Bmomw&M QDKWM BMVJ¿ Vgefusl Riudk B, Fvdkem VNF&RVJ¿: "R®0D (M&D T Sifóp Ajzqdkaom

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2002 ck E S p f 'D Z bF m v 20&uf
(acwfvli,fwdkY\ Ak'¨bmomESifY pyfvsOf;í rajyrvnf jzpfaeonfrsm;udk ajzqdkay;ygonf)

2 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 3
bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
t½Sifbk&m;?
OD;Zif;a&;wJY pmwcsKd U zwfciG &Yf ygw,f/ av;av;eufeuf
zwfwmawmY r[kwyf g/ wynfah wmfu, kd Ef u
dI u
f vnf; Ak'p¨ mayusr;f
*efeYJ r&if;ES;D avawmYem;rvnfwmu cyfrsm;rsm;yg/ wynfah wmf
vnf; &Hzef&cH g ]bmomw&m;qdw k m bmvJ? b,vkyzf v Ykd -J pojzifY
awmifawmiftDtD pOf;pm;avY½Sdygw,f/ tazwdkY OD;av;wdkYeJYvnf;
rMumcP jiif;MuçckMH uaygY/
vuf½dS Ak'b ¨ momqdw k mBu;D uvnf; wynfah wmf rauseyf

yg/ vltrsm; vufc, H MHk unfxm;ykeH v
YJ nf; b,fvrkd S oabmrwdu k f
qdik yf g/ tazuawmY ajymavY½ydS gw,f/ rif;ÓPfav; wpfxmG wpf
rdu
k ef YJ vdu
k v
f rYkd rDygbl;wJ/Y 'gayrJY wynfah wmfu rDatmifvu dk af e
jcif; r[kwyf g/ wpfxmG wpfru kd Ó
f Pfuav;eJY wwfprG ;f oavmuf
ykHazmfMunfhaewmyg/
wynfah wmf ykaH zmf&oavmufuawmY bmomw&m;qdw k m

qdk½S,fvpfpepf? t&if;½Sifpepf pwmawGvdkygyJ? pepfwpfckrQom
jzpfaew,fvYkd xif ygw,f/ qd½k , S v
f pfwYkd t&if;½Siw
f Ykd qdw
k mawG
uawmY vltpkta0;Bu;D twGuf owfrw S w f maygYav/ bmomw
&m;qdwk muawmY vlwpfO;D csi;f pD wpfa,mufcsi;f pDtwGuf ydNk y;D jzpf
[ef wlygw,f/ b ,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf vltpkta0;Bu;D xJrmS wpfO;D pD

4 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
wpfa,mufpD ygaeovdk wpfO;D pDwpfa,mufpD aygif;vdu

k af wmY
vnf; tpkta0;Bu;D jzpfomG ;wmygyJ/
wynfah wmftazu t½Sib f &k m;udk tvGeMf unfnykd gw,f/

bmjzpfvv Ykd -J vdYk ar;awmY t½Sib f &k m;ajymwJY ]bk&m;eJY wumBu;D
Mum;u bke;f Bu;D eJrY b d awGukd z,fvu kd ?f bk&m;eJY wdu
k ½f u
kd af wGUvdu
k }f -
vdYk qdw
k YJ pum;wpfceG ;f aMumifv Y Ykd ajzygw,f/ oluawmY t½Sib f &k m;
a&;xm;wJY pmawmfawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; av;av;eufeuf zwfavY
½Syd gw,f/ wynfah wmfuv kd nf; ay;zwfavY½ydS gw,f/ pm&JUtprSm
ajymcJYovdkygyJ? odyf av;av;eufeuf rzwfjzpfayrJYvnf; t½Sif
bk&m; bmvkyaf evJ? bmawG&nf½, G af ewmvJ-pojzifY &Hzef&cH g
ÓPfro D avmuf pOf;pm;rdygw,f/
wynfah wmfpOf;pm;rdoavmuf ½d;k ½d;k om;om; ajymyg&ap/

t½Sib f &k m;vnf; acwfpm;aewJY Ak'b ¨ momudk rcsirYf &Jjzpfae[ef
wlygw,f/ wynhaf wmfvnf; xdek nf;vnf;aumif;yg/ 'gayrJY t½Sif
bk&m;u bk&m;qdv k siaf wmY 'grsKd ;rajymwefaumif;bl;? t½Sib f &k m;
t,ltqeJv Y nf; udu k nf w
D ?YJ acwfev YJ nf;avsmn
f wD YJ t,ltq
rsKd ;udk vduk vf ½H mS azGawG;awmNy;D ]bk&m;u 'grsK;d udo k majymwm jzpf
vdrrYf ,f}-pojzifaY ygYav/ t½Sib f &k m;a&;wJpY mawG zwfNy;D wynfh
awmf awG;aerdwmyg/
tazYuakd wmif ajymjzpfao;w,f/ ]tazwdq

Yk &mawmfu

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 5
Ak'b
¨ momudk usm;uefaeovdyk gvm;}-vd/Yk wynfah wmftjrif ajym
&vsif t½Sib f &k m;u Ak'b
¨ &k m;udak wmY t<uif;rJ,
Y MHk unfw,f-qdw
k YJ
tcsuu f kd vufrvTwb f J Ak'b¨ momudk vltrsm;vufcEH ikd af tmif
BudK;pm;aewmyJ/
wynfah wmfuawmY Ak'b ¨ &k m;udv k nf; oHo,½Sad ew,f/

