]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

? ? ? ?
K

K
K

F
E

K
K


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

( )
W
Generation plant J

Transmission lines J
Distribution system J

K({)K

K
K

Distribution Systems( )

W

Subtransmission J

Distribution substation J
Primary feeders J

Distribution transformers J
Secondary circuits J

Service drops J

K ({)

K kV {
K

K { kV {

K kVA

--

GS

GS

Generating plane

Step-up transformers
Circuit breakers

Transmission system

Transformers in bulk
power substation

Solar or wind
sources
( 100 kW to 1 MW)

Subtransmission
system
Distribution
substation

Three phase primary

feeder

Battery
or fuel cells
1 to 25 MW

-----

sectionalizing
switch
Primary circuits

One-phase
lateral feeder

---Distribution
transformer

Services

Photovoltaic
power supply
up to 100 kW

Home

({)

--

Bulk power source

Bulk power source
Sub transmission

Distribution
substation

Primary feeders

Three phase
primary main
One-phase laterals

Distribution
transformers
Secondary mains

Consumers
services

({)

Subtransmission Lines(-)
kV {
, kV K

({)
({)
K

--

({)
K

({)

K
Bulk power source bus

Subtransmission
circuit

Distribution
substation

Distribution
substation

({)
Bulk power source bus

Subtransmission
circuit
N.o.

Distribution
substation

N.o.

Distribution
substation

({)
--

Bulk power source bus

Subtransmission
circuit

Distribution
substation

Distribution
substation

({)

Bulk power source bus

Subtransmission
circuit

Distribution
substation

Distribution
substation

({)
--

Distribution Substations( )

({) ({)K

({)
K({) L{ kVLL MVA
W
Power transformers

Circuit breakers

Disconnecting Switches

Station buses and insulators

Current limiting reactors

Shunt reactorsJ

Current transformersJ

Potential transformersJ

Capacitor voltage transformersJ

Coupling capacitorsJ

Series capacitorsJ

Shunt capacitorsJ
Lighting arresters J

Protective relaysJ

Station batteriesJ

Earthing systemJ

Electrical instrumentsJ

--

Line trapsJ

({)

({)
--

({)

({)
--

Substation bus schemes( )

W
Single bus scheme({) J
({) J

Double bus double-breaker

({) J

Main-and-tranfer bus scheme

({) J

Double-bus-single breaker sheme

({) J

Ring bus scheme

Breaker-and-a-half scheme

({) J

Line

Circuit breaker

Bus

Disconnecting
switch

({)
--

Line

Line
Bus 1

Bus 2

({)

Incoming line

Incoming line

Main bus

Bus
tie
breaker

Transfer bus

Outraging
lines

Outraging
lines

({)
- -

Bus 2
Bus
tie
barker

Bus 1

Line

Line

Line

Line

({)

Line

Line

Line

Line

Line

({)

- -

Line

Line

Line

Line

Line

Bus 1

Tie
breaker

Bus 2

Line

Line

Line

Line

({)
Primary distribution systemsE (

K({)

Radial distribution system J

Loop/Ring distribution systemJ

Network distribution systemJ

Primary selective distribution systemJ

- -

Substation bus

Reclosing circuit
breaker

There-phase , four wire

express feeder peak load 6000
kVA

Normally open
switch
for emergency

Feed point

Fuse cutout

Distribution
transformer
120/240 V

Three phase, four wire main

feeder

Three phase load

Sectionalizing
switches
Underground
laterial

Three pole
recloser

Switched
capacitor
bank

Recloser
one phase
branch

Normally open tie

the adjacent feeder

()

Radial type primary feeder(

({)

K
K
K

- -

({)
K

K ({)

({)
K

Primary main feeder

Transformer fuses

Laterals

Sublaterals

Laterals fuses

({)
- -

Distribution
transformer

Feeder 1 load area

Tie switch (normally open

Feeder 2 load area

Sectionalizing
switches

Tie switch (normally open)

Feeder 3 load area

({)

Load center

Express
feeder

Distribution transformer
location

({)
- -

Distribution substation LV
bus

Single
phase main
Phase A
load area

Laterals

Phase B
load area

Three phase main

Phase C
load area

({)

Loop type primary feeders (-

(Loop / Ring) ({)

KE F

K

KK

- -

Substation LV bus
Feeder breaker

Sectionalizing
disconnect
switch

Laterals

Loop Disconnected
switch
Distribution
transformer
location

({)

Primary network (

K({)
K

K
K

- -

Substation B

Substation D

Substation C

Substation A

Substation E

({)
- -

Primary feeder voltage level (-

( )K

K kVK

( )

Three phase voltage

w-

Class
{ kV

w-Y or W-Y

kV

w-*

w-Y*
w-
w-

w-

w-

w-

w- or W-Y

{kV

w- or W-Y*

w-Y

w-Y

w-

kV

w-

w- or W-Y
w- *

w- or W-Y*
w- *
w-

W-Y*

kV

W-Y*

{ kV

W-Y*

G
- -

Secondary distribution systemE (

K
KEF
W
J
EFJ

EF J
KJ

Radial Secondary system (

({)

- -

Distribution substation 11 kV bus

Feeder Circuit breaker

Primary feeder main

Lateral

Lateral fuse
Lateral

Fuse cutout
(primary fuse)

Recloser

Distribution
transformer

120/240 V

Secondary circuit
(secondary main

Serving 4 to 20 houses

({)

- -

Secondary banking ( )

K
K

K K
K K

kVA K

({a) K ({)
K({b)

