806

24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0

2.267 30.0 2.340

2.351 35.0 2.499
2.434 40.0 2.658
2.517 45.0 2.817

28.0
30.0
34.0
38.0
40.0

45.0 2.621 70.0 3.008

50.0 2.746

There are several methods of solution because there are

several possible combinations of the various materialbalance and water drive equations. However, only one
combination will be used to illustrate the general application to (1) a reservoir above the bubblepoint pressure,
and (2) a reservoir below the bubblepoint pressure. In
either case, it will be necessary to know (1) the saturations behind the front from laboratory core data or other
sources, (2) the water production as a function of frontal
advance, and (3) the pressure gradient in the flooded portion of the reservoir.
,
Pressure Gradient Between New and Original Front
Positions. Eq. 55 shows that the difference between the
average reservoir pressure and the pressure at the original WOC is a function of water-influx rate, aquifer fluid
and formation properties, and aquifer geometry.

00
0

1 AP%,

EN

where FG is the reservoir geometry factor. The linear

frontal advance is given by
FG=

L.f
.,_...,.....,..........I

0.001127hb

(56)

and the radial frontal advance is given by

27r In@, irf)

.____.____............

FG=
0.00708ha

(-57)

Fig. 38.11-Estimation of OOIP and mp.

PETROLEUM

38-14

TABLE

38.7- DIMENSIONLESS

r,=1.5

rD =2.0

PRESSURES

FOR

r. =2.5

rD =3.0

PD

PD t,

FINITE OUTCROPPING

RADIAL

rD =3.5

HANDBOOK

AQUIFERS

rD = 4.0

rD =6.0

to

PD to

~___

PO

5.0x10-'
5.5x10-2
6.0x10-'
7.0x10 -2
8.0x10-'

0.230 2.0~10~'
0.240 2.2x10-l
0.249 2.4~10~'
0.266 2.6x10-l
0.282 2.8x10-'

0.424
0.441
0.457
0.472
0.485

3.0x10-'
3.5x10-'
4.0~10~'
4.5~10~'
5.0x10-'

0.502
0.535
0.564
0.591
0.616

5.0~10~'
5.5~10~'
6.0~10~'
7.0x10m'
8.0x10-'

0.617
0.640
0.662
0.702
0.738

5.0x 10 -'
6.0x10-'
7.0x10-'
8.0x10 -'
9.0x10-'

0.620
0.665
0.705
0.741
0.774

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

0.802
0.857
0.905
0.947
0.986

4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0

1.275
1.320
1.361
1.398
1.432

9.0x10-'
1.0x 10-l
1.2x10-'
1.4x10-'
1.6x10-'

0.292
0307
0.328
0.344
0.356

3.0~10~'
3.5~10~'
4.0x IO-'
4.5x10-l
5.0~10~'

0.498
0.527
0.552
0.573
0.591

5.5x10-l
6.0~10~'
7.0x 10-l
8.0x10-'
9.0x10-'

0.638
0.659
0.696
0.728
0.755

9.0x10m'
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6

0.770
0.799
0.850
0.892
0.927

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

0.804
0.858
0.904
0.945
0.981

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

1.020
1.052
1.080
1.106
1.130

6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5

1.462
1.490
1.516
1.539
1.561

1.8x10-'
2.0x10m'
2.2x10-l
2.4x10-'
2.6~10~'

0367
0.375
0381
0.386
0390

5.5x10-l
6.0x10-'
6.5~10~'
7.0~10~'
7.5x10-'

0.606
0.619
0.630
0.639
0.647

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

0778
0.815
0.842
0.861
0.876

1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6

0.955
0.980
1.000
1.016
1.030

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

1.013
1.041
1.065
1.087
1.106

3.0
3.4
3.8
4.5
5.0

1.152
1.190
1.222
1.266
1.290

9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0

1580
1.615
1.667
1.704
1730

2.8~10~'
3.0x10-'
3.5x10m'
4.0x10-'
4.5x10-'

0.393
0.396
0.400
0.402
0.404

8.0x10-'
8.5x 10-l
9.0x IO-'
9.5x10-'
1.0

0.654
0.660
0.665
0.669
0.673

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.6

0.887
0.895
0.900
0.905
0.908

2.6
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5

1.042
1.051
1.069
1.080
1.087

3.0
3.5
4.0
5.0
6.0

1.123
1.158
1.183
1.215
1.232

5.5
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0

1.309
1.325
1.347
1.361
1.370

18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0

1.749
1.762
1.771
1.777
1.781

5.0x10 -'
6.0x IO-'
7.0x lo8.0x10-'

0.405
0.405
0.405
0.405

1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0

0.682
0.688
0.690
0.692
0.692

3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

0.910
0.913
0.915
0.916
0.916

5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0

1.091
1.094
1.096
1.097
1.097

7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0

1.242
1.247
1.240
1.251
1.252

10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0

1.376
1.382
1.385
1.386
1.386

28.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
50.0

1.784
1.787
1.789
1.791
1.792

2.5
3.0

0.693 5.5
0.693 6.0

0.916
0.916

8.0
10.0

1.098
1.099

14.0
16.0

1.253
1.253

where
Lf = linear penetration of water front into
reservoir, ft,
rf = radius to water front after penetration.
and
(Y = angle subtended by reservoir, radians.