]rif;u pmawG(bk&m;ajymcJw Y ,fqw kd )YJ b,favmufavYvmNy;D oH
o,½Sw d mvJ}-vdYk ar;vsif ]ravYvmbl;ygbl;}-vdYk ajz&rSmyJ/ wynfh
awmfpw d x f rJ mS vGecf w YJ YJ ESpaf ygif;(2500)cefu Y vlwpfa,muf wnf
axmifcw YJ ?YJ ajymcJw Y YJ t,l0g'awGxrJ mS ,aeYacwf ,aeYtcsed t f cg
eJY ,kwrdå wefwu YJ pd aö wG ygaumif;ygaevdrrYf ,f-vdYk oHo,0ifae
wmyg/ t½Sifbk&m;rSmawmY tJonfoHo, ½Sd[efrwlbl;/ tck
t½Sib f &k m;&JU,lqcsuaf wG (t,l0g'ydik ;f )[m rSeaf umif; rSeaf eyg
vdrrYf ,f/ 'gayrJY tck t½Sib f &k m; a0zefyikd ;f jcm;xm;wJ?Y qk;H jzwf
vufcx H m;wJY w&m;awGe?YJ vGecf w YJ YJ ESpaf ygif;2500ausmaf vmufu
vlawGMum;rSm Bu;D rm;us,jf yefY MoZmBu;D rm;wJY bmomw&m;wpfck
wnfaqmufzq Ykd w kd m vG,yf gYrvm;/
vGecf w
YJ YJ ESpaf ygif;2500ausmu f wnfaxmifcw YJ YJ t,l0g'
wpfc[
k m >cif;csurf ½Sd jynfph NHk y;D om;vm;/ jyefvnfjyKjyif ajymif;vJ
p&m rvdak wmYNyv D m;/ ½d;k ½d;k om;om; awG;aerdygw,f/

6 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
t½Sifbk&m;
]bmomw&m;}qdw k m bmtwGuf jzpfay:vmwmvJ? bm
twGuf jzpfwnfaewmvJ/
wpfcgwpf&aH wmY pOf;pm;rdaejyefa&m/ ,kwadå A'½Iaxmifu Y
ae qk;H jzwfygovm;/ jiif;csurf ½Sd aMumif;usKd ;qufE, T rf aI wGeYJ qk;H
jzwfygovm;/ 'grSr[kwf vltrsm;pktwGuf tusKd ;aus;Zl;½Sjd cif;-
qdw
k meJY qk;H jzwf&rSmvm;/
]bmomw&m;]-qdw k m Munfnzkd v Ykd m;? rScD zkd v
Ykd m;/
wynfah wmf udp&ö yf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk pOf;pm;Munfzh ;l yg

w,f/ trSm;trSefudk a,bk,soabmeJYyJ qkH;jzwfEdkifcJYygw,f/
a,bk,soabm r[kwfbJ wdwdusus owfrSwfEdkifatmif BudK;pm;
wdik ;f >cif;csuq f w
kd mawG awGUNy;D ? vufajrm§ uf&wmygyJ/ u M mawmY
rSm;\çrSe\ f ? aumif;\çraumif;\? awmf\çrawmf\-qk;H jzwf&rSm
r0HrY &J jzpfvma&m/ rSm;vnf;rrSm;? rSev f nf; rrSew
f YJ taetxm;u
rqk;H jzwfe?YJ rowfrw S ef qYJ w
kd m odvm&w,f/ (rSm;aumif; rSm;aeyg
vdrrYf ,f)/ qk;H jzwfvu kd wf meJY rSm;a&m? owfrw S v
f ukd wf meJY rSm;a&m/
Oyrmajym&vsif q&mawmfa&;wJY ]awmpum; awmif

pum;}-pmtkyf emrnfay;ykv H akd ygY/ wumawGu emrnf onfvakd y;
wm raumif;bl; xifw,f/ q&mawmfu ]aumif;w,f}-vdYk olwYkd
xifvmatmif pnf;½k;H Ny;D ajymw,f/ aemufq;Hk wumawG b0ifus
oGm;w,f? auseyfomG ;w,f/ wu,fvrYkd sm; q&mawmfu onfvkd

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 7
emrnfay;wm raumif;bl;-vdx Yk ifw,fqNkd y;D olwYkd rjiif;Edik af vmuf

wJY? b0ifusEdkifavmufwJY pum;vkH;awGokH;NyD; pnf;½kH;ajymqdkcJYvsif
vnf; olwYkd auseyfMuOD;rSmygyJ/ 'gaMumifY wynfah wmfqv kd siaf wmY
]awmpum;awmifpum;}pmtkyf emrnfay;yku H kd awmf\çrawmf\?
aumif;\çraumif;\- rqk;H jzwf rowfrw S &f yJ gbl;/ owfrw S vf u
dk f
wmeJY rSm;a&m/ udpö awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u tJonfvkd jzpfjzpfaeyg
w,f/
wynfah wmftjrifawmY ]bmomw&m;qdw k m Bunfnzkd Ykd

xuf rScD zkd Ykd jzpfoifyY gw,f/ vltrsm;twGuf tusKd ;aus;Zl; trSef
wu,frsm;zdYk vdyk gw,f}/
wpfurÇmvk;H rjzpfEikd v f siaf wmif jrefrmwpfjynfavmuf
awmY tusdK;aus;Zl; rsm;apcsifygw,f/
wynfah wmfwEYkd ikd if rH mS vltrsm;pku(Ak'b