Primary main

Primary main

Primary fuse

Primary
fuse

Distribution
transformer

Distribution
transformers

Banked
secondary
mains

Banked secondary
mains
Secondary
fuse

Secondary
fuse

b
Services to consumers

()

({a)K ({)

({b)

KE

- -

Primary main

Primary main

Primary
fuse

Primary main

Distribution
transformers

Distribution
transformers
Banked
secondary main

Secondary
fuses

Secondary
breakers

Services to consumers

Services to consumers

({)

Secondary Network(

F ({)

E
K
(single/double contingency)
Secondary voltage level ( )

V L V

L ANSIK
K L V L VV

- -

Sub station low-voltage bus

Circuit breakers

Primary feeders

Secondary
mains

Loads

Network
protector
fuse

Network
transformers

Switches

Network
protector
breaker

({)

- -

Distribution Transformers EJ F
F ({ {kv)

.ANSI( ) ( V)E

(Y) (x) ELFEJ F

WK

ANSI kVA( )

KVA

Single phase

Three phase

High voltages
Single phase
Three phase

LY
LY

Y/Y

LY

GndY/

GndY/

/GndY

LGndY

Y/

Y/

LGndY

LL

Y/

LY

LGndY

Low voltage
Single phase
Three phase
LL
Y/

/Y/
Y

Y/

Y/

EF J

W J

K J

J
( CF)
- -

WJ
J

(CSP)J
(CSPB)J

WJ
J
J
J

Polarity( )

WK
J
J

W
W

H -H -H
x -x-x
C B A
c b-a

- -

WJ

U- V- W

U V W

K
K
W

K ({b) ({a)
({) ({)K ({)

K
K

a
b
({)

- -

a
b
({)

Phase sequence( )

Voltage

K Current phasors phasors

K

K
EF
K

Transformers Operation in parallel ( )

Vector group K

E
Turns ratio K

Impedance voltageJ

KWKVAJ
- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

J ( )

KKK E

KKK

W E

K
K

J ( )
WJ ( )

K
K

K
WJ ( )

EFLEFZ

- -

WJ ( )
K

K
K
W
J

K J
K J

Load

12

16

20

24

Time (hours)

({)

- -

K
W
p = C1 w + C 2 w

(kW)ZpW

(kWh)ZW

ZC,C

K
-(--)

W
K

K

K

WW

W W W
KW
- -

KW
WZxHxHxHxZW
W

{Z{ZLZ

-(--)

[(hr)x(kW)]L(kWh)Z
W

LZ

ExFLZ

ExxFLZ
W

ExFLZ

ExxFLZ

ExFLZ

K({)W

- -

300

250

150

kW

200

100
50
0
24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8

Hours

({)

WW
kW{ Z

kWZAB

{ZL{Z

WJ ( )
K

K
(load diversity)K

LZ
W

LZ
- -

K
J ( )
K

Ps
P, P, P, Pn
W

(P+P+PPn)LPsZ

, , , , , W

WW

K
K

WZHHHHHZW
{ZLZ
-(--)

LZ

-(--)

W
Z

({)W
KK

J >

KW

P.M.kWWJ
- -

P.M.kWWJ
{P.M.kWWJ

LZJ
{ZL(H)Z

kWZ(H)Z
LZJ

{Z{LZ
3500

3000
2500

1500

Load

2000

1000

500
0
24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8

Time (hr)

({)
J ( )

WK
J
J

K J
W

J
- -

J ( )

WK

K J
J

WK
J
J

K J

( )

( )

{ {

EF

{ {

EF

{ {

EF

{ {

- -

- -

( )
ELF

{
{

( )
EF

EF

(AM/FM)

( BTU)

L hP

EF

- -

EF

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

KJ

KJ

KJ
EFJ

KJ

EFJ J

W
KEF -

K (I R)

EJ F

K

K({)KE
- -

+
Motor
Load 1

Load 2

E{F

+
Load 1

230 v

+ 460 v

Generator
-

230 v

Load 2

E{F
+
Load 1

230 v

Motor

+
230 v

Load 2

E{F
- -

({) ({)K

( )
( )

A-F ({A) K ( A)
(i,i,i,i) A EB

(I,I,I,I) (C,D,E,F)

A (r,r,r,r)

K(R, R, R, R )EC,D,E,FF

EZF
WA-B
VAB = I1 r1 + I 2 r2 + I 3 r3 + I 4 r4

I1
I2
I3
I4

(3 -1)

= i1 + i2 + i3 + i4
= i 2 + i3 + i 4
= i3 + i 4
= i4

(3 - 2)

W( )( )
VAB = (i + i + i + i)r + (i + i + i)r + (i + i)r + (i) r
VAB = iR + i R + i R + i R

()
K ( ) ( )
W( )

- -

Z A-B

VAB = [iR + i R + i R ]+ [i + i +i .] R

(-)

EZ E

V AB =

V AB

EH
W( )( )

I l
A i i

= ii Li

(3 5 )

(3 6 )

E. mFZ
Em)ZA

(mFZ li
EAFZIi

(A)KZii

- -

R4

R3

R2
R1
I1
A

r1

I2
C

I3
D

r2

r3
i2

i1

I4

i3

r4

B
i4

(3.4A)

current

I1

I2
I3

I4

(3.4B)

Voltage

I4r4

VAB

I1r1+i2 r2+I3r3
I1r1+i2 r2
I1r1

({C)

E{F

- -

K({C)({B)

