.

.
2002


1. ......................................................... 3
1.1. ................................................................................................. 3
1.2. ................................................ 4
1.2.1. .................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2.2. .......................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2.3. ....................................................................................................................... 8
1.3. ................................................. 9
1.3.1. .................................................................................................... 9
1.3.2. ............................................................................................ 10
1.4. Dirac ...................................................................................... 11
1.4.1. ............................................................................................................................ 11
1.4.2. To ................................................................................................................... 12
1.4.3. ................................................................................... 12
1.4.4. ...................................................................................................... 14
2. .... 15
2.1. ...................................................................................................... 15
2.2. .............................................................................................................. 15
2.2.1. ................................................................................................................... 15
2.2.2. ..................................................................................................................... 16
2.2.3. ......................................................................................................................... 16
2.2.4. ................................................................................................................ 17
2.2.5. .......................................................................................... 17
2.3. ................................................................................ 18
2.4. .......................................................... 19
2.4.1. ................................................................................................................................... 19
2.4.2. ........................................................................................................................................ 19
3. LORENTZ ................................................................................... 21
3.1. ............................................................................................................................................. 21
3.2. Lorentz.............................................................................................................................. 21
3.2.1. .............................................................................................. 21
3.2.2. Lorentz ....................................................... 27
3.3. Minkowski .............................................................................. 30
3.4. Lorentz..................................................................................................................................... 35
3.5. ........................................................................................................................ 38
4. ................................................................ 39
4.1. .............................................................................................................................................. 39
4.2. .............................................................................................. 39
4.3. .................................................................................................................................... 41
4.4. ................................................................................................................................. 46
4.5. ........................................................................................................................................... 47
4.6. ........................................................................................................................ 50
5................................................................................................................................................. 51
.......................................................................................................................... 51
5.1. ............................................................................................................................................ 51
5.2. - ............................................................................................................... 52
) () (scalars) - () ..................................... 52
) ......................................................... 52
) ......................................................... 53
) ................................................................ 54
5.3. .............................................................................................................................. 55
5.4. .................................................................................................................. 56
5.5. ......................................................................................................................... 59

 6. ............................................................................................... 60
6.1. .............................................................................................................................................. 60
6.2. ................................................................................................................................................ 60
6.3. Maxwell.................................................................................................................... 62
6.4. .............................................................................................. 64
6.5. ................................................................................. 71
6.6. ......................................................................................................................... 73
7................................................................................................................................................. 74
....................................................................................................................... 74
7.1. .................................................................................................................................................. 74
7.2. ( Lorentz) ..................................................................................................... 76
7.3. ......................................................................................................................... 78
8. ....................................................................................................................... 79
8.1. ........................................................................................................ 79
8.2. ......................................................................................................... 79
8.3. Doppler ( ) ........................................................................... 79
8.4. Doppler ( ) .......................................................................... 81
8.5. ......................................................................................... 81
8.6. .............................................................. 83
8.7. ..................................................................... 84
8.8. ................................................................. 85
8.9. ......................................................................................................... 86
8.10. .......................................................................................................... 87
9. ............................................................................................................................ 90
9.1. Lorentz...................................................................................................... 90
9.2. ................................................................................................................... 92
9.3. - .................................................................................................. 93
9.4. - ................................................................................................. 97


.
.
.
.

,
.

 1.

1.1.
=(Aij) x . (i) 1
Aij (j) 1. .
A23 2 3 .
(transpose) x x ,
.
2 3
3 2 . :

(A T )ij = A ji

i. x1 ( ).
11 , 21 ,, . , 1 , 1 , 2 . , .
i i i=1,2.. .
ii. 1x 1 ( ).
11 , 12 . , 1 , 1 , 2 . , .
i i i=1,2.. .
iii.
,
1) ( )
=(Aij) =(Aij) x
x C
.
C=A+B Cij = Aij + Bij (+)ij= Aij + Bij
2)
x
. :
()ij=ij.
3)
x x . x C
:

k =1

k =1

Cij = A ik Bkj i=1 j=1. (AB)ij = A ik Bkj

2x3 3x4
2x4 C .
2 4 C
3

C24 = A 2k Bk 4 = A 21B14 + A 22 B24 + A 23B34

k =1

 :
x , 1x x1 .
( , ( ) , YX (x )

(XA)i = k A ki
k =1

(AY)i = A ik Yk
k =1

(YX)ij = Yi X j
=(ij ) x =(Xi) x1.
( ) , ( ) , (x ) ,
( 1x1 )

k =1

k =1

(X T A)i = T k A ki = k A ki
(AX)i = A ik X k
k =1

XT X = Xk Xk
k =1

(XX )ij = X i X j
T

1.2.
1.2.1.

x2

Ox1x2x3 Ox 1x 2 x 3 .
b1 , b 2 , b3 .

(x1 , x 2 , x 3 )

x2

x1
x1

(x 1 , x2 , x3 ) .
x
x.

x 1 = x1 + b1
x 2 = x 2 + b 2
x 3 = x 3 + b3

x3
3

x1

( ) x = x 2
x3

b1

x=x+b b = b 2
b3

: x i = x i + bi i=1,2,3

1.2.2.

(x1 , x 2 , x 3 )
(x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) .
x x.
G G G
G G G
(e1 , e2 , e3 ) (e1 , e2 , e3 )
.
G
r .

r = x1e1 + x 2 e2 + x 3 e3 =

x e
i =1

G
= x i ei

x2

x2

M
r

x1

x1

x3
x3

Einstein :

.
: a iju j = a i1u1 + a i2 u 2 + a i3 u 3

r r = x jej .
:

G
G
x j ej = x i ei
(1.2.1)
G
ei 3 ,
.
G
G
ei ei .
R = (R i m )

G
G
ei = R ji ej

(1.2.2)

(1.2.1) :

G
G
G
G
G
x j ej = x i ei x j ej = x i R ji ej (x j R ji x i )ej = 0
G
j
j
i
ei x = R i x

(1.2.3)

9 R j R ij R i R ij = R i = R i j
j

( R12 = R 12 = R12 ).
,
Einstein ( )
R
1.2.2.1.
T
T
R (1.2.2) : R R = RR = I

(1.2.4)

G G

9 ei .e j ( )

G G

G G

: i=j ei .e j = 1 ij ei .e j = 0

G G

em .en = mn (H , 3x3 )

e (1.2.2) :

G G
G
G
G G
em .en = mn (ei R i m ).(ej R jm ) = mn R i m R jm (ei .ej ) = mn R i m R jm ij = mn
5

R i m ijR jn = mn (R T IR) mn = mn R T R = I
R RT
RR T = I
(1.2.2) (1.2.3) .
1.2.2.2.
:

j
) ei = R i e j

(1.2.5)

j
j
i
) x = R i x

(1.2.6)

) :
3
3
3
3
3
G
G
G
G
G
G
G 3
ei = R ji ej ei = R ji ej R mi ei = R mi R ji ej = ej R mi R ji
j=1

R
i =1

i =1

i =1 j=1

j=1

i =1

3
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
T
T

=
=
=

=
e
e
R
R
e
(RR
)
e
e
e
R mi ei

mi i
j
mi ij
j
mj
j mj
j
j

G
G
em = R m i ei

j=1

i =1

j=1

j=1

i =1

) .
:
RR T = I R T = R 1
x j = R ji x i x = R x R 1x = R 1R x x = R T x x i =

R
j=1

T
ij

x j

x i = R ji x j x i = R ji x j
j=1

1.2.2.3.

() .

u ui i .

u1
1


u = u 2 = 2 .
3
u3


:
G G
u . =u11+ u22+u33=uT=u
: u T = (Ru)T (R) = u T R T R = u T I = u T .

u u.
G
GG
| u |2 = u.u = (u1 ) 2 + (u 2 ) 2 + (u 3 ) 2

| u |2 = u T u

() :
: 11 = 22 = 33 = 1
: 11 = 22 = 33 = 1
Kronecker : 11 = 22 = 33 = 1

.
( ) ij
() ij
1:
ai . ai
a i = ij a j ( j)
2: ( ij)
:
A i j = A im mj A ij = im A mn nj

ij

. ,

.
.
O R i j R i j
:

GG
u. = ij u i j = u i i = u i i

(1.2.7)

G
GG
| u |2 = u.u = ij u i u j = u i u i

(1.2.8)

RRT=I :
3

RIR = (RIR T )ij = ij R im mn R Tnj = ij R im mn R jn =ij

m =1 n =1

m =1 n =1

R i m mn R jn = ij

(1.2.9)

RTR= :
3

T mn
R T IR = (R T IR)ij = ij R im
R nj =ij R mi mn R nj = ij
m =1 n =1

m =1 n =1

R m i mn R n j = ij

(1.2.10)

x = Rx + b R ,.

.
. :
1 2

x (1) , x (2) , x (1) , x (2) (
).
x = x (2) x (1)
x = x (2) x (1) .
: x (1) = Rx (1) + b x (2) = Rx (2) + b .
x = Rx .

G
G
| x |2 = ij x i x j =| x |2

(1.2.11)

dl2 = ijdx i dx j = dl2

(1.2.12)

1.2.3.
R 3x3

R T R = RR T = I

(1.2.13)

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

.
(1.2.13) 3x3 ,
6 9 R 3 .
3 .
(1.2.13) |R|=|RT|
|R|2=1|R|=1.
+1 ()
, 1
(
) .
x=y y=x (

0 1

1 0

). R =

|R|=-1.
To .

1.3.
1.3.1.
.
f(x). (x,y)
y=f(x).

x y ,
(x,y) .
.
y .
, .
R

y = R 2 x 2 y = R 2 x 2
y
. (R,0).

.
x y :
f 1() f 2() (x,y) x= f1() y= f2().
,
x y,
(x,y) .
y=f(x)
.

1) x=2 y=72 y=7x

2) x=cos y=sin x2+y2=2 .
3) y (3,0)
x=3 , y=
4) y=f(x) x
(x= , y=f() )
x=x() y=y()

r() = x( )i + y( ) j

G
G
G
G
dr()
= x()i + y( ) j
( ) =
d
G
G
G
G
d()
= x()i + y( ) j
a a() =
d
G
G
G
r = R(Cos i + Sin j)
G
G
G
= R(Sin i + Cos j) .
G
G
=0 ( (R,0) ) = Rj y.

1.3.2.
.
(x= , y=7) (x=3Sin , y=21Sin ) ( y=7x)
.

x y .

x= y = >0. =2 x=2
y= >0.
s .
s :.

r() = x( )i + y( ) j
:

ds = dx 2 + dy 2 = x2 ( ) + y2 ( ) d
s.

r = R(Cos i + Sin j)
dx=-Rsin d dy=RCos d.
ds = dx 2 + dy 2 = R d s = R + C
d
( d>0 ds>0)
, (R,0) . =0 s=0.
C=0.

G
sG
sG
r = R(Cos i + Sin j)
R
R

1)
(
)
2)
. :

r = x(s)i + y(s) j .

G
G
G
dr(s)
= x(s)i + y(s) j
ds
2

2
2
G
dx dy (dx) + (dy)
+
=
=1
| |2 = x 2 (s) + y2 (s) =

(ds) 2
ds ds

10

1.4. Dirac
1.4.1.
f : R R .
x
f(x).

.
.
( ) ( ).
.
.
[0,1]
C[0,1].
T : C[0,1] R :
1

T(f ) = f (x)dx
0

.
1

f f(x)=x . T(f ) = f (x)dx = x 2 dx =

2

1
3

f [0,1] f(1)=0.
1

S : R S(f ) = x f (x)dx
0

(x)=x2 -1
1

S() = x(x)dx = 2x 2 dx =

2
3

T() = (x)dx = x 2 dx + dx =

2
3

()=S()
g . T(g)=S(g)
1

S(g) = xg(x)dx = xdg(x) = xg(x) |10 g(x)dx = g(1) (x)dx = 0 g(x)dx = T(g)
(g)=S(g) g . =S
:
.
S .

