Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Std11 Hist TM
Std11 Hist TM
jehL
muR
Kjg - 2007
FGjiyt
nkiy Kjyh ML
Kidt r.Untfl
iz nguha, tuyhW Jiw
girag f,
brid-600 030.
nkyhths
Kidt
jehL muR
ytr ghl tHF
l btlglJ
(gidF mW)
lhik xU ghtbra
lhik xU bgUFw
lhik kjjikaw bra
f.#ah
yhaf
Uk kh.KJkh
KJfiy gljh Mia (tuyhW)
bgUjiyt fhkuh#
mud kf nkiy g,
mg,
brid - 600 053.
.#g mAk
iy %.
jehL
ghl fHf
Kfiu
KDiu
K.ehfehj
jiyt
ghl nkghL FG
jehL muR
iii
Kidt
r.Untfl
ghlFG jiyt
tuyhW.
nkiy Kjyh ML.
iv
nkiy-Kjyh ML - tuyhW
ghll
ghlntis
myF 1
1. a tuyh jhf ntWik xWik
myF 2
4. .K. Mwh who ah iyik kfj nguuR
5. rkz, rka vG - kfhu - rkz
bfhiff - fgu ntjhgu f gut - bjhLf
6. j rka vG - j bfhiff,
dahd, kfhahd f - j rka gut bjhLf - U rkaf xWik ntWikf
10
myF 4
9. bksafSF ah - Rff rhjthdf - Fhdf - fZf fhjhufiy
10
myF 5
11. Fjfhy ah - MKiw - r_f,
bghUshjhu, gghL iyikf - A&z
gilbaL Fjf
12. A tjd - rhWf - r_f, rka, gghL
thif
10
5
myF 6
13. bja muRf
15
myF 3
7. bksafSF K ah - ejf ghuf gilbaL - mbyrhl
gilbaL isfS
3. uhoulTlf - fiybjhL
5
vi
myF 7
bghUslf
10
ghl
v.
20
1.
ed a tuyhW
2.
10
10
myF 9
20. Kfyha nguuR - Kfyha, N ku
muR Masfis ga RUf
15
21. Kfyha MKiw - nguuR - ika thf mYtyf - khy thf - mYtyf gf
22. Kfyhafhy r_f, bghUshjhu,
rka, gghL iyikf - Kfyha
10
10
10
vii
12
3.
30
4.
rkz, j rkaf
40
5.
kfj vG,
mbyrhj gilbaL
51
6.
bksa nguuR
63
7.
80
8.
rf fhy
91
9.
Fj nguuR
103
10.
121
11.
bja muRf - I
gytf
131
bja muRf - II
rhSaf, uhZouTlf
142
13.
nguuR nrhHf
152
14.
166
15.
Kija ilfhy ah
175
16.
bl Rjha
185
12.
myF 10
23. kuha vG - th - MKiw ngZthf
ah a TWfS
tuyh mt jhfK
tuyhWF Kija fhy
ah Augh gghL
myF 8
18. ilfhy ah g af uhkhD# - f - tyghrhah irja - FUehd - uhgh - N af
gf
v.
viii
17.
bl Rjha ah
205
18.
ilfhy ah g af
216
19.
#aef, gh muRf
226
20.
Kfyha nguuR
238
21.
Kfyha ah
258
22.
kuhoaf
269
23.
Inuha tUif
279
ix
ghl - 1
ah a TWfS
tuyh mt jhfK
fw nehff
ah a TWf
2.
3.
4.
5.
khya kiyf
fif, J, ukuh Ma _W Ka ef gh
gFna njh-fif rkbt vW miHfgLwJ. MWf
moJ tugL fr k fguj j ygu gotjh
ts f is yf Fsd.
ka kiyfSF mgh J e cgahwJ. #&y,
dh, uh, rby{, ah Mad j Ka is efshF.
J eah f gabgWtJ grh rkbtahF. grh vw
brhYF IJ ef gh gF vW bghU. J
gsjh w J khfhz mikJsJ. J
gsjhF f tskhd yfis bfhLsJ.
ah HF gF fif
rkbt
ukuh
rkbt
xizwd. ka kiyfSF mgh cgahF
ukuh e bg tahf ghJ ah tlHF
rkbtia milwJ. rk bt bks CJ brY e
gu f tilUgnjhL, gy fis bfhLsJ.
efuikaf cUthtjF njh - fif rkbt
bgUgfhsJ. Fghf, efiufY, U ef xW
nrUlY jifa efuikaf njh tsjd. J
rkbt Augh gghL brnjhaJ. fif rkbt
nkF gF ntjfhy gghL wJ saJ. gdhu,
myfhgh, Muh, bl, ghlu nghwit fir
rkbt njh tsj Ka efufshF. fif el
nrh MW fyF l ghlu efu mikUjJ.
gil fhy, bksaf, Rff, Fjf nghw
nguuRf jiyefuhf ghlu saJ.
fw milf
j ghlUJ khzt vLJiuf Kojit
1.
ah a TWf.
2.
khya kiyf ga tu kW ma
gilbaLghsU, tfU, FonafS tlnkF
fzthfis tjlfshf gagLaJ.
3.
4.
5.
kh dhf
I.
1.
2.
m. jfhz l
M.fhunfhu kiybjhl
. th gsjhF
<. MutFWf
M. gfg
. njhM
<. c
V.
1.
2.
3.
4.
ah xU
rKjhakhF.
VI.
gKf
gghil
bgWsF
II.
1.
khya kiyf
1.
2.
jfhz l
2.
3.
bja gfg ef
III.
bghUJf.
4.
gKfgghL rKjha
1.
vbtbu fu
m. Mut FWf
VII.
2.
k m
M. fhunfhu
1.
3.
bjhlbglh
. khya kiyf
fh Mo
2.
4.
VIII.
IV.
m.
1.
M.
2.
ah
aKid e jg el fywJ.
<.
10
11
ghl - 2
tuyhWF Kgl
fhy ah
2.
3.
4.
5.
Augh ehff m.
%gh
J
fhgf
bkhfnrhjhnuh
nyhj
Rghfh
mu fl
tfhs Flh
kh
uk
md
gyhtu
Mr e
a bgUfl
13
tlnkF ah nrh
gsjhF kW bghth
l
M.
tlah th FWf
ka unjr ngfh.
<.
c.
Mu unjr f
C.
xU y lf EffUf kW nknyhLfSl
nrJ rt mlf bragljfhd rhWfS ilJsd.
a ffhy
Augh gghL
uh
Augh
fhgf
bkhfnrhjhnuh
rhFjhnuh
nyhj
mu fl
%gh
Augh ehff
18
19
njhwK ts
M Ml r#h kh bkhfrhjhnuh
fhyij .K.3250 - .K.2750 vd klh. d, gntW
a lf mfthf nkbfhsgld. vdnt, a
jftf mogil Augh ggho fhyK mtnghJ
mPfsh ajhf klglJ. nuonah fhg Kiw
fhyij fzbfLF Kiw mKfgLjglJ. jdh
XusF Jakhd fhyf braglJ. 1956 M ML
~ngr vgt Augh ggho fhyij .K.2000 .K.1500 vW klh. 1964 M ML o.. mfth j
ggho fhyij .K.2300 .K. 1750 vd Ko brjh.
UD, tUfhy j fhytiuaiu khWtjF
thL.
3.
1931
21
22
Augh
kf
r_f
thifia mJ bfhs ngha
rhWf ilJsd. M,
bg UghyU Hhil, nkyhil
vw uLj Milfis
mjd.UghyU kfshyhd
Mguzfis mJbfhld.
23
Augh kf gagLa
Mguzf
fw milf
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
wnjhiu ijj
26
27
kh dhf
V.
I.
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
2.
m. giHa ffhy
M. a ffhy
. Ufhy
<. il ffhy
M. nyhj
VI.