EF
A m A-B

EF

EF

C
D
E
F

K ABK V
={x

.m

W({)
R4
250 m

R3
150m
R2
100 m
R1
40 m

i1 30 A

i2

E
40 A

()
- -

i3 100A

i4 50 A

VAB = i1R 1 + i 2R 2 + i3R 3 + i 4R 4

VAB= 2(i1R1 + i2R 2 + i3R 3 + i4R 4 )

8
R AC=R1 = L = 1.78 x10 x 40

A
A
8
L
R AD=R 2 = = 1.78 x10 x100
A
A
8
R AE=R 3 = L = 1.78 x10 x150

A
A
L 1.78 x108 x 250
R AF=R 4 = =

A
A
L
L
L
L
VAB(max) =2[ 1 i1 + 2 i2 + 3 i3 + 4 i4 ]
A
A
A
A

= 2 [ L1i1 + L2i2 + L3i3 + L4i 4 ]

A
8
= 2 x 1.78 x 10 [ 30 x 40 + 40 x 100 + 100 x 150 + 50 x 250]
A

8
10 = 2 x1.78 x10 x 32700
A
A = 1.164 x10 4 m2
= 1.164 cm2

( )

K ({B) K({a)

({B)K ({C)
({C) K
KD

- -

V1
A

I1

I2

r1

I3

D
r2

r3

i1

i2

V1

I4

E
i3

r4

(3.6A)
Current

I1
I2

I3

(3.6B)

I4

Voltage

I1r1+I2r2
I3r3+I4r4
I1r1
I4r4

({C)

K({)
- -

EF
m FF

K F

= {x .cm { cm

EFF

EF

({)

KIF

K ({)
I-20

I
F1 100 m

I-100

150 m
20 A

250 m
80 A

I-150
100 m
50 A

I-220

I-260

100 m

70 A

I-290

100 m

40 A

I-300

50 m

30 A

10 A

70 m

I-315
80 m F2

15 A

({)

VF1F2 = 0 FF

l 1.764 x10 x100

R1 = A =
0.35
8

= 2 X 5.04 X108 =10.08 x104

/m

- -

VF1F2 = 0 = li Ii

4
=10.8 x10 [100 I+ 150(I 20) + 250(I100) + 100(I150)
+ 100(I 220) + 100(I 260) + 50(I 290) + 70(I 300)
+ 80(I 315)]

1000 I =151700
I =151.7

({) {A I

131.7

151.7

51.7

150 m

100 m
20 A

1.7 A

250 m
80 A

K({)

100 m
50 A

68.1

108.3

100 m

70 A

40 A

138.3

100 m
30 A

148.3

163.6

70 m

80 m

50 m
10 A

15 A

({)

FF A
WA

A = R2 li Ii
= 10.08 x 104 [100 x 151.7 + 150 x 131.7 + 250 x 51.7 + 100 x 1.7
=10.08 x 10 4 x 48020 = 48.4 volt
( )

EF
B V A A-B

A m V
K

- -

EF

EFA

C
D
E
F

K{ /Km

K

IA({)

({)

236 v
A

50 m

I-20

25 m
20 A

0.4
4
R1 = 1000 = 4 X 10 /m

I-60

25 m
40 A

I-85

I-115

50 m
25 A

237 v
B

50 m
30 A

({)

4
R 2 = = 2 X 4 X10 /m

VAB = VA VB = 236 237 = 1 volt

1 = R2

I = 53.75 A

li Ii

1 =8 x104[ 50 I + 25(I 20) + 25(I 60) + 50 (I 85) + 50( I115) ]

1 =8 x104 [ 200 I 12000]

({)

- -

236 v
A

53.75 A

33.75 A D 6.25 A

50 m

25 m
20 A

25 m
40 A

31.25 A

61.25 A

50 m

237 v
B

50 m

25 A

30 A

({)

AD({)
E m BF m

V AD = R 2 Ii li
= 8 x10 4 ( 50 x 53.75 + 25 x 33.75)
VD = VA VAD = 236 2.82 = 233.18 volt

EF
({)
E -
F -
0.05 ohm

0.04 ohm

30 A

C
241.5 v

0.03 ohm

0.4 ohm

0.1 ohm

250 v
A

({)

20 A

xBD

({)

- -

250 v
A

0.05 ohm

0.04 ohm

30 A

0.03 ohm

x
0.4 ohm

C
241.5 v

x-20

0.1 ohm

x+30

20 A

({)

ABC
VAC= 250 241.5 =8.5 volt
= (x + 30)0.05+ 0.1X 30
= 0.05 x + 1.5 + 3
4 = 0.05 x
x = 4 = 80 A
0.05

({) x= A

VE = 250 0.05x110 - 80 x 0.04 - 0.4 x 20 = 250 -16.7

= 233.3 volt
0.05 ohm

80 A

30 A

30 A

0.03 ohm
20 A

60 A

0.4 ohm

110 A

0.04 ohm

0.1 ohm

250 v
A

C
241.5 v

({)

- -

20 A

VF = 250 0.05 x110 - 0.04 x 80 - 0.03 x 60

= 250 - 5.5 - 3.2 -1.8
= 239.5 volt
EF

m AB
W

E ) A

EF

. V B VA
V
=1.72 x10 6 .cm

({)

RFD
E/m
240 v
A

X+50 C

200 m

20-X

300 m
50 A

300 m
20 A

50-X

100 m
30 A

60-X 240 v
100 m

10 A

()
({)xCD

BDAD- = 250 - 240 = 10 volt

- -

= R[(x + 50)200 + 300 x] - R[(20 - x)300 + (50 - x)100 + (60 - x)100]