11

1.4.2. To

G
Q. x

dq
G
(x) =
dV

(1.4.1)

dq
dV .
G
(1.4.1) dq = (x)dV
Q

G
G
Q = dq = (x)dV = (x)dxdydz

G
x

(1.4.2)

q .
G
(x) ;

G
G
G
1) x 0 (x) = 0 ( x = 0 )

G
2) q = (x)dV
G
G
(x) = q(x) (1.4.3) (1.4.4)
G
G
G
(x) = 0 x 0 (x)dV = 1

(1.4.3)
(1.4.4)

( )
.
1.4.3.

(x) (
)
M : C[0,1] R M (f ) = f (0) .

M f ( ) (x)f (x)dx .

: M (f ) := (x)f (x)dx = f (0)

1) M (f ) M f
: (
Leibnitz ,
)
2) R ( - + )
3) M
(x).
:
1)

f (x)(x x

) dx = f (x 0 )

(1.4.5)

12

2)

(x x

)dx = 1

(1.4.6)

3) (x y) = (y x)

(1.4.7)

1) z = x x 0 x = x 0 + z dx = dz (z) = f (x 0 + z) .
:

f (x)(x x

) dx = f (x 0 + z)(z) dz = (z)(z) dz = (0) = f (x 0 )

2) f f(x)=1 1) 2)
3) f(x).

f (x)(x y)dx = f (x)(y x)dx

(1) :

f (x)(x y)dx = f (y)

: z = y x dz = dx
+

f (x)(y x)dx = f (z + y)(z)dz = f (z + y)(z)dz = f (0 + y) = f (y)

Dirac :
f : R 2 R ( )

f (x , x
1

) (x1 , x 2 )dx1dx 2 = f (0, 0)

G
G
G
x = (x1 , x 2 ) , f (x1 , x 2 ) = f (x) , (x1 , x 2 ) = 2 (x) dx1dx 2 = d 2 x

f (x) (x)d x = f (0)

2

(1.4.8)

2 (x)
1)

f (x) (x x
2

G
)d 2 x = f (x 0 )

(1.4.9)

G
G G
3) 2 (x x 0 ) = (x1 x10 ) (x 2 x 02 )
G G
G G
4) 2 (x y) = 2 (y x)

2) 2 (x) = (x1 )(x 2 )

(1.4.10)
(1.4.11)
(1.4.12)

1) y = x x 0 ( y1 = x1 x10 y 2 = x 2 x 02 )
d 2 y = dy1dy 2 = dx1dx 2 = d 2 x
:

f (x) (x x
2

G G
G
G
)d 2 x = f (y + x 0 ) 2 (y)d 2 y = f (x 0 )

2) f.
f :
:

f (x)(x )(x
1

)d 2 x = f (x1 , x 2 )(x1 )(x 2 )dx1dx 2 = (x1 )

{ f (x , x )(x )dx } dx
1

f(x1,0) . :

13

f (x) (x)d x = f (0)

2

f (x)(x )(x
1

)d 2 x = f (x1 , x 2 )(x1 )(x 2 )dx1dx 2 = (x1 )f (x1 , 0) dx1 = f (0, 0) = f (0)

.
3) 2)
4)

3 4 .
G
3 3 (x) 3 f , :

f (x) (x)d x = f (0)

3

3 (x x 0 ) = (x1 x10 ) (x 2 x 02 )(x 3 x 30 )

f : R 2 R . ()
, (x1,y1) ,
(x2,y2) (x,y)
..

y
(x1,y1)

JJJJG
JJJG
f
(AM)

(x

x
)dx
=
f
(AB)
2

()

(x,y

(x2,y2)

y=ax+b .

JJJJG
f (AM) = f (x x1 , y y1 ) = f (x x1 , ax + b y1 )
JJJG
f (AB) = f (x 2 x1 , y 2 y1 ) = f (x 2 x1 , ax 2 + b y1 )

:
+
JJJJG
JJJG
f
(AM)

(x

x
)dx
=
f
(x

x
,
ax
+
b

y
)

(x

x
)dx
=
f
(x

x
,
ax
+
b

y
)
=
f
(AB)
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1

1.4.4.
1) q ( )
G
G
G G
x 0 . (x) = q 3 (x x 0 )

2) q
G
t=0 . x q

x q = t . ,
.
G
(t, x) . :

G
G G
G
G G
(t, x) = q 3 (x x q ) (t, x) = q 3 (x t)

3) :

G G
G
G
G G
G
G G
J(t, x) = q 3 (x x q ) J(t, x) = q 3 (x t)

14

 2.


2.1.
.
( ) .
.

.
( )

t
x1
t
=(x )=(t,xi)= 2 =
x x
3
x

(2.1.1)

0 3
1 3.
:
;
,

. :
() Newton
.
Newton ,
:



.

2.2.
x1x2x3 Ox1 x 2 x 3 .

.

.

.
2.2.1.
. x i = x i
i=1,2,3
t=0 t=.
t t=t-.

15

0
X = X
0

0
2.2.2.
.

.
t=t.
(b1, b2, b3) .
1.2 :

0
b1
X = X 2
b
3
b
.

b1
=-b b = 2 x = x b =0,1,2,3
b
3
b
2.2.3.
, , (t = t)
.
(x1 ,x2, x3)
(x1 , x2 x3) .
:
x = x =0,1,2,3
(2.2.1)
:
(2.2.1) =0 :

x 0 = 0 x = 0 0 x 0 + 01x1 + 0 2 x 2 + 03 x 3
t=t x 0 = x 0 0 0 = 1 0i = 0
(=j) (2.2.1) :

x i = i x = i 0 x 0 + i j x j = i 0 t + i j x j
1.2.2 :

x i = R i j x j
: i 0 = 0 i j = R i j

1 0
e R ..
0 R

4x4 =

16

2.2.4.
.
G
t=t=0 . u .
, t

(u1t, u 2 t, u 3 t) = (u1x 0 , u 2 x 0 , u 3 x 0 )
:

x 0 1
x 0 = x 0
1 1
u
x
x1 = x1 u1 x 0
2 = 2
2
2
2 0
x u
x = x u x
3 3
x 3 = x 3 u 3 x 0
x u

0 0 0 x 0

1 0 0 x1
X = X
0 1 0 x 2

0 0 1 x 3

1
4x4
u I

2.2.5.
,
G
u .
:

1 0
X = + b =
b 4x1 , u 3x1
u R
R 3x3 .
:
1) g=(,b)
b .
2) 1, 2, 3 . g1=(1 , b1) g2=(2 , b2) 1
2 2 3 .. :

X 2 = 11 + b1
2 : X 3 = 2 11 + 2 b1 + b 2
X3 = 2 2 + b2

.
:
2.2.5.1.: .
* :
g1=(1 , b1) g2=(2 , b2) g1*g2=(21 , 2b1+b2).
.

g1=(1 , b1) g2=(2 , b2) g=g1*g2 .

=21 b=2b1+b2

1
u1

0
0
1
2 =

.
R1
u 2 R 2
0 1
0
1
0
1
: 2 1 =
=

u 2 R 2 u1 R1 (R 2 u1 + u 2 ) R 2 R1
1 =

u=R2u1+u2 R=R2R1.
17

 R1 , R2 R1TR1=I R2TR2=I.
RR T = (R 2 R 1 )T (R 2 R 1 ) = R 1T R 2 T R 2 R 1 = R 1T IR 1 = R 1T R 1 = I
g.

e=(I,0) 4x4 0 4x1.
g=(,b) :
g*e=(,b)*(I,0)=(I,b+0)=(,b)=g e*g=(I,0)*(,b)=(,0+b)=(,b)=g

1 0
R 3x3 .
u R
0
1
R=R-1 , u=-R-1u , =
b=- b.
u R
0 1 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 1
=
=
=

= I
1
1
u R u R u R R u R 0 I
0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 0
1
=
= 1

=
=I
1
u R u R R u R u R 0 I

g=(,b) =

g=( , b) g*g=g*g=e

2.3.
1 0
.
u R

(,b) =

( )

d
d
=
dt dt
i
i
j
i
x = R j x u t + bi

t = t + b0 dt = dt

i = R i j j u i

(2.3.1)

G
G
G
G
G
G G
G
= i ei = R i j j ei u i ei = j e j u i R i je j = u i R i je j

ai = Ri j a j .
:

G G
G
G
G
G G
a = a i ei = R i j a j ei = a j e j = a a = a

(2.3.2)

G
G
p = m
.

18

pi = R i jp j mu i

G G
G
p = p mu

(2.3.3)

2.4.
2.4.1.
( )
Newton.
;
:
.
.
x i ( ) i=1,2,3 =1,2,3,
( ).
G
G
( p(t1 ) = p(t 2 ) )
.

G
G
p(t1 ) = p(t 2 ) pi (t1 ) = pi (t1 ) pi( ) (t1 ) = pi( ) (t 2 )
=1

=1

( (2.3.3) ):

=1

=1

pi (t1 ) = (R i jp(j ) (t1 ) m ( ) u i ) = R i j p(j ) (t1 ) u i m ( )

=1

=1

=1

pi (t1 ) = R i j p(j ) (t 2 ) u i m ( ) = (R i jp(j ) (t 2 ) m ( ) u i ) = pi (t 2 )

=1

2.4.2.

( ).
:

2 (t, x) 1 2 (t, x)
2
=0
x 2

t 2

(2.4.1)

x.

1
u
=
0

0
1
0
0

0
0
1
0

0
0

0
0
b = :
0
0

1
0

t = t
x = x u t
;
(2.4.1)

(t , x)=(t, x)
:

19

 x t

=
+
=
x x x x t x
x t

=
+
= u
+
t t x t t
x t
:
2
2 2
2

2
2
2

=
=
= ( u
+ )( u
+ ) = u
+
2u
x 2
x 2
t 2
t t
x t
x t
x2
t 2
xt

(1

u 2 2 1 2
u 2
)

2
=0
2 x 2 2 t 2
2 xt

( )
.
:
u
.
.
.
. ,

.

20

 3.
LORENTZ
3.1.

.
.
;
,

.
.
.
c. u

c-u.
:
.
.
.
1)
( )
2)

3)
4)
5)
Newton.
;
.
,

.

3.2. Lorentz
3.2.1.
xyz xyz
.
x.
t=0
t=0.

:
t = b t + a x
(3.2.1)
x = g t + f x
(3.2.2)
y = y z = z
(3.2.3)

a,b,d,f . .