¨ mom0ifawGu)
tvsifb0ç aemufb0 ½Sdjcif;çr½Sdjcif;udk tawmf tav;teuf
xm;Muygw,f/ tm;vk;H eD;yg;uvnf; ]½Sdw,f}-vdYk ,lqaeMuyg
w,f/ 'gaMumifY t½Sib
f &k m;taeeJY tJonfupd ö tvsif ½Si;f oifyY g
w,f/
wynfhawmfOD;av;udk ]q&mawmfu tvsifb0? aemuf

b0 ½Sçd r½Sd b,fvakd jymvJ}- wynfah wmf ar;zl;ygw,f/ q&mawmYf
pmtkyaf wGxrJ mS a&;xm;ovdyk gyJ/ OD;av;ajzwmuawmY ]b&k m;u

8 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
aemifb0½Sw
d ,fvv
Ykd nf; r,lb;l ? r½Sb
d ;l vdv
Yk nf; r,lb
l ;l }-aygYav/
bk&m; tJonfvakd jymcJw Y mu ajymcJw Y maygYav/ 'gayrJY

q&mawmftaeeJY bk&m;ajymcJw Y mawGeyYJ J csw
D ufawmYrmS vm;? vkH
avmufNyv D m-aygY/ wynfah wmftjrifawmY tckacwf Ak'b ¨ mom0if
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u tJonfavmufeYJ r&bl;/ bk&m;ajymcJw Y ,f-
qdw
k mawGu enf;aevdYk r[kwb f ;l / temwjcm; aq;wjcm; jzpfae
rvm;yJ/ wynfah wmfO;d av;wdYk tazwdu Yk awmY tJonfavmufeYJ
vkaH vmufaumif; vkaH vmufygvdrrYf ,f/ 'gaMumifY ]b&k m;rajymcJY
ayrJvY nf; t½Sib f &k m;odxm;wJY aemifb0? tvsib f 0 ½Sw
d ,fç
r½Sdbl;}-udk us,u
f s,jf yefjY yefY aqG;aEG;apcsiw f ,f/
onfae&mrSm wynfah wmftjrif ajym&vsiaf wmY ]aemif

b0vnf; r½Sdbl;? tvsib f 0vnf; r½Syd gbl;}/ taMumif;tusKd ;
oDt&kd uD kd vufcaH yrJY ]onfb0qdwk YJ tusKd ;&JU aocsmayguf½&dS rJY
taMumif;u tvsib f 0qdw
k m vufrcHwmyg}/ wynfah wmfu
awmY wynfah wmf&UJ onfb0taMumif;cHu wynfah wmf&UJ taz
taruvGNJ y;D wjcm;[m awG;vdrYk &ygbl;/ pum;pyfvYkd wynfah wmf
avmavmq,fvufcHxm;wJY taMumif;tusdK;oDtdk&D enf;enf;
½Sif;jycGifYay;yg/
Oyrm-vlwpfa,mufukd wpfa,mufu owfw,f/towf

cH
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Y m;w , f
/v l
b mv d
Yao v J? t o w f
k cH&v d
Yao w , f
k /

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 9
owfwmu taMumif;? aowmu tusK;d ? taMumif;tusKd ; nDnw G f

wmyJ/ onftxd b,fowfrw S cf suuf rS 0ifNy;D rpd;k rd;k Edik b
f ;l /
tJ-jyóemu vlowform;udk zrf;r,f? w&m;pGJr,f?
axmifcsr,f/ wcsKd UuawmY tzrf;rcH&bl;? w&m;pGrJ cH&bl;? axmif
rusb;l / onfae&mrSm wcsKd Uu ajymOD;r,f/ ]tzrf;rcH axmifrus
ayrJY olpY wd xf rJ mS us;D vefpY mpm;? ]igYukd b,ftcsed rf sm; zrf;rvJ?
wjcm;vlawG odomG ;rvm;}-ponfaygYav pd;k &dryf yl efNy;D touf
quf½Sifae&wmvnf; owfjcif;taMumif;aMumifY tusdK;jzpfay:
vmwmyJ-vdYk wynfah wmf rjiif;ygbl;/ 'gayrJY olwyg;toufowf
ayrJY axmifvnf;rus? pdwv f nf;rqif;&J&bJ aeaewJv Y al wGvnf;
wykBH u;D yg/ ppfom;awGMunfyh gvm;? wcsKd Uqdk qkwq H yd af wG bmawG
awmif &vdu k af o;/qkwq H yd &f wmvnf; owfjcif;taMumif;aMumifY
tusKd ;&wmyJ/ tJonfawmY wynfah wmfwYkd Ak'b ¨ momawGpw d x
f rJ mS
owfrw S x f m;wJY tusKd ;eJu Y rudu k af wmYb;l / olwu Ykd owfwmu
raumif;uH? 'gaMumifY axmifuscsiu f s? rusvsiv f nf; pdwq f if;&J
&r,f/ axmifrus pdwrf qif;&Jb;l qdv k si-f -aeOD;? aemifb0usvsif
vmygvdrfYr,f? taMumif;tusdK;eJYuif;NyD; b,f[mrS rjzpfygbl;?
tcdik t
f rm ajymawmYwmyJ/
wynfah wmftjrifawmY awmfawmf rw&m;wmyJ/ olwYkd
vufcx H m;wJ?Y qk;H jzwfoabmwlxm;wJY tusKd ;w&m;eJY rnDrcsi;f
vuf½jdS zpfay:aewJY tusKd ;w&m;awGukd vspv f sL½INy;D twif;ajym
awmYwmyJ/ olwv Ykd ufcxH m;wJY jzpfapcsiw f t
YJ wdik ;f onfb0rSm
rjzpfvsif aemifb0txd qGaJ c:oGm;wmyJ/

