CIVE322 BASIC HYDROLOGY

Hydrologic Budget Equations dS I O = dt

S2 S1

Hydrologic Science and Engineering Civil and Environmental Engineering Department Fort Collins, CO 80523-1372 (970) 491-7621

Measures of water vapor content Absolute Humidity

dS = I dt O dt
t1 t1

t2

t2

v =

e RvT

Ss = P + R1 R2 + Rg I Es Ts Sg = I + G1 G2 Rg Eg Tg S = P + R1 R2 + G1 G2 (Es + Eg ) (Ts + Tg ) S = P R G E T R = R2 R1 G = G2 G1 E = Es + Eg T = Ts + Tg
Precipitation - Atmospheric Moisture Ideal Gas Law

Mixing ratio m e e w= v = v = md d pe p Specific humidity mv e qh = = v = md + mv m p 0.378e Relative humidity

r.h. =
Precipitable water

e es (T )
p(Z )

pd = d Rd T e = v RvT p = pd + e

Total pressure

1 W = v (z)dz = qh ( p)dp g p(z= 0) 0

Precipitation Data Analysis Arithmetic Average method

Hydrostatic equation - Pressure distribution dp = g; p(z) = g(z)dz dz z Temperature distribution T (z) = T (zo ) amb (z zo ) Density of moist air p e m = (1 0.378 ) Rd T p Saturation vapor pressure L 1 1 es (T ) = 611exp[ ( )] Rv T 273.15 R = d = 0.622 Rv

MAP = i Pi ;
i =1

i =

1 n Ai A

Thiessen Polygons method

MAP = i Pi ;
i =1

i =

Isohyetal method

MAP = i Pi
i =1

i =

Ai,i +1 ; A

Pi =

Pi + Pi +1 2

Jorge A Ramrez

IDW Interpolation method

Px = i Pi
i =1

cp p

i =
Risk Analysis

1/ d
n j =1

2 ix 2 jx

1 / d

Energy Advected by Evaporated Water c pw (Te Tb )Qe Qw = L Net available energy Qn = Qs Qr + Qa Qar Qbs + Qv Qo Evaporation Rate Qn Qe = c (T Tb ) 1 + B + pw e L Mass Transfer Method E = f (u)(eo ea ) Meyer Equation
E = C(1 + W )(eo ea ) 10
E= Qe w L

Probability of exceedance in 1 year: p Risk of failure in 1 year: 1 R1 = p = T Risk of failure in n years: Rn = 1 (1 p)n

Interception and Depression Storage Interception Li = S(1 e P /S ) + KEt Depression storage V = Sd (1 e Pe /Sd ) Rate of depression storage v = e Pe /Sd (i f ) Surface runoff rate =i f v = 1 ekPe = 1 ePe /Sd i f

Empirical Penman Equation E = 0.26(1 + 0.54u)(eo ea ) Combination Method Penman Equation Qn E=( ) +( )EA + L + de (T ) es (To ) es (Ta ) = s dT To Ta Equilibrium evaporation Qn Ee = ( ) + L

Evaporation Energy Budget Qo = Qs Qr + Qa Qar Qbs + Qv Qw Qe Qh Bowen Ratio

Constants

B=
B=

Qh Qe

c p p To Ta T Ta ( )=( o ) L eo ea eo ea eo = es (To )

J kg K J Rv = 461.5 kg K J c p = 1004 kg K J c pw = 4186 kg K J J L = 2500000 = 2.5E06 kg kg Rd = 287

Jorge A Ramrez