21

 a,b,d,f
.
1:
x=0 x=t. (3.2.2) :

0=g t+f t g = f

(3.2.3)

2: -
x=0 x=-t. (3.2.1) (3.2.2) :

t = b t
t = g t b t = g t g = b

(3.2.1.4)

(3.2.3) (3.2.4) : f=b

:

t = b t + a x
x = b ( t + x)
y = y
z = z

(3.2.5)
(3.2.6)

3:
t=0
. t x=ct.
x=ct.
(3.2.5) (3.2.6) :
t = b t + a c t
(3.2.7)
c t = b t + b c t
(3.2.8)
(3.2.7) (3.2.8) : a =

b
c2

x)
c2
x = b ( t + x)
t = b(t

(3.2.9)
(3.2.10)

4:

2 1 2
(3.2.9)

x 2 c 2 t 2

(3.2.10)

2 1 2
.

x2 c 2 t 2

x t

=
+
= b(
2 )
x x x x t
x c t
x t

=
+
= b(
+ )
t t x t t
x t

2 1 2
1
2
2 2 =
=
2
x x
x
c t
c t t

22

b2 (

2 )(
2 ) 2 b 2 (
+ )(
+ ) =
x c t x c t
c
x t
x t

2 2
2 1 2
2
b (1 2 )
b (1 2 ) 2
c x2
c c t 2
2

b 2 (1

2
) = 1 b2 =
2
c

1
1
b=
||<c
2
2

1 2
1 2
c
c

:
=0
x=x t=t .
=0 b=1. b +.

b =

1
=b =

2
c2
1

(3.2.11)

2
1 2
c

Lorentz :

x)
c2
x = ( t + x)
t = (t

(3.2.12)
(3.2.13)

y=y z=z

1) (3.2.13) .
;
.
(3.2.13)
2) (3.2.12) . :
;
. .
3) (3.2.9) (3.2.10) :

t
t
x
x
X = X = X =
y
y


z
z

2

c

() =
0
0

0
0

0 0

0 0
1 0

0 1

4) (3.2.9) (3.2.10) t x

t = (t +

x)
c2

x = ( t + x )

(3.2.14)

23

5)
1
() = ()

1 ( )
=0,6c .

. 2sec.
.

.
.
1: .
t1 , x1=0 t1 , x1
:

t1 = (t1 +

x1 ) t1 = t1
c2

2: .
t2 , x2=0 t2 , x2

t 2 = (t 2 +

x2 ) t 2 = t 2
c2

t=2sec
t = t 2 t1 = (t 2 t1 ) = t
=

1
1

c2

1
1 0, 6

1
= 1.25
0,8

t=2.5 sec

2 ( )


70cm. .

x1=0 x2=0,7m.
( )
.
t1=t2t=0
, x
:
x1 = ( t1 + x1 ) x 2 = ( t 2 + x 2 )

x = ( t + x)

t=0 : x = x x =

x 0.7
=
= 56cm

1.25

24

 3:
1.
.

)

x=0.7 ,
(t,x) x=0.7 .
t
0.7 x.

x
0.7
t

) .
: t = (t +

x) x = ( t + x) .
c2

x=0.7 t
t x. :

x=

x
+ t x = 0,56 + 0.6 c t

: x = ( t + x) .
x :

x=

0.56
t

x
+ t x = 0,56 + 0.6 c t

4

L. t=0 Laser
. :
)
) .

)

L L = ct t =

L
.
c

L
t
x = c . (3.2.14) :
L

L(c + )
L(c + )
x =
t=
2
c
c

25


x=0 t=0.
t=0 x=0. x1=ct .
(x=L) .

x = ( t + x) x=L x.

L
+ t

L
L
x1 = x 2 c t = + t t =

(c )
x 2 =

.
:
x

t=

L
L
= 2
=
(c ) (c )

1
(c )
2
1 2
c

L(c + )
c2

) x=ct
(t,x) x=ct ()

x=ct (t,x)

t
5

u . .

x=u t.
(3.2.14) :

u
u+
t
) x = t ( + u) . t : x =
2
u
c
1+ 2
c
u+

u
1+ 2
c
t = t (1 +

.
.
u .
u =

dx
dx = u dt
dt

(3.2.14) :

dt = (dt +

u
d x ) = dt (1 + 2 )
2
c
c

dx = ( dt + dx ) = dt ( + u)

26

dx u +
=
dt 1 + u
c2

3.2.2. Lorentz
t
x1, x2, x3.
x0=ct. .

(3.2.15)

(3.2.9) , (3.2.10) (3.2.11)

x 0 = (x 0 x) x = ( x 0 + x)

1
1 2

0 0
x0
x 0

1
1

0 0
x
x

(
)

=
() =
, = , ||<1
X = 2 X = 2 (x )
2
x
x
0
0 1 0
c
1
3
3

0 0 1
0
x
x

(3.2.16)

= X

(3.2.17)

x = x

(3.2.18)

=0,1,2,3 0 3

1) (0)= 4x4 .
(0) = Kronecker ( 0 0 = 11 = 2 2 = 33 = 1 0 )
2) ().(-)=
1 () = () 1 () ().

1 + 2

1 + 12

3) (1 ). (2 ) =

.

;
,,.
1
2 .

27

1 + 2

1+ 1 2 2
c

( x)
y :
x 0 = (x 0 y) , x=x y = ( x 0 + y) , z=z.
y

0
( y) () =

0 0
1 0 0
0
0

0 0 1

(3.2.19)

0
(z) () =
0

0
1
0
0

0
0 0
1 0

(3.2.20)

:

G
.

.
.

G
G
r :

y
y

G G G
G G G
r = r// + r r = r r//
G G
G
G
r// // r// =

GG
G
G
G
G G G
G
G G
r.
r r . = 0 (r r// ). = 0 (r ). = 0 = 2
z

G
r
G
r

G
r//

GG
GG
G r. G
G G r. G
: r// = 2 r = r 2

Lorentz
.
:

G G
r = r
G
G G
r// = ( t + r// )
GG
r//
t = (t 2 )
c

28

 x 0 = x 0

cx

i =1

x 0 = 0 x = 0 0 x 0 +
0 0 = 0i =

i =1

xi

r ei .
:

G
G
G
G G G G G
G G G
G G G
x i = r.ei = r// .ei + r .ei = (r// t).ei + r .ei = (r// t).ei + (r r// ).ei

GG
G G
GG
GG
GG
GG
x i = r.ei + ( 1)r// .ei .ei t = r.ei + ( 1).ei .ei t = x i + ( 1)i i t
x i = x i +
x i =

GG
r.
i 0 3 i j 1 i 3 j j
i
i
( 1) t = x + j x + 2 x
c
2

j=1
j=1

i 0 3 i 1 i j j
x + ( j + 2 )x
c

j=1

x i = i x = i 0 x 0 +
i 0 =

j=1

i
j

xj

1
i j = i j + 2 i j
c

Lorentz

00 =
i 0 = i

0i = i
i j = i j +

( 1) i j

| |2

() =
1
G
+ 2

||

(3.2.21)

1

1 c2
G
3x1 = 2 = , | |2 = = (1 ) 2 + (1 ) 2 + ( 2 ) 2 + (3 ) 2 ,
c
3 3

c

G
1
() =
| |< 1
G
1 | |2

1)
()() = 1 () = () .
29

2) Lorentz 1,2,3.
3 3
1 . Lorentz

1 0
= R X + b R =
, R 3x3 Lorentz
0 R

3.3. Minkowski
1 2 (1) (2) (
x (1) x (2) ) .

S2 = (x 0 ) 2 + (x1 ) 2 + (x 2 ) 2 + (x 3 ) 2 = (x 0 ) 2 + (x) 2

3.3.1.

S2 = S2

(3.3.1)

) ( = +b) =
.
)
(t=t) x0=x0 :

G
G
x2 = x 2 (x 1 ) 2 + (x 2 ) 2 + (x3 ) 2 = (x1 ) 2 + (x 2 ) 2 + (x 3 ) 2 (3.3.1)

) Lorentz x.
:

x 0 = (x 0 + x1 )
x1 = (x 1 + x 0 )
x 2 = x 2
x 3 = x 3
(3.3.1) ( )

) Lorentz
:
. Lorentz :

G G
r = r
G
G
G
r// = ( x 0 + r// )
G G
x 0 = (x 0 + r// )

) : (x 0 ) 2 + ( r// ) 2 = (x 0 ) 2 + ( r// ) 2
(3.3.1) :

G
G
G
(x 0 ) 2 + (x1 ) 2 + (x 2 ) 2 + (x 3 ) 2 = (x 0 ) 2 + ( r) 2 = (x 0 ) 2 + ( r// + r ) 2 =
G
G
G
G
(x 0 ) 2 + ( r// ) 2 + ( r ) 2 = (x 0 ) 2 + ( r// ) 2 + ( r ) 2 =
(x 0 ) 2 + (x 1 ) 2 + (x 2 ) 2 + (x3 ) 2

30

) Lorentz

1 0
= R X + b R =
, R 3x3 Lorentz
0 R
:

= R

X X =

= + b

:
S2 = S2 = S2 = S2
Lorentz S2
.
S2 .

ij ij :
:
00 = 1 , 11 = 22 = 33 = 1 .

1
0
=
0

0
1
0
0

0
0
1
0

0
0 1 0
=
0 0

(3.3.2)

.
.= = 4x4
( 00 = 11 = 22 = 33 = 1 )
(
):
:
=
(3.3.3)
:

(3.3.4)

1)
.
.
2)
:

( (3.3.3))

31

3) A
.
.
( = ) .
.
= = = =
4) S2

S2 = (x) (x)

(3.3.5)

S2 = ( ) ( )

(3.3.6)


Lorentz = LX + b L = R
 .
Lorentz R
L:

3.3.2.
L Lorentz = LX + b

LT L =

(3.3.5)

= LX () = ( ) LT
Lorentz S2 . :

S2 = S2 () () = ( ) ( ) ( ) LT L( ) = ( ) ( )
LT L =


:

1 0
T
R R R=I
0
R

 =
L = R

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
L L =

=
T
0 R 0 I 0 R 0 R 0 I 0 R
T

0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
=
=
0 R T 0 I 0 R 0 R T 0 R 0 R T R = 0 I =

L= Lorentz

1
= G 2
=

||
+
=
32


1 0

=
=

+ 0 +

==

+ +
:

G
2 + 2 = 2 (1 | |2 ) = 1

1 G
2 = 2 G 2 | |2 = ( 2 2 + ) = 0
||
:

G
1
2 = 2 G 2 | |2 = ( 2 2 + ) = 0
||
:

G
2 + + + 2 = 2 + + + 2 | |2

G
1 ( 1) 2
2 1
2 + 2 + 2 | |2 = 2 + 2 G 2 + G 2 = 2 + G 2 = 2 + 2 = 0
||
||
||

=


L = R

 = =
LT L = (R ) (R ) = R T R = (R T R)

Lorentz =L+b
LT L = .
.
Lorentz.
3.3.3.
4x4 L LT L = . 3x1 3x3

 () () Lorentz .
R L = R

LT L = LT L = (LT )L =
L LT
(==).

L(LT ) = L(LT ) = LLT =

L 4x4
0 0 L00=

33

 3 3x1 v (Li0=vi).
3 1x3 . u
3x1
L 3x3 .

u T
L L =

v
L LT L =

u T 1 0 u T 1 0 v T 1 0 u T 1 0

=
=

0
0
0
0

v
v
u
v

2 + v T v u T + v T 1 0
=

u + v uu + 0
2 + v T v = 1
(1)

v = u
(2)

T
uu =
(3)
T
LL =

2 + u T u = 1
u = v
vvT =

(4)
(5)
(6)

(1) 2 = 1 + v v 2 1
>0. ( <0 )

u
 = L(-)
R

 = 1 0 RTR=I
R
0 R

G
G
u T u (4)
2 1
1
G = () :=
| |2 = = 2
| |2 =
2 =
2

1 | |2
T Lorentz

1 1 uu T uu T
= G 2 = 2
=
1 2 + 1
||
2
 :
R

u
T
T


R = L () =
=
1

uu
v + v u +

+1

1 T T
2
T
T
T
u u u + u + + 1 u uu
R =

1
T
T
v u
vu + +
uu

+1
(4) : 2 u T u = 1
34

 (5) : v u = 0
: u T + u T +
R = vu T + +

1 T T
2 1 T
u uu = u T + u T +
u = ( + 1 + 1)u T = 0
+1
+1

vu T
+1

(5) u=v : R =
R =

1
vu T
+1

1
uv T
+1

RRT

RR T = (

1
1
uv T vu T vu T uv T
vu T )( T
uv T ) =

+
+1
+1
+ 1 + 1 ( + 1) 2

(6) = + vv T
(5) u = v u T T = v T
(4) u T u = 2 1
:

RR T = + vv

vv T vv T v( 2 1)v T
2 ( 2 1)
T

+
=

+
=
vv
1

2
+1 +1
( + 1) 2
+ 1 ( + 1)

R 3x3 .
 = L () R () = L () () R () = L L = R ()
R
<0.
L1 = L . L1 LT1 L1 = .
<0 00 L1 >0 .
Lorentz R1

1 0
1 0
L1 =
L=

0 R1
0 R1
R=-R1 R .

LT L =
Lorentz.
() Lorentz () :
L=.R
Lorentz Lorentz
Lorentz.