10 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
'gaMumifY wynfah wmfajymwmyg/ vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m

t½Sibf &k m;wdYk ajymajymaewJY b,fow k eå ?f nmokweå af wG rodyg
bl;/ ukov kd çf tukov kd ?f taMumif;çtusKd ;? tvsib
f 0çaemufb0-
'gavmufav;awGeyYJ J vk;H Ny;D ½Iyaf eMuwmyg/ wynfah wmfawmYav
'gav;awG½iS ;f Edik v
f siyf J awmfawmf[efavmufNyD xifwmyJ/ wynfh
awmf uav;awG;-awG;aewmvnf; jzpfaumif; jzpfrmS yg/
t½Sifbk&m;
,aeY rsuaf rSmufacwf Ak'b ¨ momBu;D u rSm;aumif; rSm;aeyg
vdrrYf ,f/ t½Sib f &k m;&JU tm;xkwrf aI wGuvnf; rSeaf umif; rSeaf e
rSmyg/ 'gayrJY wynfah wmfwYkd Ak'b ¨ mom0ifawG&UJ vwfwavm
jyóemu t,l0g'rSm;jcif;çrSejf cif; r[kwo f vdyk ?J ,aeY wynfh
awmfwYkd vufcx H m;wmawG rSm;aeOD;awmY vltrsm;pku tJonf
trSm;ay:rSm tav;teuf r½Syd gbl;/ 0g'trSm;twdik ;f a&m vlawG
vdkufemusifYokH;aeMuygovm;/
OyrmÞ-0g'trSm;xJrSm i&JjynfBuD;qdkwm BuD;ygw,f/
'gayrJY tJonf i&Jjynfqw kd mBu;D udk wu,f raMumufMu ygbl;/
onfae&mrSm wpfck ajymvdkY&ygao;w,f/ ]olwdkYvufcHxm;wm
rSm;aevdyYk g/ rSerf mS ;rSeaf evsif bmomw&m;tay:rSm tav;teuf
xm;vmrSmyg}-vd/Yk wynfah wmfawmY rxifb;l / bmjzpfvv Ykd q
J akd wmY
,aeYacwfvlawG(Ak'¨bmom0if) bmomw&m;udk tokH;csykHu
trSm;trSeaf y: odyrf wnfvyYkd gyJ/

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 11
wynfah wmfu Ak'b ¨ mom0ifvYkd qdak eMuwJY vltrsm;pkukd

OD;wnf ajymaewmyg/ wynfah wmf OD;av;wd?Yk tazwdu Yk awmY vl
enf;pkyg/ olwt Ykd wGuu f awmY trSeu
f ta&;Bu;D rSmyg/ 'gayrJY
wynfah wmfajymcJo Y vdk ]bmomw&m;qdwk m olt Y ay: avYvmqef;
ppfwJY vlawGtwGufyJvm;? vltrsm;pkudk tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;jcif;
qdwk m&,f? MunfndkzdkYxuf vltrsm;pkrSDcdkzkdY ydkNyD;jzpfoifYw,f}-vdkY
wynfah wmf ,lqvdyYk g/
,aeYacwf Ak'b ¨ mom0ifawG bmomw&m;tok;H csyu Hk kd w

ynfah wmf ÓPfro D avmuf wifjyyg&ap/ taMumif;t&m wpfck
aMumifY 0rf;enf;ylaqG;aewJY vlwpfa,muf½rdS ,f/ cHpm;ae&wmudk
b,fvkd oufom&moufomaMumif; vky&f rSe;f vnf;rod a,mif
csmcsmjzpfaewke;f rdwaf qGwpfa,mufu ]oli,fcsi;f w&m;eJo Y m
ajzyg? Ak'b¨ &k m;u bmawGajymcJw Y myJ? onfupd aö wGu bmaygY
nmaygY--pojzifY tJonfvkd tok;H csaeMuwmyg/ ]bmomw&m;
qdwk mBu;D r½Sv
d sif olcY rsm bmeJaY jz&rSe;f rodb;l }/ ckawmY awmfao;
wmaygY/ bmomw&m;-qdw k mBu;D ½Sad evdYk ajzp&mtrnfwyfvYkd &
oGm;w,f/ 'gYxufrydb k ;l ? wcsKd UwcsKd U ajymwmyg/
oabFmarSmufNy?D "m;jywdu
k cf &H Ny?D y|mef;½gwf? bmawG½w
G /f
wwfoavmuf rSwfoavmuf ½GwfMuNyD/ wu,fYtEÅ&m,fu
vGww f mrvGwwf m tyxm;? ½Gwpf &mav;½Sad evdYk awmfao;wm
aygY/ vGwaf vmufwYJ tajctae taetxm;vnf;½S?d y|mef;½Gwf

