FORM 4 CHAPTER 7 FORMATION OF IMAGES BY PLANE MIRRORS AND LENSES Images formed by Convex lens

Plane mirror

Concave lens

Virtual Upright Same size as object Laterally inverted

Distant object Real Inverted Diminished

Near object Virtual Upright Magnified

Distant object No image formed on the screen

Near object Virtual Upright Diminished

Variety Image of Convex Lens

Pin-hole camera

Formation of Images by Optical Instruments Periscope

Telescope

Image: Real Inverted Size (depend on case)

Image: Virtual Upright Same size

Image at obejctive: Real Inverted Diminished

Image at eye piece: Virtual Inverted Magnified

Human Eyes and Camera

Both are using convex lens Human Eye Camera Cilliary muscles change the shape of lens Position of lens is changed Method of focusing Thicker: for near object Move outwards: near object image Thinner: for distant object Move inwards: distant object Controlling amount Controlling the size of pupil. Controlling the size of aperture. of light entering Done by iris. Done by diaphragm. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------Dispersion of Light When light passing through a prism, light dispersed / When white light from sun enters raindrops, it refracted imerged to a band colous: red, orange, yellow, green, and dispersed inside to form rainbow. blue, indigo and violet

When light passing through 2 prism, white light emerges. At first, the prism dispersed the white light into 7 colours then second, prism recombined the light dispersed into white light again.

Sometime reversed colour is seen (purple to red) because double reflection occur inside the raindrop.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------Light Scattering 1. When light shines through the air, it collides with the Beam of light appears bluish-white but from the end it smoke and air particles. appear yellow / orange / red. The more milk particles 2. The particles reflect and scatter light in all direction. inside, the more the light scattered. Example of light scattering: A beam of light shone to a beaker of water with milk particles. The Blue Sky Sunlight scattered in all directions by all air particles. Blue sky scattered more because have shorter wavelength. The Red Sunset Sun get lower so light passing in longer distance. Blue light scattered away allow light with shorter wavelength seen (red, orange, yellow). The sky appear more reddish if got more suspended materials in sky.