. gdth
<. %gh
1.
br ffhy
II.
2.
bgUff (bkfh)
1.
3.
bgU Fa Fs
2.
4.
III.
bghUJf.
VII.
1.
nfho
1.
2.
njhyuh
M. uh#jh
2.
3.
fhgf
. J
3.
4.
gdth
<. F#uh
4.
IV.
VIII.
m.
1.
M.
2.
<.
m. Aahdh
28
29
ghl - 3
ntj fhy gghL
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJbfhtJ
1.
Maf f
2.
ntj yafS mt w
3.
4.
30
Maf f
rka
mua iy
2.
3.
4.
5.
rka
37
kh dhf
V.
I.
1.
ntjf gHikahdJ
2.
3.
4.
VI.
m. njf
M. fh
1.
ntj fhy ya
. FU
<. ghrhy
2.
Maf f
2.
m.
M. a#&
. rhk
<. mjt
II.
3.
ntjfhy kf iy.
1.
uhkhaz Ma ........
4.
ntjfhy rka
2.
Ma f Mo gF vW Tat ..........
VII.
III.
bghUJf.
1.
1.
Zf
2.
2.
VIII.
3.
mgyh
. bg fl
1.
4.
UZzyh
<. bg yt
2.
IV.
m.
M.
<.
38
39
ghl - 4
rkz, j rkaf
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJbfhtJ
1.
2.
3.
j thif kW nghjidf.
4.
j rka guj.
5.
40
41
ey eif
ey m
ey elij
kfhu
cfSF F isfhik.
bgh ciufhik
fs brahik
brhJfis bfhtij Lj
43
j rka
bfsjk j thif (.K. 567 - .K. 427)
45
j rka guj
jUF uL tif lf cL - Ff vw j
rka Jwf, cghff vw rhjhuz j rkaij jGa
kf. juJ nghjidfis gutjF, j rka Jwfis
bfhl rf mikfglJ. M, bg, rh ntWghLf
midtU rf cWduhf nrfgld. bgJw
fSF mtfsJ Ul kW uahz Fj fLghLf
fgoUjd. rl, bkhfyz, Mdj Mnah
ff j rka Jwfsht. #dehaf Kiwgo rf
tfglJ. cWdfilna xGfij bragLJ
mfhu rfl UjJ. rf nkbfhl mauhj
Kaf gydhf juJ thehnyna jrka fUJf
tl ah ntfkhf guaJ. kfj, nfhry, nfhrh kW
gy tla FoauRf jrkaij VWbfhld. j
kiwJ VwjhH UW MLfSF wF bksa nguur
mnrhf jrkaij jGdh. mnrhf mDa J FGf
_ykhf, nkF Mah, yif Ma gFfSF j rka
guaJ. a rka thf njha j rka thW cyf
rkakhf khaJ.
jrka khehLf
a gghL
gahsJ.
tsF
jrka
mU
46
47
kh dhf
I.
1.
tjkhd kfhu wj l
fw milf
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ.
2.
m. fytJ
M. ghlu
. Fluhk
<. FRku
1.
m. tlbkh
M. uhUj
2.
. gh
<.
II.
3.
1.
4.
2.
5.
ah jrka kiwjJ - kW a
gghL tsF jrka Ma gf.
3.
III.
bghUJf.
1.
Kj j khehL
m. itrh
2.
ulh j khehL
M. fhZ
3.
_wh j khehL
. uh#UA
4.
ehfh j khehL
<. ghlu
IV.
m.
M.
<.
48
49
ghl - 5
V.
1.
2.
3.
4.
VI.
1. Aafh,
1.
udf
2.
2.
3.
3.
lf
4.
4.
5.
VII.
1.
2.
VIII.
1.
2.
3.
kfj vG,
mbyrhj gilbaL
fw nehff
j ghlij gogjh khzt mJbfhtJ
Rehf, ej trf kfj vG.
50
51
kfj
52
53
54
55
ejf
57
58
vJ
mbyrhj gilbaLf
ah ghnyh
fl
y
a
ik
nuf
khnlhah
fU
fl
bkr
gnl
mn
ha
ah
ouhahdh
ghoah
Zfyht
ah
khfl
iAlhg ngh
kh dhf
I.
1.
kfj jiyefu
m. uh#UA
M. c{#
. nfhry
2
<. nfhrh
ejtrF K M jtf
m. bksaf
M. Rehff
. Aahff
<. Fjf
II.
1.
fw milf
2.
3.
4.
III.
bghUJf.
1.
2.
1.
cjaz
m. nfhry
3.
2.
unahj
M. mt
3.
unrd
. kfj
4.
ahJ
fhuzf.
4.
rhu
<. tr
5.
IV.
6.
m.
M.
mbyrhj
60
gilbaLgjfhd
61
ghl - 6
<.
V.
1.
2.
3.
VI.
1.
1.
2.
2.
iAlhg ngh
3.
3.
iru
4.
4.
5.
VII.
6.
1.
2.
VIII.
1.
2.
ah mbyrhj gilbaLgig t.
bksa nguuR
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.
63
64
bjha rhWf
mnrhfuJ Mizf
M ML n# br vgtuh KjKj
mnrhfuJ fbtLf gojagld. ghbkhY, xUy
lf uhUj bkhYk mit vGjgLsd. u t
tot mit mikJsd. tlnkF ahYs
mnrhfuJ fbtLf fnuhZ ttot bghf
gLsd. bkhj gdhF bga ghiw fbtLf csd.
mtuh ajhf ifgwgl gF uL ff
fbtLf ilJsd. Ka efuf bga
fbtLf WtgLsd. it ju, a ghiw kW
fbtLfS fhzgLwd. mnrhfuJ Mizfshd
itaidJ mnrhf jk g, jdJ mfhfSF
mnrhf wj Mizf g TWwd. g_wh
ghiw fbtL mnrhfuJ ff nghiug FLwJ.
jdJ nguu jkij gutjfhf mnrhf nkbfhl
Kafis VHhtJ fbtL twJ. vdnt, mnrhfuJ
fbtLf mnrhfiu g, bksa nguuR FJ mJ
bfhs Ka rhWfshf gagLwd.
1837
68
69
1.
2.
3.
4.
murhf
5.
6.
7.
ah gahW a M g mfhfnshL
xlyh. mkhafis nj br Kiw FJ bfsoa
tukhf Tsh. jk nfhghLfis gutjfhf mnrhf
jkkfhkhufis ajh. bksa M eF
uikfgl MJiw braglJ.
tUth thf
73
74
fw milf
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlit.
1. bksa tuyhWfhd ya, fbtL rhWf
2. ruFj bksa MF tUjY, mtuJ
rhjidfS.
3. Jrhu ngh btf.
4. Mizfis btL, jk kfhkhuf vw
w mYtyfis aJ mnrhf jkJ jk
nfhghLfis guaJ.
5. f, Fiff, f vw bksa fhy fiy,
folfiy.
6. bksa nguu fhd fhuzf.
76
77
kh dhf
I.
1.
2.
<.
m. ff fbtL
M. 13 M ghiw fbtL
V.
. rhueh
<. mj rhu
1.
2.
M. tlbkh
3.
. fnuhZ
<. u
4.
II.
VI.
1.
1.
bfsoa mj rhu.
2.
2.
ff ngh
3.
3.
bkfj
4.
4.
Jrhu
III.
bghUJf.
VII.
1.
jk kfhkhuf
m. uhk thf
1.
2.
nfhg
M. tUth thf
2.
3.
eff
. jkij guj
4.
rAj
3.
IV.
4.
VII.
1.
2.
m.
M.
78
79
ghl - 7
bksaUF ija fhy ah
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.
1.
Rf M KaJt.
2.
3.
rhffS ghoafS
4.
fZf rhjidf
5.
fhjhufiy mj w TWfS
bksaf FwF,
jfhz rhjthfdf Rju
muir Wdhf. Rkh 450
MLf mtfsJ M ojJ.