ENGINEERING

PO

tD

+Apo,,,- ,/,

. .

where
*P,,,, = total reservoir pressure drop from initial
pressure at end of interval n,
=
total
production rate, RB/D,
q,,,
V,, = total reservoir PV, bbl, and
c 0, = total reservoir compressibility, psi - ,

tD

e w,, =
*P (,,,, ,) +(*tqr,r/V,+-,,,)-mr

Reservoir Above Bubblepoint Pressure. Above the bubblepoint pressure the total compressibility can be assumed
to be constant; so the material-balance equation

vl7co,

PO

ft,

%*PD,

(qr,, -e,,,8 W

tD

can be combined with Eqs. 6 and 5.5 and solved for the
water-influx rate:

Note that FG is a function of distance traveled by the

front so that, if the pressure gradients between the reservoir and the original reservoir boundary are known for
the past history, F, may be evaluated as a function of
frontal advance. Future values of FG then can be obtained
by extrapolating FG as a function of frontal advance on
some convenient plot (linear, semilog, etc.)

APO,, =

PO

(58)

2 oil ,,,,, ,,*PD,

.,= 2

+(*tlv,,~,,,)+(ll.,,.F,B/~I,
. .. . .

. .. .

.. . . .

1
. . .

(59)

The calculated water-influx rate now can be used in Eq.

58 to calculate Ap(,,, and the whole procedure is repeated for the next time interval. If Eq. 27 is used instead
of Eq. 6, mr= 1 and ApD is replaced by AZ in Eq. 59.
Reservoir Below Bubblepoint Pressure. To simplify the
calculation procedure, it was assumed that (1) uniform
saturations exist ahead of and behind the front, (2) the
saturations do not change as any portion of the reservoir
is bypassed, and (3) the changes in pressure are selected
small enough that the changes in oil FVFs are very small.
Fig. 38.12 shows the saturation changes as the front advances into the unflooded reservoir volume I/,- 1 during
time interval n.
The following equations will be used in this method.
Water influx rate:
II
.I

(60)
m,ApD,

-(p,,,.FGlk,,.)

WATER

DRIVE

TABLE

38.7-

DIMENSIONLESS

r,=lO

ID =8.0
to

38-15

OIL RESERVOIRS

FOR

PO

PO

tD

FINITE OUTCROPPING

r,=20

,,=I5

tD

PO

PRESSURES

RADIAL

PO

tD

(continued)

