BANSAL ACADEMY PATIALA

SCO 131, Chhotti Baradari, Sandhu Complex Patiala, Contact No. 090568 - 20014

Optics
Geometrical Optics:- Fermat’s Principle between two points.

It state that eight travel along the straight path that required least time as compared
to nearby path.

One can drive from:-

1. the law of Reflection

2. The law of Refraction

Law of Reflection:- Smooth, Rough

Specular Diffused
Or
Regular

normal
L
dl/dx=0
Incident

Reflected Ray
Ray

Angle of reflection
Angle of incident

1. Qi  Qr
2. Qi , Qr and normal all lie in same plane.
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Law of Refraction :-The ray that enters the second medium is bend at the
boundary and is said to be refracted.

Air Qi speed fast Qi

Glass

Qr Air Qr

Glass speed slow

Snell’s law:-

Qi  Q1

Qr  Q2

sin  2 V2 speed in medium 2

 
sin 1 V1 speed in medium 1
Index of refraction:-

Speed of light in any medium or material is less than its speed in vacuum.

Light travel at its max speed in vacuum.

u,n= speed of light in vacuum

speed of light in any medium
V is always less than c.
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n>1 n=c/u

n=1 (in vacuum)

frequency remains same

V1  fx1

V2  fx2

1 V1 sin  2 V2 2
   
2 V2 sin 1 V1 1

1 V1 c / n1 n2 sin 1
   
2 V2 c / n2 n1 sin  2
n2 sin 2  n1 sin 1
Question:- A beam of light travelling in our incident on a transparent glass slab,
incident ray make 60 with normal and refracted ray makes 30 . Find the index of
refraction of material.

60

n1 sin 1  n2 sin  2
sin 60  n2 sin 30
3 1
 n2  
2 2
3  n2
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3 1
(a) (b) (c)1/2 (d)0
3
Matrix method in Paraxial optics

+ve

-ve

-ve
Pole
Principle axis

Center quartered
origin

In paraxial approximation we confine ourselves 2 paraxial rays only i.e. the rays
which pass through the axis of system and these rays remain confine  to single
plane or we can say light ray make very small angle with the principle axis.

3
sin    1
tan   3       
3! 3
tan 
sin 

X1
Y2

Y1
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1 1 1 Position of change
focal  
f u v
length
Position of
object

Lens Maker formula-

1  1 1 
 (u  1)   
f  R1 R2 
Total internal reflection:- It occurs when light travels from a medium of high refractive
index toward a lower refractive index, the critical angle QC for which total internal
n2
reflection occurs at an interface is given by sin QC  2n1  n2
n1

Rarer n2 (lower
refractive index)

Denser n1 (high
refractive index)
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n2
sin  i  (n1  n 2 )
n1
n1sin 1  n2 sin  2
1   c
 2  90
n1 sin  c  n2 sin 90
n2
sin  c 
n1
Question:- What is the critical angle for air-water boundary given refractive index of
water is 1.33.

(a) 30 (b) 60 (c) 90 (d) 48.8

1
sin Qc   0.752
1.33
QC  sin 1 0.752
 48.8
Nodal point and Nodal Planes:- The term Nodal point defines the optical counter
of a lens where incoming light is passes through the optical axis.

first front
entering ray
 N2 deparling

N1 
For thick lens

h2
Magnification=
h1
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
Angular magnification= 1

Nodal plane:- the plane passes through nodal point and  r to nodal point.
Aberration:- actually the image by a optical system is usually imperfect, the defects
of images are called aberration.

1. Chromatic Aberration:- The image of a white object formed by a lens is usually

colored and blurred. This defect of image called chromatic aberration .

2.Spherical Aberration

Ip
Im

When a point object is placed on a principle axis of lens,, the pparaxial rays (rays
passing through, near the center of lens) comes to focus I P. Marginal rays passing
through near the edges and it comes to focus Im the intermediate rays are focus
between Ip and Im. therefore a point image of a point object does not obtained.

Interference:

Coherent sources:- Two light sources are said to be coherent when there is no
phase different or constant phase different and the two sources to be coherent if they
have same frequency.

Interference of light:- the phenomenon which take place when two or more waves
superimpose each other resulting in redistribution of light energy .
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Constructive interference (Maxima):- when waves meet in phase.

