LIGHT std VI

 Light is a form of energy.

 Light travels in a straight line in a uniform medium (in vaccume or space).
 Speed of light is 3 lakh KM / second = 3 x 105 km/sec = 3 x 108 m/s = 3
x 1010 cm/sec.
 Unit of light is candle power.
 Unit of brightness is lumen.
1 lumen = 12.56 candle power.
 The brightness of given surface is measured in units of lumen / unit area is
called lux.
 Some material allow to pass light through them
----- They are clled transparent material e.g. glass.
 Some material allow light to pass through them only partially are called
translucent ----- e.g.
Oil paper.
 Some material allow do not allow light to pass through them are called
Opaque ----- e.g.
book, cardboard
 When some thing comes in a way of light, shadow is formed
….. The darker part of the shadow called Umbra
……….. Light part of the shadow called Penumbra

Fig

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sukZw9I92zY

 Solar Eclipse and Lunar Eclipse are the examples of formation of shadow.

Diagram of solar eclipse (not to scale) Total Solar Eclipse and Path of Totality

The diagram to the right shows the alignment of the Sun, Moon and Earth during a solar eclipse. The
dark

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  When Moon is between Sun & Earth shadow of Moon falls on the Earth ---- called Solar
Eclipse.

Fig.

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Geometry of the Sun, Earth and Moon During an Eclipse of the Moon
Earth's two shadows are the penumbra and the umbra.
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 When Earth occupies the position between Sun & Moon , Moon passes in the shadow of
Earth ……… This called Lunar Esclipse


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MIRROR

 When a rays of light fall on the plane Mirror, the regular reflection takes place. This is caleed
“ a laws of reflection”
where angle of incident = Angle of reflection.

Fig

Law of reflection:
' = where is the angle of incidence and ' is the reflected angle from the normal.

law of reflection. The diagram below illustrates the law of reflection.

each ray reflects in accordance with the law of reflection

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 The Law of Reflection is Always Observed
(regardless of the orientation of the surface)

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 Smooth surface gives maximum reflection.

 The plane mirror forms a virtual image of same size of object.the image is formed as far
behind the mirror as the object infront of the mirror.
 If you stand 1 m from mirror, your image will be 1 m. behind the mirror. Ie. Distance
between you & your image is 1 m. + 1 m. = 2 m.
 Similarly right side of the object image will be at left side
 43 (43) will look in mirror as (64) 64
 This phenomenon is called Lateral Inversion.
Thus image form by plane mirror is lateral inverted.
 Image formed by plane mirror can not be taken on screen ie. It is called Vietual Image.
 Sun rays contains 7 colours.
 Image formed by mirror is laterally inverted
 Image formed by plane mirror is the same size as that of object.
 The distance of the image from the mirror is equal the distance of the object from the the
mirror.
 The image formed in the mirror can not be obtained on the screen.
…….. It is called real image.


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 TYPES OF MIRROR std VI
(1) Plane mirror (2) Concave mirror (3)
Convex mirror

 Concave mirror gives magnified image.

………. It is used whike shaving.
…… In headlights of motor car ,
……..relector in ca headlights,
…….. Torchlight projectors,
……… Magnifier,
……….. in solar cooker for converging the sun rays – to produce heat concave
mirror are used.

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 Convex mirror gives diminished image.

……… hence it is used in rear view mirror of a motor car.
………… It gives driver the complete rear view.
……… Image produce by it is Virtual, erect, small & behind the mirror.
 Because of this property it is used in vehicals to get a wide view of the whole
traffic coming from behind.

3600
 No. of Image formed by two plane mirror = n = [ ---------- ] - 1
0

Where 0 = angle between two plane mirror e.g. if angle between two
mirror = 600
360
No. of Image = [ ( ------ ) – 1 = ( 6 – 1 ) = 5 Image can be formed
60

 Hence two parallel Mirror gives infinite images .



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 LENSES std VI
 Lenses are used to get a virtual, magnified and erect images of small objects.
…… so they are called magnifying glasses.
( Images which can be obtained on a screen are called real images where as virtual images
cannot be obtained on the screen)

CONVEX LENSES fig

 Thicker in the middle.

… Convex lense converges and come together at a point. This lense also called converging
lense.
…….. It is used in cinema projector; magnifying glass.

CONCAVE LENSE FIG

 Thinner in the middle.

……… When light passes through concave lense ray aooear to diverge hence it is called
diverging lens.
 The point from where rays appear to diverge is called focal length of the lens.

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 APPLICATION OF LENSES

 The lenses of short focal is normally preferred.

 To correct the defect of long sightness ie. For hypermetric vision we use convex lens to see
near by object.
 Concave lenses are used to correct the defect of short sightness ie. Myopic vision to see
distance object.
 In simple microscope convex lens of small focal length is used.
 In compound microscope an object is short focus convex lens and eyepiece is also of a
convex lens whose position can be adjusted.
 In telescope -- objective lens has large diameter ( large focal length) than eyepiece lens.
 The image formed by a telescope are inverted. To correct this images mirrors are fitted in.