3.4. Lorentz
Lorentz g=(L,b) L 4x4
LT L = b 4x1 . Lorentz
=L+b.

35

 =L1X + b1 X=L2X+b2. X
:=L2L1X+L2b1+b2.
Lorentz
:

3.4.1.
Lorentz.
* :
g1=(L1 , b1) g2=(L2 , b2) g1*g2=(L2L1 , L2b1+b2).
.

g1=(L1 , b1) g2=(L2 , b2) g=g1*g2 .
L=L2L1 b=L2b1+b2
g1 , g2 : LT1 L1 = LT2 L 2 = .

L L = (L 2 L1 )T (L 2 L1 ) = LT1 (LT2L 2 )L1 = LT1 L1 =

g
.

e=(I,0) 4x4 0 4x1.
g=(L,b) :
g*e=(L,b)*(I,0)=(IL,b+0)=(L,b)=g e*g=(I,0)*(L,b)=(L,L0+b)=(L,b)=g

g=(L,b)
L=L-1 , b=-L b
:

LT L = LLT = (LLT ) 1 = 1 (LT )1 1L1 = 1 (L1 ) L1 = LT L =

g=(L , b) g*g=g*g=e

(L0 0 ) 2 = 1 + vT v (L0 0 ) 2 1 L0 0 1 L0 0 1
:

LT L = | L |2 = 1 | L |= 1
Lorentz : (L0 0 1,| L |= 1) ,

(L0 0 1,| L |= 1) , (L0 0 1,| L |= 1) , (L0 0 1,| L |= 1) .

Lorentz (proper Lorentz group).
:

36

 3.4.2.
N Lorentz g=(L,b) |L|=1 L001 .
Lorentz

g1=(L1,b1) g2=(L2,b2) N . g=g1*g2==(L2L1 , L2b1+b2) N
g1 g2 Lorentz

L1 = 1
v1

2 u T2
u1T
G 2
G 2
2
2

L2 =

| u1 | = 1 1 | v 2 | = 2 1
1
v2 2
g1, g2 N 11 , 21 , |L1|=1, |L2|=1
L=L1L2 :

1 u1 2
L = L1L 2 =

v1 1 v 2
= 1 2 + u1 v 2

u 2 ....
=

2 ... ....

Shwartz :

G G
G G
| u T2 v1 |=| u 2 .v1 || u 2 || v1 |= 22 1 12 1 | 2 || 1 |= 1 2 | u T2 v1 | 1 2

1 2 u T2 v1 u T2 v1 + 1 2 0 0

00=1 ||=1 e N

g=(L,b) N g=(L-1, -L-1b) N

L= 1
v1

2
u1
1
L =
1
v2

u 2
G 2
G 2
2
2
| u1 | = 1 1 | v 2 | = 2 1
2

g N 10. g 20.
L L-1 :

LL = 1
v1
1

u1 2

1 v 2

u 2 1 0
1 2 + u T2 v1 = 1
=

2 0

Shwartz :

G G
G G
| u T2 v1 |=| u 2 .v1 || u 2 || v1 |= 22 1 12 1 | 2 || 1 |= 1 | 2 |

u T2 v1 1 | 2 | u T2 v1 + 1 2 1 | 2 | +1 2 1 1 (| 2 | + 2 )
2<0 |2|=-2 10 . 20

37

3.5.

G
S2 = (x 0 ) 2 + (x1 ) 2 + (x 2 ) 2 + (x 3 ) 2 = (x 0 ) 2 + (x) 2

S2 = (x) (x)

S2 = ( ) ( )

1
0
=
0

0
1
0
0

0
0
1
0

0
1

0 1 0

=
0
0 0

1
0

0
1
0
0

0
0
1
0

0
0 1 0
=
0 0

=
Lorentz = LX + b = L + b
S2 .

LT L = LLT =
L L = L L =
Lorentz .
:

() =
1 = () =
G 2 ,
+ G 2

1
|
|

||

G
G
= ,
c

G
| |< 1

00 =
i 0 = i

0i = i
( 1)
i j = i j + G 2 i j
||

1 2

1 + 2

1+ 1 2 2
c

38

 4.

4.1.
m1=m
y
y
m2=3m 1=0=0.6c 2=0 .
u
(
)
2
1
x
x
: 1=-20 2=0.
O
O


x , u=0.6c Lorentz.
x
:

u
u
1 2
c

u
u
1 u
u
+ 3m 2
=m 0
+ 3m 0
= 3.6mc
1 u
2 u
0 u
u
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 + 02
c
c
c
c
20 u
1T u
2T u
0u
+ 3m2T = m
pT = m1T
+ 3m
=m
+ 3m
= 5.8mc
2 0 u
1T u
2T u
1
1 2
1 2
1+ 2
c
c
c

pA = m1 + 3m2 = m

:
Lorentz ,
.
.
.
( , , )
Lorentz.

4.2.
P Q .

G
G
S2 = (x 0 ) 2 + (x) 2 = c 2 (t) 2 + (x) 2 = x x

P (0,0,0,0) Q (,0,0,0)
S2=-2. (0,,0,0) S2=2 (,,0,0) S2=0.
PQ
S2 :

S2 > 0
S2 < 0
S2 = 0

39


1) S2=S2 .
.
2) :

G
x
G
= c x 2 = c 2 t 2 S2 = 0
t

3) :

G
x
G
< c x 2 < c 2 t 2 S2 < 0
t

4) :
S2<0 .
x
x1
S2>0.
5)
(x0, x). P
Q2
.
Q1
P
. Q1
PQ1
Q3
P
. Q2

x0
PQ2
Q3
PQ3
.
6)
x1

Q2
( ) P ,
Q1
Q3 PQ3
Q3

P
Q2 PQ2
.

x0
x2
. .
dS2<0
.
d =

dS2
, ,
c

() .
:
G G
( dx = 0 ) dS2 = (dx 0 ) 2 = c 2 dt 2 d = dt .
d=dt.
.
, , d

.

40



x x=t2. (t,x) x=t2.
(t= ,x=2 ).

dS2
c 2 dt 2 dx 2
c 2 4 2
d =
d
=
=
c
c
c
t x
.

4.3.

x = x () .
.

u =

dx ()
=0,1,2,3
d

(4.3.1)

U ( ) u

4.3.1.

1) : u u = c 2

(4.3.2)

2) :
t

G
G dx
G
x ( =
).
dt

c
U = G

= () =

(4.3.3)

1
1

2
c2

G
G
u
G
3) u = 0
c u
4)

(4.3.4)

c
U = G

(4.3.5)

5) .
Lorentz x = L x + b .
u u :

U = LU u = L u

(4.3.6)

6) .
u u

41

u = L u

(4.3.7)

L = L

(4.3.8)

7)
:

x
u
x
x
u
) u =
x
) u =

(4.3.9)
(4.3.10)

dx dx dS2
=
= c 2
d d d2
2 dxG 2
G2
G2
2
0 2
2
2
2
2) dS = (dx ) + dx = c dt + dx = dt c

dt

1) u u = u u =

c 2 d2 = dt 2 (c 2 2 ) d 2 =
u i =

dt 2
dt

=
2

dx i dx i dt
=
= i
d
dt d

G
G
u
3) : 0 =
=
c
u
4) u

c
= u .

u 0 1
u 0
= 1 =
u 2 0

u 3 0

0 0 0 u 0
1
1

0
1 0 0 u

0
0 0 0 u 2
3

0 0 1 u
0

0 0 0 c
c

1
1
1 0 0
= Gc
=

2
2
0 0 0

3
3
0 0 1

5) Lorentz :

x = L x + b dx = L dx

dx
dx
= L
u = L u
d
d

6) u = u = L u = L u
L = L u = L u

.
7) ) x x .

x
= .

x (L x )
x
: =
= L = L = L

x
x
x

42

: u = L u =

x
u
x

) (
x x ).
: x = L x + b
L

x L = L L x + b L

(1)

L : L L =
(1) : x L = x + b L

(2)

x L = x + b L x L = x + L b
x L = x + L b x = x L L b
x x :

x
= L

u = L u u =

x
u
x

4.3.2.
.
G
. v .
G
G
G
, .
G
:

G
=

GG
G G ( 1)(v) G
v]
G G [ v +
G
v
v2
(1 2 )
c

(4.3.11)

u0

u 0
u

U = G U = G

Lorentz =

+
G vG
G
1
= , = 2 = ()
c

: U=U

GG
G

u 0 ( u)
u 0

u 0
u 0 u
=
=
G
G
G

(1)
G
G
G
G =

G
G
0

0
u + u u + u + u u + u + ( u)
G
G
G
G
u
u
G
0 G 1

= c 0 u = u c = c 0 .
u
u
U (1) :

43

G
G GG
G
G GG
G
G G
G GG
G
G
G
G v + + v(v)c 2
u
u 0 + u + ( u)
u 0 + u 0 c 1 + ()u 0 c 1
GG
GG

= c 0 = c
=c
=
GG
(v)c 2
u
u 0 ( u)
u 0 ()u 0 c 1
GG
G
G G ( 1)(v) G
1

=
v] =(v)
G G [ v +
G
v
v2
(1 2 )
c

( ) .

= ( ) , = ( ) v = O( )
(4.3.12) :

G
A(O)

G
G
( 1)( ( ) ( ) ) G
G
G
A(O) + O(O) +
( )
G
2 ( )
=
G
G
A(O) ( )
)
(1 +
c2

= ( ( ) )

(4.3.12)

1) x : ( ) ( ) = 1 ( ) ( ')
:

1A(O) + O(O) +

( 1)(1 ( ) ( ) )
( ( ) ) 2

1A(O) =
(1 +

1
A(O )

c2
1A(O) + O(O) + ( 1)1 ( )
(1 +

1
A(O )

1 ( ) ( )

1 ( ) ( )
c2

( )

)
=

1 ( ) + O(O)
1 ( ) ( )

1+

3A(O) =

c2

1 ( ) + O(O)
1+

1 ( ) ( )
c2
2 ( )

2A(O) =
1+

1 ( ) ( )

3 ( )
1+

c2

1 ( ) ( )
c2

2)
G
G
G
G G
G G
( ) = ( ) e , ( ) = ( ) e , O( ) = O( ) e ( e
). :

A(O) + O(O) +
A(O) =

( 1)( ( ) ( ) )

2 ( )

(1 + A(O) 2 ( ) )
c

( )
=

44

A(O) + O(O) + ( 1) ( )

A(O) ( )
(1 +
)
c2

A(O) ==

A(O) + O(O)

1 + A(O) 2 ( )
c

,
:
G
G
v ( ) , ( )

v ( ) O .

vc
G
v v

i) u ( ) =

ii) u (O)

. u (O) = (( ) )u (O)

G
u
G
iii) : v ( ) = 0
u

v yz .
y.

u ( )

c
0
= v
v2

v3

0
: () =

0
:

u ( )

0
= v

0
1

0 c
(c v 2 )

0
0 0

= v
(c + v 2 )
0 v2

v3
1 v3

45

0
1
0
0
0
0

0
0
0

4.4.

du d 2 u
=
d
d2

(4.4.1)

1) (a.u=0)
2)

4 G G
.a

A=
2G 4 G G G
a + c 2 (.a)

(4.4.2)

(4.4.3)

3)
) = L
) = L

(4.4.4)
(4.4.5)

1) : u u = c 2 u u = c 2
:

du
du
= 0 u + u = 0 2 u = 0 u = 0
u + u
d
d

2) :
.