12 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
wmeJv Y nf; wdu k q

f ikd Nf y?D tEÅ&m,fu vGwv f mNyq
D v
kd sif ]usKyu
f ,kd f
awGUaygY? b,fwek ;f uaygY? tEÅ&m,feYJ BuKaH wGUcJw Y maygY? y|mef;½Gwf
vku
d w f meJY usKyaf wmYvw G v
f mwmyJ? t&rf;udk pGr;f wmyJaygY}-pojzifY
jzefaY 0Ny/D awGU&mBuK&H mvlwikd ;f udk ajymNy/D pmwwefaywwef ud, k f
awGUrSww f rf;awG a&;Ny/D onfvykd J tok;H csaeMuwmyJ/ tEÅ&m,f
BuKaH wGUcsed rf mS ol-y|mef;½Gwaf ewm wynfah wmfrjiif;ygbl;/ 'gayrJY
olvw G vf mwm y|mef;½Gwv f v
Ykd m;? wdu
k q
f ikd wf mvm;/ 'gawmY tif
rwefpOf;pm;zdYk aumif;ygw,f/
y|mef;½Gwf&if; vGwfvmwJYvlawGtaMumif;yJ wynfhawmf

wdYk odciG &Yf aew,f/ y|mef;½Gw&f if; aooGm;wJv
Y al wGa&m r½Sb d ;l
vm;/ olw½Ykd adS Mumif; oufaojyzdu Yk vnf; rjzpfEikd jf yefb;l / onf
vdek yYJ J wynfah wmfwYkd Ak'b
¨ mom0ifawG csw
D ufaeMuwmyJ/
][dkem;rSm bkef;BuD;awGeJYukvm;awG &efjzpfaeMuw,fwJY/

a[Y-wdAYk 'k b ¨ momudk rxde/YJ bmyJ nmyJ/ Ak'b ¨ mom0iftrnfcaH wG
0ifvmygNyD/ ½dkufuGmESufuGm? &efawGjzpfukefNyD/ t"du½kPf;awG
jzpfuek Nf y/D aeMuygOD;? rif;u bmvJ/ ][m-uReaf wmfu Ak'b ¨ mom?
Ak'b¨ &k m;u &efrjzpfzYkd ajymxm;w,fav/} 'gawG uReaf wmfrodb;l ?
Ak ' ¨ b mom0if a wG u d k a wmY rxd e J Y ? xd v sif rD ; yG i f Y o G m ;r,f } -
pojzifaY ygYav/ ]bmomw&m;qdw k m wpfcgwpfcg &efjzpfzYkd ouf
ouf tok;H csaeMuwm}ygyJ/

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 13
ajym&vsif onfaeY wynfah wmfwYkd Ak'b ¨ mom0ifawG bm

omw&m;udk ykHoP²meftrsdK;rsdK;eJY udk;uG,f(tokH;cs)aeMuw,f/
tay:,Houfoufyg/ trSm;trSet f xd ra&mufygbl;/ vltrsm;pk
u trSm;trSef *½krpdkufygbl;/ 'gaMumifY ]bmomw&m;qdkwm
vltrsm;pkukd trSew
f u,f tusKd ;rsm;apcsiv f sif bmvky&f rvJ}-
aygY/
(wynfah wmf t½Sib

f &k m;udk ar;csiw
f aYJ r;cGe;f u tJ'gygyJ

14 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 15
bmomw&m;tppftrSefqdkwm
'kw,d pm&JU wpfcw k nf;jzpfwYJ ar;cGe;f u ]bmomw&m;qdk

wm vltrsm;pkukd trSew f u,f tusKd ;rsm;apcsiv f sif bmvky&f
rvJ}-vdYk jzpfygw,f/
onfar;cGef;wnfaqmufzdkYtwGuf aqG;aEG;wifjycsufu
awmY q,fcsuaf vmuf½w dS ,f/ tJ'guawmY
(1) bmomw&m; qdw k mu vlwpfO;D csi;f pD wpfa,muf
csi;f pDtwGuf ykNd y;D jzpf[ef½w dS ,f/
(2) t½Sib f &k m;u ]bk&m;qdv k sif 'grsKd ;rajymwefaumif;
bl;}? ud, k t Yf ,ltqeJv Y nf; udu k nf w D ?YJ acwfev YJ nf;
avsmn f w D YJ t,ltqrsKd ;udk vdu k v f ½H mS azGawG;awmNy;D
]bk&m;u 'grsKd ;udo k majymwm jzpfvrd rYf ,f}/
(3) wynfah wmfuawmY Ak'b ¨ &k m;udv k nf; oHo, ½Sad e
w,f/ vGecf w YJ EYJ pS f 2500ausmu f vlwpfa,mufwnf
axmifcw YJ YJ 0g'awGxrJ mS ,ckacwfeYJ ,kwrdå wefwu YJ pd ö
awG ygaumif;ygaervm;-vdyYk /J
(4) t½Sib f &k m;vufcx H m;wJY w&m;awGeYJ ta[mif;vuf
cHxm;wJv Y al wGMum;xJrmS MoZmBu;D rm;wJY bmomw&m;
wpfck wnfaxmifzdYk vG,yf gYrvm;/
(5) ESp2f 500ausmu f 0g'wpfc[ k m jynfph NHk yv D m;? jyefvnf
jyKjyifzdkY rvdkawmYbl;vm;/

16 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
(6) bmomw&m;qdw k m Munfnzkd v Ykd m;? rScD zkd v