= 100 R[(2 x + 100 + 3 x) - (60 - 3 x + 50 - x + 60 - x)]
= R[100(10 x- 70)]
0.01 = R(x- 7)
(I)
(I)

VAD = 250 - 230 = R[200(50 + x) + 300 x]

20 = R[100(2 x +100 + 3 x)]
0.04 = R(x + 20)

AD

(II)
(II) (I)
x 7 = 0.25
x + 20
4 x- 28 = x + 20
3 x = 48
x = 16 A
({)x= A

x (I)KD({)

34 A
A

200 m

16 A

4A

300 m
50 A

300 m
20 A

({)

R = 0.00111 /m
R = 5.55 x104

/m

34 A

100 m
30 A

44 A
100 m

10 A

R(16 - 7) = 0.01

R = l
A
A = l
R
8
=1.72 x10 x100
= 0.312 cm2 = 31.2 mm2
5.55 x10 6
- -

(Ring distributor)(

E
F

({) ({)

a
I
I-i1-i2-i3

i1

i3

I-i1
I-i1-i2
c
i2

({)
a

I1

I-i1

I2

I-i1-i2

I3

({)

- -

I-i1-i2-i3

EF
{ ({)

B,C,D/km

240 v

A
60 m

I-220

70 m

50 A

I-50

100 A

80 m
I-120

90 m
C
70 A

()

({) I A, D

= 70 I + 90(I- 50) + 80(I-120) + 60(I- 220)

300 I = 27300
I = 91 A

- -

VAA = VA VA = 0
0 = R li Ii
0 = li Ii

({)
240 v

A
60 m

91 A

129

70 m

50 A

41 A

100 A

80 m
29 A

90 m
C
70 A

({)

C
B,C, D

VAD = 2[ 91X 70 X 0.2 ]= 2.55 volt

1000
VDC = 2[41X 90 X 0.2 ]=1.48 volt
1000
VCB = 2[29 X 80 X 0.2 ]= 093 volt
1000
0.2
V BA = 2[129 X 60 X 1000 ]= 3.1 volt

V D = 240 2.55 = 237.45 volt

VC = 237.5 1.48 = 235.97 volt
V B = 240 3.1= 236.9 volt

- -

EF
A ({)

20 A

150 m

10 A

I-10

B
200 m

100 m

I-30

I-119

200 m

50 A
250 m
39 A

I-80

({)

IBA
ABCDEA
VAA = 0 = li Ii

- -

= 100 I + 150(I-10) + 200(I- 30) + 250(I- 80) + 200(I-119)

900 I = 51300
I = 57 A

EJ F
( )

R X

K
W

V=

2
Ii li
A

(3 - 7)

W ( )

A=

2
Ii li
Vp

(3 - 8)

Z VP

WVr

V % = V x 100%
Vr

P
'

W P
V=

2 x10 3
Pi\ L i
AVr

(3 - 9)

- -

EF
v ({)

/= m/ mm
.mm

P 1=6 Kw
20 m

P2=4 Kw
10 m

P\1= 2 Kw

P3=2.5 Kw
10 m

P\2= 1.5 Kw

P4= 1 Kw
6m

P\3= 1.5 Kw

P\4=1 Kw

({)

V = 2 x10 Pi\ Li
AVr
2 x 10 3
=
(6 x 20 + 4 x 10 + 2.5 x 10 +1.0 x 6)
56 x 6 x 220
= 5.16 volt
V = V x 100
Vr
= 5.16 x 100
220
= 2.35 %
3

( )

K -
K -

- -

V = Ii [(Cos i + jSin i )(R i + j Xi)]

(3 10)

Z Cos i
KK
V = I i ( R i Cos i + X i Sin i )

(3 11)

E F

EF
Z={Hj{ m

WV

m pf = AJ

m pf= { AJ
m pf ={ A

KK

IAD

200 m

I DC

I2
100 A
pf=0.8 lag.

({)
IAD = I1 + I 2 + I 3
= (50 + j 0) + 100 ( 0.8 j 0.6) + 50(0.6 j0.8)
- -

200 m

100 m
I1
50 A
pf=1

ICB

({)

I3
50 A
pf=0.6 lag.

= 160 - j 100 A
l AD 200
=
(0.02 + j 0.04)
Z AB = Z T x
lT 500
= 0.008 + j 0.016
VAD = (160 j100 )(0.008 + j 0.016)
= 2.88 + j1.76 volt
ZDC = 100 (0.02 + j 0.04)
500
= 0 .004 + j 0.008
IDC = I1 + I2
= (160 j100) (50 j0)
=110 j100 A
VDC = I DC Z DC

= (110 j100)(0.004 + j 0.008)

=1.24 + j 0.48 volt

IDC = I3 = 50 (0.6 j 0.8)

= 30 j 40 A
ZCB = ZAD =0.008 + j 0.016
VCB = (30 j40)(0.008+ j 0.016)
=0.88+ j 0.16 volt

VT = VAD + VDC + VCB

= ( 2.88 + j1.76) + (1.24 + j0.48) + (0.88 + j0.16)
= 5 + j2.4
V B = V A V T
= 250 0 (5 + j 2.4)
= 245 j 2.4 volt
2
2
V B = 245 + 2.4 = 245.0118 245 volt
- -

W

({)
R3=0.02 ohm
R2=0.012 ohm
R1=0.008 ohm
A

50 A

80 A

I 1 = 50 A

30 A

({)