Muf vW mtf miHf
gld. uhzfS fbtLfS
81
rhjthfdf
ehzaf
83
86
fhjhu fiy
kh dhf
kJuh fiygh
I.
1.
2.
m. bksaf
M. Fhdf
. ftf
<. rhjthfdf
M. bfsj u rjf
. fZf
<. dhj
II.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
III.
bghUJf.
1.
rhfhyh
m. Kjyh Mr
2.
Uh
M. Zau Rf
3.
ghlu
. dhj
4.
jry
<. fZf
IV.
m.
M.
ghl - 8
<.
V.
1.
2.
fw nehff
3.
rf fhy
1.
2.
VI.
3.
1.
bfsju rjf
4.
2.
dhj
5.
3.
mRtnfh
4.
kJuh fiygh
VII.
1.
2.
3.
VIII.
1.
2.
4.
rf yaf kW rf fhyfhd w
rhWf.
rf fhy mua tuyhW
rf fhy mua, r_f
rf fhy rka iy
rf fhy bghUshjhu thif.
91
rf ya fhytiuaiw g mPfSilna
D fUbjhWik Vgliy. yif mur ulh
fathF, nru mur brFLt UtU rkfhyjt vw
br rf fhyij zgjF mogilahf fwJ.
bria ygfhu, gtr, kfhtr Ma f
92
94
FWy kdf
95
rf fhy r_f
rka
F, kiy kiyrhj gF
kUj, ntsh yf
bej, flfiu gF
ghiy - twl
j yf thj kf jj flsfis
bjhfis bgUjd.
1.
F - Kjik fl KUf
-
2.
3.
kUj - Kjikfl - u
bjh - ntshik
4.
5.
ehF tif rhf - mur, mjz, tf, ntshs FJ bjhfha TWwJ. MS tfd mur
vwiHfgld. rf fhy mua kW rka thif
mjz Ka gF tjd. tff tf bjh
<Lgld. ntshsf g bjh brjd. gHFo
djtfshd gujt, ghz, vd, flg, kwt, iya
nghnwhU rf fhy rKjha mf tjd. gilfhy
bjhgHFofshd njhlf, Usf, ehff, ntlf
nghnwhU fhy thjd.
96
rf fhy kf iy FJ mJ bfhs rf
yaf Vuhskhd jftf csd. mitah,
ebrisah, fhifghoah nghw bg ytf
fhy thJ j yaF wghd gfig
tHsd. kf u FJ gntW ghlf
FlgLsd. f bgf jiyaha Gakhf
nghwglJ. fhj Ukz rhjhuzkhf tHfUjJ.
bgf jf thif Jizia bj br cikia
bgUjd. UD, ifbgf iy f gjhgkhf
UjJ. rKjha nkkl r vw clfilnaW
tHf gwglJ. murfS, caFodU ehoa kfiu
MjJ nghd.
Efiyf
99
kh dhf
fw milf
j ghlUJ khzt mJbfhlJ.
1.
rf ya cl rf fhyij g ma
cj rhWf.
2.
3.
4.
5.
100
I.
1.
2.
m. ghoa beLbra
M. nru brFLt
. snfh mof
<. KlUkhw
M. nrhHf
. fsuf
<. gytf
II.
1.
2.
3.
III.
bghUJf.
1.
bjdt
m. nruf
2.
thdt
M. nrhHf
3.
br
. gHFof
4.
vd
<. ghoaf
IV.
m.
M.
101
<.
V.
1.
2.
3.
4.
rf fhya ehnlho
miHfgld.
ghlff
Us
vW
ghl - 9
Fj nguuR
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJbfhtJ.
1.
Fjf ga rhWf
2.
rKuFj rhjidf
VI.
3.
1.
gJghL
4.
2.
vLbjhif
5.
3.
filbaG tsf
6.
4.
rf fhya bg ytf
5.
Krf
VII.
1.
2.
ffhyidg xU kL jUf.
3.
VIII.
1.
2.
3.
102
fbtL bghfgLsJ.
ehf ttot tlbkh J
vGjgLsJ. Anrd bjhFj
fbto
33
tf
fhzgLwd. rKuFj
maiznaa Niy, tl ah
kW jfhz mt nkbfhl
myfhgh f
gilbaLf, rkfhy Mahs
fbtL
fSl mt bfhoUj cwf,
xU fPuhf mPuhf mtuJ rhjidf nghwtiw
fbtL twJ.
Fj murf btl ehzaf cs cUtfS
brhbwhlfS Fj kdf glf, mtf brj
ntf nghw tufis jUwd.
Kjyh ruFj (.. 320 - 330)
2.
bja MahsfSF
jzghjh gilbaL.
3.
vuhd
ff
rKuFj
jf ehzaf
107
110
111
r_f thif
fiy gghL
112
113
mfgLld. vD, vs
nfhf, gf, Fif Xaf Fj
fhy fiy bghF rhWfshf
sFwd.
#hF mUYs nahfh
nfh, myfhghJF mUYs
fhth Mya gf Fj fiyF
wj vLJ fhLfshF. fhjhu
fiy jhfij t fhzKoa
nahfh Miya
iy. Mdh, kJuhYs F
toYs mHa j iy J nuf rhaiy fhzyh.
rhueh mfth fblLfgl j iy Fj fiyF
wj vLJfhL. fjFj lh xiw f
kfjhdJ.
Fj fhy cnyhfa eF ts bgUjJ.
cnyhf iyfis fis
thg cnyhf fiyPf wik
ftfshf fjd. jnghJ g
Ah mUfhafYs, Rjh
f vw l Kj fblLf
gl brghyhd j iy VHiu mo
cauK, Rkh xU l vil bfhl
jhF. Fj fhyij nrj bl
U
bt, k iH nghw aif
gh Fif Xa
khwfSF gy whLfshf
<LbfhLJ Wtiu JUofhk UgJ Fjfhy
cnyhf fiyF jf rhwhF.
Fjfhy Xafis FthaUF mUYs gh
Fiff fhzyh. m#jh Rtnuhaf #hjf fijf
TwgLsthW j thifia jwd.
yifYs ah Xaf m#jh Xaf jhfij
ugwd.
114
fw milf
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ.
1.
2.
rKuFj
rhjidfS
3.
4.
5.
6.
ngh
jgl
116
btfS,
117
kh dhf
IV.
m.
M.
<.
V.
m. tuhAu
M. thgj
1.
. ruf
<. NUj
I.
1.
Fj rfhj bjhlF ML
2.
3.
m. .. 310
M. .. 320
. .. 330
<. .. 300
M. ulh ruFj
. FkhuFj
<. fj Fj
II.
2.
1.
3.
2.
3.
rhf
4.
4.
VI.
5.
Uf rij Ma .........
1.
myfhgh f fbtL
III.
bghUJf.
2.
1.
nkf j
m. jo
3.
Magl
2.
nj ru Fj
M. Nuf
4.
3.
jr Fkhu rj
. fhjhr
4.
Urfof
<. rhfjj
118
119
VII.
1.
2.
3.
fw nehff
VIII.
1.
1.
A g ma cj rhWf.
2.
2.
A sikfhy
3.
A ngh eltoiff
4.
j rkaF A Ms bjhL
5.
ehsjh gfiyfHf
3.
ghl - 10
A tjd (.. 600 - 647)
121
A gilbaLf
bjhlf wj tgjuhf sa
A, d dahd j rkaij
gw bjhldh. th Rth mtiu
kfhahd j rkaF khdh. jdJ
muRF yh czit A jilbrjh.
ctij brnthiu mt jojh. jdJ
muR KGtJ Mufzfhd fis
gaf jFlfis mt mikjh.
jrka j lf klhyafis mt
Wdh. IjhLfSF xUKiw midJ
123
thRth
A jdJ M fhy Ko d ga th
Rthif bfsugjfhf fndh{ ef xU rka nguitia
Todh. mjF, midJ rka f ufSF
miH
Ljh.