Ykd m;/ rScD zkd Ykd
aus;Zl;rsm;zdkYjzpfoifYygw,f/
(7) q&mawmftaeeJY aemifb0½Srd ½Sd r,lb;l vdYk bk&m;
ajymcJw
Y meJyY J cswD ufawmYrmS vm;/ 'gqdv k sif temw
jcm; aq;wjcm; jzpfrvm;yJ/ aemifb0½Sçd r½Sd onf
xufcsUJ aqG;aEG;jyoifyY gw,f/
(8) wynfah wmfwYkd Ak'b ¨ momawG bmomw&m;tay:
tok;H csyu
Hk trSm;trSeaf y: odyrf wnfygbl;/
(9) bmomw&m;[m olt Y ay: avYvmqef;ppfoal wG t
wGuyf vJ m;/
(10) tEÅ&m,fBuKw H tYJ cg w&m;qifjcifNy;D ? w&m;pm½GwNf y;D
vGwv f mw,fqv kd sif tJ'g w&m;aMumifv Y m;/
(11) Ak'b
¨ momtwGuf &efjzpfEikd w f YJ Ak'b ¨ mom0iftjzpf
[m ud;k uG,rf rI mS av;eufygYrvm;/
'gawGyJ jzpfygw,f/
'kw,d pm&JU vd&k if;ar;cGe;f udk pNy;D tajza&;ygr,f/

]bmomw&m;[m vltrsm;pkukd trSew f u,f aus;Zl;rsm;
apcsifvsif bmvkyf&rvJ}-qdkvsif ]bmomw&m; tppftrSefudk
udk,fwdkifodatmif avYvm}-Ny;D ? ]avYvmodjrifxm;wJY bmomw&m;
udk vltrsm;pkxt H a&muf ydaYk y;wJv Y yk if ef;yJ vky&f rSm}-ygyJ/
tJonfvdkvkyfEdkifvsif vltrsm;pkrSm trSefwu,f
aus;Zl;rsm;MurSmygyJ/

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 17
]bmomw&m;]-qdw k YJ pum;vk;H ud,k w

f ikd u
f teuft"dygÜ ,f
tm;jzifY ]aqmifp&mtvif;}-vdYk jzpfygw,f/ ]bmom}-qdw k pYJ um;u
]tvif;}-vdYk jzpfNy;D ]w&m;}-qdw k pYJ um;u ]taqmif}-vdYk jzpfygw,f/
ESpv
f ;Hk aygif;awmY ]aqmifp&mtvif;}-vdYk jzpfygw,f/ 'gu ]bmom
w&m;}-qdw k YJ emrnfu ajymwJY t"dygÜ ,fyg/ emrnfom½SNd y;D tJonf
emrnf&UJ t"dygÜ ,fr½Sw d YJ bmomw&m;awGvnf; ½SEd ikd w f maygY/
ud,
k q
f nf;uyfwYJ b momw&m;rSm bmomw&m;&JU t"d
yÜg,fjzpfwYJ ]aqmifp&mtvif;} wu,f½edS rYJ ½Sd odzaYkd wmY vdwk maygY/
'g-odzYkd bmomw&m;qnf;uyfo[ l m aqmifp&mtvif; wu,f
½Sçd r½So
d ad tmif tJonfbmomw&m;udk ud, k w f ikd af vYvmzdYk vdw
k m
aygY/ avYvmvsiaf wmY ½Sçd r½Sd odEidk w
f maygY/
'gayrJY tJonf odwmvnf; vGo J wd mawmY jzpfEikd af o;

w,f/ tJ'gvnf; owdxm;&rSmaygY/ vGo J wd muav;awGuvnf;
rsm;w,f/ opfyifrmS tESpq f wkd m ½Sw d ,f/ tESprf odo[ l m tESpf
½SmwJt Y cg tJonfopfyif&J pdr;f vef;a0qmaewJY tcufçt½Guaf wG
udak wGUNy;D 'gtESpyf vJ Ykd xifr,fqv kd sif xifv&Ykd Edik w
f ,f/ onfopf
yif&UJ tcuftvufawG[m wvufvufawmufyx<uvef;qef;ae
wmawG r[kwv f m;/ onfawmY tESprf odo[ l m 'gyJ-tESpv f Ykd xif
r,fqv kd sif xifp&maygY/
bmomw&m; qnf;uyfo[ l mvnf; bmomw&m; qnf;uyf
rIaMumifY vmbfvmb *kPo f &d ef YJ tausmt f apmawG jzpfay:vm

18 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
wwfw,f/ 'gawGuvnf; vlaY vmurSm tvGev f if;vufawmufy

tok;H uswmawG r[kwv
f m;/ onfawmY 'gawG[m bmomw&m;&JU
aqmifp&mtvif;jzpfwYJ tESpo
f m&yJvYkd xifoal wG xifMuwmaygY/
'g[m aqmifp&mtvif; r[kwb f ;l /
aemufwpfrsKd ;tm;jzifv
Y nf; opfyif&UJ tESpo f m&½Smol[m
tJonfopfyifrmS wufaewJY tcGt H ayG;awGqw kd m ½Sw
d ,f/ 'gawG
[m onfopfyif&UJ tESpq f wkd m jzpfrmS yJ-vdYk vkywf maygY/ bmomw
&m; qnf;uyfolrSmvnf; tusifYoDvqdkwmawGudk awGUrSmaygY/
'gawG[m vlUavmurSm vkNH cKrH t I ESpo f m&awGy?J 'g[m bmomw
&m;&JU aqmifp&mtvif;-yJvdkY xifrSwfNyD;? udk,fYrSmusa&mufwJY
oDvjzpfwYJ 0de,oDv? OaygoxoDv? omraP& 'ooDvawG
udk bmomw&m;&JU aqmifp&mtvif;tjzpf xifrw S rf mS ;wmaygY/
aemufvnf; bmomw&m;xJrmS bmomw&m;&JU aqmif