r,=30

r,=25

PO

tD

AQUIFERS

r,=40

to

PO

to

PO

7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0

1.499
1.527
1.554
1.580
1.604

10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
16.0

1.651
1.730
1.798
1.856
1.907

20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0

1.960
2.003
2.043
2.080
2.114

300
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0

2.148 50.0
2.219 55.0
2.282 60.0
2.338 65.0
2.388 70.0

2.389 70.0
2.434 80.0
3.476 90.0
2.514 10.0x10
2.550 12.0x 10

2.551
2.615
2.672
2.723
2.812

12.0x IO
14.0~10
16.0~10
18.0~10
20.0x10

2.813
2.888
2.953
3.011
3.063

9.5
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0

1.627
1.648
1.724
1.786
1.837

20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0

1.952
2.043
2.1I1
2.160
2.197

30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0

2.146
2.218
2.279
2.332
2.379

60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
10.0x10

2.475
2.547
2.609
2.658
2.707

75.0
80.0
85.0
90.0
95.0

2.583
2.614
2.643
2.671
2.697

2.886
2.950
2.965
2.979
2.992

22.0x
24.0x
26.0x
28.0x
30.0x

10
10
10
10
10

3.109
3.152
3.191
3.226
3.259

18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0

1.879
1.914
1.943
1.967
1.986

45.0
50.0
55.0
60.0
65.0

2.224
2.245
2.260
2.271
2.279

60.0
700
800
90.0
10.0x10

2.455
2.513
2.558
2.592
2.619

10.5x10
11.0x10
11.5x10
12.0~10
12.5x10

2.728
2.747
2.764
2.781
2.796

10.0x10
12.0x10
14.0~10
16.0x10
18.0~10

2.721 18.0x10
2.807 20.0x10
2.878 25.0~10
2.936 30.0x10
2.984 35.0x10

3.006
3.054
3.150
3.219
3.269

35.0x 10
40.0x 10
45.0x10
50.0x10
55.0x10

3.331
3.391
3.440
3.482
3.516

28.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0

2.002
2.016
2.040
2.055
2.064

70.0
75.0
80.0
90.0
10.0~10

2.285
2.290
2.293
2.297
2.300

12.0~10
14.0x10
160x10
18.0~10
200x10

2.655
2.677
2.689
2.697
2.701

13.0x10
13.5x10
14.0~10
14.5x10
15.0~10

2.810 20.0x10
2.823 22.0x10
2.835 24.0~10
2.846 26.0x10
2.857 28.0~10

3.024
3.057
3.085
3.107
3.126

3.306 60.0x 10
3.332 65.0x 10
3.351 70.0x10
3.375 80.0x 10
3.387 90.0x10

3.545
3.568
3.588
3.619
3.640

50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0

2.070
2 076
2.078
2 079

11.0x10
12.0x 10
13.0x10
14.0x10
16.0x 10

2.301
2.302
2.302
2.302
2.303

22.0x10
24.0x10
26.0~10
28.0x10
30.0x10

2.704
2.706
2.707
2.707
2.708

16.0~10
180x10
200x10
240x10
28.0x10

2.876
2.906
2.929
2.958
2.975

30.0x10
35.0~10
40.0x10
45.0~10
50.0x10

3.142 80.0~10
3.171 90.0x10
3.189 10.0x10*
3.200 12.0~10'
3.207 14.0~10'

3.394
3.397
3.399
3.401
3.401

10.0x10'
12.0x10'
14.0x10~
16.0x10*
18.0x10*

3.655
3.672
3.681
3.685
3.687

30 0x10
40.0~10
50.0x10

2.980
2.992
2.995

60.0x 10
70.0x10
80.0x 10
90.0 x10

3.214
3.217
3.218
3.219

20.0 x 10'
25.0x 10'

3.688
3.689

14.0x10
16.0x 10
16.5x 10
17.0x 10
17.5x10

40.0x10
45.0~10
50.0x10
60.0x10
70.0x10

Flooded and unflooded volumes:

(e I\.,, - 4 it ,, W,,

Al,, =

f~(I-sj,,.-sor-s~,)

,,-,

(61)

...

and

On-l
n-l

Siw

V,,=V,,-,

-AL,.

Oil saturation in V,:

On-l

S
T'
r

~RAV,

[So,,vm,, -S,,,,

-q,,,At,

B C,,

(63)

Gas production:

L:

gn-I

On

Orn

s4'"

Siw

wn

%
Sii

(b)

vrz[s,,,t
,,-s,,?
1
aGPft
= B

Fig. 38.12-Saturation change with frontaladvance.

hw,,

+ fRAv&,,,

I, -<v,> 1 +q
B KI,

II,,

At jj

!I .8,

(64)

PETROLEUM

38-16

TABLE

38.7-DIMENSIONLESS

r,=50

PRESSURES

t,

PO

to

20.0x
22.0x 10
24.0 x10
26.0x10
28.0 x10

3.064
3.111
3.154
3.193
3.229

3.0 x 10'
4.0x10'
5.0x IO2
6.0 x IO*
7.0 x10*

3.257
3.401
3.512
3.602
3.676

5.0x10"
6.0 x 10
7.0x10'
8.0~10'
9.0x 10'

30.0 x10
35.0x10
40.0x10
45.0 xl0
50.0x 10

3.263
3.339
3.405
3.461
3.512

8.0 x lo*
9.0 x 102
10.0xlo2
12.0~10~
14.0~10~

3.739
3.792
3.832
3.908
3.959

55.0 x10
60.0x 10
65.0x 10
700x10
75.0 x 10

3.556 16.0x IO2

3.595 18.0~10~
3.630 20.0x10*
3.661 25.0x IO2
3.668 30.0 x IO2

80.0x10
85.0 x10
90.0x10
95.0x10
10.0x 102

3.713
3.735
3.754
3.771
3.787

12.0x10'
14.0x 102
16.0~10~
18.0~10~
20.0 x102

3.833
3.662
3.881
3.892
3.900

22.0x 10'
24.0~10'
26.0~10~
28.0~10'

3.904
3.907
3.909
3.910

10

35.0x 102
40.0x 10"
450x10
50.0x102
55.0~10'

3.512

For these
fR =
S, =
S, =
S,,. =
Sj,,. =

r,=lOO

r,=90
PO

t,

(continued)

PO

t,

PD

3.680
3.746
3.803

3.603
3.680
3.747
3.805
3.857

8.0 x10*
9.0x10'
1.0~10~
1.2x 103
1.3 x IO3

3.747
3.806
3.858
3.949
3.988

1.0x
1.2x
1.4x
1.6x
1.8x

10"
103
lo3
IO*
IO3

3.859
3.949
4.026
4.092
4.150

10.0~10'
12.0x 102
14.0x 10'
16.0x 10'
18.0~10~

3.854
3.937
4.003
4.054
4.095

12.0x
14.0x
15.0x
16.0x
18.0x

IO"
102
lo2
10'
IO'

3.946
4.019
4.051
4.080
4.130

1.4~10~
1.5x IO3
18~10~
2.0 x103
2.5 x103

4.025
4.058
4.144
4.192
4.285

2.0x
2.5x
3.0x
3.5x
4.0x

IO3
IO3
IO3
103
lo3

4.200
4.303
4.379
4.434
4.478

3.996
4.023
4,043
4.071
4.084

20.0~10~
25.0~10'
30.0~10~
35.0~10'
40.0~10'