UgJ
murfS,
ehsjh
gfiyfHfUJ Mu mPfS, _whu dahd,
kfhahd dU, _whu rkz kW uhkz rkajtU
nguitF tUjd. bjhlJ Ug_W ehf nguit
ff eilbgwd. kfhahd nfhgho kfis, kw
nfhghLfisl mJ cajJ vgij thRth s
Tdh. UD, tKiwfS gjYF itj ffS
nguit eltoiffis khRgLd. AuJ cUnf Tl
MgJ VglJ. Mdh, iu iyik fLF bfhL
tuglJ. Fwthf jofgld. nguit W
ehsW th RthF iy kf gR bghUf
tHfgld.
myfhgh khehL
124
AuJ MKiw
kh dhf
fw milf
jghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ
1.
2.
3.
j rkaF A Ma gf - fndh{ kW
myfhgh nguitf.
4.
5.
128
I.
1.
Atjd Kj jiyefu
m. ghlu
M. bght
. jhndZtu
2.
<. bl
M. ghz
. Ah
<. ulh nf
II.
1.
A Wa a jiyef ..........
2.
3.
..........
III.
bghUJf.
1.
ghz
m. _W ehlff Ma
2.
jkghy
M. fP kW jJt Ph
3.
ghuA
4.
IV.
m.
M.
129
<.
V.
1.
2.
3.
VI.
1.
A g mJ bfhs cj rhWf.
2.
th Rth gaz Ff
3.
fndh{ nguit
4.
myfhgh khehL
VII.
1.
2.
VIII.
1.
2.
3.
130
ghl - 11
bja muRf - I
gytf
fw nehff
gytf njhw
2.
3.
gyt MKiw
4.
gyt fhy f, ya
5.
Kjyh
euktkid
bjhlJ
ulh
knfutkD, Kjyh gunktutkD MF tjd.
mtfsJ M fhyY gyt - rhSa nkhjf
bjhljd. d, ulh euktk M bghW
ngwh. mt uh#k vW miHfglh. mtdJ
Mfhy nghfsw mik fhykhf saJ. fiy, fol
fiy mtdJ ftd UaJ. khkyuYs flfiu
nfh, fh ifyhrehj Mya Mad mtdJ M
fhy flglit. fiy, yaij mt MjJ
nghdh. ff tlbkh mPuhd jo mtdJ
mitia myfjjhf TwgLwJ. dhF mt J
FGfis mD itjh. fl thg mtdJ M
fhy brjJ. rfugj, thaahju, Mfka
nghw UJfis uh#k No bfhlh.
gyt M Kiw
134
135
flfiu nfh
gytf
mikj fLkhd nfhfis Twyh.
fhuYs itFj bgUkh Mya, Ktu Mya,
kjtu Mya Mad Fljfit.
g fiy tsF gytf mUbjhL
Msd. nfhf fhzgL mHfhd gf ju,
khkyu tofgLs wj
bt fiy Tl mjkhd
gfis bfhLsJ. fif
j myJ mRd jt vw
mj g fh f tofgl
Xaf vW fHgLwd.
gf btgLJ Ea
fif j
fUJf aFait. ng
ghF FuF, ahidgf,
jtaW id nghwit wikF rhW gfwd.
fw milf
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ.
1.
2.
3.
gyt MKiw
4.
gghLF gf
5.
Efiyf
138
139
kh dhf
I.
1.
2.
m. ZQnfhg
M. kZQ
. Kjyh knfutk
<. uh#k
M. Kjyh euktk
. uh#k
<.
V.
1.
2.
3.
VI.
1.
gytf njhw
2.
fh foif
3.
4.
g af
5.
gytf Efiyf
VII.
1.
2.
3.
4.
VIII.
II.
1.
2.
3.
III.
bghUJf.
1.
bgUnjtdh
2.
Mthf
M. njthu
3.
ehakhf
. kjyhr ufhrd
4.
Kjyh knfutk
<. ghujbtgh
IV.
m.
1.
M.
2.
3.
m. ehyhua ugj
140
141
ghl - 12
bja muRf - II
rhSaf, uhZouTlf
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.
1.
2.
3.
4.
uhZouTlf M r_fK
5.
2.
3.
A&k Fo nfh
4.
146
147
MKiw
fw milf
j ghlUJ khzt mJbfhtJ
1.
2.
3.
4.
uhZouTlf gghL gf
5.
uhZouTl M ya ts
149
kh dhf
V.
1.
2.
3.
VI.
m. ulh nf
M. Kjyh mnkhft
1.
InAhny fbtL
. Kjyh ukha
2.
glhlf
I.
1.
2.
m. Kjyh mnkhft
M. ulh nf
. _wh nfhj
<. jJf
II.
3.
vnyhuh
1.
4.
vghlh
2.
VII.
3.
1.
III.
bghUJf.
2.
1.
m. uk nrd#a
VIII.
2.
Kjyh mnkhft
M. fjrhu
1.
3.
ggh
. InAhny fbtL
4.
uhrhah
<. fuh#khf
2.
IV.
m.
M.
<.
150
151
ghl - 13
fw nehff
nguuR nrhHf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.
Kjyh
uh#uh#
iy
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
4.
5.
6.
2.
3.
nrhHf
ahjtf
rfunfhl
nk.rhSaf
fah
khbf
fh
uh#K
fjgf
tfhs Flh
tdth
mu fl
be
fftho
jnfhy
fh
cunk%
ciw
kJiu
bfhif
a bgUfl
156
fifbfhl nrhHu
jrh
157
tUth thf
khfhz M
uhQt thf
158
uhk rigf
Fiwjgr fhnt
itUf ntL.
M.
KgJ taJF
UfntL.
<.
nkY
ykhtJ
vGgJ
brhjkhf
taJFS
M.
<.
w bghUfis fsthoatf.
uh#uh# jf
ehza
fw milf
fifbfhl
nrhHu nfh
163
<.
M. ulh uh#uh#
<. Kjyh guhjf
V.
1.
m. gte
M. ju
2.
. fnH
<. xl Tj
3.
kh dhf
I.
1.
2.
u nrha vw Ma
II.
1.
VI.
1.
Uftu
2.
3.
Flnthiy Kiw
4.
VII.
1.
2.
3.
III.
bghUJf.
1.
cunk% fbtLf
m. Kjyh uh#uh#
2.
Rf jj nrhH
M. Kjyh uhn#u
2.
3.
Kobfhlh
. Kjyh FnyhJf
VIII.
4.
b#abfhlh
1.
IV.
2.
m.
3.
M.
164
165
ghl - 14
Ma ehLf a gghL guj
fw nehff
2.
3.
bj HF Mah a gghL.
4.
5.
169
ah myJ jhyhJ
ahF u HF MahF xU iz
ghykhf knyah gfg saJ. mF .. IJ Kj
gidjh whLtiu gy J muRf M jd. Rkuh
Uj f wghd J muR $#a vgjhF. VHh
who mJ xU thf, fyhrhu ikakhf fjJ.
d, $#a xU fl rh thg rahf cUbtLJ
irnyu nguurhf f vaJ. mUUj fshd #hth,
gh, nghnah kW fnghoahJ mJ Mf brYaJ.
irnyu Mahsf kfhahd j rkajtf. jeho
nrhHfSlD, tfhs ghyfSlD mtf eYwit
nkbfhoUjd. irnyu mur khw #nahJf tk
ehfgod j klhya mikgjF nrhH mur uh#uh#
nrhH cjfis tHdh. Mdh, mtuJ kf uhn#u
nrhH irnyu muir J fhy ifg itUjh.
d, mtf Ljiy bgwd. .. gbdhwh
whLtiu irnyu nguuR oUjJ.