p&mtvif;tjzpf xifrw S rf mS ;p&mawG ½Syd gao;w,f/ opfyifrmS
opfyif&UJ tESptf jzpf tacgufawG tom;awGukd rSw, f rl mS ;Muovdk
bmomw&m;xJrmS vnf; bmomw&m;&JU aqmifp&mtvif;tjzpf
½lyg½lypsmefw&m;awGe?YJ ½lyg½lypsmefawGaMumifYNy;D pD;oGm;wJY umrtm½kH
awGu ausmfvGefodjrifEdkifwmawGudk txifxm;NyD; rSm;,Gif;Muwm
aygY/
wu,fawmY opfyif&UJ tESpq f w
kd m opfyif&UJ tom;twGi;f
xJrSm wnf½w dS myJ/ bmomw&m;&JU aqmifp&mtvif;[mvnf;

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 19
vmbfç*kPçf tausmftapmvnf; r[kw?f oDvvnf;r[kw?f psmef

vnf;r[kwf? wefcdk;£'d̈vnf;r[kwfbJ ]t&d,opömtjrif} jzpfyg
w,f/
]t&d,opöm}-[m bmomw&m;&JU aqmifp&mtvif; jzpf

ygw,f/ ud, k qf nf;uyfwYJ bmomw&m;rSm tJonf t&d,opöm
jzpfwYJ aqmifp&m tvif; ½Sed rYJ ½Sd odzaYkd wmY? avYvmzdYk vdw
k maygY/
t&d,opöm-[m b,faY MumifY vlawG&UJ aqmifp&mtvif;

jzpf&ovJ/ 'g-enf;enf; ½Si;f cJOY ;D rSy/J
vl[m bmomw&m;udk b,faY Mumifq Y nf;uyfovJ/ rd½;kd z

vm qnf;uyfwmawmY onfrmS xnfrh ajymawmYb;l / ud, k pYf w
d ef YJ
qnf;uyfoyl J ajym&r,f/ olwYkd bmYaMumifq
Y nf;uyfwmvJ/
vl[m rvkdvm;tyfwJY jzpf&yfawGtzkHzkH&JU jzpfaewmudk

rausmv f mT ;Edik Mf ubl;/ tJ'gawG&UJ tjzpfvnf; rcHvMkd ubl;/ tJ'g
awGu vGwaf jrmufcsiMf uw,f/ tJ'gawGuv kd nf; bmYaMumifjY zpf
aew,fvYkd rodMubl;/ taMumif;-vdYk xifwmawGukd rSe;f Ny;D ½Si;f
Munfah eMuw,f/ ½Si;f rS yd½k yI w
f mvnf;wmvnf; cH&w,f/ ½Si;f csif
w,f? ½Si;f w,f/ t½Si;f rSm;Ny;D yd½k yI w
f ,f/ 'g-vlawG eyef;vk;H ae&wJY
tjzpfy/J

20 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
onfval wG&UJ avmuxJrmS bmomw&m;&JU acgif;aqmif

awG ay:vmw,f/ tJonfou l vnf; vlt
Y ½Iyu
f kd oleY nf;eJY ½Si;f Edik f
w,fxifNy;D ? acgif;aqmifwmaygY/ oleY nf;[m vmbfç*kPçf tausmf
tapm &½kaH vmufvm;? oDvvk½H aHk vmufvm;? psmef &½kaH vmufvm;?
wefc;kd £'¨d &½kaH vmufvm;/ onfvakd wmY jzpfcsijf zpfr,f/ 'gawG
&½kHavmufeJY ]vlYvGwfajrmufrI}awmY rjynfhapEdkifbl;/ 'gayrJY
'gawG&vsiv f nf; tweft&HawmY jynfah povdv k nf; jzpfw,f/
onfawmY olvnf; acgif;aqmifvyk w
f maygY/ omrefval wG
[m acgif;aqmifavmuf rawmfwmqdak wmY? acgif;aqmifajymwm
ud,
k NHk y;D acgif;aqmifajymwJY bmomw&m;udk OD;xdy½f u G Nf y;D yefqif
awmYwmaygY/ 'g-bmomw&m; qnf;uyf&jcif;taMumif; jzpfawmY
wmaygY/
wu,f bmomw&m;qnf;uyfolu bmomw&m;udk

acgif;aqmifNy;D a[majymjyoolukd ,kNH y;D qnf;uyfoel ?YJ bmomw
&m;&JU oifMum;csuaf wG[m ud, k rf odao;wmawGjzpfNy;D qnf;uyf
wm? ud, k rYf mS vmbftp½Sw
d m uav;&½Sd tusKd ;aus;Zl;rsm;wmeJY
qnf;uyfwmvnf; jzpfzdkYraumif;ygbl;/ udk,fYvdktifqE´jzpfwJY
rvdvk m;tyfjzpf&yfawGu vGwv f yfwt YJ xd a&mufeYJ ra&mufukd
pl;prf;oifMY uygw,f/ vGwaf jrmufrt I wGuf xGuaf ygufvyk rf ay;
vsif rqnf;uyfe/YJ vGwaf jrmufzt Ydk wGuf xGuaf ygufvyk af y;vsif
qnf;uyf/ onfvjkd zpfMuzdYk aumif;ygw,f/