I 2 = 100 x 0.8 = 80 A

I 3 = 50 x 0.6 = 30 A

V R = IR R
= 50 x 0.008 + 80 x 0.012 + 30 x 0.02 = 1.96 volt
({)

X3=0.04 ohm
X2=0.024 ohm
X1=0.016 ohm
A

0A

60 A

({)
- -

40 A

Vm = Im X
= 60 x 0.024 + 40 x 0.04 = 3.04 volt
VT = VR + Vm =1.96 + 3.04 = 5 volt
V B = VA VT
= 250 5 = 245 volt

K V
()
K({)
2500 VKKCB

x-48+j36 A

0.15 ohm

0.15 ohm
48-J36 A

x-93+j58 A

0.05 ohm
45-j22 A

30+j0 A

({)

IAB = x
IBC = x (48 j36)
= x 48 + j36
ICD = IBC IC
= (x 48 + j36) (45 j22)
= x 93 + j58 A
VAD = VA VD
= VAB + VBC + VCD
= IABZAB + IBC ZBC + ICD ZCD
= 0.15 x + 0.15(x- 48 + j36) + 0.05(x- 93 + j58)
= 0.15 x + 0.15 x- 7.2 + j5.4 + 0.05 x- 4.65 + j2.9
= 0.35 x-11.85 + j8.3
- -

11.85 = 0.35 x
x = 33.857 34 A
IC D = x 93 + j58
= 59 + j58 A
IDC = 59 j58 A
VB = VA IAB ZAB
= 250 34 x 0.15
= 250 5.1
= 244.9 volt
VC = VD IDC ZDC
= 250 0.05(59 j58)
= 247.05 + j2.9 volt

- -

V yJ x -
m

EF

EFx

EF{ /km
-
-

A({) AB

K B V F V
K

240 v 8 m.ohm
A

240 v

4 m.ohm

6 m.ohm

12 A

24 A

10 m.ohm

72 A

5 m.ohm

48 A

240 v

({)
V -
{ / m({)

BA -
J

- -

20 A
a

25 m

18 m
8A
b
12 m

A
c

15 A

B
16 m

10 m

e
12 A
d

22 m

30 A

({)

({) VA ABJ
B
-

, , -
{ ohm/ m
220 v
8m

4m

4m

4m

5m

A
20 A

15 A

10 A

12 A

8A

({)

({) J

mm Kw
- -

= 1.78x10 .m

A -

-
K -
220 v
8m

6m

6m

8m

6 Kw

6 Kw

6 Kw

6 Kw

({)
EF J
VB = 2450 A VA = 250 0 volt

A J

({)

A ({) J
K

- -

1+j3 ohm

1+j1 ohm

B
20 A
0.8 lag.

1+j2 ohm

15 A
0.6 lag.

({)

50 A
pf=0.8 lag.

1+j0.6 ohm

0.8+j0.5 ohm

120 A
pf=1
0+j2 ohm

0.8+j0.5 ohm

70 A
pf=0.8 lag.

({)

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

J ( )

Wvi

v = Vm sin (t + )
i = Im sin t

E F

EF

K
W

p = v i

EF

p = VmImsint sin(t+)

EF

W
p = VI cos (-cost) + VI sin (sin t)

EF

WIV
V=Vm /

I = Im /

J ( )

WEFK

p = VI cos() (-cost) + VI sin () (sint)

= VI VI cost

EF

VIcostVI

KVIEFK({)K
Pav = VI = VmIm/
- -

()

({)

v
i

()

K
( )

WEF

pL = VI cos() (-cost) + VI sin() (sint)

= + VI sint

pL = VI sin t

()

K({)

KPL=

- -

v
i

()

EFVI sin Q
QL = VI sin

( )

QL=VI

J ( )

WEF

pC = VI cos( ) (-cost) + VI sin( ) (sint)

= - VI sint

()

pC = -VI sin t

({)VIsin t
K

- -

i
2

({)

KZPC

K({)

QC = VI

()

J ( )

Q P
K

KS

S = VI

- -

()

J ( )

S = P + JQ

P = Po , QL =QL o ,

W
QC=Qc o

S= P + JQLW
P
S

QC

QL

({b)

({a)

J ( )

(kW)

K

KK

K(KVAR)
K(kVA)

LZcos Z
i.e.

Cos = P / S

()

- -

K
K

(kVA)

(kVAR)

(kW)

K E

K E

K E

K E

K E

K( )

- -

( )

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/

EF

J ( )

K
W

EF

K x Z

(IR)

- -

E
F

E
F

E
F

W
K(kW capacity)

EF
EF

EF

(Exciter)
K

W(prime movers)

EF

J ( )

K

WK

K J
- -

K J

K J

K J

K J

K J
J ( )

K

K
K K

K
K({)

I
Ic
V

Ic

IL
AC

I
IL

Ic

IL

({)

IL
Ic

I = IL - IC

- -

KILIC
Q = V (IL IC) = QL - QC

()

K
K

J ( )

C=

Q
V

()

farad

KVQ

C=

o r A
d

A
d

farad

()

KdA

( )
K
K

- -

( )

(MV/m)

(MV/m)

not used in a.c.