.. ehfh whonyna #hth xU J muR
WtglJ. kah #hth gF vG bgw klhu vw muR
J rka, fyhrhu ikakhf fjJ. irnyuf d
mjid ifgdh. xgjh whLtiu #hth irnyu
nguuRl izUjJ. d LjiyailjJ. irnyu
M #hth fiyJiw fG bgh bgW
saJ.
170
cUthf
gLsJ. mYs gofLf 2000
a fgf csd. j
thif
rgtfis
mit
jwd. gF myfhu
ntiyghLfSlD,
nkgF
nghnuh
gf csd. f
idd
tofgl fha vW nghnuh
gf nghwgLwd. cy fwj mjkhd j
mJthF.
gulh who HF #hth gF fh
efiu jiyefuhf bfhL #hth muR vG bgwJ. #hth
ggho bghfhy vW fUjgL g_W, gdhfh
whLf #hth nguu jiyefuhf k#hgh saJ.
a fiy yaK ntbwY fhzKoahj msF
mF ts bgwd. Wfzfhd nfhf ijfS,
tlbkh Xiy RtofS W #hth fhzgLwd.
uhkhazK, kfhghujK W kfilna brthF bgW
fwd. bghkyhl fiy ika fUjhf sFwd.
k#hgh nahL #hth fiyJiw eltoiff
KoF tjd.
gh
kh dhf
ahk
I.
1.
2.
m. #ahya
M. uh#uh#
. FnyhJf
<. uhn#u
Rkuh Uj J muR
m. fhngh#
M. $#a
. rgh
<. mdh
II.
fw milf
1.
2.
1.
ka Mah ah jhf.
III.
bghUJf.
2.
1.
mfh th nfh
m. irnyuf
2.
nghnuh
M. yif
3.
ah yif
3.
ah
. bjF mdh
4.
4.
rgh
IV.
m.
M.
irnyuf irtf.
<.
5.
172
173
V.
1.
2.
VI.
1.
mfhth
2.
nghnuh
3.
4.
ah gh
VII.
1.
2.
VIII.
1.
2.
ghl - 15
Kija ilfhy ah
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.
1.
2.
3.
f KfkJ gilbaLf.
4.
5.
175
f KfkJ gilbaLf
.. xgjh who Ko
mghJf muR ailjJ. JUa
Mahsf Rju muRfis VgL
bfhld. fh bgausnf Mf
brYdh. mjifa Mahsf
xUtjh fia jiyefuh bfhL
Mj myo. mLJ MF tj
mtuJ kUkf ro tlnkF tahf,
ahit ifgw Udh. b#aghyl
UJ bghtiu mt ifgdh. Mdh
f KfkJ
mtuJ gilbaLf oj isfis
VgLjiy. mLJ MF tjt KfkJ.
178
179
nfh KfkJ
kh dhf
I.
1.
fw milf
jghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ.
1.
2.
3.
ah f KfkJ
fhuzfS isfS.
gilbaLfhd
2.
m. 1190
M. 1191
. 1192
<. 1292
jh-- vw Ma
m. bjs
M. guh
. KfkJ
<. mbgU
II.
4.
1.
5.
K gilbaLghsfSbfuhf J muRf
njhwjfhd fhuzf.
2.
III.
bghUJf.
1.
T#u ufhuf
m. fndh{
2.
uh{aghy
M. k
3.
nrhyf
. mnuh
4.
jh
<. mth
IV.
m.
M.
KfSF
vuhf
af
Fiugilfis bgUjd.
<.
182
............
183
wikf
ghl - 16
V.
1.
nfhf bjhlf
goUjh.
2.
VI.
fw nehff
1.
KfkJ fh
2.
1.
3.
T#u uAhuf
2.
4.
mbgU
3.
f - myh rhjidf
VII.
4.
1.
2.
u#u
muRf
btgLJf.
5.
nuh Js M
6.
iraJfS nyhofS
Mahsfl
fhd
fhuzfis
3.
K gilbaLfSF vuhf J
njhailjikfhd fhuzfis Mf.
VIII.
1.
2.
bl Rjha
muRf
ahJ Kf ela gilbaLf
isthf blRjha WtglJ. mJ .. 1206 Kj 1526
M MLtiu ojJ. IJ btntW trf- moik, ,
Js, iraJ, nyho-bl Rjhaij M brjd. tl
ah KGtij ifganjhL fhk, mtf
jfhzY bjahY EiHjd. ah
mtfsJ M, r_f, M Jiw kW gghL
iyikf bgUj khwfis VgLd.
moik tr khY tr vW miHfgLwJ. khY
tr vw FM brhYF moik vW bghU. .. 1206 Kj
1290 M MLtiu moik tr bl MjJ.
fhy _W kuf VgLjgld. mit,
1.
184
F Ig Wa F ku (1206 - 1211).
185
2.
JZ Wa Kj gh ku (1211 - 1266)
3.
F Ig (1206 - 1211)
JZ wj Mahs. 1229 M
ML fhl UJ mDkguij
brfh
bgW mt ah rl Kiwahd
Mahsuhdh. d jkJ thrhf uah vw jdJ kfis
mt ajh. bl RjhaF gugiu thR Kiwia
thW JZ bjhl itjh. mtuJ M fhy
186
187
ahF tj mPfis
N~ Jwfis JZ
Mjjh.
A{-c-uh{,
jh#&, rh c K KfkJ
b#d, kh F Ar, gU
J bt
K <rh nghnwh mtuJ fhy
jhfh ehza
thJ mtuJ mitia myfj
mPf. ah f caj folkhd (238 mo)
FJdhiu foKoj mt M{ mHa kN xiw
fodh. ah muha ehza Kiwia mKfgLat
JZ. 175 uh vilbfhl bt jhfh vw mtuJ
ehza ilfhy ah KGtJ VfglJ. jfhya
%ghF mtuJ bt ehzank mogil vW Twyh. tik
thj ehgJ gil jiytf bfhl ehgkFG xiw
JZ cUthdh.
uah (1236 - 1240)
190
191
myh Ujf
myh
nguuR
fh
bght
Kjh
mnah
bl
mthuh
uahif
f
tfhs
bjsyjhgh
mu fl
thuf
tfhs Flh
Jthu rKu
kJiu
a bgUfl
192
myh jfhz
gilbaL bja btfS
Fljfit. bj ehF Ka
muRf Ujd. njt ahjtf,
thuf fhfaf, Jthu rKu
nAhrsf kW kJiu ghoaf.
njt mur uhkru njtUF vuhf
kh fhiu myh mD
miy jthrh
itjh. mogj mehL mur
Vuhskhd brtij iwahf brYdh. 1309 kh fh
thufJ gilbaLjh. mj mur ujhg Uunjt
Kaofglh. Vuhskhd brt ifgwglJ. kh fh
mLj yF Jthu rKu mur _wh utyhs. mtD
njhfofgL bgUj brt ifgwgL blF mD
itfglJ. kh fh d kJiuJ gilbaLjh. jiyef
kJiuiaL ughoa jnahodh. fh bgU brtij
ifg vLJ bfhL bl Udh.
194
195
Js tr (1320 - 1414)
MLf KfkJ
Js milahs ehzaij
1329 - 30
196
KfkJ Js
br ehzaf
sf
KfkJ Js M gF caFodU
khfhz MSefS gntW lf sf <Lgld.
kJiu Ar h s brJ Rju kJiu Rjhaij
Wdh. 1336 #aefu nguuR njhWfglJ. 1347
gh muR WtglJ. mnah, Kjh, J Mat
MSefS sf <Lgld. F#uh j
nkbfhoUj sia mlf brw KfkJ Js
_W MLf mtid uLt brytjh. jdh,
nehthgl mt 1351 wjh. kflUJ RjhD,
RjhlUJ kfS Ljiy bgwjhf gbjs
FLsh. guh vw vGjhs mtiu Kuf bkhj
fyit vW kLsh. bl Rjha mtuJ M
fhyUJ ma bjhlaJ.
nuh Js (1351 - 1388)
1351
4.