G
G
G G
2 1/ 2
d
1
2 1/ 2 2 d
d 3 G G
= (1 2 )
= (1 2 )

= .a
c
dt
2
c
c 2 dt
dt c2

du 0 du 0 dt
d
4 G G
=
= c = .a
d
dt d
dt
c
G
G
G
G
G du dt du
G d
G 4 G G G
d( )
2 d
=
=
=
=
+ = 2 a + 2 (.a)
d d dt
dt
dt
dt
c
0 =

4 i j
= a + 2 ja
c
4

GG
.a

A =
2G 4 G G G
a + c 2 (.a)
i

2 i

3) ( L
).

46

d u
d u
= L
= L
d
d

d( u ) d u
d u
d u
= =
=
=
= L
= L = L
d
d
d
d
u = L u

4.5.
:

p = mu = m

dx
d

(4.5.1)

mc
P = G
m

(4.5.2)

mc
G
m

P =

(4.5.3)

.
:

G
G
p = m
(4.5.4)

= p0 c = mc 2
(4.5.5)

1) =mc2.
=mc2 .
2)
.
<< c.
Taylor /c :

1
1

2
c2

1+

2
2c 2

p m mc 2 +

1
m2 .
2

mc2
.
.
3) .
m
= mc 2 mc 2
4) c2.
:

47

p p = m 2 u u = m 2 c 2 p p = m 2 c 2 00 p 0 p 0 + ijpi p j = m 2 c 2

G
E2 G 2
+ p = m 2c2 E 2 = p 2c2 + m 2c4
2
c

(4.5.6)

5) (m=0, E=hf) :

E = pc p =

E
.
c

E
G E
: P = c | p |=
G
c
p

(4.5.7)

6)

p p = (p 0 ) 2 + | p |2 =

E2 E2
+
=0
c2 c2

7) :

p = L p
8) .
.
.

. p = p = 0

p
i =1

(i)

= 0 ( i

) .
:
N

i =1

i =1

i =1

p(i) = L p(i) p(i) = L p (i) p = p(i) = L p(i) = L p (i) = 0

. .

9) .
G
p
.
.

E
: P = c .
G
p


:
Lorentz =
+ 1

2
E
P = c .

0

48

GG

E c p
E E

c
=

G
P = P c =
c
c
1
+ 2 G 1 G G G

0
p 0 c + p + 2 ( p)

G
G
G
G
G 1
(1)
+ p + 2 ( p) = 0
c

G
(1) :.

GG
G G 2
2 G G 1 2 G G
2
+ p + 2 ( p) = 0
+ p = 0 p =
c

c
c

(2)

(2) (1) :

G
G cpG
G 1 G 2
+p+ 2
=0 =
E
c

P.P = P.P

E2
E2
=

+ p 2 E = E 2 p 2 c 2
c2
c2

E E

G E G G cpG
c
1

P = P c =
p= =
c c =
1
+ 2 G G
c
E

p
0 p

49

4.6.
, ,
, .

( ),
.
:

d = dS2 = dx dx
() :

u =

dx
d

a =

du d 2 x
=
d
d2

dx
p = mu = m
d

( )
( ):
x = L x

u = L u
a = L a
p = L p
:

c
u = G
v
:

mc
p = G
mv

E = c p0 = mc 2
.

G
G
p = mv

E 2 = p 2c2 + m 2c4
:

G
E =| p | c

p
( ) .
:

G
c2 p
G
v cp =
E

50

 5.

5.1.

1
0
=
0

0
1
0
0

0
0
1
0

0
0
0

(5.1.1)

1
0
=
0

0
1
0
0

0
0
1
0

0
0
0

(5.1.2)

(5.1.3)

Lorentz x = L x
L

L L = L L =

(5.1.4)

L = L

(5.1.5)

) L ( ) L :

L L = L L =

(5.1.6)

) L Lorentz L

L L =

L L =

(5.1.7)

) x = L x x = L x

) L L = L L = L L = = .
) L L = L L = L L = L L =

L L = = =
) x = L x L x = L L x L x = x L x = x

51

5.2. -
:
) () (scalars) - ()
Lorentz
Lorentz.

=

(5.2.1)

, .

:
.
( )

.
u v .
:

u.v = u v
Lorentz x = L x

u .v = u v = L u L v = L L u v = u v = u.v

( ) = (ct, x)
.

G
G
( ) = ( ) (ct , x) = (ct, x)

(5.2.1)

1
( ) = x x = (x 0 ) 2 + (x1 ) 2 + (x 2 ) 2 + (x 3 ) 2
Lorentz x = L x
(X) = x x = L x L x = L L x x = x x = ( )

)
Lorentz

= L

(5.2.2)

, , .
( )
. .
Lorentz :
(5.2.2)
( ) = L ( )

52

)
Lorentz

= L

(5.2.3)

2
.

=
.
:

= = L = L = L = L = L
( )
. .
Lorentz :

( ) = L ( )

(5.2.3)

3
( ) = x

(X) = x = L x = L x = L x = L x = L (X)
4
() . (gradient)

V ( ) =

.
x

( )

x

V ( ) =

( ) ( )
=
x
x

( ) ( ) x
x
=
=
V
(

x
x x
x

x
x
x = L x
L
=
= L = L

x
x

: V ( ) = L V ( )

53

:

.
: V ( ) = V ( ) =

( )
x

, =

1 2
2
,

+
G
c 2 t 2 x 2
x x

=
= L

x
x x
x
:

, = = L L = L L = = ,
x x

x x

x x

)
(16 ) .
(2 ) Lorentz

= L L

(5.2.4)

6
u v . :
= u v . .

= u v = L u L v = L L
( )
.
Lorentz :

( ) = L L ( )

(5.2.4)

7
( ) ( ) .
:

( ) = ( ) ( )

54


1) .
4x4x4=64
= L L L
2) .
..
16
: = L L
3) 8
( ) .
.

( )
( ) =
x

( ) =

( ) (L ( ))
( )
( ) x
L
L
=
=
=
= L L ( )

x
x
x
x x

4)
.

5.3.
) .

1
0
: =
0

1
=

0
1
0
0

0
0
1
0

0
0
0

L L =

= L L

(5.3.1)

.
.
= L L
(5.3.2)
) 44 , :
1) = 0 ( 0102 = 1123 = 1122 = 0 )
2) 0123 = 1
3) =
( 3201 = 0231 = 0132 = 0123 = 1 )
:

55

 || .

=| |

(5.3.3)

= .
:

= = =
. = x . x
=0123 :

0123 = x 0123 0 12 3 = x
0 1 2 3 =| T | . x=|T|
Lorentz (|L|=1) (5.3.3)
: L L L L =

= L L L L

(5.3.4)

:
=
(5.3.5)
(5.3.5) .

0123 :

0123 = 0 1 2 3 = 00 1122 33 0123 = 1

0123 = 1

(5.3.6)

5.4.
1)
=() S=(S) . =+S :

= + S

.

2)
T=(T) .
S= :

S =
3)
=() S=(S) .
= S :

= S

56

= L L

S = L L S

= S = L L L L S = L L L L
4)
..
.
5 .
S =
, 2
.

S = = L L L L L
L L = .

S = L L L = L L L S = L L L S
5)
: .
, ( )
.

1) S .
=S :

= S
2) S .
:

= S = S

1)

= G = G .
.

GG
. = = = = A 0 B0 + AB

2)
: 1
4 :
T S , T S , T S , T S

57

5.4.1.

.

FS = F,S,T
.
Lorentz.
.

FS = L L L FS L = L FS L =
L FS L = L (FS )

. FS = 0 FS =

.
.
(5.4.1)
.
.
.

F =

G
dp
dt

( ),
.
.

58

5.5.

.
Lorentz

x = L x x = L x
:
() :

( )

= L
( )

= L

= L L
( )
:

= L L =

= L L =

= L L L L =
,
, , , .

.
,

59

 6.

6.1.
4 Maxwell.

() ().
:
1) Maxwell ;
2) ;
3) Lorentz
;
4) ( )
Lorentz;
:
.
.
.

.
.
( 4x4 )
. 4x4 16 .
4x4 6
..

Maxewll .
( )
.

6.2.
.

x0

x = G ,

G
(x) J(x)

c (x)

J(x)

J (x) = G

e
.

:

G
0
G = G ( ()
()
60

x0 (x 0 ) (x 0 ) .
G
x0 x

G G
(x) = e 3 x (x 0 )

G
G
G G
J(x) = e (x 0 ) 3 x (x 0 )

f () = f ()( )d ( ) = ( ) :

G G
G G
G G
(x) = e 3 x (x 0 ) = e 3 x () ( x 0 )d = e 3 x () (x 0 )d

.
=() .

q (e)

0 () q 0 ()
= G = G
=G
() (()) q()

( q() () .)
d :

= () d =

d
d0
d =
d d = u 0 ()d
d
d

u0() 0 .
:

G G
(x) = e 3 ( x q() ) ( x 0 q 0 () ) u 0 ()d
G

3 ( x q() ) x 0 q 0 () = 4 ( x q() )
:

(x) = e 4 ( x q() )u 0 ()d

(6.2.1)

i :

G G
G G
G G
J i (x) = ei (x 0 ) 3 x (x 0 ) = e i ()3 x () ( x 0 )d = e i () 3 x () (x 0 )d

d i
di d
d
d
() = c
d =
=c
= cu i ()
d
d
d d
d
d
i

J i (x) = c e u i () 4 ( x q() )d

(6.2.2)

(6.2.1) (6.2.2) :

J (x) = c e u () 4 ( x q() )d

(6.2.3)

Lorentz L .
|L| =1 Dirac . u
.

61

 .

:
N

J (x) = J (n ) (x) ( )
n =1

6.3. Maxwell
4 Maxwell ( ) :

GG
E =
0
G
G G B
x E +
=0
t
GG
B = 0
G
G G
G

x B 0 0
= 0 J
t

(6.3.1)
(6.3.2)
(6.3.3)
(6.3.4)

0 , 0 c 0 0 =

1
1
c=
2
c
00

(6.3.5)

F = 1
2

0
c3

c3
0

c 2

c1

3
c 2
c1

(6.3.6)

4 Maxwell F.
:
) (6.3.1) (6.3.4) :

0
F
=
J

x
0

(6.3.7)

) (6.3.2) (6.3.3) :

F
x

=0

(6.3.8)

) (6.3.7):

0 0
F0 F01 F02 F03 1 2 3 G G
= 1 + 2 + 3 = 1 + 2 + 3 = = =
J

x
x
x
x
x x
x
0
0
1 (6.3.7):

B
B
F1 F10 F12 F13
1 1
1 B B
= 0 + 2 + 3 =
+ c 23 c 32 = c( 2 1 + 23 32 )

x
x
x
x
c t
x
x
c t x
x
1 (6.3.4) :
62

B3 B2
B B

1
3 0 0 1 = 0 J1 23 32 2 1 = 0 J1
2
c t
x
x
t
x
x

0 1
F1
=
J .

x
0
2 3 (6.3.7)
) F..

