 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

3 ‫ ﻣﺎدة ﺗﻮﺗﺮ‬- 7‫ﻣﺤﺎﴐة‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮاﻋﻖ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬  (٥ ١)

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(lightning voltage)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٢)
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬
 K‫א‬١٠‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥-٣)
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(thunderstorms)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠{٠٠٠٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ٢٠٠٠٣٠٠‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠٠
L  ١٠٠‫א‬،١٠٨
 ١٠٠٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬L
٢٥٠‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬ – ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬
١
- ١٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 ١‫א‬‫א‬L
 ٣٠٠ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (٥{١)

+ + +++
+++ ++ + + +++ + +
- - - - - - - ---++ ‫ﺣﺮآﺔ اﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ‬
+
- - - - - - +++- -
 ‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬
‫اﻷرض‬

-
(٥{١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
 L ٨٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A‫א‬K(٥{٢)،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬K 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ A ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬B

 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٤١٢‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


٢
- ١٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

++ + ++
++++ + ++
++ +-20
++ C
+++
+ + + + + + -10 -- --
B --
0 -- --
-- --
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --- ‫ﺣﺮآﺔ‬
-- -- -- -- -- -- + A --
-- ‫اﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ‬
----
--- --- ----
---
--- --- --- +
---
--- --- --- +
‫ﺗﻴﺎرات‬
---
--- --- ---
---
--- --- ---
++
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
++
++
‫هﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬
--- --- ---
--- +

‫أﻣﻄﺎر ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬ ‫أﻣﻄﺎر ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ‬




 ‫א‬(٥{٢)
‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠ ‫א‬٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ٤٠‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(> ٤٠oC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬٤٠٣٣‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (OH-)‫א‬‫א‬(H+)
٣
- ١٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

T١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (T١<T٢)
 T٢‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
J  ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬λK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ρ‫א‬v‫א‬‫א‬E
 WE‫א‬‫א‬
dE
+ λ E = ρv (٥{١)
dt
 W
ρv
E= [1 − exp(−λt )] (٥{٢)
λ
 K‫א‬t=٠E=٠‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬Qg‫א‬‫א‬Qs
ρ = Qg/Ah (٥{٣)
 W
E = Qs/Aεo (٥{٤)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬h‫א‬A‫א‬εo
 W(٢)‫א‬
٤
- ١٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

Qs h M
Qg = = (٥{٥)
v[1 − exp(−λt )] v[1 − exp(−λt )]
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬M=Qsh
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٠ZEλL١FZ‫א‬‫א‬
 K١١٠ZMZ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٠ZtZ
 L٢٠١٠ZvZ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
20,000 20,000
Qg = = = 1000 Coloumb for v=٢٠ m/s
v 20
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF(٥ ٤)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠≈F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  E L
١٠L١‫א‬‫א‬ (electric streamer)
‫א‬K ‫א‬ ٥٠‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  ‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬KK ٢٠‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(stepped leader)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٥
- ١٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  





 ٢٠
ms

(٥{٣)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬٠{٥٠{٠٥‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٥٠{٠٠٠١{٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  ١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ٥٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬



(٥{٤)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠‫א‬١٠٠٠١٠٠‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K E ‫א‬١٪F
٥٠٠٠{٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١  ‫א‬‫א‬K٣٠
 ‫א‬٢٥٠{٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KL١٠١١
٦
- ١٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٥)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

30
Lightning current (kA)

25

20

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (Us)

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬(٥{٥)


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥{٥)
E ١٠‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬  (front wave)‫א‬‫א‬
 (tail wave)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧{٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٪
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬KL
 ٢٥١٠٪L
 K٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٥{٠٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
١{٠٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
٧
- ١٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

٢٠‫א‬‫א‬١٠٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 KL١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(overvoltage)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
? ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬(flashover)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(back flashover)
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٦)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬ZoIo‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z 

٨
- ١٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

V=IZ

ZZo
= Io
Z + Zo

Z
= Io (٦)
Z
1+
Zo


 ‫א‬K٣٠٠٠١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F٥٠٠(characteristic impedance)
E‫א‬٥٠١٠‫א‬‫א‬١٥٠١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٠
 K٠{١ Z/Zo
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V=Io Z


 K‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬Io
٤٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠{٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ٤{٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 KEflashover)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Zo/٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K
 ٢{٠٠٠١٠{٠٠٠x(٤٠٠L٢)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٢٥{٤١١‫א‬‫א‬١٣٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢

٩
- ١٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥ ٧)
L, C, R, G‫א‬‫א‬
(٥{٦)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬
R L R L

G
G C C


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥{٦)