5.
6.
1206
201
kh dhf
I.
1.
2.
m. myh
M. JZ
. KfkJ Js
<. nuh Js
M. F Ig
. kh fh
<. #yhY
II.
1.
2.
gkht vw Ma ...........
3.
4.
III.
bghUJf.
1.
KfkJ Js
m. mur gj Fj fUJ
2.
myh
M. Ar rh
3.
ghg
. mfho Ujf
4.
F Ig
202
IV.
m.
M.
<.
ca
Fodiu,
kfis
tfgjfhf
ghufUHhthd besu UHhit JZ
mKfgLdh.
V.
1.
2.
3.
VI.
1.
uah
2.
ehgk FG
3.
milahs ehza
4.
iraJ fh
5.
nyhof
VII.
1.
F Ig rhjidfis kLf.
2.
3.
203
VIII.
1.
J rhjidf g xU kL jUf.
2.
3.
4.
ghl - 17
bl Rjha ah
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ
1.
bl Rjha MKiw
2.
bl Rjha bghUshjhu
3.
r_f thif
4.
5.
ya ts
205
2.
3.
207
mfhy gU kW gL Jf cg ts
bgwJ. gL G ts ah mKfgLjgljh w
ehLfUJ frhgL wFk brtJ FiwjJ. fhj
cg tsjJ. 14 kW 15 whLfUnj fhj
bgUks gagLjglJ. njh bghUf, cnyhf bghUf,
fgs f nghw w bjhfS eF tsailjd.
208
209
bl Rjhf f, yaij
ngh tsjd. mtf gy muha
kW ghuf bkhfis negtfshf
Ujd. ghufUJ gy mPf
ahF tjd. Mahsf ghuf
bkhia bgJ CFjd. rkaa,
fij ju tuyhW vGtij mtf bgJ
Mjjd. xUy Rjhf murit
tuyhW mPfS l bgUjd.
Ar rh, A{-c-uh{, ah
211
m FU
fw milf
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.
1.
2.
bl Rjha M kf bghUshjhu
thif.
3.
r_f iy a rKjha K M
jhfK.
4.
5.
212
213
kh dhf
V.
I.
1.
1.
2.
3.
Jf f vW miHfglJl ah t
brYJkhW flhagLjgld.
VI.
1.
th rhu
m. nuh Js
2.
bl Rjha ehzaf
3.
mkFU
2.
m. jf
M. Kf
. gthf
<. brsf
M. JZ
. myh .
<. fj nyho
II.
4.
FJdh
1.
VII.
2.
1.
III.
bghUJf.
2.
1.
A{-c-uh{
m. uh#ju
VIII.
2.
mFU
M. jghf--ehr
1.
3.
fAz
. jh-c-
2.
4.
mg%
<. rgh--
IV.
m.
M.
<.
215
ghl - 18
N~ af
ilfhy ah g af
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ
1.
ah g af njhwK gujY.
2.
ah N~ af ts
3.
4.
5.
6.
g af KaJt
216
217
uhkhD#
218
m) f - xU K berth
M) uhjhr - brUijF bjhyh
) nrdh - Ko UJgt
<) rhjdh - khr btLgt
c) jdh - #hd Foahdt
C) euA - bghbfhy
v) g - uh#u stur
f
221
fw milf
j ghlUJ khztf mJ bfhlit
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
tfhs, kfhuhZou g af
6.
g af w
g af w
g af w FljfjhF. gntW
nghjidahsfS jj uha bkhfnyna vG ng
tjd. vdnt, , kuh, tfhs, fdl nghw bkhf
tsailtjF g af CfkjJ. bkhf
thyhf, mtf jfsJ fUJfis neuoahfnt kfSF
vLJ Td. rh Kiwia g af jiytf xUj
Fu rhoajh, jhjgl kf iy catjF g af
ttFjJ.
g af bgfSF rk KaJt mjikah
rKjha mtfsJ iy cau mJ ttFjJ. nkY,
fyw va rka tia g af kfSF vLJTaJ.
flJ u g brYJkhW kf mWjgld.
bfhilFj thif, kj FyF nrit nghw a
fUJf njh tsjd.
222
223
kh dhf
V.
I.
1.
1.
uhkhdj f wj l
2.
m) f
M) uhkjh
3.
) ehknjt
<) irja
VI.
1.
mik
m) j
M) tfhs
2.
uhkhD#
) fdl
<) kuh
3.
FUehd
II.
nfhol lfis uf
4.
1.
VII.
1.
ah N~ jJt guaij t.
2.
VIII.
1.
2.
3.
Jfhuh.......... rkafhyjt.
III.
bghUJf
1.
rfu
m) myfhgh
2.
uhkhD#
M) fhyo
3.
ehd
) $ bgU
4.
uhkhdj
<) jhtho
IV.
m)
M)
mt th rkfhyjt
<)
mt FUehd l
224
225
ghl - 19
#aef, gh muRf
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.
g gjh
ulh
njtuha
$uf
brngLf nghw brngLf #aefu mur
mtfsJ
tnjhwf
kW
rhjidfis TWwd. A oghLfS
w dfS #a efu Mahsf
gghL gfig bt gLJwd.
mtf btLs vzw ehzaf
fhzgL cUtf kW brhbwhlf
UJfis rhjidfis vLJ
TWwd.
1.
#a efunguuR ga rhWf.
2.
mua tuyhW
3.
4.
5.
gh mu tuyhW.
#a efu nguuR
rhWf
228
gL kW gU Milfis kf mjd.
thridbghUf, kyf, mfyf nghwtiw kf
gagLd. brtjf mHfhd Lf mt gj
230
231
#a
efu
W
A
oghLfshf
fhajhY
mFs nfhf #a efughF
wJ
vLJfhL
fshF.
lyRth kW Aru uhkRth
Myaf uL Fljfit.
#a efu nfh folfiy
ukhlJF vLJ fhlhf
fhuYs Vfhguehj kW
tujuh# Myafis Twyh.
Uzhkiy kW jgu Ma
lfYs uha nfhuf #aefu
tujuh# bgUkh
fhy fiH giwrhWwd.
nfh
HF nfhu
d, ehaf fhyY jifa
fiyg bjhljJ. Ug fhzgL UZznjtuha
kW mtuJ muf cnyhfgokf #a efu fhy
cnyhffiyF vLJfhlhF. #a efu murfsh
ir eldK MjfglJ.
232
233
gh muR
1347M ML gh muir Wat myh ghkh
nfhbfhlh nfhil
oghLf
fw milf
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
235
kh dhf
I.
1.
2.
<)
m) Jif
M) lyh
V.
) Ughr
<) uhk
1.
2.
3.
M) bkhnuhnfh
) nghRf
<) ghuf
II.
nfhol lij uf
VI.
1.
1.
rfk ku
2.
2.
3.
3.
Ar fF
III.
bghUJf
4.
#aefu nguu kf iy
1.
mJ urh
m) bt
VII.
2.
g gjh
M) ghuf
1.
3.
nlhnfh ga
) bkhnuhnfh
nfhnyh o nfho
<) nghRf
2.
4.
VIII.
IV.
1.
m)
2.
3.
M)
236
237
ghl - 20
Kfyha nguuR
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
#Ah, h#fh
6.