F
 = F
F = F F

0 ET

E FB

F F =

3x1 FB 3x3 F
.
:

1 0 0 E T 1 0 0 E T 1 0 0 E T
F = F =

=
=
0 I E FB 0 I E FB 0 I E FB
0 1 2 3

0
c3 c 2
F = 1
2 c3
0
c1

0
3 c2 c1
F
0 (6.3.8) : 0
x

(6.3.9)

43=64 . ,,
0 0 . 0 .

0 (. =123 132 213 231 312 321 ).
3!=6 . F 3
( 0123

F12
F
= 0213 213 ) .
3
x
x

: 0

F
x

= 2(0123

GG
F
F
B B B
F12
+ 0231 231 + 0132 132 ) = 2c( 33 + 11 + 22 ) = 2cB = 0
3
x
x
x
x
x
x

1 (6.3.8):

F
x

= 2(1023

F02 1032 F03 1320 F32

E E B
+
+
) = 2( 32 23 1 ) = 0
3
2
0
x
x
x
x
x
t

1 (6.3.2)
2 3 (6.3.8)

63

6.4.
Maxwell

F
0
F
=
J = 0

x
x
0
, J

.
x

F Maxwell .
:

F
( ).
Lorentz. F :
F = L L F .
F .

1
( )
0, xy.
v. (
)
) x ( )
) z ( )

)

=0
.

E =

0
0
0
0

B
y
v
+
+
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + +

0
.
20

z
. :

0
0

F =
0

0
0 0
0 0

0 0

Lorentz

64

 0 0
0 0

( v) = ( ) =
0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1

:

F = F F = F T
0

1
2

0
c3

c3
0

c 2

c1

3 0
0

0
c3 c 2
0
0
=
c3
0
c1 0
0

c 2 c1
0

1=2=0 3 = 3 = 0
2 0
0
1=3=0 c 2 = 2 =
2
2c 0
0

1
2

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1

3 0 0 0
c 2 0 0 0

=
c1 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 1

0
0
0

0
0
0

= 0

0 v
2

:
0 .
,
x y ( ) ,
q.
(t=0).
Lorentz : x = (x vt) x = x x =

x
(

) y=y.
:

q
q

=
= = 0 . =
20
xy xy

) .
:

( v) = ( ) =
0

0
1
0
0

0
0 0
1 0

F = F F = F T
65

 0

1
2

3
0

1
2

0
c3

c3
0

c 2

c1

0
c3

c3
0

c 2

c1

3
c 2 0
=
c1 0

0
3 0
c 2 0
=
c1 0

0

0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0

0 0

0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0
1 0 0

0 1 0

0 0

0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0

0 0 0

2
q ( ) v.
.

x.
( Coulomb).
:

G
q 1
q
=

E =
E
2
4 0 r
4 0

G
r
q
E =
3
r
4 0 r3

x
y

z

0 x y z

q x 0 0 0
F =
4 0 r3 y 0 0 0

z 0 0 0
:

0 0
0 0

( v) = ( ) =
0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1
F = F T

66

 0

1
2

0
c3

c3
0

c 2

c1

3
c 2
q
=
c1 40 r3

y
z
x
0
x
y z
0

y y
0
0

0
0
z z

x,y,z

x = (x vt)
y = y
z = z
r = x2 + y2 + z2 = 2 (x vt) 2 + y 2 + z 2
2

0

1
2

0
c3

c3
0

c 2

c1

3
c 2
q
=
c1 4 ( 2 (x vt) 2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/ 2
0

0
(x vt) y
z

(x vt)
y z
0

y
0
0
y

0
0
z
z

, rq t R

t
.
G
G
: r = xe1 + ye 2 + ze 3 , rq = vte1

G G G
R = r rq = (x vt)e1 + ye 2 + ze 3

w =

r
rq

40 ( 2 (x vt) 2 + y 2 + z 2 )

3/ 2

G
G
G
E = E1e1 + E 2 e 2 + E 3e 3 = w ( (x vt)e1 + ye 2 + ze 3 ) E = wR

G
cB = cB1e1 + cB2 e 2 + cB3e1 = w( ze 2 + ye 3 )

G G
G G
xR : xR =
G

G G

e1

e 2

e 3

x vt

0
y

0 = ( ze 2 + ye 3 )
z

: cB = w xR
w :

2 (x vt) 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2 (x vt) 2 (x vt) 2 + (x vt) 2 + y 2 + z 2 = ( 2 1)(x vt) 2 + R 2

67

R
q

 2 (x vt) 2 + y 2 + z 2 =

2 v 2 (x vt) 2
2 G G 2
2
R
(R.v) + R 2
+
=
2
2
c
c

w=

q
3/ 2
2 G G 2
2
40 2 (R.v) + R
c

G
E=

G
qR
3/ 2
2 G G 2
2
4 0 2 (R.v) + R
c

G G G
G
B = 2 wvxR B =
c

G G
G 0
q vxR
q
G G
vxR B =
3/ 2
3/ 2
2 G
4 2 G G 2

G
2
2
2
2
4 0 c 2 (R.v) + R
2 (R.v) + R
c

2 G G 2
v
( << 1 )  1 2 (R.v) + R 2  R 2
c
c
G
G G
G
G
q vxR
qR
B  0
E 
3
4 0 R
4 R 3
:

.
.
G G
G
x0 x E , B .
G
v .
:

G
G
E// = E //
G
G
G G
= ( + v x B )
G

G
G
B// = B//
G
G
1 G G
B = (B 2 v xE )
c

E // , B//

E , B .

x.
Lorentz

68

 0 0


0 0
=
0
0 1 0

0 0 1
0
F :

F = L L F F = F
0
1
( 2 c3 )
(3 + c 2 )

1
( 2 c3 ) (3 + c 2 )
0

F =

( 2 c3 ) ( 2 c3 )

0
cB1

cB1
0
(3 + c 2 ) (3 + c 2 )

E1 = E1
E2 = ( 2 c3 )

E3 = (3 + c 2 )
cB1 = cB1
cB2 = (3 + c 2 )
cB3 = (c3 2 )

( 1)
( 2)
( 3)
( 4)
( 5)

( 6)

:
) 1
. ( 1) ( 4) :

G
G
G
G
E// = E // B// = B//

) e1 , e 2 , e 3 :

G
e1

G G
x B =
1

G
e2
0
2

G
e1

G
e3

G
G
0 = 3 e2 + 2 e3
3

G G
x =
1

G
e2
0
2

G
e3

G
G
0 = 3 e2 + 2 e3
3

G G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G G
= 2 e2 + 3 e3 = ( 2 e2 cB3 e2 + E 3 e3 + cB2 e3 ) = ( + c x B) = ( + v x B)

G G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
1 G G
cB = cB2 e2 + cBe3 = (3 e2 + cB2 e2 E 2 e3 + cB3 e3 ) = (c x ) B = (B 2 v xE)
c
G G
G
G G
G G G G
E = E // + E v x E // = 0 v x E = v x E .
:

G
G
E// = E //
G
G
G G
= ( + v x B )

G
G
B// = B//
G
G
1 G G
B = (B 2 v xE )
c

69


.
Lorentz ,
..
( =0 ( ) =0 ( )
G G
B E =cB ( )

v . v
.

. v = x B

v E E // = 0 E = E . B// = 0 B = B
:

G G
G
G
G
G
G G G
G G
E = // + = E // + ( + v x B ) E = ( + v x B)
G
G 1 G G
B = (B 2 v xE)
c

G G
G G G
G G G
E x B = 0 ( + v x B) x (c 2 B v xE) = 0
(1)
G
G
G
G
G GG
G G
(a x b) x c = (a.c)b (b.c)a
G G
G G
v x E v x B
G G G
G
GG G
G G
v x E = (E x B) x E = 2 (.)
G G G
GG G
G
G G
v x = (E x B) x = (.) 2
(1) :

G
G
GG G
G
G
GG G
( + (.) 2) x (c 2 B 2 + (.) ) = 0

(c

GG
G G
2 2 (.) 2 c 2 2 + 2 2 2 x B = 0

(
2

GG
(.) 2 2 ( 2 + c 2 2 ) + c 2 = 0

(2)

G G

E B . E 2 B2 (E.B) 2 = E 2 B2 E 2 B2 cos 2 = E 2 B2 sin 2

(2) : 2 2 sin 2 2 ( 2 + c 2 2 ) + c 2 = 0
(3) :

=( 2 + c 2 2 ) 2 4c 2 2 2 sin 2 ( 2 + c 2 2 ) 2 4c 2 2 2 = ( 2 c 2 2 ) 2 0
P =
S =

c2
>0
2 2 sin 2

( 2 + c 2 2 )
>0
2 2 sin 2
70

(3)

E B (sin = 1) = c B (3)
.

v = E x B | v |=| || E x B |= sin

| v |< c <

c
sin

(z) = 2 2 sin 2 z 2 ( 2 + c 2 2 )z + c 2 :

c
c( 2 + c 2 2 )
c
2
2c
(2cBE sin 2 c2 B2 ) < 0

sin
sin
sin

<

c
:
sin

c
G
| v |< c
sin

6.5.

. F
.

F F , F F , F F F , F F F F
.
:

F F = F0i F0i + Fi0 Fi0 + FijFij = 2(F01F01 + F02 F02 + F03F03 + F12 F12 + F13F13 + F23F23 ) = 2(c 2 B2 E 2 )
: ,,,
0 .

F F = 0ijk F0i Fjk + i0 jk Fi0 Fjk + ij0k FijF0k + ijk 0 FijFk 0

F
:

i0 jk Fi0 Fjk = 0ijk F0i Fjk

ij0k FijF0k = kj0i FkjF0i = jk 0i Fjk F0i = 0ijk F0i Fjk
ijk 0 FijFk 0 = kji0 FkjFi0 = jki0 Fjk Fi0 = 0ijk F0i Fjk

G G
F F = 40ijk F0i Fjk = 4( 0123F01F23 + 0213F02 F13 + 0312 F03F12 ) = 4c(E1B1 + E 2 B2 + E 3B3 ) = 4cE.B

( ) .
: ()
;
:
71

Lorentz .
.
x.
:

0
0
0
0
0
0

F =
0 0
0
c

0 0 c 0
:

= F F = 2(c 2 B2 E 2 )
= F F = 4cEB
2 (
) .

.

= F F F F
:

= 2( 4 + 4 c 4 ) = 2 ( (E 2 c 2 B2 ) 2 + 2(cEB)2 ) =

2 2 + 2
4

Lorentz.
=

2 2 + 2
.
4

72

6.6.
( Maxwell)
Lorentz. Maxwell

0
F
=
J

x
0

F
x

=0

,
(
):

F = 1
2

0
c3

c3
0

c 2

c1

3
c 2
c1

c (x)
J (x) = G

J(x)
F
Lorentz.

G
G
E// = E //
G
G
G G
= ( + v x B )
G

G
G
B// = B//
G
G
1 G G
B = (B 2 v xE )
c

E // , B//

E , B
.
2.

F F = 2(c 2 B2 E 2 )
F F = 4cEB

73

 7.

7.1.
.

. ;

G dpG
dpi
i
F =
F =
dt
dt

f =

dp
d

(7.1.1.)

(7.1.1)
:

d
d
dp0

mc
c
c

dp
dp dt
dp
dt
dt
dt
=
=
= dtG =
G = m G = m
G
d
dt d
dt
dp
m d( v)
d( v)
d vG + dv
dt

dt
dt
dt
dt
4.4 :

d 3 G G
= .a
dt c 2
:

3 G G

c (v.a)

f = m 3
G G G G
c 2 (v.a)v + a

(7.1.2.)