δ2e δe δ2e
= RG + (RC + GL) + LG 2 (٥{٦)
δx 2 δt δt

δ 2i δi δ 2i
= RG + (RC + GL) + LC 2 (٥{٧)
δx 2 δt δt


 W(٥{٧)(٥{٦)‫א‬


e = [exp(xγ)]f١(t)+[exp(-xγ)]f٢(t) (٥{٨)
 W
Y
i=− [{exp( xγ )}f 1 ( t ) − {exp(− xγ )}f 2 ( t )] (٥{٩)
Z
 W
R G
γ = LC[(p + )(p + )]1 / 2 (٥{١٠)
L C
Y = G + Cp
Z = R + Lp
P= δ/δt

١٠
- ١٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬G=∞R=٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
δ2e δ2e
= LC (٥{١١)
δx 2 δt 2

δ 2i δ 2i
= LC 2 (٥{١٢)
δx 2 δt
 W‫א‬
x x
e = f1 (t + ) + f 2 (t − ) (٥{١٣)
v v

C x C x
i=− f1 (t + ) + f 2 (t − ) (٥{١٤)
L v L v
 Wv‫א‬
v = 1 / LC (٥{١٥)
 W‫א‬‫א‬
L
Z= (٥{١٦)
C
‫א‬v‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
(lossless line)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬e(t)‫א‬
E ‫א‬L‫א‬F‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ e
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(traveling wave)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF    ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬KKKKEF  EF
١١
- ١٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(e,i)‫א‬‫א‬
 WZ٢‫א‬Z١‫א‬‫א‬(e/, i/)
( Z 2 − Z1 )
e/ = e = Γe (٥{١٧)
( Z 2 + Z1 )

( Z 2 − Z1 )
i/ = i = − Γi (٥{١٨)
( Z 2 + Z1 )
 K‫א‬‫א‬Γ

e Z١ Z٢
e//

e/

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٥{٧)
 WZ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2Z 2
e // = e = (1 + Γ)e (٥{١٩)
( Z 2 + Z1 )
2 Z1
i // = i = (1 − Γ)i (٥{٢٠)
( Z 2 + Z1 )
 W
e e/ e //
= Z1 , = − Z1 , = Z2
i i/ i //

١٢
- ١٣١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

(unit step)‫א‬‫א‬(٥-٨)
 (open circuit)(٥ ٨ ١)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
e = E U(t)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Z١=Z, Z٢= ∞
 W‫א‬‫א‬
( Z 2 − Z1 ) (1 − Z1 / Z 2 )
Γ= =
( Z 2 + Z1 ) (1 + Z1 / Z 2 )

1− Z/∞
Γ= =1
1+ Z/∞

 e/ = Γe = e =E U(t)      W‫א‬‫א‬

//
e = (١HΓ) e = ٢e = ٢EU(t)     W‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(short circuit)(٥ ٨ ٢)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
e = E U(t)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Z١=Z, Z٢= ٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬
( Z 2 − Z1 ) (0 − Z)
Γ= = = −1
( Z 2 + Z1 ) (0 + Z)
 e/ = Γe = -e = - E U(t)     W‫א‬‫א‬
e// = (١HΓ) e = ٠      W‫א‬‫א‬
e / EU( t )
i/ = − =      W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Z Z

١٣
- ١٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


io = (i+i/) = ٢ i   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٤
- ١٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 
R=٠{١Ω/km٤٠٠٢٢٠‫א‬‫א‬W١
 WG=٠C=٠{٠٠٩µF/kmL=١{٢٦mH/km
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF   ‫א‬‫א‬EF
، ‫א‬‫א‬١٥٠‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦ ٣
C=٠{٠٠٩x١٠ F/km L=١{٢٦x١٠ H/km, R=٠{١Ω/km, W‫א‬
 v‫א‬EF
1 1
v= = = 3x10 5 km / s
LC 1.26x10 −3 x 0.009x10 − 6
 Z‫א‬‫א‬EF
L 1.26x10 −3
Z= = = 374.2Ω
C 0.009 x10 − 6
 t‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
line..length 400
t= = 5
= 1.33x10 −3 s
v 3x10
٦٠Ω‫א‬ ٥٠٠Ω‫א‬W٢
‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٠٠kV‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Z٢=٦٠Ω Z١=٥٠٠Ω, e=٥٠٠ U(t) kV, W‫א‬
 Γ‫א‬‫א‬
( Z 2 − Z1 ) (500 − 60)
Γ= = = 0.786
( Z 2 + Z1 ) (500 + 60)
 e// ‫א‬‫א‬
e// = (١HΓ) e = (١H٠{٧٨٦) x ٥٠٠ = ٨٩٣ kV

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