{
{
{
{

W
Q = f C V x

kVAR

()

K({)

J ( )

kVAR{
KkVJ

- -

({)
(VAR)
IL
V

VIL

IL
V

VIL
IL

V
IL
V

VIL

IL
V

IL
V

VIL

VIL

IL

IL
IL
V

IL

IL

- -

J ( )

W
EF

EF

EF
K
coscos
K({)

coscosOsOR{OA

coscos PMK
K(Tan-Tan)PM

N
T
P

S A

({)

EF

cos

K({)cos
- -

C OC O
WEADOADEDOD

KVA=Q

D
KVA=Q

CE = Q sin - Q sin

({)

= Q (sin - sin )

WAB

AB = Q (cos - cos )

AoZ(o)L(o)ZZLV=WW

VAo=( o)x(o)=I*xV=

W{=cosx=

VAR=sinx=

AoZ(o)L(o)ZZLV=W

VAo=(o)x(o)=I*xV=

W=cosx=

VAR{=sinx=

W{=H{=
- -

VA{={H=

(({)+({))LZLEEFHEFF=

VA=

= / = L=
P=W

Q=VA
R
P=W

Q=VAR

()

W
W

K{VAW
K{ wattW

KVARVAW

watt={x=x=P=WW
o={== Cos

VARZSinx Z Sinx=

VAZ{LZLZW

{oZ{ZZCos

VAR ZSin{xZ SinxZ

{o={=L=L=sin W
watt=cos{x =cosx=

watt=HH=

VAR=H=
- -

[EFHEF][ =EFHEF]=
VA =

={L=L=
PT= watt
watt

QT=VAR

VAR

({)

K { kVAW
K
K
{
K

kWattZ{xZxZPZW
{oZcos

{Z

kVARZsin{xZsinxZQZ
{

kVAZ{LZSlZoZCos {Z
P= W
Ql= VAR
S=VA

Q =VAR

({)
- -

kVAZsin()xZQlZ

kVARZZQlQZ
{ZLZ

Hz Vh.p.WW
K{

K {

EFEF

kwatt{ZwattZ{Lx ZPZW

{oZcos {Z

{ J

kVAR{Ztan({)x{Ztan()xPZQZ

{oZcos ({)Z

{J

kVAR{Ztan({)x{Z tan xPZQZ

kVAR{Z{J {ZQJ QZ

kVAR{ZL{ZQcZ

EF

A{ ZLZVLQcZIcZ

Ic = Xc/V = VC

F{x Z(xx)L{ZVLIcZCZ
V/

E
F

A ZLZVLQcZIcZ

Ic = Xc/V = VC

F{x Z(xx)LZVCLIcZCZ

W
K

- -

K {kWkVAW
{K

kVA={L=L=W
=ELF=

kVAR=sin({)x=

{o=cos {=

{o=sin (L)=

kW{=cos({)x=cosx=

kW{={=

kW

kW

kVAR

kVA

kVA

({)

J ( )

WPF

cosZPFZ

cosxEFZ

sinxEFZEF

tan xZEF
- -

WPF
cosZPFZ

cosxEFZ

sinxEFZEF
tanxZEF

EFEFZQcZ

EtanJ tanFEFZ
EFEFZ
tanJ tanZ

K
K {kwattW
K{

{Z{ZW
{ Z

xZ

kVAR{Z{xZ

K{W

K{

{Z{ZW
{ Z

xZ

kVARZ{xZ

- -

- -

- -

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

- -

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------

-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----------------------------------------

-----------------

-------------

---------

-----

- -

J (-)

(leakage reactance) E

(magnetizing current) E

()

K

K
K

- -

K

(x)/ (x)

K
K

K

K

()

?

?
K(bulk correction)??

- -

-(--)

{K

( )
Static Correction J ( )

K

K


K

(stator)

K(rotor)

- -

K

EF{

K

K

(-)

- -

(contactors)
K
K

({)

- -

J ( )

K

K

(input reactors)K{

K(DC bus reactors)

(transients)

J ( )

K
- -

({)

J ( )

J ( )

(passive harmonic filters)

K

- -

KEthird harmonicsF
K

J ( )

K

K

KL

EF

EF

EF

EF

- -

K

(passive

filters LCR)
K

- -

{VAW E

VA{VA
K{

EP=W, Q=VAR, S=VA, p.f.={WF

{{ kW E
K
K

EVAR, WF

VA{VA E
K{
E{WF

{ kVA E
{
K

E{kVAWF

K{ kVA E
{
K EF

E
F

E{ kVAR, kWWF

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

EJ F

KK

K K

K
K

( )
(Luminous flux)( )

EF)E F

ELmFELumenFK
WEwattF

(
(

Lumen
or

watt

= { watt
= Lumen

)
)

(Solid angle)( )
W ({)E F

= A2 steradian
r

(5 3)

ZAW
Z r

Zc
- -

(sr) (steradian)
F(steradian)

EA=r = 1

KA

(st)
2
EF A = 4 r
A

E{F

(Candela)( )

(candela power) (cd)

(Luminous intensity) (cp)

(Lumen)( )

K (Lm)

K(steradian)
K ({)

- -

({)

(Quantity of light)(

Q
W
Q = .t
Lm.hr
(5 4)
ELm-hrFJ
EJ F

(Luminous intensity)( )

E F(I)
=

W
(5 5)

Lm/sr (candela)

- -

K MSCP( mean spherical candela power)
(Illumination)(

E F (E)
=

W
(5 6)

Lux

(Lux = lm/m)

(Luminance)(

(L)
L=
S

W
(5 7)

cd m 2

m2 Z S
EJ F
( )
=

= r2
= = 2 = 2
r r
= 2
r

W
(5 8)

cd
m

(5 9)

Lux

(5 10)

Lux

(5 11)

({)