;
G
, t0 0 .
,

G
x = (0 )x

(7.1.3.)

( )

0
f = G
(7.1.4.)
F
G
F . f
:

G
f = ()f

(7.1.5.)

f F
:

74

() =
+ G 1

| |2
:

GG

(F)

c
0 =
f =

f =
1
1
+ G 2 F F + G 2 F
G 1 G G G

G 2 (F)
||
||
F + |
|

(7.1.6.)

(7.1.2) (7.1.6)
.

:
g x .
m t=0 .
.

.
F=mg.
:

0
f =
mg
:

f = ()f f = ()f f =

c

g
c 0
= m c

mg

g

3 G G

g = 3a
(.a)

g
c

m c = m 3
3 2

G
G
G
G

g = 2 a + a
g
c
c 2 (.a) + a

:

g = 3a g = (1

2 3/ 2 d
2 3/ 2
2 3/ 2
)

(1

)
d

=
gdt

(1

0 c2 ) d = 0 gdt
c2
dt
c2

2 1/ 2
cgt
(1 2 ) = gt (t) =
2
c
c + g2 t 2

75


lim (t) = c . ( )
t

. =gt
.

7.2. ( Lorentz)
( )
. Lorentz .

G G

Lorentz F = q(E + vxB) ,

. .
..
F u .

Lorentz :

f =

q
F u
c

(7.2.1.)

F = Eq
:

0
f =
Eq
c
v

c
0

U = G =

U

1 0 c c
u = u U = U U =
=
0 I 0 0

q
F u ( ) :
c

T
q 0 E c 0
=
= f

c E FB 0 qE

f =

q
F u .
c

, .

76

 Lorentz
:

dp
dp q
= f
= F u
d
d c

(7.2.2.)

(7.2.2)

G
G G G
dp
= q(E + vxB)
dt

(7.2.3.)

G
G
G
dp dp d 1 G
=
= f =(v) f .
dt d dt

f 0
0
1

f
q
q
f = F u 2 = 1
f c 2
c
3

3
f

0
c3

c3
0

c 2

c1

3 c
1v1 + 2 v 2 + 3 v3

c 2 v1 q c(E1 + B3 v 2 B2 v3 )
=

c1 v 2 c c(E 2 + B1v3 B3 v1 )

0 v3
c(E1 + B2 v1 B1v 2 )

G
G G G
f = q(E + vxB)

G
G
G G G
dp 1 G
dp

= f
= q(E + vxB)
dt
dt

77

7.3.

d2 x
= f
d2
d2 x
f .

2
d
m

4 G G
.a

a =
2G 4 G G G
a + c 2 (.a)

F
. Lorentz
f.

GG

(F)

f =
G 1 G G G
G 2 (F)
F + |
|

f =

q
F u
c

F u .
Lorentz :

G
G G G
f = q(E + vxB)

78

 8.
8.1.
, .

t . .

. Lorentz

t A = (t A +

x A )
c2

t B = (t B +

xB )
c2

t = (t +

x)
c2

x=0 . t=t

8.2.
, .
x . L0 (
), .

.

( ) .
.
Lorentz
:

x = (x t)

t=0 . x = x x =

L
x
x = 0

8.3. Doppler ( )
.
f. x
.
.

:
.

.
t=0
.
.
t2=T x2=0.
2 x=c(t-).
x=t.

79

 x=x.

x = x c(t T) = t t =

cT
c

H ( ) x = t x =

cT
c

( )
Lorentz.

t = (t

x)
c2

x t .

t =

cT
2
cT 1
cT
c+
(1 2 ) =
=
=
2
c
c
c
(c )
c

t .

c+
c
f = f
c
c+

.
: :

E
h f
E

1 1 h f
=
P=
c 0 c 0


0
0

E
h f
E

1 1 h f
=
P =
c0 c 0


0
0

Lorentz

0 0


0 0
=
0
0 1 0

0 0 1
0
:

0 0 h f
h f
h f 1 0 0 h f
f = (1 )f f = 1 f
P = P =
0 0
0 1 0 0
1 2


0 0 1 0
0 0
f = f

1
1+

80

 8.4. Doppler ( )
.
f.
x
.


.

.
p .
p =

E
c

E
c
E

1
P = p cos = E cos
p sin c E sin

E
1
P = E cos
c
E sin

0 E
E

P = P E cos =
0 E cos
E sin 0
0 1 E sin

= (1 cos ) f = f

1 cos
1 2

8.5.

.
1)
.
2)

3) ,

.
4) 2) .

1)
( )

p1

p2
81


. +.
.
:

+ E + 2
= c +c = c
G G
p 0 p

p1 p2 .
1 2 :

1 1 1 + E 2
= c + c = c
G G G G
p1 p1 p1 + p 2

K + 2E = E1 + E 2
G G G
G
G G
G G
p = p1 + p 2 p 2 = p12 + p 22 + 2p1.p 2 p 2 = p12 + p 22 + 2p1p 2 cos

(1)
(2)

( + ) 2 = p 2 c 2 + E 2
(1) :

(E1 + 2 E) 2 = p 2 c 2 + E 2

(3)

E12 = p12 c 2 + E 2

(4)

E 2 2 = p 22 c 2 + E 2

(5)

(3) , (4) , (5) (2) :

E1E 2 E1E E 2 E + E 2 = E12 E 2 E 22 E 2 cos

(E1 E)(E 2 E) = (E1 E)(E1 + E) (E 2 E)(E 2 + E) cos

cos =

(1 )( 2 )
(1 + )( 2 + )

(6)

( )

+ E K + 2E
c c c

= p +0 = p
0 0 0

1
2

82

p1
p2


p1 p2 1 2
. 1 2 :

1 + E 2
1 2

c
c

= p1 cos 1 + p 2 cos 2 = p1 cos 1 + p 2 cos 2

p sin p sin p sin p sin
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1

K + 2E = E1 + E 2
p = p1 cos 1 + p 2 cos 2
0 = p1 sin 1 p 2 sin 2
0 = p1 sin 1 p 2 sin 2

(1)
(2)
(3)

(2) (3) :

p 2 = p12 + p 22 + 2p1p 2 (cos 1 cos 2 sin 1 sin 2 ) p 2 = p12 + p 22 + 2p1p 2 cos

(4)

=1+2 p1 p2.

2) (6) cos>0</2
G
G
3) | p1 |=| p 2 | (4) (5) 1=2.
(6) cos =
(1) 1 = +

1
1 +

cos =
2
4 +

4) =

p2
2m

K = K1 + K 2 p 2 = p12 + p 22
: p 2 = p12 + p 22 + 2p1p 2 cos
cos=/2

8.6.
.
.
:
)
)
)

)
:

1 E
P ( ) =
c E

c
P ( ) =
0

(
)
83

c
P ( ) =

P ( ) + P ( ) = P ( )

E + Mc 2 = M c 2
E = M c

1 E c c E + c 2 c 2
+ =

c E 0 E c
(1)
(2)

c
+ c2

=
+ c2
Mc 2 (Mc 2 + 2E)

Mc 2 (Mc 2 + 2E)
c2

M =

) p1 = M =

E
c

) :

= c 2 Mc 2 = M( 1)c 2

8.7.
0 .
.
.

E0 E 0 = 0 0
. p

.
-

0
= c

0

+
= c +c = c

p p p + p

E0 = E + E = E0 E

(1)

p = p

(2)

p =

(3)

c
2
E = p 2 c 2 + E02

(4)

(1) , (2) , (3) (4) :

( 0 ) 2 = 2 + 02 02 2 0 = 02

84

(0 0 )( 0 + 0 ) 0 (2 0 0 )
0
)
=
= 0 (1
20
2 0
2 0

8.8.
0 ( ) ,
. ,
) , ,
.
)
.

0 0
p
p

0=0-0 ,

p
.
G G
G
p , p p (
).
-
:

=c
G
p

E +
= c + c = c
G G G G
p p p + p

E = E + = E E
G G G
G G G
p = p + p p = p p p2 = p 2 + p2 2pp cos

(1)
(2)

E 2 = E 02 + p 2 c 2

(3)

E2 = E02 + p2 c 2

p =
c

(4)
(5)

(2) p (5) (3) (4) :

E2 E02 = E 2 E 02 + E 2 2pcE cos
(6)
(1) (6) :

2 ( pc cos ) = 02 02

(7)

= c = E 0 pc = Mc = M c = E 0
(7) :
2

2 0 (1 cos ) = 02 02 2 0 (1 cos ) = ( 0 0 )( 0 + 0 )

2 0 (1 cos ) = 0 (2 0 0 ) =

0 (2 0 0 )(1 2 )1/ 2
2 0 (1 cos )

(8)

) =0

0 =

0 (2 0 0 )
20

(9)

85

 (8) (9) :

= 0

(1 2 )1/ 2
(1 cos )

8.9.
: 21 H + 01 p + 01 n
( ).
i)


ii)


.
10=1875,12 Mev , E20=938,72 Mev
E30=939 Mev.

x.
=+10
.
()
.
=

E
cp
=
E + 10

1
1

1
1

+ 2 10
2
10

c
c=


p
c

2
1

2
= ( ) = (1 2 ) = 2 = = 10
+ 2 10

p=0.
.
:

E3
E2
P2 = c P3 = c
G
G
p2
p3

86

(1)

 E E2 E3

c = c + c E G= E 2 +G E 3
G G
p3 = p2
0 p2 p3
:
2
E = E 220 + p22 + E 30
+ p22

p2
p3 = p2 = 0 E = E 20 + E 30
(1) : E =

( 20 + 30 10 )( 20 + 30 + 10 )
210

2
2
20
c = c = c p = 20
2

p
p
0
2

2
3
30

c =
c =
c p = 30
3

p3
0
p3

. :

p 2 E 20
=
p3 E 30

8.10.
1 m1 m2 (m2<m1 ) .
) , 1
E1
) sin max =

m2
m1

( ).

p1

p1
p2

)
:

G G G
G G G
p1 = p1 + p2 p1 p1 = p2 p12 + p12 2p1p1 cos = p22

p12
p12
p22
K1 = K1 + K2
=
+
2m1 2m1 2m 2
p2 cos

87

cos =

(m1 m 2 )p12 + (m1 + m 2 )p12

2m1p1p1

p1.
p1 .

m1 m 2
d cos (m1 + m 2 )p12 (m1 m 2 )p12
=
= 0 p1 = p1
2
dp1
2m1p1p1
m1 + m 2
p1 cos :

cos =

m12 m 22
m
sin = 2
m1
m1

d cos
:
dp1
d cos
d cos
p1 > p 0
> 0 p1 < p0
< 0 . p1 = p0
dp1
dp1
m
cos . sin max = 2 .
m1

p0

)
10 20 .
.( c=1):

E E E + E
P = P1 + P2 = G 1 + 20 = 1 G 20
p1 0 p1
E E E + E
P = P1 + P2 = G 1 + G 2 = G 1 G 2
p1 p2 p1 + p2
:

G G G
G G G
p1 = p1 + p2 p1 p1 = p2 p12 + p12 2p1p1 cos = p22
1 + 20 = 1 + 2 1 + 20 1 = 2

(1)
(2)

:
2
p12 = E12 E10

(3)

2
p12 = E12 E10

(4)

2
p22 = E22 E 20

(5)

(1) :

cos =

p12 + p12 p22

2p1p1

(6)

(3) , (4), (5) E2 (2) :

cos =

2
1 (1 + 20 ) (1 20 + 10
)
2
2
12 10
12 10

d cos
=0
d1

(6) E1 :

88

2
2
) 10
(1 + 20 )
d cos 1 (1 20 + 10
=
d1
>0
2
10
(1 + 20 )
E1
=
2
1 20 + 10
d cos
d cos
> 0 1 <
< 0.
1 >
d1
d1
1 = cos .
1 = cosmax.

cos max =

2
(1 + 20 ) (1 20 + 10
)

(7)

2
2
12 10
2 10

(7)
2
(1 + 20 ) (1 20 + 10
)=

2
2
(10
220 )(12 10
)
2
1 20 + 10

2
2 10

2
2 10
=

2
2
2
10
(10
220 )(12 10
)
2 2
(1 20 + 10 )

(7)

cos max

2
E10
E 220
E
m
=
sin max = 20 = 2
E10
E10 m1

89

 9.
9.1. Lorentz
9.1.1.
10x10-6 sec v 20km
. v.