4.127
4.181
4.211
4.228
4.237

20.0x 10'
25.0x 10'
30.0~10~
35.0x 10'
40.0~10~

4.171
4.248
4.297
4.328
4.347

3.0 x 103
3.5 x102
4.0 x lo3
4.5 x103
5.0 x103

4.349
4.394
4.426
4.446
4.464

4.5x
5.0x
5.5x
6.0x
6.5x

103
IO3
IO3
IO3
lo3

4.510
4.534
4.552
4.565
4.579

4.090
4.092
4.093
4.094
4.094

45.0~10'
50.0~10~
55.0~10'
60.0~10'
65.0~10~

4.242
4.245
4.247
4.247
4.248

45.0x 10'
50.0x IO2
60.0~10~
70.0~10"
80.0~10~

4.360
4.368
4.376
4.380
4.381

6.0 x lo3
7.0 x103
8.0~10~
9.0 x lo3
10.0~10~

4.482
4.491
4.496
4.498
4.499

7.0x lo3
7.5x IO3
8.0x IO3
9.0x IO3
10.0~10~

4.583
4.588
4.593
4.598
4.601

70.0x102
75.0x102
80.0~10'

4.248
4.248
4.248

90.0x102
10.0~10~
11.0~10~

4.382
4.382
4.382

11.0x103
12.0~10~
14.0~10~

4.499
4.500
4.500

12.5~10~
15.0x IO3

4.604
4.605

3.603

GOR (production):
.

tD

AQUIFERS

HANDBOOK

6.0x IO*
7.0x 10"
8.0x10'
9.0x10'
10.0x10'

(65)

AGn

RADIAL

r,=80
PO

GOR (relative permeability):

R,=----qo,, At,

FINITE OUTCROPPING

r,=70

rD =60
PD

tD

FOR

ENGINEERING

..

(66)

equations,
fraction of reservoir swept,
oil saturation, fraction,
gas saturation, fraction,
water saturation, fraction, and
interstitial water saturation, fraction.

One method for solutions using equal time intervals is

as follows.
1. Estimate the pressure drop during the next time interval.
2. Calculate the water-influx rate with Eq. 60.
3. Calculate AL, and V, with Eqs. 61 and 62.
4. Calculate the oil saturation in V, for the predicted
oil production during Interval n with Eq. 63.
5. Calculate gas production with Eq. 64.

6. Calculate the GOR with Eq. 65.

7. Calculate the GOR with Eq. 66 for average values
of pressure and saturation.
8. Compare the GORs obtained in Steps 6 and 7 and,
if they agree, proceed to the next interval. If they do not
agree, estimate a new pressure drop and repeat Steps 2
through 8.
If the water drive equation for unequal time intervals
is used, the need for re-evaluating the pressure functions
for each trial in a given interval can be eliminated. This
procedure calls for selecting a given pressure drop and
estimating the length of the next time interval in Steps
1 and 8 and this program. The remaining steps are unchanged.
Reservoir Simulation Models. The capability of mathematical simulation models to calculate pressure and fluid
flow in nonhomogeneous and nonsymmetrical reservoir/
aquifer systems has been thoroughly described in the literature since the early 1960s. Widespread availability of
computers and models throughout the industry has helped
to remove many of the idealizations and restrictions regarding geometry and/or homogeneity that are a practical requirement for analysis by traditional methods. These
models have the capability to analyze performance for virtually any desired description of the physical system, including multipool aquifers. See Chap. 48 for more
information.

38-17

WATER DRIVE OIL RESERVOIRS

PRESSURES FOR FINITE OUTCROPPING

TABLE 38.7-DIMENSIONLESS
rD =200

rD =400

fD =300

fD = 500

RADIAL

AQUlFERS(contlnued)

r,=600

rD = 700

to

PO

t,

PO

t,

PO

to

PO

t,

PO

t,

PO

1.5~10~
2.0x103
2.5x lo3
3.0x 103
3.5x 103

4.061
4.205
4.317
4.408
4.485

6.0 x lo3
8.0~10~
10.0~10~
12.0~10~
14.0~10~

4.754
4.896
5.010
5.101
5.177

1.5x104
2.0~10~
3.0~10~
4.0x104
5.0~10~

5.212
5.356
5.556
5.689
5.781

2.0x104
2.5~10~
3.0 x lo4
3.5x104
4.0 x lo4

5.356
5.468
5.559
5.636
5.702

4.0~10~
4.5~10~
5.0~10~
6.0~10~
7.0~10~

5.703
5.762
5.814
5.904
5.979

5.0~10~
6.0~10~
7.0~10~
8.0~10~
9.0~10~

5.814
5.905
5.982
6.048
6.105

16.0~10~
18.0~10~
20.0~10~
24.0~10"
28.0~10"

5.242
5.299
5.348
5.429
5.491

6.0~10"
7.0~10~
8.0~10~
9.0x104
10.0~10~

5.845
5.889
5.920
5.942
5.957

4.5x IO4

5.759

6.0~10~
7.0x104
8.0x10"

5.894
5.960
6.013

8.0x10"
9.0x104
10.0~10~
12.0~10~
14.0~10~

6.041
6.094
6.139
6.210
6.262

10.0~10~
12.0~10~
14.0~10~
16.0~10~
18.0~10~

6.156
6.239
6.305
6.357
6.398

9.0~10~
10.0x103
12.0x103
14.0x103
16.0~10"

