« SR.

PHYSICS 1
BABY BULLET-Q «

2. RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

@IMP DEFINITIONS & FORMULAS?
1. Ray optics is the study of light interms of
Reflection & Refraction of light moving in
straight lines.
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2. Reflection is the 'bouncing back' of light
ray when it falls on a surface.
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3. Law of reflection:Ð i = Ð r
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
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4. Refractive index of a medium denotes
(i) the measue of bending of light ray.
7. Refraction is the 'bending of light ray' when
it passes from one medium to another medium.
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8. Critical angle: When a light ray is passing
from denser medium to rarer medium, the
angle of incidence for which the angle of
refraction is 90º is called critical angle iC.
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9. Total Internal Reflection(TIR): In the

Q
(ii) how fast light travels through a medium

-
--------------------------------------------------------- case of light ray passing from denser medium
5. Snell's law of refraction:

T
to rarer medium, if i > iC , total internal
The ratio of sine of angle of distance (sini) in
reflection takes place.

E
the denser medium to the sine of refraction
(sinr) in the rarer medium is a constant called • Mirages are formed due to TIR.
refractive index (n21) of the medium.
Refractive index n 21
sin i
constant
L L
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10. Dispersion: Splitting of composite light into

U
sin r its constituent colours is called dispersion .
n 2 sin i
(or) n sin r (or) n1 sin i = n2 sin r • Dispersion of white light gives VIBGYOR.

B ---------------------------------------------------------
1
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6. Refractive index is the ratio of speed of 11. Red is least deviated. So red is least scattered
the light in a rarer medium to the speed of
the light in the denser medium.
n 2 c1 O1 Y So red signals go larger distances. Hence

B
red is used as danger signal.
Refractive index : n 21 n c2 O 2

A
1

B
BULLET MASTER'S

PHYSI BEATS!
2) RAY OPTICS [1 VSAQ+ 1 SAQ]
RRR Ray Optics Þ Reflection & Refraction
Light J<Ík ray (H÷~¡}O)
H›Æ}ì`Ë Propagate J=ô`Ç°O^Îx `³eÀ„k Ray Optics.
Light J<Ík wave (`Ç~¡OQ®O) H›Æ}ì`Ë Propagate J=ô`Ç°O^Îx `³eÀ„k Wave Optics.
Imp. Applications: Mirrors, Lenses , Prisms, Microscopes
F^ζ~¡OQê HêÁ‹¹~¡¶"£° Õ ƒÕ~ŸÛ̄á JH›Æ~Œ° Clear Qê H›x„²OKÇx "ŒiH÷ Myopia(–ve Power) L#ß@°Á.
Myopia x ‹¬iK͆ǰ_¨xH÷ "Œ_Í QêÁ̋‹¹ Concave lens. [ TIP: a &a]
F ^ÎQ®¾~¡Qê KÇk"Í „¬ô‹¬ëHê Õ JH›Æ~Œ° H›x„²OKÇx "ŒiH÷ Hypermetropia (+ve Power) L#ß@°Á.
Hypermetropia x ‹¬iK͆ǰ_¨xH÷ "Œ_Í QêÁ̋‹¹ Convex lens. [ TIP: e&e ]
IPE View :
F IMP VSAQ: Power of lens, Dispersion, Myopia, Hypermetropia
IMP SAQ: Critical angle & TIR, formation of Mirage, image in simple microscope.
« SR. PHYSICS 2
BABY BULLET-Q «
HUMAN EYE
MIRRORS
12. A concave mirror converges light rays. 26. Human eye has a convex lens to converge
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A convex mirror diverges light rays. light rays on to its retina.
-------------------------------------------------------- The defect of forming the image by the eye
1 1 1 2
 lens in front of the retina is called myopia.
13. Mirror formula:
v u f R It can be corrected by using a concave lens.
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14. Magnification for mirror: m
h’

v --------------------------------------------------
h u
-------------------------------------------------------- The defect of forming the image by the eye
15. Refraction at a spherical surface: lens behind the retina is called hypermetropia.
n 2 n1 n 2  n1
 It can be corrected by using a convex lens.
v u R --------------------------------------------------
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LENSES PRISMS

16. A convex lens converges light rays.

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- Q
27. Refraction through a prism :

T
A concave lens diverges light rays. r1 + r2 = A , d = i + e – A
-------------------------------------------------------- When d = Dm , i = e , r1 = r2

E
1
17. Power (P) of a convex lens: P the refracted ray in the prism will be parallel

L
f
Its SI unit is dioptre (D). to base of the prism.
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L
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1 ª 1 1 º • Refractive index of material of the prism
18. Lens maker's formula: f (n 21  1) « R  R »
¬ 1 2¼
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U § A  Dm ·

B
1 1 1 sin ¨ ¸
19. Thin lens formula:  n 21 © 2 ¹
v u f
-------------------------------------------------------- §A·

Y
sin ¨ ¸
h’ v ©2¹

B
20. Magnification for lens: m
h u --------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------

A
21. Combined focal length (f) of thin lenses in • For a thin prism, Dm = (n21 – 1) A
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B
1 1 1
contact: f f  f OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
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1 2
22. Combined power (P) of lenses in contact 28. Simple microscope – Magnification :
P = P1 + P2
-------------------------------------------------------- D D
23. Sign convention: Distances measured m 1 (near point), m = (infinity)
f f
in the direction of the incident ray are positive
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and the distances measured in the direction
29. Compound microscope:
opposite to that of the incident ray are
negative. Upward heights are positive and Magnification m m o m e
downward heights are negative. --------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------- § v ·§ D ·
m ¨ o ¸¨1  ¸ or m LD
24. As per sign convention, © u o ¹© f e ¹ fo fe
for concave mirror f = –f --------------------------------------------------------
f
for convex mirror f = +f 30. Telescope: Magnification m o
-------------------------------------------------------- fe
25. As per sign convention, -------------------------------------------------
for convex lens f = +f Length of telescope L = f0 + fe
for concave lens f = –f