EFFECT OF LIGHTS

 Beautiful colours are produce by the patch of oil petrol on the surface of water is due to
diffraction of light
 Light wavelength visible to human eye is 60000 A
 Just before the time of Sunset, the sun appears elliptical is due to refraction of light.
 In the evening when Sun goes below horizon it remains visible for some time because of
diffraction of light.
 Colour of light is determinded by its frequency.
 Twinkleing of stars in night is due to the refractive index of the Earth’s atmosphere which
fluctuates the light.
 Image form in pinhole camera is inverted because light travels in a straight line & real image
is always inverted.


EFFECT OF REFLECTION OF LIGHT

 Obseve two rainbows at a time in the sky.

 Image of two boats under water.

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 EFFECT OF REFRACTION OF LIGHT

 A straight stick or a spoon immersed in water appears to be bend / break.

 Coin placed at the bottom of the glass will appears to b raised upward when glass is filled
with water.

SCATTERING OF LIGHT

 There are small dust particles in air, when Sun light falls on them, the Sun’srays are spread in
all directions by reflection and surrounding gets lighted ….. This phenomenon is called
Scattering of light.

 Some object produce & emit their own light – e.g. Sun , Stars, electric bulb, burning candle,
firefly - emits their own light & becomes visible. – They also called luminous objects.

 Some object merely reflect the light falling o them

…-- e.g. planets, wooden table. … do not emit light them selves but reflect light falling on
them. ….. these are ca;;ed non-luminous

 Source of ligt may be hot or cold.

………. Electric bulb becomes hot on burning … hot source.

COLD SOURCE

 Tube light remains cold on burning

 Cold source of light -------------- (tubelight)

 Depends upon the way light is produced - they called hot light or cold light.
 Burning candle is a luminious object ---- because it has own light
( it produce & emit their own light)
 Translucent material --- grounded glass, oil paper.
(as light passes through partially)
 When the shadow is formed ?
( when an opaque substance comes in the way of light.)
 Where will be the shadow form at noon ? ----- (Underneath the object in the morning )
………… in the morning ------ to the west side
………….. in the evening --- at East..
 White colour is the mixture of seven colour. This was proved by -Newton
 Why Signal light for “STOP” Red in colour.
…. It bends the least so reaches our eye faster .

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  What should be minimum time lap between images so as to distinguish separately by human
eye?
- 1/10 th of second. ( if second image comes before 1/10 th sec we fill there is a
motion. /
movement --- this principle is usd in movie)

 Red neck tie when seen under blue glass / blue mercury lamp will appear --- black.
(because under blue colour all other colour except blue were absorbed other colour object
found black in colour.) ….. similarly green leaf under Red glass look black
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| 2m | 2m |
I | . ……………………|……………………….| O
| | |
fig

 The dist. Of the object from the mirror is 2 mtrs what will be the dist. Of the image os the
object & object itself. If the object is moved towards the mirror by 1 m.

 The image formed in mirror is virtual because -it can not obtained on screen.

 Prism slits while colour into spectrum of colour due to refraction. fig

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  When rays passes from denser to rare medium it bends in refraction

 In convex lens rays of light meet together at a point.

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[In each case, the law of reflection is followed, resulting in five reflected rays (labeled A,, B,, C,, D,,
and E,).]

The diagram below depicts two beams of light incident upon a rough and a smooth surface.

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What is Light?
Light is simply a name for a range of electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human
eye.

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Reflection
Reflection of light is very predictable. The Law of Reflection describes it simply as "The angle of
incidence is equal to the angle of reflection."

Law of reflection:
' = where is the angle of incidence and ' is the reflected angle from the normal.

When light strikes this smooth surface, all the reflected rays are in line with each other.

Diffused reflection is reflection from a rough surface. The small bumps and irregularities on a rough
surface will cause each of the light rays to reflect in different directions, all following the law of
reflection of course.

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Neon Light
Like florescent lights, neon lights produce their light through electroluminescence-a high voltage
forces current through the gas which excites it and causes it to emit light. However, unlike common
florescent lights, the gases in neon lights produce visible light so there is no need for a phosphor
coating. Although they are commonly referred to as "neon" lights, they may contain other gases
instead, and so they are also called electric discharge lamps, or vapor lamps. A list of common
colors and the gases associated with them is below:

  To obtain Use
red-orange neon
blue mercury
green mercury vapor
gold helium in amber tube
yellow sodium
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the focal length would be one-half the radius of curvature.

radius of curvature (represented by R).

the focal length (represented by f).

The reflected light rays then begin to diverge, with each one being capable of assisting an individual
in viewing the image of the object.

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The diagram below depicts this concept.

Case 1: The object is located beyond C

Case 2: The object is located at C

Case 3: The object is located between C and F

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Case 4: The object is located at F

Case 5: The object is located in front of F

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Nine different object locations are drawn and labeled with a number; the corresponding image
locations are drawn in blue and labeled with the identical number.

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This is a departure from the expected or proper course.

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reflected rays is the image location of the object.

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Convex Mirrors

The diagrams are shown below.

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 = angle of incidence

= angle of refraction

The angles of refraction are shown on the diagram.

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The Moon's shadow cast on the Earth appear

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