4.949 30.0~10~
4.996 40.0~10"
5.072 50.0~10~
5.129 60.0~10~
5.171 70.0~10"

5.517
5.606
5.652
5.676
5.690

11.0~10~
12.0~10~
12.5~10~
13.0~10~
14.0~10~

5.967
5.975
5.977
5.980
5.983

9.0x104
10.0x10'
12.0~10"
14.0~10~
16.0x10"

6.055 16.0~10~
6.088 18.0~10~
6.135 20.0~10~
6.164 25.0~10~
6.183 30.0~10~

6.299
6.326
6.345
6.374
6.387

20.0~10~
25.0~10~
30.0~10~
35.0~10~
40.0~10~

6.430
6.484
6.514
6.530
6.540

18.0~10~
20.0x
25.0~10~
30.0x103
35.0x 103

5.203

5.264
5.282
5.290

80.0~10~
90.0x103
10.0~10~
12.0~10~
140~10~

5.696 16.0~10~
5.700 18.0~10~
5.702 200x10"
5.703 24.0~10~
5.704 26.0~10~

5.988
5.990
5.991
5.991
5.991

18.0~10~
20.0~10~
25.0~10~
30.0x104
35.0~10~

6.195
6.202
6.211
6.213
6.214

6.392 45.0~10~
6.395 50.0~10~
6.397 60.0~10~
6.397 70.0~10~
80.0~10~

6.545
6.548
6.550
6.551
6.551

1035.294

15.0x10"

5.704

40.0~10"

6.214

1034.552

4.0x
5.0x10"
6.0~10~
7.0x103
8.0~10~

4.663
4.754
4.829
4.894

1035.227

40.0x

5.0x104
5.810

35.0~10~
40.0~10~
50.0~10~
60.0~10~

Nomenclature
A

= constant described by Eq. 46

b = intercept
B,

B,
B,

B,,.

cf
(,,
c,~

cwt
d

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

gas FVF, bbl/STB

oil FVF, bbl/STB
two-phase FVF, bbl/STB
water FVF, bbl/STB
formation compressibility, psi -I
total reservoir compressibility, psi-
formation water compressibility, psi -I
total aquifer compressibility, psi -
geometry term obtained from Table
38.1

e,,. = water influx rate, B/D

e WB = water influx rate at Reservoir B, B/D
e I,,111,,I = water-influx rate at interval n+ 1 -j,
BID
c 1v1
,, = total water influx rate at interval
n, B/D
E,li = cumulative expansion per stock-tank
barrel OOIP, bbl
f~ = fraction of reservoir swept
F = approximation to po and a function of
type of aquifer
FG = reservoir geometry factor
F(r) = influence function
FV = ratio of volume of oil and its dissolved
original gas at a given pressure to
its volume at initial pressure
G, = cumulative gas injected, scf
!I = aquifer thickness, ft
j = summation of time period 1 fo,,

J, =
k =
L =
Lf =
m =

mF =
mrJ =
m,.

n
N
N,,
y,,

aquifer productivity index, B/D-psi

permeability, md
aquifer length, ft
linear penetration of water front into
reservoir, ft
fitting factor (see Page 38-7); ratio of
initial reservoir free-gas volume to
initial reservoir oil volume; slope
proportionality factor
influx constant, bbl/psi (see Eqs. 9
and IO)
rate constant, psiibbl-D (see Eqs. 3
through 5)
interval
OOIP, STB
time interval number
cumulative oil produced, STB
average aquifer pressure, psi
initial aquifer pressure, psi

=
=
=
=
P I =
PN, =
ph = bubblepoint pressure, psi
pi = dimensionless pressure term
PD(A,B) = dimensionless pressure term for
Reservoir B with respect to
Reservoir A
P II= pressure at original WOC, psi
P II,, = cumulative pressure drop at the end of
interval n, psi
Ape = known dimensionless field pressure
drop at original WOC
= dimensionless pressure drop to time
APO,
period i

38-18

PETROLEUM

TABLE 38.7rD = 800

to

PO

7.0x10"
8.0~10~
9.0x lo4
100x10~
12.0x104

DIMENSIONLESS
rD = 900
tLJ

PO

PRESSURES FOR FINITE OUTCROPPING

rD =I,000
tL7

t,

PO

tD

PO

6.507

6.785
6.849

2.5~10~
3.0x 105
3.5x105
4.0x105
5.0x lo5

6.619
6.710
6.787
6.853
6.962

7.0x10"
8.0x10"
9ox105
10.0x10~
120x105

7.013
7.038
7.056
7.067
7.080

5.0x105
6.0~10~
7.0x IO5
8.0x lo5
9.0x105

6.950
7.026
7.082
7.123
7.154

6.0~10~
7.0x 105
8.0~10~
9.0 x 105
10.0x lo5

7.046
7.114
7.167
7.210
7.244

6.813
6.837
6.854
6.868
6.885

14.0x105
16.0 x lo5
18.0~10"
19.0x105
20.0 x 105

7.085
7.088
7.089
7.089
7.090

10.0x 105
15.0x IO5
20.0~10~
25.0~10~
30.0~10~

7.177
7.229
7.241
7.243
7.244

15.OxlO~
20.0x IO5
25.0~10~
30.0~10~
35.0~10~

7.334
7.364
7.373
7.376
7.377

6.895
6.901
6.904
6.907
6.907
6.908

21.0x105
22.0x105
23.0 x10'
24.0 x lo5

7.090
7.090
7.090
7.090

31.0~10~
32.0~10~
33.0x 10'