Distractive interference(minima):- when waves meet in opposite phase.

Condition for constructive and destructive interference:-

y 1  a sin t
y2  'b'sin( t   )
y  y1  y 2
R 2  a 2  b 2  2ab cos 
Resultant wave amplitude :-
R  a 2  b 2  2ab cos 
I  R2
For constructive cos   1
  0, 2r , 4r       
  2nr (n  0,1, 2      )
i.e. for constructive interference even the phase difference between 2 waves are
integral multiple of r.


path difference = . phase difference
2r

= .2 nr  n  integral multiple of 
2r
Maximum Amplitude

Rmax  a 2  b 2  2ab
Rmax  (a  b)
I  (a  b) 2
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cos   1
For destructive interference
  r ,3r ,5r       
  (2 n  1) r n  0,1, 2,.......}
Phase diff.= odd integral multiple of r.

h
(2 r  1) r
Path diff= 2r
 
 (2 n  1) odd int egral multiple of
2 2

Rmin  a 2  b 2  2ab
 (a  b)
I  (a  b) 2
Rmin  0 (a  b) (completely dark)
R max  a  a  2a
I  4a 2
Young double slit experiment

ID P x

S1 O

S2

D
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Path diff.= S P  S P
2 1

Path diff.=xd/D

For bright fringe

xd
 n
D
nD
x
d
n0 x0  0 (central fringl)
D
n 1 x1  (location of first bright fringe
d
2 D
n2 x2 
d
Separation between two consecutive fringes:-

  xn  xn 1 (for bright)
D

d
for Dark
(2 n  1)  n  1
(2 n  1)  n  0
x nd 
 (2 n  1)
D 2
D
xn  (2 n  1) (n  0,1, 2    )
2 d
D

d
Fringe width independent of position of fringes.
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Question.2:-2 slits 0.125 mm apart are illuminated by a light of wavelength

  4500 A . The screen 1 m apart from the slit. Find the separation between the 2 nd
bright fringe on both the side of central max.

d  0.125mm D  1m
d  0.125  103

  4500 A  4500  1010 m

D 2 D 2  4500  1010  1
  x2 
d d 0.125  103
 2  4500  1010  33
125
 72  104  7.2  103 m
Newton’s Ring:-

Microscope (4 convex lens)

45

Glass plate
5’s Monochromatic
Inclined at 45 source
Thickness

Plano convex lens Air film thickness zero=dark

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Newton’s ring circular pattern observed and alternate dark and bright.

Bright dark


Path difference= 2ut 
2

for bright  2ut   n
2
 
Dark  2ut   (2 n  1) , n  1, 2.......
2 2
Ray reflected through denser to rarer medium phase difference=r


path difference 
2
Question:- when a light wave is reflected at the surface of optically denser medium
then change in phase difference.

(a)
r (b)
r (c)r (d)2r
4 2
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
 phase diff .
Path difference:- 2r


2
Interference in thin film (transmit partially reflect partially refract).

s i P

r Q

B c

r
u t

In colors in the case of thin film such as soap bubbles and oil spread on water
surface etc. can be explained on the basis of interference in thin film or interference
of light beam from soap and bottom of the film

Path difference=u(AB+BC)-AN


Path difference= 2ut cos r 
2
r  0
For normal incidence
cos r  1

 2ut 
2
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Applications:- Non-Reflecting and antiglare glass, camera lens.


For bright=
2ut  cos    n
2
 
Dark  2ut cos    (2 n  1)
2 2
The phenomenon of interference are of two types.

1. Division of wave front

2. Division of Amplitude

1.

1.Young’s Double slit

2. Fresnel Biprism

3. Lasers

Phase diff. zero or constant

Some wavelength
Here coherent sources are obtained by dividing the input wave front originating from
same source or common source.
2. in this method , the amplitude of the input beam is divided into 2 or more part either
by partial reflection or refraction.
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The effects resulting from the superposition of 2 beams are referred as two beam
interference and those resulting from more than 2 beam are referred as multiple
beam interference.

Fabry-Perot interferometer (multiple beam interference):-

Principle:- This is based on division of Amplitude

A B
Multiple Reflection
Collimating Lens
Air Film
More reflection occur

A ray of eight entering the air film between the plates under go multiple reflection
between the silvered surface and emerges from plate B cos parallel beams and they
make to interfere by converging then at F.