: t=10x10-6 sec x=0. x=2x104 m.
Lorentz :

x
c
x

x = (x + vt ) x = vt v =
v=
= 0.98889c
2
t
x

2
+c
t

9.1.2.
4km x .
x ,
5km ;

: x=4m t=0.
x=5Km.
Lorentz :

x = (x vt) x = x =
t = (t

x 5
= v = 0.6 c
x 4

vx
vx
) t = 2 = 105 sec
2
c
c

9.1.3.
xy 12 cm 2 .
x 7.2 cm 2 .
)
) ;
=ab a b .

)
.

( )
.

90

 t 0 .
t 0 (x,y) , (x,y) .
: x 2 + y 2 = R 2
Lorentz :

(1)

x = (x + vt 0 )
y = y

(2)
(3)

(2) (3) (1) :

2 (x + vt 0 ) 2 + y2 = R 2

(x + vt 0 ) 2 y2
+ 2 =1
R 2
R
( )

() a=R b =

= R

5
= = = v = 0.8c

E 3

9.1.4.
3 sec.
5 sec , ;

x=0 t=4sec.
t=6 sec
Lorentz :

v
5
x) t = t = v = 0.8c
2
c
3

x = (x vt) x = vt = 1.2 x109 m

t = (t

9.1.5.
, , L=800 m.

2 s .
;

B v

.

.

1: . :
x1=0 , t1=0, x1=0 , t1=0
2: . x2=0 , x2=-L

91

 Lorentz :

x 2 = (x 2 + vt 2 ) 0 = ( L + vt 2 ) t 2 =
t 2 = (t 2 +

L
v

vx 2
L vL
L
v2
L
) = ( 2 ) =
(1 2 ) =
2
v
c
v c
v
c

(1)

t2=2x10-6 sec. (1) :

v =

4
c v = 0.8c
3

9.1.6.

.
.
: tan = tan

, x
xOy.
Lorentz :

t = (t + x)
c
x = (x + ct )
y = y

(1)

(2)
(3)

(t=0) . tan =
t=0 (1) : t =

x
c

(2) x = (x 2 x ) x =

tan =

y
x

y
y
=
= tan
x
x

9.2.
9.2.1.
1
2
-v
.
v


.
92

v
1

v
2


1 v.
1 -v.
2 v.
2 1 .
:

21 =

2 + 1
v+v
=
vv

1+ 2
1+ 2 2 1
c
c

v.

9.3. -
9.3.1.

u v .
:

G
|v|
u =
c
vi
ui i =
c
0

i)
ii)
iii)

To u0 ui.

iv)

v)
vi)

To vi ui
v u0

d
d
G

v
d
dt

i) ii)

dx 0
d
v2
G
dS2 = (dx 0 ) 2 + dx 2 c 2 d2 = (dx 0 ) 2 + v 2 dt 2 c 2 d 2 = (dx 0 ) 2 + (dx 0 ) 2 2
c
0
dx
c
=
u 0 = c
2
d
1

u 0 =

ui =

dx i dx i dt
1 dx 0
=
= vi
= i u 0 = ci u i = ci
d
dt d
c d

dx0
G
dS2 = (dx 0 ) 2 + dx2 c 2 d2 = (dx0 ) 2 + 0
= c u 0 = c
d

93

 c c
0
i
i
U = U U =
=
u = c u = c

0
c

iii) u u = c 2 u 0 u 0 + u i u i = c 2 (u 0 ) 2 + u i u i = c 2 u 0 = c 2 + u i u i
iv)

d dt d 1 dx 0 d u 0 d
d
d
d
=
=
=
=
=
d d dt c d dt c dt
dt
d
dt

ui
ui
i
v) u = c u = u v v = 0 v =
u
c2 + u i u i
i

vi) u 0 = c (u 0 ) 2 = 2 c 2 (u 0 ) 2 =

9.3.2.

(u 0 ) 2 c 2
(u 0 ) 2 c 2
c2

v
=
c
1 2
u0
u0

1 2 v1 v 2 ,

G
G G
G G
(1 2 ) 2 (1 x 2 ) 2
2
G G
=
(1 1.2 ) 2

v :

c
G
c

c
0

1 1 u1 = 2 u 2 =
u1u 2 = c 2

c1
c 2
G 2 u2 = G
1c1
2 c2
GG
2
2
u1 u 2 = 1 2 c + c 1 212
c1
1v1

1 u1 = G =

GG
GG
u1u 2 = u1u 2 1 2 + 1 21 2 = = 1 2 (1 1 2 )

GG
GG
2 1 12 22 (1 12 ) 2 1 (1 12 ) 2 12 22
GG
GG
=
= 2 = 2 2
=

1 2 (1 12 ) 2
(1 12 ) 2
1 2

GG
G
G
G G
GG
GG
G G
(1 12 ) 2 (1 12 )(1 22 ) 12 + 22 21 2 + (1 2 ) 2 12 22
GG
GG
=
=

(1 12 ) 2
(1 12 ) 2
2

G G 2 G G 2 G2G2
(

) + (12 ) 1 2
GG
2 = 1 2
(1 12 ) 2

G G G G
GG GG
GG GG
G G
GG GG
GG GG G G
GG
(a x b).(c x d) = (a.c)(b.d) (a.d)(b.c) (a x b) 2 = (a.a)(b.b) (a.b)(b.a) = a 2 b2 (a.b)2

94

G G
G G
(1 2 ) 2 + (1 x 2 ) 2
GG
=
(1 12 ) 2
2

9.3.3.
.

. .

E
E
1
1

P = E cos P = E cos
c
c
E sin
E sin

v
O

0 E
E

P = P E cos =
0 E cos
E sin 0
0 1 E sin
sin = sin
cos = ( + cos )
:

tan =

sin
(cos )

9.3.4.
.
A

.
i) .
ii)

i)
G
G
v v .
:

G
G
GG
( 1)( ( ) ( ) ) G
G
G
G G ( 1)(v) G
A(O) + O(O) +
( )
G2
v +

2

G
G
G
G ( )
G
A(O) =
v =
G
v

(1 2 )
(1 + A(O) 2 ( ) )
c
c
GG
v = v cos

95

x v : v cos =

y v :

v sin =

( 1)(v cos )

2
(v cos )

=
GG
GG
v
v
(1 2 )
(1 2 )
c
c

v cos +

v sin
GG
v
(1 2 )
c

tan =

v sin
(v cos )

ii)
v=c :

tan =

c sin
sin
=
(c cos ) (cos )

9.3.5.
f1 f2
.

.
.

1 2
x y .
f,
.
.
.
:

E1 + E 2

1 E1
P = P1 + P2 =
c E2

0
:

G
G c2 G
v = p p .
E

G
v=

E1
c
E2
E1 + E 2
0

96

E12 + E 22
f12 + f 22
G
v =| v |= c
v=c
<c
E1 + E 2
f1 + f 2
:

E 1
.. ..
..
G

P1 = (v)P1 =
.. ..
..

..
.. ..

2
..
..
..

.. E1
.. 1
= (1 1 )1 f = (1 1 )f1
.. 0

.. 0

f12 + f 22
2f1f 2
f +f
=
1 2 =
= 1 2
2
f1 + f 2
(f1 + f 2 )
2f1f 2

1 =

f1
f
1 1 = 2
f1 + f 2
f1 + f 2

f =

f1f 2
2

9.4. -
9.4.1.
v ( )
.
(
).
)
)

E
1
= E cos
c
E sin

= ()P
P

0 E

E(1 cos )
1
1

=
0 E cos = E(cos )
c
c

0 1 E sin
E sin
0

,

.
97

E(1 cos )
1
= E(cos )
c

E sin

P = ()P

2 E(1 + 2 2 cos )
0 E(1 cos )
1
1

= 0 E(cos ) = 2 E(2 2 cos cos )

c
c

0 0 1

E sin
E sin

2 E(1 + 2 2 cos )

1
1
sin

cos = 2 E(2 2 cos cos ) tan = 2

2

c
c
(2 cos cos )

sin
E sin

E(1 + 2 2 cos )
=
1 2

9.4.2.
hf .
hf
.
. 0 f.

0 , *
, p
hf

: *=0-0
- :

0 + hf 0 + E* + hf

c
c
=

=
hf

hf

E0

+ hf
c
=

hf + p
c

:
0 + * =
(1)

2hf = pc

(2)
:
E 2 = p 2 c 2 + E 02
(3)
(1) (2) (3) *.

E* = (2hf ) 2 + E 02 E 0

98

hf

 9.4.3.
v = 0.8c
.
. 0.

0.
1 2 .

5
=
. =
1 0.82 3

E1

8
8
mc
E

mc + mc
1 3 0
3
=
=

=
mv 4 mc c 4 E
3
3 0

1 E + E2
P = 1
c E1 E 2

8
E1 + E 2 = E 0
3
4
E1 E 2 = E 0
3
: E1 = 2E 0 , E 2 =

2
E0
3

9.4.4.
.
mi , m f v

m c + v
: i =
m f c v

1/ 2

m c
= i
0

m f c + p m f c + p
=
=

m f v p m f c p

mi c = m f c + p
0 = m f c p

mi = (1 + )m f

mi
m
1+
c+v
+1
+1
=
=
=
i =
2
mf
1
mf
cv
(1 )(1 + )
1

99

 9.4.5.
=437 MeV .
.
p = 938 eV .

p
, p1 ,p2 , E1 , E2

=p+

pE
Ep
:

P2 E2

P1 E1

+
+ K + 2
P = G p = G p P = G 1 G 2
p p
p1 + p 2
:

p 2 c 2 = E 2 E p2 = (K + E p ) 2 E p2 = K(K + 2E p )

(1)

E1 = E 2 = E p +

K
2

p12 c 2 = p 22 c 2 = E12 E p2 = (E p +

K 2
K
) E p2 = K( + E p )
2
2

(2)

G G G
p = p1 + p 2 p 2 = p12 + p 22 + 2p1p 2 cos p 2 c 2 = 2p12 c 2 (1 + cos )

(3)

(1) (2) (3) :

cos =

= 0.104
+ 4 p

9.4.6.
100KeV 180 0 .
. E 0 = 511KeV .

p E
,
.

:

+ 0
c

=
E
c

+
c

p c

100

+ 0 = +
= pc
:

2 + 0 = + pc

(1)

1=2E+0=711eV

:

1 = + pc
E = (pc) 2 + E 02
2

E12 + E 02
E=
2E1
pc =

E12 E 02
2E1

E = mc 2
2 02
pc

= = 12
= 0.319
E
1 + 02
pc = mcv

(1) :

E1 = mc 2 + mcv E1 = mc2 + mc2 = 0 (1 + ) = 0

101

1+
1 2

1 = 0

1+
= 0.319
1