7.244 40.0~10~
7.244 42.0~10~
7.24
44.0x IO5

7.378
7.378
7.378

6.049
6.108
6160
6.249

1.0x IO5
1.2~10~
1.4~10~
1.6~10"
1.8~10~

6.161
6.252
6.329
6.395
6.452

140x104
16.0~10~
180x104
20.0x104
250x10"

6322
6.382
6432
6.474
6551

160~10~
18.0x lo4
20.0 x lo4
25.0 x lo4
300x10"

6.392
6.447
6.494
6.587
6652

2.0~10~
2.5~10~
3.0x105
3.5~10~
4.0~10"

6.503
6.605
6.681
6.738
6.781

30.0x104
35.0x104
40.0x lo4
45.0 x lo4
50.0x10"

6.599
6.630
6.650
6.663
6.671

40.0 x104
45.0x10"
50.0x10"
55.0x10"
60.0~10"

6.729
6.751
6.766
6.777
6.785

4.5x lo5
5.0~10~
5.5~10~
6.0~10~
7.0~10~

550x104
60.0x lo4
70.0x10"
80.0 x lo4
100.0x10"

6.676
6.679
6.682
6.684
6.684

70.0 x104
80.0x IO4
90.0 x IO4
10.0 x IO5

5.794
6.798
6.800
6.801

8.0~10~
9.0x lo5
10.0~10~
12.0~10~
14.0~10~
16.0~10~

APL

Apy

*PO,+I-.;)

AP,,,A,B) =

APIA,,

A,-.],. =
Yo,, =

r,,, =
J/,

R .3, =

St, =
fD =

AIn =
VP =
VR =

rD =1,600

2.0x lo5
2.5~10~
3.0x IO5
3.5x 105
4.0x105

6.049
6.106
6.161
6251
6.327

APO,

RADIAL AQUIFERS (continued)

fD =1.400

rD =I,200

HANDBOOK

6.507
6.704
6.833
6.918
6.975

PO

8.0x 10'
9.0 x104
10.0x lo4
120~10~
14.0x lo4

5.983

ENGINEERING

dimensionless pressure drop to time

period j
total pressure drop at WOC (calculated
using reservoir expansion rates). psi
total pressure drop at original WOC
(field data), psi
average pressure drop in interval, psi
pressure drop at Reservoir A caused
by Reservoir B, psi
total pressure drop at Reservoir A at
end of interval H. psi
total pressure drop at WOC (calculated
using reservoir voidage rates), psi
total oil production rate at end of
interval n. BID
total production rate. B/D
aquifer radius, ft
dimensionless radius=r,,/r,,.
radius to water front after
penetration, ft
field radius, ft
cumulative produced GOR, scf/STB
average solution GOR at end of
interval n, scf/STB
gas saturation, fraction
interstitial water saturation, fraction
oil saturation, fraction
residual oil saturation at end of interval
n. fraction
formation water saturation, fraction
dimensionless time
dimensionless time interval
total reservoir PV. bbl
cumulative voidage, bbl

t,

PO

2.0 x105
3.0x 105
4.0 x lo5
5.0 x 105
6.0~10~

6.619
6.709

initial water volume in the aquifer, bbl

aquifer width, ft
W rD = dimensionless water-influx term
we,,
= cumulative water influx at end of
interval n, bbl
w,,
= W,.,,,p,i,
total aquifer expansion
capacity, bbl
w; = cumulative water injected, bbl
w,, = cumulative water produced, bbl
Y= constant described by Eqs. 49 and 50
z=
resistance function
z,, = new values of Z
CY= angle subtended by reservoir, radians
6e ,,,,, = correction to e,,.,,
@?f,, = correction to A pi,,
Pl!, = water viscosity, cp
02 = variance
porosity, fraction
dJ=
v

=
M,
w =

TABLE 38.8-DIMENSIONLESS
PRESSURES FOR
FINITE-CLOSED LINEAR AQUIFERS
to

PO

o.005
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.07979
0.11296
0.15958
0.19544
0.22567

-!k0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26

PO
0.47900
0.50516
0.53021
0.55436
0.57776

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.25231
0.27639
0.29854
0.31915
0.33851