- -

({)
( )
E=1/9 Lux
E= 1/4 Lux
E=1 Lux

1m
2m
3m

B =

Cos 1

(,)
(5 12)

d
Cos3 1
B =
2
h

(5 13)

1
h

({)
- -

PZEp

(--)
EF

m m

K cd

=
L1

Cos
(L1 C)

1
2

L2

L1

L3

L4

5m

B
C
10 m

5m

({)

- -

5m

10 m

2
2
L1 C = 5 +15 =15.8 m
200 x 5 /15.8 = 0.253 Lux
L1=
2
15.8

Cos 1 = 5 /15.8

L 2 = Cos 22
(L2 C)

2
2
L2 C = 5 + 5 = 5 2 m

C os 2 =

1
2

200 x1/ 2 = 2.83 Lux

2
(5 2 )
= E L 1 + E L 2= 0.253 + 2.83 = 3.08 Lux
L 2 =

= x { ={ Lux

- -

()
B cdA cd m

K mB mA
K

L2

L1
20 m

10 m

50 m

50 m

()

(L1 C) = 10 + 50 =51 m

(L2 C) 2 = 20 2 + 50 2 = 53.9 m

Cos 1 = 10 / 51

200 x10 / 51 = 0.0151 Lux

L1=
2
51

Cos 2 = 20 / 53.9

400 x 20 / 53.9 = 0.051 Lux

L 2 =
2
53.9
= E L1 + E L 2= 0.0151 + 0.051 = 0.066 Lux

- -

( )

KK

W (Filament lamps)

Incandescent lamps

Tungsten halogen lamps J

Reflection lampsJ

(Gas-discharge lampsF J
Fluorescent lamps

Low pressure sodium lamps (SOX)

J
High pressure sodium lamps (HPS)
J
High pressure mercury lamps (HPM)
Metal halide lampsJ
(Incandescent lamps)( )

({) K

K lm/w
K

- -

({)

(Mercury lamps)( )

(bulb)

E
F

K({) (Fluorescent-mercury lamps)

(Fluorescent lamps) ( )

({)
({)K({)(ballast)

- -

({)

({)

({)

- -

(Road lighting)EJ F

K

K

( )

W
(Series system)J

(constant-current transformer)

({)

{kV { kV

K{{{{{

EF
EMultiple systemFJ

K({)

- -

({)

- -

Mean lumens/watt

({)

watt

({)
- -

({)

( )

J
({)
p =
n

c 3
2 cos
h

(514)

PZ p

PZ c

Zn
Zh

({)EIsolux diagramF

- -

Kh
K

W
p = r

an
2
h

(5 15)

PJ r
Zn

Za

Zh

P({)

W av= p
N

(516)

Z p

- -

p ZN

av

({)

W
n
av = W S

(5 17)

ZW W

ZS
- -

=
K

W
K({b) h J

{Z h
4
{Z 3 h
2

= {H{= {

2 1 J

({a)

= tan

h
0
=14
4h
1 3h
0
= tan
= 56.5
2
2h
1

({c)

{Z 1 = 14o

{Z 2 = 56..5o

= {H{= {

EF

m ({)

({) Lm

a={ P

({h) mP

({)EA-AF
h
- -

({a)

({b)

({c)
- -

({)
20 m

L1

L2

L3

6m
P

10 m

5m

K
({)

L to P = m ={h

L to P = m ={ h

L to P = m= { h

({)
EL = of Emax

EL = of Emax

EL = of Emax

P
Ep = ELH EL + EL
=HH
=

a
max = 2
h
= 0.187 x 40000
= 74.8 L ux
2
10
P

Ep ={ x {= { Lux

- -

E{F

EF

({)

m {(Emax / Emin )
({)

12.5 m
10 m

({)
- -

({)

({) (L)hB-B (L) hA-A

WL L
min (L1) + min (L2) 0.2 max

A-A , B-B 0.1 max

K a, b
b
S/ = {h
S=h

= meters
- -

EF
{ mm

WLm
({) J

({)J

({)J

({b) J

01.25h = 0.3
00.5h = 0.17

0.5h1.25h = 0.3 0.17 = 0.13

30 m

-2.5
-025h

0
0

5m
0.25

12.5 m
1.25h

({)

- -

=
av W S

0.13 40000 = 23.1 Lux

av = 7.5 30

({b)J

00.25h = 0.075

00.5h = 0.17

0 . 25 h 0 . 5 h = 0 . 075 + 0 . 17 = 0 . 245
W

av = W S
0.245 40000 = 43.5 Lux
av =
7.5 30
J
av = {H {= { Lux

( )

F
( )

E cm
W

J
J

- -

EF( )

n LLF

( 5 18 )

Lm/m ZE

mZA

ZLLF

Z n

W( )

( )W

({)

- -

( )

EF

EF
J

- -

- -

( )

EF

EF
J

- -

EF

( )

EF

EF

- -

EF

hCC

hRC

hFC

- -

E{F

CCR

= 5 h cc L + W
L xW

RCR = 5 h RC L + W
L xW
FCR = 5 h FC L + W
L xW
CCR h CC

RCR h RC

FCR h Fc

K
W

W
N= A
LLF

( )
EF

m x m

K Lm Lm/m
- -

15 x 1600 = 24000 Lm

8 x12 x100 = 9600 Lm
= L = {

()