Michelson-Interferometer:-

It is an optical instrument based on interference from amplitude division

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M1

Equally reflected/transmitted

½ silvered beam mirror splitter

S
M2
C1

C2
Compensating
Glass plate

Telescope

In this, a light from extended source first split into 2 beam by ½ silvered beam splitter
at 45 to the ray, the 2 resulting rays (waves) travel parallel to each other and reflect
from mirror M 1 and M 2 and these reflected waves recombine and resulting in
interference which can be viewed on screen.

 M1  M 2 circular fringes

 when M1 & M 2 are not localized fringes

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 M1  M 2 when white light source used then central dark and few colored fringes
observed

Fringes of equal inclination Haidinger fringes

Compensating plate:- To make the path transversed inside glass plate by both rays
equal

Sodium lamp used as a source:- white light

Chromatic aberration

To remove this

Achromatic Lens used

Anti reflecting Coating:-An anti reflective coating is a type of optical coating is apllied
to surface of lens or other optical elements to reduce reflection. Efficiency increase
due to less loss. Many coating consist of transparent thin films e.g. Antiglare coating,
camera lens, correctors lens.

Wave front:- the wave front of time varying wave Is a set of all points having same
phase.

Huygens’s Principle:- Every point on wave front itself a source of secondary wavelet.

Secondary wavelet

Wave front
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Geometrical shadow --- same size of object but actually shadow is blur and big in
size

Diffraction:- The phenomenon of bending and spreading of light wave into the
geometrical shadow and around the corner of an obstacle or aperture in its path is
called diffraction.

Light will show diffraction and so deviated from its retile near path if its encounter an
aperture of size comparable to the wavelength of light ( 107 ) m
Two types of diffraction phenomenon:

1. Fresnel Diffraction

2. Fraunhofer diffraction

Source of light and the screen are at finite distance.

Finite distance diffraction element-obstacle.

In Fresnel Diffraction:- the source and screen are at finite distance from the diffracting
element. No lens are req.

screen

Apertures

In Fraunhofer Diffraction :- the source and screen areTo effectively are at infinite
distance from the diffraction element distinct
screen

From
distant
source
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Convex lens are used to parallel the light wave rays and secondary it is used to
converge the rays so diffraction patteren is observed.

Fresnel assumption:- In order to explain observed diffraction patterns:-

1. reach element of wave front continuously sends a secondary waves. A wave front
can be divided into a large no. of zone or element called Fresnel’s zone.

2.The resultant amplitude at any point is determined by the combined effect of all the
secondary wave reaching their from various zones.

The effect along any direction is proportional to (1  cos  ) obliquity factor

 0 (max effect)
  180 (min effect)

3
Half period zone:-
M1 b
M2
2
M3
M4
2
M5
b
2


b
Pole of wave 2

The wave front is divided into number of concentric half period zones also called
Fresnel zone.

Reach zone differ by phase difference

2r 
 r
 2

Path difference = 
2
Radius of first half period zone :-
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r1  oM 1  OM 12  OP 2
2

 (b  )  b 2
2
b
 2  b
2
r2  2b r depends upon b,  and square root of natural No.
n  1, 2,3.......
Area of 1st half   r12   b
area of 2nd half   r2 2   r12   (2 b   b  )   b 

Area:- independent of the order of the zone.

Zone plate:- zone plate is a specially constructed optical device which blocks the light
from every alternate zone.

Transparent

Negative zone plate

Positive zone plate

A= m1  m2  m3  m4  m5

Resulting intensity

Positive zone plate= m1  m3  m5

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Negative zone plate= ( m2  m4  m6 )

For bright image we use zone plate

Question:- how many lens are used in Fresnel diffraction :-

(a) 2 convex (b)1convex (c)2 concave (d)no lens

Q.2In Fresnel diffraction, relative phase difference between half period zone = 
Q.3 Radius of Half period zone is proportional to:-

(a) wavelength of light

(b)square root of frequency of light

(c)square root of wavelength of light

(d)frequency of light

Q.4 the zone plate behave like

(a) concave diverse lens:-with multiple focus

(b)convex lens with multiple focus

Converge:-image bright.