0.28
0.30
0.4
0.5
0.6

0.60055
0.62284
0.72942
0.83187
0.93279

0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16

0.35682
0.39088
0.42224
0.45147

0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

1.03313
1.13326
1.23330
1.33332

WATER

DRIVE

OIL RESERVOIRS

38-19

TABLE 38.7-DIMENSIONLESS
rD =2,000

r,=1,800
PO

tD

PRESSURES FOR FINITE OUTCROPPING RADIAL AQUIFERS (continued)

rD =2,200

rD =2,400

rD =2,800

rD = 2,600

rD = 3,000

PO

t,

PD

tD

PO

7.057
7.0~10~
7.134
8.0~10~
7.200
9.0x105
7.259 10.0~10~
7.310 12.0~10~

7.134
7.201
7.259
7.312
7.401

8.0x lo5
9.0x lo5
10.0x IO5
12.0x105
16.0~10~

7.201
7.260
7.312
7.403
7.542

1.0~10~
1.2x106
1.4~10~
1.6~10"
1.8~10~

7.312
7.403
7.480
7.545
7.602

7.167 12.0x lo5

7.199 16.0~10~
7.229 20.0~10~
7.256 24.0x IO5
7.307 28.0~10~

7.398
7.526
7.611
7.668
7.706

14.0~10~
16.0~10~
18.0~10~
20.0x lo5
24.0~10~

7.475
7.536
7.588
7.631
7.699

20.0x lo5
24.0~10~
28.0x105
30.0x 105
35.0x lo5

7.644
7.719
7.775
7.797
7.840

2.0 x 10"
2.4 x IO6
2.8 x 106
3.0 x106
3.5~10~

7.651
7.732
7.794
7.820
7.871

to

PO

t,

PO

tD

6.966
7.013
7.057
7.097
7.133

6.0~10~
7.0~10"
8.0~10~
9.0x105
10.0~10~

PO

tD

3.0~10~
4.0~10~
5.0x IO5
6.0~10~
7.0x 105

6.710
6.854
6.965
7.054
7.120

4.0x105
5.0x105
6.0x105
7.0x 105
8.0~10~

6.854
6.966
7.056
7.132
7.196

5.0~10~
5.5~10~
6.0~10~
6.5~10~
7.0~10~

8.0~10~
9.0x IO5
10.0x lo5
15.0x 105
20.0x 105

7.188
7.238
7.280
7.407
7.459

9.0 x lo5
lO.Ox10~
12.0x105
14.0x105
16.0~10"

7.251
7.298
7.374
7.431
7.474

7.5x105
8.0~10"
8.5~10~
9.0x105
10.0~10~

30.0 x lo5
40.0x105
50.0x lo5
51.0x105
52.0x i05

7.489
7.495
7.495
7.495
7.495

18.0~10~
20.0 x lo5
25.0~10"
30.0x10"
35.0x105

7.506 12.0~10~
7.530 16.0~10~
7.566 20.0~10~
7.584 25.0~10~
7.593 30.0~10~

7.390 30.0~10"
7.507 35.0~10'
7.579 40.0~10"
7.631 50.0~10"
7.661 60.0~10"

7.720
7.745
7.760
7.775
7.780

28.0~10~
30.0~10~
35.0~10~
40.0~10~
50.0~10~

7.746
7.765
7.799
7.621
7.845

40.0x
50.0x
60.0x
70.0x
80.0x

lo5
105
lo5
IO5
i05

7.870
7.905
7.922
7.930
7.934

4.0 x IO6
4.5x106
5.0x106
6.0x lo6
7.0x106

7.908
7.935
7.955
7.979
7.992

53.0x 105
54.0x lo5
56.0x IO5

7.495 40.0x10"
7.495 50.0x10"
7.495 60.0~10"
64.0x IO5

7.597 35.0~10"
7.600 40.0~10"
7.601 50.0x IO5
7.601 60.0~10"
70.0 x105
80.0~10"

7.677 70.0~10~
7.686 80.0~10"
7.693 90.0x10"
7.695 95.0x10"
7.696
7.696

7.782
7.783
7.783
7.783

60.0~10~
70.0~10~
80.0~10~
90.0x105
1O.OXlO~

8.656
7.860
7.862
7.863
7.863

90.0x
10.0x
12.0x
13.0x

lo5
10"
10"
IO6

7.936
7.937
7.937
7.937

S.OXlO~
9.0x106
10.0~10~
12.0 x 106
150x10~

7.999
8.002
8.004
8.006
8.006

Key Equations With SI Units

The equations in this chapter may be used directly with
practical SI units without conversion factors, except for
certain equations containing numerical constants. These
equations are repeated here with appropriate constants for
SI units.
P
112

II

8.527~10-~

kha

(3)

P ,I
mr=

8,527x10-

kh

(4)

....

J,=

3(8.527 x 10 -5)kbh
tLM.L

Lf
FG= 8,527x,o-5

8.527x10-

m,,=(l)&

khb

(5)

....

,,bar,,?,
,

m,,=(1)r#x,,.,hb2,

(9)

(10)

8.527 x 10 -s kt
tD =

(#)(b,,,p,,p

5.36x 1O-1 kh
Jo = p,,,,(ln rD -0.75) -

(20)

(40)

. .(41)

..

...

and
2a In(r,/rf)
FG= 5,36x1o-4
ha,

where
!J ,J

t?lr=

hb,

k is in md,
h is in m,
b is in m,
L is in m,

rD is dimensionless,
r,,. is in m.
p,,. is in mPa*s,
c,,., is in kPa - ,
J, is in mj/d*kPa,
~1,. is in kPa/m3 *d,
tnp is in m3/kPa,
FG is in m-, and
01 is in radians.