7.
mua tuyhW
ghg (1526 - 1530)
ngh btf
ghg gilbaLjnghJ ah IJ Ka K
muRfS - bl, F#uh, khst, tfhs, jfhz, uL
Ka J muRfS - nkth uhz rfh kW #a efu
nguuR Ujd. 1525M ML, fhUJ ghg L ah
jhd gilbaLig bjhljh. yhT MSeuhf Uj
bjsyfh nyhoia v KaoJ mgFia
ifgdh. d, bl neh Knddh. 1526 M
ML Vu 21M eh eilbgw Kjyh ghgL ngh ghg
uh nyhoia Kaojh. ngh nyho bfhyglh.
ghglUj Fiu gil ugilnk mtuJ btF
ttFjd. blia ifga ghg jdJ kf ckhid
MuhitifgWtjfhf mDitjh. ghg jik
Jjhd nguur vW mJ bfhlh.
uhzh rfh kW Mfhaf J mt bfhl
btf mtiu ah cikahd Mahsuhd.
nkth uhzh rfh xU wj uh#u u. mt ghgUF
vuhf ngh bjhLjh. 1527M ML MuhF mU
eilbgw fhDth nghy ghg mtiu Kaojh. j
btF wF ghg fh vw glij No bfhlh.
M ML kbwhU uh#u Mahsuhd nk
uh vgtlUJ ghg rnjia ifgdh. mjfLj
Mo fh eilbgw nfhuh ngh ghg Mffis
Kaojh. j btfdh ghg ah jkJ
Mfij iygLdh. 1530 jkJ ehg VHhtJ ta
Muh ghg kiwjh.
1528
ah Kfyhanguuir Wat
ghg. mtuJ abga rhU KfkJ.
jdJ jij t ij_UF, jh t
brfhDF cwd. ghg jdJ jij
ghg
ck n rh gfhdhF thrhf
bghWngwh. Mdh mtuJ uJ cwd xUtuh mJ
jogfglnt ghg jdJ M gFia Hjh. J fhy
ehnlhoahf j mt, jdJ khkf xUtlUJ fhiy
ifgdh. d, ahit ifgW Miria tsJ
bfhl ghg, 1519 Kj 1523 tiuyhd fhy ehF
gilbaLfis nkbfhlh.
238
ghg ga xU kL
ckh
H ckh Mffis vJ
nghL bfhoUj nghJ, F#uh gf h blneh
gilbaLJ tU br mtUF oaJ. vdnt,
Mfhaf jiytuhd bfhDl (tUfhy bh)
mtrukhf xU clgoifia brJ bfhl ckh F#uh
neh wglh.
ckh gfhlUJ F#uhij ifg jdJ
rnfhju mfhia mF MSeuhf ajh. Mdh, gf
h mfhia uoL L F#uhij ifg
bfhlh. jil, ckh mtubfuhf L ngh
bjhLjh. 1539 M ML eilbgw brsrh ngh bfh
Kfhyhagilfis eRdh. ckh nghfsUJ j
MuhF brwh. mUjgona jdJ rnfhjuf
cjia ckh ehodh.
Mdh, rnfhjuf xJiHf kWfnt, ckh L
jahfnt bfhid vbfhlh. 1540 uh ngh
240
bh N (1540 - 1545)
bh N
th rhu - th vW t miHfglh.
tUth kW thf
2.
th m - gilJiw
3.
th u[y - maYwJiw
4.
th h - jft bjhlJiw
241
242
bh ga xU kL
bh xU gf Kkhffjh. bghJthf, w
rkafis rjikl eldh. JfSF
Ka gjfis mjh. fiy, folfiyia mt
Mjjh. blF mU aKid efiu bh xU a
efuij khjh. m, jnghJ uhz yh vw giHa
nfhil mjD xU kN kLnk vsd. rrhu
xU fyiw khlij mt fodh. a fol fiy
mikf wjt xwhfmJ fUjgLwJ. fnwhiu
bh Mjjh. mtuJ Mfhy kh KfkJ b#a
vgt fthj yhd gkht vw iygiljh.
bh kiwFwF mtuJ thRf 1555M ML
ckh L ahit ifgW tiu M bjhljd.
ckh (1555 - 1556)
1540 M ML ahUJ wgl ckh JF
brY t Ajh ghD ngf vgtiu kzjh. mtf
mknfh vw l xU J muruhd uhzhurh vgtuJ
Mju thJ tjnghJ 1542 mg wjh. d, <uhDF
brw ckh mehL Mahsl cjnfh bgwh. fuh,
mfh vw uL rnfhjufis ckh Kaojh.
jil ah N kud M ntfkhf
FiyjJ.
243
mg (1556-1605)
ah jiywj nguurf
mgU xUt. jdJ jij ckh
kiwFwF mt maiznadh.
MdhY, blia Mff ifg
bfhljh mtuJ iy Mgjhdjhfnt
UjJ. Mff giljiyt bAK
mg
bliaj tr itUjh. 1556 M
ML eilbgw ulh ghgL ngh, bAK bt
tiu brWlh. Mdh, mtuJ f xU m
ghjjh kafkhdh. jiytyhj mtuJ gil j XoaJ.
mZl mg gf Ujjh, mtuJ bt cW
gLjglJ.
mg Kj IjhL fhy MnghJ iguhfh
mtUF muruahf braglh. Kfyha nguuir
xUizj bgUik iguhfhndna rhU. IjhL
fSFwF, murit rf isthf mg mtiu
gjUJ , bkfhF brYgo gjh. Mdh,
bkfh brY tnyna Mf xUtdh mt bfhyglh.
mguJ uhQtbtf gy. Muh Kj F#uh tiu,
d Muh Kj tfhs tiu vd tl ah KGij
mg jkJ fLgho bfhLtjh. tlnkF viy
wij mt tikgLdh. d, mtuJ ftd
jfhz gfK UaJ.
uh#ufSl bfhoUj cwf
mg uh#ubfhif FljfJ. mt
uh#u stuahd uh#h ghukAh kfis kzJ
bfhlh. Kfyha tuyh mj f xU UKidahF.
uh#uf ehF jiyKiwf KfyhafSF nrit
ahd. gy giljsg gj tiu gntW gj cafis
244
245
ytUth thf
krjh Kiw
mg kiwFwF, 1605 M ML
stur r #Ah (cyif btwt) vw
glnjhL MFtjh. mtuJ M
fhy gntW fyff eilbgwd. mtuJ
kf F% fyf <Lglh. Mdh,
KaofgL iwlglh. mtiu
Mjjjfhf IjhtJ a FUthd FU
m#& unrj braglh.
#Ah
#Ah
fhlAh kW w f
h#fh, Kjh{
gFfis ifgWtjfhf Ah#fh
tlnkF viygF bjhlJ gilbaLfis eldh.
249
xsuf nguuR
fh
bght
ghg
#hLf
bl
Muh
uhruf
myfhgh
ghdh
nfhLthdh
il
Kig
kuhaf
mu fl
tfhs Flh
nfhth
nfhnfhL
bfh
ghisafhuf
a bgUfl
muf
251
252
253
rkabfhif
fw milf
jghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ.
1.
2.
3.
N ilbt - bh M Kiw
4.
5.
6.
7.
Kfyha nguu
255
kh dhf
I.
1.
2.
m) ghuf
M)
) muha
<) JU
h#fh abga
<)
V.
1.
2.
m) r
M) Fu
3.
) jhuh &nfh
<) g
VI.
II.
1.
JR gh
1.
2.
N ilbt
3.
uh#h njhlkh
2.
4.
yh
3.
5.
#Ah
VIII.
III.
bghUJf
1.
1.
Afh ngh
m) 1540
2.
2.
ulh ghgLngh
M) 1539
3.
brsrh ngh
) 1576
3.
4.
uh ngh
<) 1556
VIII.
IV.
1.
2.
mg rhjidfis kLf.
m)
3.
M)
..............
256
257
ghl - 21
Kfyha ah
fw nehff
jghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ
1.
2.
3.
ntshik kW tf
4.
5.
