(eBook-PDF) Learn Greek (7 of 7) - The Nominal System, Part II

7
The Nominal System (Part 2)

Second Declension Nouns (Module B)
Feminine and Neuter Nouns

7.0 Introduction

The acquisition of a new language is difficult. This difficulty may be
compounded if it is not heard and spoken on a regular b
Because of this special challenge, it takes several exposur
to new elements of NTGreek grammar before it is
understood. Make no mistake about it; acquiring a new
language and the skills required is a daunting task! Any
grammar positing anything differently is selling something.
asis.
es

Many enthusiastic students soon realize they are swimmingif not
perhaps drowningin information. Out of frustration, they blame
themselves and think they are not intelligent enough or too old to tackle
Greek. What they do not realize is that this is the natural learning process.
Babies are at first engulfed in a sea of meaningless noise before they
gradually learn to detect and recognize meaningful sounds as words.
Instead of frustration, the proper response is to continue to be enthusiastic
and inquisitive about what you are learning, just like a child!

Those studying NTGreek on their own may become unsure what they are
learning, especially when there is no authoritative source in their
immediate vicinity to ask questions and gain needed reassurance that they
are on the right path. This uneasiness may continue until a language
threshold is achieved. When this will occur depends upon the individual
and the amount of time spent studying and practicing of the language.
However, if the student does not quit, this threshold will be achieved.

People have different levels of ability and different rates of progress. Be
encouraged! The God of creation delights in diversity and variety and
perfectionism is not a prerequisite to learn Greek. If perfectionism was a
requirement (or to write a NTGreek grammar), then we all should stop
now! Do not compare yourself with someone elses ability; enjoy what you
are learning by keeping in mind the purpose for your language study.
Everyone needs some grace of perseverance to learn and understand the
Greek New Testament, including this author.
Lesson 7: The Second Declension (Module B) Page 136
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7.1 Second Declension Feminine Nouns

Lesson Six introduced the Greek nominal system, and that not all nouns
are inflected in the same manner. Those patterns which are alike or nearly
alike when inflected are grouped together into one of three distinct
declensions, either first, second or third declension. A substantives
declension is determined by its stem termination, whether with a vowel
(first and second declension) or a consonant (third declension).

Any noun may correctly be called a substantive. A substantive
is an all-inclusive term for any part of speech that functions as a
noun. Other parts of speech other than nouns may function
substantivally within a syntactical context, such as adjectives,
pronouns, participles, infinitives, and at times the article.

All word stems ending with the vowel omikron belong to the second
declension. The great majority of these are masculine or neuter in gender.
However, sixty-seven nouns in the second declension are feminine. The
feminine case endings are introduced next (before neuter second
declension nouns) because second declension feminine nouns are
inflected in the same way that masculine nouns in the same declension.

q oo , (road, way, journey, conduct) oo + case ending

Singular Plural
listen
Article Noun Article Noun
Nominative
q oo, oi ooi
Genitive
q, oou ov oov
Dative
q oo oi, ooi,
Accusative
q v oov o , oou,
C
a
s
e
s

Vocative
ot oi ooi

It must be clearly understood that second declension feminine case
endings are identical to second declension masculine case endings. The
determining factor between these two genders is lexical, and not forms.

Dr. William D. Ramey InTheBeginning.org
________________________________________________________________

7.11 Lexical form. The lexical form of second declension feminine
nouns, like their masculine counterparts, is the nominative singular form.

The nominative singular form
is the lexical entry, followed
by the genitive singular, and
then the article.
The above lexical citation is from A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament
and Other Early Christian Literature by Walter Bauer and translated into English
by William F. Arndt and F. Wilbur Gingrich (1979:553). Originally, this was a
Greek-German lexicon.

The lexical form for all nouns is their nominative singular form.
There is never an exception to this rule. The Greek-English
lexicon (like the one above) lists only one form for each word
rather than all the forms of every paradigm. For example, if the
form oou is encountered in the Greek text, one would have to
know that oou comes from oo , in order to look up the words
definition. This is similar for looking up a word in an English
dictionary. For example, to look up the definition for women,
one would have to know that this plural noun is from the singular
woman to find its definition.

The best and recommended method to learn the gender of a
Greek noun is to memorize the gender of the definite article which
is grammatically associated with its nominative singular form.

7.12 Stems of Second Declension Feminine Nouns. The stems of
second declension feminine nouns terminate with an omikron just like the
masculine second declension nouns. The appropriate case endings are
added to the vocalic stem according to the nouns grammatical function in
the sentence (see examples under 7.14).

7.13 Agreement. When a modifier, such as an article modifies second
declension feminine nouns, they too are feminine. The reason for this is
for grammatical concord (or agreement). Because of grammatical
concord, the article must be inflected to correspond to the substantive it
modifies grammatically. In other words, the article aligns itself in gender,
number and case to the substantive because the article is the modifier.
This is the reason the article must agree with its substantive.
________________________________________________________________

Therefore, a grammatical discord like o oo , will never be encountered in
NTGreek, because in this example, the nouns gender is feminine and the
article is masculine. It will become evident that concord plays a larger role
in NTGreek than in English because of its highly developed inflected
morphological system.

7.14 Examples of Second Declension Feminine Nouns. The
following paradigms are second declension feminine nouns. The feminine
article is properly shown with its inflected noun, agreeing in gender,
number and case, in both the singular and the plural.

q iio, (roll, book, account) iio + case ending

listen
Singular Plural
Nominative
q i io, oi i ioi
Genitive
q, i iou ov i iov
Dative
q i io oi, i ioi,
Accusative
qv i iov o, i iou,
Vocative
i it oi i ioi

q ioit|o, (language, dialect) ioit|o + case ending

listen
Singular Plural
Nominative
q io it|o, oi ioit|oi
Genitive
q, ioit |ou ov ioit |ov
Dative
q ioit |o oi, ioit |oi,
Accusative
qv io it|ov o, ioit |ou,
Vocative
io it|t oi ioit|oi

It will take some mental training also to think of these inflectional endings
as feminine forms. In many cases where these nouns occur in NTGreek,
the article or another modifier will indicate the gender of these nouns.
From the outset, the best way from becoming confused is to memorize the
accompanying nominative singular article with the lexical formalways!
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7.2 Second Declension Neuter Nouns

NTGreek vocabulary includes two hundred and thirty-two neuter second
declension nouns. These nouns are approximately thirty percent of all
second declension nouns (about sixty percent are masculine).

Like masculine and feminine nouns of the second declension, the neuter
nouns are composed of a stem, a stem vowel, and the case endings. In
the nominative, vocative and accusative plural forms, the omikron has
been irregularly absorbed by the alpha (and not because of contraction).

o tpyov (work, deed, action) tpyo + case ending

Singular Plural
listen
Nominative
o tpyov o tpyo
Genitive
ou tpyou ov tpyov
Dative
o tpyo oi, tpyoi,
Accusative
o tpyov o tpyo
C
A
S
E
S

Vocative
tpyov tpyo

The neuter nominative and accusative singular and plural forms
are identical. The context in which the neuter noun occurs will
aid in determining its grammatical function.

The final alpha is pronounced short in all neuter nominative,
vocative and accusative plural noun forms.

The neuter vocative singular and plural case forms are identical
to the nominative case endings. This is different from the
masculine second declension vocative singular that normally
exhibits a separate form than its nominative singular.

The neuter second declension nouns are identical with the
masculine case forms in the genitive and dative, in both the
singular and the plural. It cannot be overstated how important it
is to learn the gender of each noun as they are encountered.
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7.21 Lexical form. The lexical form of second declension neuter nouns,
like the masculine and feminine forms, is the nominative singular form.

The nominative singular
form is the lexical entry,
followed by the genitive
singular, and then the
article.
The above lexical citation is taken from A Greek-English Lexicon of the New
Testament and Other Early Christian Literature by Walter Bauer and translated
into English by William F. Arndt and F. Wilbur Gingrich (1979:307).

7.22 Stems of Second Declension Neuter Nouns. The stems of
second declension neuter nouns terminate with an omikron just like the
masculine and feminine second declension nouns. The appropriate case
endings are added to the vocalic stem according to the nouns grammatical
function in the sentence (see examples under 7.24).

7.23 Agreement. When a modifier, such as a Greek article modifies
second declension neuter nouns, they too are neuter. The reason is for
grammatical concord, as for masculine and feminine nouns (cf. 7.13).

7.24 Examples of Second Declension Neuter Nouns. The following
paradigms are second declension neuter nouns. The neuter article is
properly shown with its inflected noun, agreeing in gender, number and
case, in both the singular and the plural.

o t|vov (child) t|vo + case ending

listen
Singular Plural
Nominative
o t |vov o t |vo
Genitive
ou t |vou ov t |vov
Dative
o t |vo oi, t |voi,
Accusative
o t |vov o t |vo
Vocative
t |vov t |vo

________________________________________________________________

o oo oov (Sabbath) oooo + case ending

listen
Singular Plural
Nominative
o oo oov o oo oo
Genitive
ou ooo ou ov ooo ov
Dative
o ooo o oi, ooo oi,`
Accusative
o oo oov o oo oo
Vocative
oo oov oo oo

* The dative neuter plural, ooo oi,, occurs thirteen times in NTGreek as oo ooiv.
An explanation for this will be forthcoming when third declension nouns are studied.

o opov (gift) opo + case ending

listen
Singular Plural
Nominative
o opov o opo
Genitive
ou o pou ov o pov
Dative
o o po oi, o poi,
Accusative
o opov o opo
Vocative
opov opo

o itpo v (temple) itpo + case ending

listen
Singular Plural
Nominative
o itpov o itpo
Genitive
ou itpou ov itpov
Dative
o itpo oi, itpoi,
Accusative
o itpov o itpo
Vocative
itpov itpo

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7.3 Declension-Paradigm Notation

Greek nominal words fall into one of three declensions that may be
subdivided into paradigms within each declension. When the second
declension feminine and neuter paradigms are added from this lesson to
the masculine paradigm of Lesson Six, we may designate these as three
separate paradigms within the same declension for easier notation.

n-2a
listen
Singular Plural
Nominative o to , oi toi
Genitive ou tou ov tov
Dative o to oi, toi ,
Accusative ov to v ou, tou,
Vocative tt or o to, oi toi

n-2b
listen
Singular Plural
Nominative q oo, oi ooi
Genitive q, oou ov oov
Dative q oo oi , ooi,
Accusative qv oov o, o ou ,
Vocative ot oi ooi

n-2c
listen
Singular Plural
Nominative o tpyov o t pyo
Genitive ou tpyou ov tpyov
Dative o tpyo oi, tpyoi,
Accusative o tpyov o t pyo
Vocative tpyov tpyo
n-2a

The abbreviation n-2a
represents the following:

n = noun (part of speech)
2 = second declension
a = paradigm a

Almost all masculine nouns in
the second declension follow
the n-2a paradigm (cf. 7.31).

n-2b

The abbreviation n-2b

b = paradigm b

Almost all feminine nouns in
the n-2b paradigm (cf. 7.31).

n-2c

The abbreviation n-2c

c = paradigm c

All neuter nouns declined in
the n-2c paradigm pattern.

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7.31 Irregular second declension forms. Only four NTGreek irregular
second declension masculine and feminine nouns do not fall into one of
the above classifications (n-2a, n-2b, n-2c). Because of their irregularity
and infrequent usage in NTGreek, they are not included in this study of
second declension nouns. For an explanation of these paradigms, see
The Morphology of Biblical Greek by Wm. D. Mounce, pages 188-190).
These irregular second declension forms are designated in Mounces work
as n-2d (_tio ppou, and ooouv) and n-2e (Ko, and Aoiio,).

7.32 Parsing neuter nouns. When a neuter nominative or accusative
singular or plural form is encountered, it is best to parse the noun by citing
all possibilities. The importance of this comes into play when determining
whether a neuter noun is either functioning as the subject (nominative) or
direct object (accusative) of the verb. If an erroneous assumption is made
that a neuter form is the subject when in fact it is the direct object, the
translation will be in error. However, if you are accustomed to parsing the
form as nominative/accusative, you will be less likely make this mistake.

7.4 Review of Second Declension Nouns

We have come to the end of our study of second declension nouns. It
would be prudent to review briefly key fundamentals of the declension.

7.41 Second declension stems. Second declension nouns, whether
masculine, feminine or neuter, are composed of a stem that terminates
with an omikron, with case endings appended. As discussed before, in
some cases contraction or monophthongization occurs.

masculine noun to , = to + ,, ou, o, v, etc.
feminine noun oo , = oo + ,, ou, o, v, etc.
neuter noun tpyov = tpyo + v, ou, o, v, etc.

7.411 Without exception, the lexical gender determines the gender of a
noun in the second declensionas well as in all declensions. If the article
is memorized with the noun when it is first encountered in the vocabulary,
this will resolve possible future confusion. For instance, it is impossible to
know whether toi,, ooi, or tpyoi, is masculine, feminine or neuter
dative plural by form alone. Therefore, the only means to know the gender
of any nounno matter what declensionis to know its lexical gender!
________________________________________________________________

7.412 The stem of a noun remains constant and what remains after any
case endings are removed. Whereas the case endings determine the
nouns function, the stem contains the basic meaning of the word.
Therefore, it is essential to recognize the stem of a noun.

Singular and Plural Nouns Stem Paradigm Gender
to,, tou , to, tov, tt
toi, to v, toi ,, tou,, toi
to n-2a Masculine
oo,, o ou, oo , o o v, ot
ooi , o o v, o oi ,, oou,, ooi
oo n-2b Feminine
S
e
c
o
n
d

D
e
c
l
e
n
s
i
o
n

tpyov, tpyou, tpyo, tpyov, tpyov
tpyo, tpyov, t pyoi,, t pyo, t pyo
tpyo n-2c Neuter

7.42 The case endings for second declension nouns are as follows:

Singular
n-2a
masculine
n-2b
feminine
n-2c
neuter
Nominative
, , v
Genitive
ou ou ou
Dative
o o o
Accusative
v v v
C
a
s
e
s

Vocative
t or , t or , v

Plural
n-2a
masculine
n-2b
feminine
n-2c
neuter
Nominative
i i o
Genitive
ov ov ov
Dative
i, i, i,
Accusative
u, u, o
C
a
s
e
s

Vocative
i i o

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The above case endings for second declension nouns must be thoroughly
learned and committed to memory. The lesson aids that accompany this
lesson augment and help to reinforce the learning process.

Observations about Case Formation

7.421 Second declension genitive singular is actually omikron. However,
the stem vowel and the genitive singular case in all three genders
contracts to form ou (cf. 6.232.2). This is the reason the genitive singular
is not cited as simply u (as in most Greek grammars). It is better to learn
the correct formation now, than to unlearn something wrong later!

In the chart below, all three genders are represented in the genitive
singular in the right-hand column. The first three columns represent the
progression of the genitives formation, beginning with the nouns stem and
progressing through the stems vowel contraction with the case ending.

Second Declension Genitive Masculine Singular Nouns
Stem Genitive Singular Combination Contracted Final Form
to to + o too tou
oi|o oi|o + o oi|oo oi|ou
Htpo Htpo + o Htpoo Ht pou
Second Declension Genitive Feminine Singular Nouns
oo oo + o ooo oou
iio iio + o iioo i iou
ouooo ouooo + o ouoooo ou ooou
Second Declension Genitive Neuter Singular Nouns
tpyo tpyo + o tpyoo tpyou
opo opo + o opoo o pou
itpo itpo + o itpoo itpou
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7.422 The stem vowel of second declension dative masculine/neuter
singular is actually iota. In every instance in NTGreek, the case ending is
the improper diphthong, o. At some time during the morphological
development of this case ending, the stem vowel, omikron, lengthened to
omega, with the iota retained as an iota subscript (cf. 3.32, 6.233.2).
The process is called monophthongization. This term comes from o vo,
(only or single) + oyyo, (sound).

7.423 The vocative masculine/feminine singular may either be a
separate case form or identical to the nominative masculine/feminine
singular form with the article. This is distinctive of the second declension.
The nominative and vocative masculine/feminine plural case endings are
always identical (cf. 6.235.2). There is not a different vocative form for
the neuter nominative/vocative singular or plural. Furthermore, the article
usually does not accompany the vocative plural forms in any gender.

Second Declension Masculine Nominative/Vocative Forms
Nominative Singular Nominative Plural Vocative Singular Vocative Plural
ioyo, io yoi
io yt or o ioyo,
ioyoi
|u pio, |u pioi
|u pit or o |upio,
|u pioi
to , toi
tt or o to ,
toi
Second Declension Feminine Nominative/Vocative Forms
oo, ooi
ot or q oo,
ooi
iio, i ioi
iit or q iio,
iioi
ouooo, ouoooi
ouoot or q ouooo,
ouoooi
Second Declension Neuter Nominative/Vocative Forms
tpyov tpyo tpyov tpyo
t |vov t |vo t |vov t |vo
opov opo opov opo

________________________________________________________________

7.424 The neuter nominative and accusative singular forms of the
second declension are identical. When parsing these forms without a
context, include both possibilities.

Neuter Nominative Singular Neuter Accusative Singular
tpyov tpyov
t |vov t |vov
oo oov oo oov

7.425 The neuter nominative and accusative plural forms are identical in
the second declension. When parsing these forms without a context,
include both possibilities. The alpha irregularly absorbs the stem vowel.
The pronunciation of the alpha is short.

Neuter Nominative Plural Neuter Accusative Plural
tpyo tpyo
t |vo t |vo
oo oo oo oo

7.426 Second declension masculine, feminine and neuter nouns have
the same case endings in the genitive, dative and accusative singular.

7.427 Second declension masculine, feminine and neuter nouns have
the same case endings in the genitive and dative plural.

7.428 Whether by monophthongization in the dative singular form (o ), or
by adding the dative plural form (i,) to the nouns stem, the iota is always
present in masculine, feminine and neuter case endings in second
declension nouns.

Singular Dative Plural Dative
Masculine Nouns
to, ioyo, |upi o toi,, io yoi,, |upi oi,
Feminine Nouns
oo, iio ooi,, i ioi,
Neuter Nouns
tpyo, t |vo, o po tpyoi,, t|voi,, o poi,
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7.43 Relationship between declension-paradigm-case-inflection.
Before learning NTGreek, most students had never heard about
declensions, paradigms, cases and inflection, much less s
new fields of study require learning special, and som
technical terms in order to communicate ideas within
discipline. Language study is no different.

tudy them! All
etimes,
that
ometimes, a person can consult a dictionary to learn
ng the
S
about new terms. Illustrations on the other hand are more suited to show
relationships between new terms. A simple diagram follows, illustrati
relationship between declensions, paradigms, cases and inflection. We
have studied only the second declension; therefore, only the different
paradigms associated with the second declension are shown.

N-2B PARADIGM
FEMINI NE NOUNS ONLY
First
Declension Nouns
Stems end with
alpha or eta
Third
Declension Nouns
Stems end with
consonants
Second
Declension Nouns
Stems end with
omikron
N-2C PARADIGM
NEUTER NOUNS ONLY
N-2A PARADIGM
MASCULINE NOUNS ONLY
All Greek nouns are distributed
Paradi gms are si milar patterns of infl ected nouns decl ined accordi ng to case.
Case establi shes function, i nflecti on determi nes case.
Nominative (subject of the sentence)
Genitive (possessi on--modi fi es other nouns)
Dative (i ndi rect obj ect of the sentence)
Accusative (di rect obj ect of the sentence)
Vocative (direct address)
Singular -- indicates only one
Plural -- indicates more than one
into one of three declensions

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7.5 Vocabulary Study
The special mark () before a Greek word, denotes that the word appeared
ing

in a previous vocabulary study, and that the new vocabulary word is a
compound form of it. The Greek language expresses a freedom in form
words by composition. As a jest, the comedian Aristophanes composed a
compound word with seventy-eight syllables (Aristophanes. Eccl. 1160). In
addition, syllabification, transliteration, and declension-paradigm notation is
supplied where applicable, as well as special notes.

Vocabulary Word Meaning Part of Speech
abyss noun
uooo,, ou, q
Stem: ouooo
o uooo, (a-bys-sos) n-2b
archangel nou
Stem: op_oyytio

op_o yytio, (ar-chan-ge-los) n-2a

t-
).
Term is a compound of op_q and oyytio,. An
archangel is perhaps a spiritual being of the highes
ranking angelic order. Michael is one of them (Jude 9
Stem: iio
For centuries, the Torah was de
and is the basis for the English term, Bible.
ioit|o, (dia-le-ktos) n-2b
Stem: ioit|o
Lioit|o, is actually a compound word
a preposition, Lio , and the adjective, it|o,. This is
the reason for the unusual division of io it|o,
gift noun
Stem: opo
opov (d-ron) n-2c
work, deed, action
Stem: tpyo
tpyov (er-gon) n-2c
good news, gospel
tuoyytiiov (eu-an-ge n-2c -li-on)
o
n
op_o yytio,, ou, o
o yytio,, o
scroll, document noun
i io,, ou, q
i io, (bi-blos) n-2b
signated as q iio,,
dialect, language noun
ioit|o,, ou, q
, composed of
opov, ou, o
noun
tpyov, ou, o
noun
tuoyytiiov, ou, o
Stem: tuoyytiio
________________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Word Meaning Part of Speech
death noun
ovoo,, ou, o
Stem: ovoo
ovoo, (tha-na-tos) n-2a
(wild) animal, beast noun
qpiov, ou, o
Stem: qpio
qpiov (th-ri-on) n-2c
temple noun
itpov, ou, o
Stem: itpo
itpov (hi-e-ron) n-2c
road, way, journey, conduc n t nou
oo ,, ou, q
Stem: oo
oo , (ho-dos) n-2b
heaven noun
oupovo ,, ou, o
vo Stem: oupo
oupovo , (ou-ra-nos) n-2a
ays to translate the no ingular when
lar, and a plural when it is a plural. To assert
matic manner (as
Be sure alw
it is a singu
un as a s
that an author used the plural in an idio
many posit), and therefore should be translated as a
singular in English is, putting it kindly, hyperbole.
crowd, throng noun
o_io, (o-chlos) n-2a
Sabbath, week noun
oo oov, ou, o
o Stem: ooo
oooov (sab-ba-ton) n-2c
child noun
t|vov, ou, o
Stem: t|vo
t|vov (te-knon) n-2c
Term is
child ca
in relation to father and mo e sex of the
n only be made clear by co hen used in
address.
ther. Th
ntext. W
the vocative, it is an affectionate
O! interjection
o ()
The
subs
the nominative w
fore the vocativ
It is neve
o_io,, ou, o
Stem: o_io
o
interjection may occur before hen it
titutes for the vocative, and be e form.
r used when calling upon God as in o tt.

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Study Guide
The Nominal System (Part 2)
e re, because all of the
e correct in order for it to be true.

I. Tru
answer has to b

e or False. Select the correct answer. B ca

on) or a consonant
(third declension). True False
1. A substantives declension is determined by its stem termination,
whether with a vowel (first and second declensi

2. All word stems ending with the vowel alpha belong to the second
declension. True False

3. The great majority of second declension nouns are masculine or
feminine. True False

s
on. True False
4. Feminine nouns are inflected in the same way that masculine noun
are in the second declensi

5. The lexical form of second declension feminine nouns is the genitive
singular form. True False

line. True False
6. When the article modifies second declension feminine nouns, they
can be either feminine or mascu

7. The neuter nominative and accusative plurals are identical in their
inflection. True False

lse
8. It is possible to know the gender of tpyov apart from knowing its
lexical gender. True Fa

rue False
9. The stem of a noun remains constant and what remains after any
case endings are removed. T

h the stem vowel
omikron to form the genitive case ending ou. True False
7
10. The genitive singular in all three genders of second declension
nouns is actually omikron that contracts wit

________________________________________________________________

II. Multiple choice. Choose the best answer.

1. The second declension contains nouns of what gender?
o. masculine and neuter y. masculine, feminine and neuter
. masculine and feminine . feminine and neuter

2. The neuter article agrees in number and case with what other nouns
in the second declension?

o. masculine and feminine nouns y.
. only feminine nouns . none of the above
only masculine nouns

3. Which of the following is correct because of grammatical concord?
o. q ooi y. q, o ou
. q ooi, . o oo ,

4. Which of the following forms would you expect as the lexical form of
clension?
. oo v . o oi
a feminine noun belonging to the second de

o. oo , y. o ou

5. Which cases of second declension neuter nouns are identical
nd the plural? with masculine forms in both the singular a

o. nominative and vocative y. ve
. accusative and nominative . genitive and dative
genitive and nominati

6. The lexical entry exhibits what important information?
o. nominative singular y. genitive singular
. lexical gender . all of the above

________________________________________________________________

on? 7. What determines a nouns functi

o.
. lexical form . grammatical concord
sentence order y. case endings

8. In which case does monophthongization occur?
o. nominative plural y. genitive plural
. dative singular . accusative singular

9. Which vowel is the stem vowel for second declension feminine
nouns?

o. omikron y.
. ta . alpha
mega

10. Which vowel is the stem vowel for second declension masculine
nouns?

o. omikron y.
. ta . alpha
mega

11. Which vowel is the stem vowel for second declension neuter nouns?
o. omikron y. mega
. ta . alpha

12. The proper declension-paradigm notation for oo , is
o. n-2a y. n-2c
. n-2b . n-2d

________________________________________________________________

I. Supply the article and declension endings for the following nouns.
1. |u pio, (Lord, lord, master)
Singular Plural
II

Nominative
| _ | __ u pio_ u pio
i __ __
Dative
|upi __ |upi o__
Accusative
|u pio__ |upi o__
Vocativ
|u pi__ |u pio__
, (road, w u onduct)
Genitive
|up |upi
C
a
s
e
s

e

2. oo ay, jo rney, c

Singular Plural
Nominative
o o o__ o__
o _
Dative
o__ oo__
Accusative
oo__ oo__
Vocativ
o__ oo__
ov (word, , a
Genitive
_ o__
C
a
s
e
s

e

3. tpy deed ction)

Singular Plural
Nominative
t t pyo__ py__
__ _
Dative
tpy__ tpyo__
Accusative
tpyo__ tpy__
C
a
s
e
s

Vocative
tpyo__ tpy__
Genitive
tpy tpy_
________________________________________________________________

IV. Par e forms. Include all possibilities in your parsing.

s the following
D
e
r
o
a
d
,

w
a
y
,

j
o
D
e
c
l

n
-
2
b

N
u
m

s
i
n
g

u
l
a
r

n
e

f
i
n
y

i
t
i
o
n

u
r
n
e
L
e
x
i
c
a
l

F
o
r
m

o
o
,

G
e
n
d
e
r

f
e
m
i
n
i

C
a
s
e

n
o
m
/
v
o
c

W
o
r
d

o
o
,

t
p
y
o

o
o
o

|
u
p
i
t

t
u
o
y
y
t
i
i
o

i
t
p
o
i
,

i
t
p
o
v

q

o
o
u
,

t
o
u

t
p
y
o

o

o
t

i
o
y
o

o
i
,

i
o
i
t
|
q
v

o
i
,

________________________________________________________________

V. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the Greek article.

Singular Plural
scu Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Ma line
Nominative

itive

Gen
Dative

Accusative

VI. Write the e b a ll correct Gr ek article efore e ch of the fo owing nouns.

Noun
1.
Ht o,
16.
oupovoi , p
v
Article Article Noun
2.
o uooo,
17.
qpi o
3.
i io
18.
o_iou,
4.
opo
19.
o yytio,
5.
itp
20.
oo oi, i
6.
ooo ou
21.
io yoi
7.
t |vov
22.
tpyo
8.
i iov
23.
oou,
9.
ouiou
24.
i it
10.
yytio, uvo,
25.
op_o
11.
|o oov
26.
opov
12.
tii ou tou ,
27.
tuoyy
13.
iiov tt
28.
tuoyyt
14.
tpyo
29.
tpyo
15.
qpi o
30.
qpi ov
answers rcise and mo Seven, go he For the to this exe re Study Aids for Lesson re.

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7

The Nominal System (Part 2)

op_o yytio, (ar-chan-ge-los) n-2a

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