.............. .....

38-20

References
1. Van Everdmgen. A.F. and Hut-Q. W.: The Appltcatton of the
Laplace Transformation to Flow Problems in Reservoirs. Twns.,
AIME (1949) 186. 305-24.
2. Mottada, M.: A Practical Method for Treating Oillield Interference
in Water-Drive Reservoirs, J. Per. Twh. (Dec. 1955) 217-26;
Trurts.. AIME. 204.
3. Carter, R.D. and Tracy, F.W.:
An Improved Method for
Calculatmg Water Influx, J. Pet. Tech. (Dec. 1960) 58-60; Trms.,
AIME. 219.
4. Hicks. A.L. ( Weber, A.G., and Ledbetter, R.L.: Computing Techmques for Water-Drive Reservoirs, J. PH. Twh. (June 1959)
65-67; Trum.. AIME. 216.
5. Hutchwon.
T.S. and Sikora. V.J.: A Generaltzed Water-Drive
Analysis.J.
Prt. T&r. (July 1959) 169-78; Trclns.. AIME, 216.
6. Schilthuis. R.J.: Active Oil and Reservoir Energy. 7rctn.s.. AIME
11036) 118. 33-52.
7. Fetkovich.
M.J.: A Simplified
Approach to Water lntlux
Calculations-Finite
Aquifer Systems. J. Pc~t. T&I. (July 1971)
814m28.
8. Brownscombc. E.R. and Collins. F.A.: Estimation of Reserves
and Water Drive from Pressure and Production Hratory, Trtrnv.,
AIME (194Y) 186, 92-99.
9. Van Everdingen. A.F.. Timmerman. E.H., and McMahon, J.J.:
Application of the Material Balance Equation to a Partial WaterDrive Reservoir. J. Prr. Tech. (Feb. 1953) 51-60; Trm\., AIME.
198.
IO. Havlena. D. and Odrh. A.S.. The Material Balance as an Equation
of a Straight Line. J. &f. Twh. (Aug. 1963) 896-900: Trwrc..
AIME. 228.

General References
Chatas, A.T.: A Practical Treatment of Nonstcady-State Flow Problems in Rew-voir System-I.
Per. Enx. (May 1953) B42Chatas, A.T.: A Practical Treatment of Nonsteady-State Flow Prob
PH. Enq. (June 1953) B3Xlems in Reservoir System-II,
Chatas. A.T.: A Practical Treatment of Nonsteady-State Flow Problems in Reservoir Systems-III.
Per. Eng. (Aug. 1953) B46-

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

Closman. P.J.: An Aquifer Model for Fissured Reservoirs,

Eng. J. (Oct. 1975) 385-98.

Sue. Pet.

Henaon. W.L., Beardon, P.L., and Rtce, J.D.: A Numertcal Solutton

to the Unsteady~State PartiallWater-Drive Reservoir Performance Problem, .Soc. Per. Eng. J. (Sept. 1961) 184-94; Trans., AIME. 222.
Howard, D.S. Jr. andRachford, H.H. Jr.: Comparison of Pressure Distributions During Depletion of Tilted and Horizontal Aquifers, J. Per.
Tech. (April 1956) 92-98; Trans., AIME. 207.
Hurst, W.: Water Influx Into a Reservoir and Its Application to the
Equation of Volumetric Balance. Trans., AIME (1943) 151, 57-72.
Hutchinson. T.S. and Kemp, C.E.: An Extended Analysis of BottomWater-Drive Reservoir Performance,
J. Pet. Tech. (Nov. 1956)
256-61; Trum., AIME, 207.
Lowe. R.M.: Performance Predictions of the Marg Tex Oil Reservoir
Using Unsteady-State Calculations, J. Per. Tech. (May 1967) 595-600.
Mortada, M.: Oiltield Interference in Aquifers of Non-Uniform Propc&s.
J. Pej. Tech. (Dec. 1960) 55-57: Trms
AIME, 219.
Mueller, T.D. and Witherspoon, P.A : Pressure Interference Effects
Within Reservoirs and Aquifers. J. Per. Tech. (April 1956)471-74;
Trum., AIME, 234.
Nabor. G.W. and Barham, R.H.: Linear Aquifer
Tdr. (May 1964) 561-63: Truns., AIME. 231.
Odeh. A.S.: Reservoir
1969) 13X3-88.

Simulation-What

Behawor.

J. Per.

Is It? J. Prr. Twh. (Nov.

Stewart, F.M.. Callaway. F.H., and Gladfelter. R.E.: Comparisons ot

Methods for Analyzing a Water Drive Field. Torchlight Tensleep
Reservoir. Wyommg. J. Per. Tech. (Sept. 1954) 105-10; Trms..
AIME, 201.
Wooddy, L.D. Jr. and Moore, W.D.: Performance Calculations for
Reservoirs with Natural or Artificial Water Drtves. J. PH. Twh. (Aug.
1957) 245-5 I; Trans., AIME, 210