Kfyhafhy Xaf, ya
259
ntshik
thg ts
260
261
ukhlkhd nfhilf,
mu kidf, bghJ folf,
kNf, fyiw khlf nghwit
Kfyha fol fiy Ka
mffshF. UWf iwj
njhl fhfis mikg
Kfyhaf
f
Mt
bfhoUjd.
uhzyh
bh M fhy fh rrhu vw l
mikfgl fyiw khlK, blF mUYs uhzyh
flgld. ilfhy ah ajF folfshf
uL dfS fUjgLwd.
mguJ MfhyUJ
Vuhskhd folf mikFg
bjhlaJ. mt fos gy
nfhilf MuhYs nfhil
f thjJ. mJ f kz
ghiwfshyhdJ.
yhT
kW
myfhgh mguJ w nfhilfis
th fh
fhzyh. h#fh M fhy
nfhilfis fL g mj cia bjhlJ. blYs
brnfhil, m mikJs u kfh, th M, th
fh nghwit mtuJ gilfns.
mg, MuhUJ 36 nyh l bjhiyYs gnj
(bt efu) vw l
mukid nfhil xiw
vGdh. mj tshf
F#uh kW tfhs
ghyhd gy folf
mikJsd. F#uh gh
folfis mg mtuJ
u#u
kidaUfhf
mikUf TL. mFs
gnj
#&kh
kN
f
ukhlkhd folkhF.
mj kN EiHth y jthrh myJ caj
EiHth vdgLwJ. mj cau 176 moahF. F#uh
mg bgw btia bfhlhLtjfhf mJ vGgglJ.
262
263
264
265
kh dhf
I.
1.
gh kAh cs l
2.
m) bl
M) Muh
) yhT
<) gnj
M) F#uh
) M{
<) Ftha
II.
1.
2.
mg Mjj irnkij..........
III.
bghUJf.
1.
m ghr
m) ghJh ehkh
1.
2.
3.
2.
dhafh
M) mg ehkh
3.
mJ AJ ynAh
4.
4.
m bg
5.
IV.
6.
m)
7.
bkh kW ya ts.
M)
<)
266
267
ghl - 22
V.
1.
2.
VI.
1.
Kfyha caFod
2.
gnj
3.
m ghr
1.
kuhoa vG.
4.
guh ouh
2.
th thif rhjidfS.
VII.
3.
th M Kiw.
1.
4.
ngZthf vG.
2.
kuhoaf
fw nehff
jghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ
VIII.
1.
2.
3.
268
kuhoa vG
th
th 1627 M ML nd vw
l wjh. mtuJ jij h
nghny. jh gh. 1637 jdJ
jij #huhd dhit th bgwh.
1647 th ghJfhtyuhd jhjh
bfhlnj kiwj wF th jdJ
#h KG Mahsuhdh. mjF Kng,
uhfh, nfhldh, njhdh Ma
lfis # MahslUJ th
ifgUjh.
270
th M Kiw
th xU wj Mahsuhf fjh. xU wj
MaikF mt monfhdh. murhf ikakhf mur
braglh. murUF cjahf vL mikrf bfhl
mZlujh vw mikruit UjJ. UD xbthU
mikrU thnf neuoahf bghW thjthfshf
Ujd.
271
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
r - jft bjhl
6.
mkjh - rlFf
7.
ahaZ - Jiw
8.
273
ghyh
teh
Kfyha
nguur
g%ahlUJ y cikfis nfh bgwh. Kfyha
nguur hFit kuhoa muruhf mfjh. nkY, fehlf,
ikN cl jfhzUj MW Kfyha khfhzfY
brs. rnjZK tfis tNJ bfhS cikia
nguur hFF tHdh.
Kjyh ghuh (1720 - 1740)
274
kh dhf
fw milf
jghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.
I.
1.
th wjJ
1.
2.
m) rjhuh
M) dh
3.
) nd
<) #
4.
276
2.
M) 1665
) 1670
<) 1675
II.
nfhol lij uf
1.
th ghJfhty ......
2.
3.
III.
bghUJf
1.
ngZth
m) Ftha
2.
ah
M) dh
3.
nAhf
4.
nghny
<) eh
IV.
m)
M)
fh vw ms nfhyh yf msfgld.
kuhoa fhy
fgld.
yf
277
ehF
tiffshf
<)
V.
1.
2.
3.
VI.
1.
ghl - 23
Inuha tUif
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khztmJ bfhtJ.
1.
2.
uj clgoif
3.
mZl ujh
2.
4.
th fhya tf
tfhs oZ M WtgLj.
3.
4.
VII.
1.
2.
VIII.
1.
th thif kW rhjidfis t.
2.
3.
278
nlZ
279
nghRaf
M ML nk 17 M eh nghRa gaahd
thnfhlfhkh f nfhil JiwKfij tjiljh. f
nfhil Mahs rhk mtiu ml tuntwh. mLj
Mnl mt nghRf Udh. 1500 bgnuh mt
fhu ahF tjh. 1502 thnfhlfhkh ulhtJ
gazij nkbfhL ah tjh. fnfhil,
fz}, bfh Ma lf nghRaf jfsJ
thf iyafis W bfhld.
1498
ah Kj nghRa MSeuhffjt
uh o mklh. d, 1509 M ML mf MSeuhf
afglh. 1510 mf # MahslUJ
nfhthit ifg bfhlh. mjd, ahUj
nghRa gFf jiyiklkhf nfhth fjJ. mf
kyhfh kW yifia ifgdh. fnfhil xU
nfhilia mikjh. a bgfis kzJ bfhSkhW
mt jkJ ehltiu crhfgLdh. ah
nghRafis f tikahd rahf kha mf
1515 kiwjh.
mLJ MSeuhf tjtf nkF flfiu lhk,
rhr, ggh Ma lfY HF flfiu
bridfU rhnjh, tfhs A& Ma lfY
nghRa FoUfis VgLd.
UD, gdhfh who W ah
nghRa Mf ailabjhlaJ. mLj
who nfhth, il, lhk ju Vida gFf
midij mtf Hjd.
lRfhuf
M ML Mnya Ha tfFG
VgLjglJ. mjfhd gla yhJ mu vrbg
ifbaGlh. Nu xU Mnya tf ika mikgjF
mDk nfh 1609 M ML nfl Ah #Ah
mitF tjh.
1600
1602 M ML lR Ha tfFG
VgLjglJ. lR tff ahF tJ kNgod,
fh, Nu, fhiufh, ehfgod, Ruh, fhgrh Ma
280
281
nlaf
fehlfnghf
284
4.
5.
uR jsgfl xWikiy.
6.
285
kh dhf
fw milf
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ
1. ah nghRaf ts .
2. ah
lR, uR, Mnya,nlZ
Fonawf
3. Mnya - uR Mf ngho fdhlf
nghfS.
4. tfhs Mnya Mf WtgLjY
sh nghU.
286
I.
1.
2.
m) thnfhlfhkh
M) mbklh
)mf
shngh eilbgw ML
m) 1767
M) 1757
) 1764
<) 1747
II.
nfhol lij uf
1.
2.
uh ..... tf ika.
3.
gh clgoif
bfhLtjJ.
III.
bghUJf
1.
#h rhdh
m) jufgho
2.
nlaf
M) ffjh
3.
uh nl
) ghonr
4.
uhfh kho
<) brid
IV.
m)
M)
<)
.....
287
fdhlfnghiuKoF
tfhsUJ
V.
1.
2.
VI.
1.
thnfhlfhkh
2.
mf
3.
ah lR Fonawf
4.
sh ngh
VII.
1.
ah nghRa vG kW ia t.
2.
tfhs oZ Mf vG g F tiuf.
VIII.
1.
fhynfhL
.. 1500 Kj .. 1600 tiu
1 myF = 10 MLf
1500
1520
1530 - ghg w
288
289
1580
1582 - yh
1550
1590
1560
1600
1570
290
291
fhynfhL
.. 1600 Kj .. 1700 tiu
1myF = 10 MLf
1600 Mnya Ha tf FG WtgLj
1610
1660
1620
1665 - uj clgoif
1627 - th w
1670
1630
292
293
1674 - th KoNobfhs
1680
1690
1700
294