W W
J

Lm/W, Lm/WJ

X =
W

( + {X) =

A
1 =

12 X150 X15 = 27000 / Lm

m2

2 = 12 X 80 X 40 = 38400 / Lm m 2

- -

= 38400 27000 = 0.42 or 42%

27000

EF

W m x m

Lm/m

K. Lm/m

= X = m

= X = { X Lm

%
= { X /{ = X Lm

=X / = { X Lm

= X = X Lm
=

X / X =

- -

EF
m x mXm

Lm/ m m

ZJ {ZJ {ZJ

watt Lm/wattZJ

watt Lm/wattZJ

= E.
.p
Lm
= 30 X20 X 144 =192000
0.6 X 0.75
= X = Lm W

= L = W

= X = Lm W
= L = W

m W
({)

- -

5m

30 m

({)

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

J ( )

K
K( )

KEearthing electrodeFJ W

(solidly K
(impedance

(resistance

grounding)grounded)

Kgrounding)

J W K

KJ W KLJ W -

KJ W J W K

- -

K( )

KITTTTN

TK

NK

T

PENTN

PENPENWC
KPENWS
TNWTN

EF

W
KTN-S J

TN-C-S J
K

TN-C J
K

- -

L
L

PE

TN-S({)

L
L

PEN

TN-C-S({)

- -

L
L

PEN

TN-C({)

WTT

E
F

PE

TT({)

- -

WIT

E
F

L
L

PE

IT({)

( )K
W
J

K J
J

K( )
K

- -

( )
EKF
-
Above
-
Above

K( )

K
K
( )

EKF

EF

EF

K( )

K
K

- -

( )

EKF

EF

Zero

K( )

KE

WK

({)
- -

K( )

K({)

IK
K

WrRdxx
I

dx

({)
r1

R=

dx

2x

r2

R =

1 1
( )
2 r r1

2r

rK

K( )

L (Ellipsoid)
d

R=

4L
ln
2L d

R
W
- -

R=

2L
ln
2L d

W
R=

8L
[ln( ) 1]
2L
d

K( )
( )

R=

8L
[ln( ) 1]
d
2L

8L

L2
L

R=
[ln( ) 1] +
{1 2 ) (S>L)
4L
d
2S
3S

32L2
S
S2
R=
[ln
2+

] (S<L)
S
4L
ds
2L 16L2

R=

16L2
h h2
h
(
2 + 2 )
4L dh
L 4L
L

8L2 a 2 ab
h h2
R=
+
1 + 2
ln
4L ah 2(a + b) 2
L 4L
L

EbaF

- -

h
h2
4L2

R=
ln
+ 2.9 2.14 + 2.6 2
8L dh
L
L

R=

h
4L2
h2
ln
+ 6.85 6.26 + 7 2
12L dh
L
L
h

16D 2
R = 2 ln
D
dh
2 D

R=

D2
D
h
1 0.036 2
+
4D 8h
h

R=

D2

1 + 0.018 2
+
4D 8h
h

( )K
(Tank)

K( )

KI

V=I

2R

WR

K
xx

- -

X
X

( )

Vstep =

I 1
1
(
)
2 X X 1

{
W
K

K EF

E
F
K{

r={ m,

V=

120 x1500

=
= 57295.8
2x 0.5
2r

= .m,

I= A

EF

= { kV

- -

V=

I 1
1
120x1500 1 1
( )=
(
) = 1193.66
2 x 1 x 2
2
4 4 .8

= { kV

EF

K( )

K

W

K
K

K
K

K
K

K K
K K

K( )

K
K

R (n)

W
Rn = R/n
(mutual effect)

WK

Rsystem = R/(n) = Rn /
K(screening coefficient)

W({)
- -

I/

I/

()

I
V = VI = VII

WI/

KI/V
V=

I
I
I 1 1
+
=
( + )
2 2r 2 2d 4 r d

K rd
R system =

V 1 1
=
( + )
I 4 r d

R/2
1
4r
=
=
=
1 1 1 + (r / d)
R system
( + )
4 r d

K
K( )

KK
- -

K
W(IEEE, )
a = 5x10 4 I

76 t
ln{(234 + Tm ) /(234 + Ta )}

Tmt a
KTa

K( )
K
W
R=

2L
L
(ln
+ K1
K2)
L
dh
A

dAL
KKK
( )K

KK

WrK

R1 =

R=

1 1
( )
2 r r1

1
.
2 r

W
1 1

R 1 r r1
r
=
=1
1
R
r1
r

WRR
- -

r1 =

100r
= 50r
100 98

K
W

K K

K
K

K K

( )K


K
R = X + A
R = X + B
R = X + B

RXA R

KB A RX B
W

X = (R + R + R)/

- -

X
B
R

({)

KX

K( )

KECP

BECE

WVI

Re = V/I
I
V

P
C
E

- -

V I C

CV/I

K( )

K({)

CB D A
K

= d (V/I)

I CBV

KBA

I
V

({)

W
{

KK
d= m,

R=

R={

=R.d={xx={ .m
2d

- -

KKEF
K

KEFKEF

KEF
K
K KEF
K

KK EF
K

KK()

KK()

K()
K()

K()
.( )

() T. Longland, T. W. Hunt and W. A. Brecknell, Power Capacitor
Handbook, Butterworth & Co (Publishers) Ltd., .
() Theraja Text-Book , Electrical Technology , B.L S. Chanh and Co. (Pvt)
LTD.
() D. C. Pritchard , Lighting , Addisison Wesley Longman Limited ,
() John P. Frier , Industrial lighting systems , McGraw-Hill
() Turan Gonen, Electrical power distribution system engineering , McGrawHill .

- -

W
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
W

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
W

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
W
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

{KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEF

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

EF
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS