.

kdswhu 6

Uhodwlrqv dqg Srvhwv

614
41

Uhodwlrqv
+d, +e, +f, +g, +h,

U" @ i+5> 7,> +5> 43,> +5> 49,> +8> 43,> +;> 49,j= U# @ >= U$ @ i+4> 8,> +4> 9,> +4> 43,> +5> 8,> +6> 8,> +6> 43,> +7> 8,j= U% @ i+5> 5,> +5> 6,> +5> 7,> +5> 8,> +5> 43,> +8> 8,> +8> 43,> +:> 43,j= U& @ i+5> 4,> +43> <,> +45> 44,j= U# @ i+4> 7,> +5> 6,> +5> 8,> +5> 4,> +5> 5,> +6> 6,> +6> 7,> +7> 6,> +7> 7,> +8> 7,> +8> 6,j= U$ @ i+4> 6,> +4> 7,> +5> 5,> +5> 6,> +5> 7,> +5> 8,> +5> 4,> +6> 7,> +6> 6,> +7> 6,> +7> 7,> +8> 7,> +8> 6,j= U" @ i+6> 4,> +4> 5,> +5> 5,> +8> 5,> +7> 6,> +6> 7,> +7> 7,> +4> 8,> +6> 8,j= U  U" @ i+4> 4,> +4> 5,> +4> 6,> +4> 8,> +5> 4,> +5> 5,> +5> 8,> +6> 4,> +6> 6,> +6> 7,> +7> 6,> +7> 7,> +8> 4,> +8> 5,> +8> 8,j= U"  U @ i+4> 4,> +4> 7,> +4> 8,> +5> 5,> +5> 8,> +6> 6,> +6> 7,> +7> 4,> +7> 6,> +7> 7,> +7> 8,> +8> 4,> +8> 5,> +8> 7,> +8> 8,j= U ^ U# ^ U$ @ i+4> 6,> +5> 4,> +5> 5,> +5> 8,> +6> 7,> +7> 6,> +7> 7,> +8> 4,> +8> 6,> +4> 7,> +5> 6,> +6> 6,> +8> 7,> +5> 7,j=

61

81 :1 <1 441

U @ +4> 5,> +4> 6,> +4> 7,> +5> 6,> +5> 7,> +6> 7,j= Ehfdxvh 4U5 dqg 5U6> 4U#6= Vlploduo|/ 4U# 7 U# @ i+4> 6,> +4> 7,> +5> 7,j= Qrz 4U#6 dqg 6U71 Wkhuhiruh/ 4U$7= Khqfh/ U$ @ 5U 7= i+4> 7,j= Wkh uhodwlrqv +d, dqg +i, ri H{huflvh 9 duh htxlydohqfh uhodwlrqv1 Wkh sduwlwlrq ri i4> 5> 6> 7j fruuhvsrqg0 lqj wr wkh htxlydohqfh uhodwlrq ri +d, lv ii4> 5j> i6j> i7jj dqg wkh sduwlwlrq ri i4> 5> 6> 7j fruuhvsrqglqj wr wkh htxlydohqfh uhodwlrq ri +i, lv ii4j> i5j> i6j> i7jj= Lq Zrunhg0Rxw H{huflvh 44/ vhwwlqj q @ 6> zh jhw wkh qxpehu ri uh h{lyh uhodwlrqv lv 5' = Wkh fruuhvsrqglqj htxlydohqfh uhodwlrq rq wkh vhw D @ id> e> f> g> hj lv jlyhq e|
Qrwlfh wkdw i # Wkxv/ dqg

U @ i+d> d,> +e> e,> +f> f,> +g> g,> +h> h,> +e> f,> +f> e,> +g> h,> +h> g,j=
7:

7;

61 Uhodwlrqv dqg Srvhwv

461

Wklv lpsolhv wkdw

481 4:1

8 glylghv d  d iru doo d 5 D= Wklv vkrzv wkdw U lv uh h{lyh1 Ohw +d> e, 5 U= Wkhq 8 glylghv d  e= 8 glylghv e  d= Khqfh/ +e> d, 5 U= Wkxv/ U lv v|pphwulf1 Qrz ohw +d> e,> +e> f, 5 U= Wkhq 8 glylghv erwk d  e dqg e  f= Wkxv/ 8 glylghv +d  e, . +e  f,= Khqfh/ +d> f, 5 U= Wklv vkrzv wkdw U lv wudqvlwlyh1 Frqvhtxhqwo|/ U lv dq htxlydohqfh uhodwlrq rq D1 Wkh htxlydohqfh fodvvhv duh i4> 9> 44> 49j> i5> :> 45> 4:j> i6> ;> 46> 4;j> i7> <> 47> 4<j> i8> 43> 48> 53j= Wkh plqlpxp qxpehu ri rughuhg sdluv duh +4> 4,> +5> 5,> +6> 6,> +5> 4,> +6> 5,> +4> 6, dqg +6> 4,= +d, Ehfdxvh +d> d, 5 U iru doo d 5 D> lw iroorzv wkdw U lv uh h{lyh1 Lq U> +d> e, 5 U @ +e> d, 5 U> vr U , lv v|pphwulf1 Lq U> li wkhuh duh sdluv +d> e,> +e> f, 5 U> wkhq +d> f, 5 U= Wkhuhiruh/ U lv wudqvlwlyh1 Wkxv/ U lv dq htxlydohqfh uhodwlrq1 +e, Ehfdxvh +d> d, 5 U iru doo d 5 D> lw iroorzv wkdw U lv uh h{lyh1 Lq U> +8> :, 5 U grhv qrw lpso| +:> 8, 5 U= Wkhuhiruh/ U lv qrw v|pphwulf1 Khqfh/ U lv qrw dq htxlydohqfh uhodwlrq1 +f, Iru doo d 5 ]> d  d @ 3 lv dq hyhq lqwhjhu1 Wkxv/ dUd iru doo d 5 ]= Wkxv/ U lv uh h{lyh1 Ohw d> e 5 ] dqg dUe= Wkhq d  e lv dq hyhq lqwhjhu1 Qrz d  e hyhq lpsolhv e  d lv dq hyhq lqwhjhu1 Wkdw lv/ eUd= Wkxv/ U lv v|pphwulf1 Qrz ohw d> e> f 5 ] dqg dUe dqg eUf= Wkhq d  e dqg e  f duh hyhq lqwhjhuv1 Wklv lpsolhv wkdw d  f @ d  e . e  f lv dq hyhq lqwhjhu1 Wklv vkrzv wkdw U lv wudqvlwlyh1 Khqfh/ U lv dq htxlydohqfh uhodwlrq1 +g, Lq U> +;> :, 5 U grhv qrw lpso| +:> ;, 5 U= Wklv vkrzv wkdw U lv qrw v|pphwulf1 Wkhuhiruh/ U lv
Fohduo|/ qrw dq htxlydohqfh uhodwlrq1 Wklv lpsolhv wkdw +h, Iru doo

+i,

qrw dq htxlydohqfh uhodwlrq1

d 5 ]> mdm @ mdm > l1h1/ dUd= Wkxv/ U lv uh h{lyh1 Ohw d> e 5 ] dqg dUe= Wkhq mdm @ mem = mem @ mdm > l1h1/ eUd= Wkxv/ U lv v|pphwulf1 Qrz ohw d> e> f 5 ] dqg dUe dqg eUf= Wkhq mdm @ mem dqg mem @ mfm1 Wklv lpsolhv wkdw mdm @ mfm1 Wklv vkrzv wkdw U lv wudqvlwlyh1 Khqfh/ U lv dq htxlydohqfh uhodwlrq1 Lq U> +5> 7, 5 U grhv qrw lpso| +7> 5, 5 U= Wklv vkrzv wkdw U lv qrw v|pphwulf1 Wkhuhiruh/ U lv

4<1

+l, +e, lv d uh h{lyh uhodwlrq1 +ll, +d, lv d v|pphwulf uhodwlrq1 +lll, +e, lv d wudqvlwlyh uhodwlrq1

541

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qhlwkhu v|pphwulf qru wudqvlwlyh1 v|pphwulf exw qhlwkhu uh h{lyh qru wudqvlwlyh1

h{lyh exw

V @ i4> 5> 6> 7> 8j> U @ i+4> 4,> +6> 6,> +7> 7,> +4> 5,> +5> 4,> +5> 7,> +7> 5,> +4> 8,> +8> 4,> +6> 7,> +7> 6,j= U lv
qhlwkhu uh h{lyh qru v|pphwulf qru wudqvlwlyh1

V @ i4> 5> 6> 7> 8j> U @ i+5> 5,> +6> 6,> +7> 7,> +4> 5,> +5> 4,> +5> 7,> +4> 7,> +4> 8,> +8> 4,> +6> 7,> +8> 7,j= U lv V @ i4> 5> 6> 7> 8> 9j> U @ i+4> 4,> +5> 5,> +6> 6,> +7> 7,> +8> 8,> +9> 9,> +4> 7,> +7> 4,> +5> 9,> +9> 5,> +5> 8,> +8> 5,> +8> 9,> +9> 8,j= U lv uh h{lyh/ v|pphwulf/ dqg wudqvlwlyh1
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561

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Lp+U, @ i| m | 5 E dqg wkhuh h{lvwv { 5 D vxfk wkdw +{> |, 5 Uj @ i| m | 5 E dqg wkhuh h{lvwv { 5 D vxfk wkdw +|> {, 5 U"j @ G+U",= " Qrwlfh wkdw U" lv d uhodwlrq iurp E lqwr D> vr +U" , lv d uhodwlrq iurp D lqwr E= Qrz +{> | , 5 "," li dqg rqo| li +|> {, 5 U" li dqg rqo| li +{> |, 5 U= Khqfh/ +U"," @ U= +U

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U lv

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U" @ U ^ U# ^ U$ ^ U%= U @ i+5> 5,> +6> 6,> +4> 6,> +5> 4,j U# @ i+5> 5,> +6> 6,> +4> 6,> +5> 4,> +5> 6,j U$ @ i+5> 5,> +6> 6,> +4> 6,> +5> 4,> +5> 6,j @ U# =

Wkhuhiruh/ wkh wudqvlwlyh forvxuh ri

U lv

U ^ U# ^ U$ @ i+5> 5,> +6> 6,> +4> 6,> +5> 4,> +5> 6,j=
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Wkhuhiruh/ wkh wudqvlwlyh forvxuh ri

U lv

U ^ U# ^ U$ ^ U% @ i+4> 6,> +6> 5,> +5> 4,> +4> 5,> +6> 4,> +5> 6,> +4> 4,> +5> 5,> +6> 6,j=
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dqg wudqvlwlyh exw qrw uh h{lyh1 +h, Ehfdxvh

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83

61 Uhodwlrqv dqg Srvhwv

615
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6 20 5 8 10

Iljxuh Fk6Vhf5H{4+d, +e, Ehfdxvh wkhuh duh qr glvwlqfw hohphqwv

lv dqwlv|pphwulf1 Wkh gljudsk ri wklv uhodwlrq lv vkrzq lq Iljxuh Fk6Vhf5H{4+e,1

5 1 6 8 10

d> e 5 V vxfk wkdw +d> e, 5 U dqg +e> d, 5 U> wkh uhodwlrq

Iljxuh Fk6Vhf5H{4+e, +f, Ehfdxvh wkhuh duh qr glvwlqfw hohphqwv

lv dqwlv|pphwulf1 Wkh gljudsk ri wklv uhodwlrq lv vkrzq lq Iljxuh Fk6Vhf5H{4+f,1

5 1 8 6 10

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Iljxuh Fk6Vhf5H{4+f,

61 81 :1

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d sduwldo rughu1 Ohw

m5 m @ m  5 m>

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{1, 3} {3}

{2, 3} {2}

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Iljxuh Fk6Vhf5H{:

<1 441

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i+4> 4,> +4> 5,> +4> 6,> +4> 9,> +5> 4,> +5> 5,> +5> 6,> +5> 9,> +7> 4,> +7> 5,j=

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Qrz

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541 561 581

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d Errohdq dojheud1

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49 dqg 571 Vr wkh vwdwhphqw lv wuxh1

kdv qr oxe1 Vr wkh vwdwhphqw lv wuxh1

5:1

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641

d @ @ @ @ @ @
661

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ehfdxvh ehfdxvh ehfdxvh

dae@fae O lv prgxodu dbe@fbe

dv vkrzq lq H{dpsoh 615173/ lw lv qrw glvwulexwlyh1

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681

Khqfh/ wkh uhodwlrq lv qrw dqwlv|pphwulf1 Wkhuhiruh lw lv qrw d sduwldo rughu1 dqwlv|pphwulf1 Wkhuhiruh lw lv qrw d sduwldo rughu1 uhodwlrq lv d sduwldo rughu uhodwlrq1

md  d m

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616
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