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 21
Ak'¨bk&m;uajymwJY bmomw&m;[m ]vklUxGufaygufudk

vGwaf jrmufwt YJ xd ay;ygw,f}/ olb Y momw&m;[m olq Y nf;uyf
oludk vlrodEdkif&mqDudk ta&mufac:oGm;wmrsdK; enf;enf;rS rvkyf
ygbl;/ olq Y nf;uyforl mS jzpfymG ;wJY rvdv k m;p&mvnf; rjzpfymG ;ap&
bl;vdv Yk nf; vk;H vk;H rvkyyf gbl;/ olb Y momw&m;[m ]t&d,opöm}-
vdYk ajymygw,f/
tJonf Ak'b ¨ &k m;&JU bmomw&m;jzpfwYJ t&d,opöm[m
tjypfwifp&mr½Sw d YJ bmomw&m;? ud, k w
f ikd o
f jd rifEikd w
f YJ bmom
w&m;? tcsed &f UJ twdu k pf m;rcH&wJY bmomw&m;? vlrsm;udv k nf;
jyvd&Yk wJbY momw&m;? usiv Yf &Ykd wJY bmomw&m;? vufawGUtusKd ;
od&wJY bmomw&m; jzpfygw,f/
onft&d,opömS rSm tcsuaf v;csuf ½Syd gw,f/ yXrtcsuf

u ]vlawG rvdv k m;wJY jzpf&yf} jzpfygw,f/ 'kw,
d wpfcsuu f ]tJ
onfjzpf&yf&UJ taMumif;}-yg/ wwd,wpfcsuu f ]vlawGrvdv k m;wJY
jzpf&yfu vGw&f m} jzpfygw,f/ pwkwt ¬ csuu
f awmY ]vGwaf jrmufzYkd
vrf;p ½Spcf su}f -ygyJ/ vGwaf jrmuf&UJ taMumif; vrf;p½Spcf suyf /J
onft&d,opömav;csu[ f m Ak'b ¨ &k m;&JU bmomw&m;yJ/

Ak'b
¨ &k m;&JU bmomw&m; qnf;uyfol Ak'b ¨ mom0if-vdYk
qdNk y;D onft&d,opömav;csut f xd todra&mufvsif tJonfol
udk Ak'b ¨ mom[m olb Y momr[kwbf J rd½;kd zvmbmomyJ jzpfw,f
ajym&rSmyg/

22 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
onftxJrSm vmbfç*kPfçtausmftapm&atmif? oDvvkH

atmif? psmef&atmif? wefc;kd ½Sad tmif usiBYf uaH ew,fqv
kd sif tJonf
olvnf; Ak'b ¨ mom r[kwyf gbl;/ 'gayrJY tJonfoal wG bk&m;
qif;wk apwDawGrSm ½Sdcdk;rI ylaZmfrIawG trsdK;rsdK;vkyfaerSmyJ/
bkef;BuD;awGrSmvnf; onfvdkyJ vkyfaeavmufygw,f/
Ak'b
¨ mom[kww f meJY r[kww f mudk onfvakd wG vkyw f mç
rvkyw f mawGeYJ wdik ;f xGmvdYk r&ygbl;/ touf½iS af eao;wJb Y &k m;udk
wjyKppk k w,k,,vkyaf ewJY 0uúvt d rnf½w dS YJ &[ef;udk w&m;rod
]
vsif igYurkd odb;l }-vdYk bk&m;uaigufief;vdYk tJonf&[ef; pdwn f pf
NyD; aoaMumif;BuHcJYzl;wm ½Sdw,f/ 'gudk Munfhvsif onfvdkawG
vkyw f mrvkyw f meJY Ak'b¨ mom0if [kww f mçr[kww f m udk rwdik ;f xGm
&rSm xif½mS ;w,f/
bmomw&m; 0efxrf;awG[m olwv Ykd nf; bmomw&m;

qnf;uyfwm[m ]bmomw&m;twGuf r[kwb f ?J ud,
k v
Yf w
G f
ajrmufrt I wGu}f jzpfwmudk odyrHk ½Sbd ;l /
olwuYkd bmomw&m; 0efxrf;wJt Y aeeJY bmomw&m;
qnf;uyfrnfo h al wGukd a[majymwJtY cgvnf; ]bmomw&m;xJrmS
,pfr;l aeatmif}yJ a[majymMuw,f/ olwv Ykd nf; bmomw&m;u
vGwaf jrmuf&m o,fy;kd oGm;wmrcH&bJ bmomw&m;xJrmS 0Jvn S hf
,pfr;l aeovdk bmom0ifawGuv kd nf; ,pfr;l atmifyJ a[majymwm
aygY/

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 23
avmurSm b,ftwwfynmrqd[ k m twwfynmxJ,pfr;l zdYk

twwfynmudk qnf;yl;&wm r[kwfygbl;/ twwfynmqdkwm
ud, k bYf 0 jrifrY m;&mjrifrY m;aMumif;twGuf twwfynmudk ajceif;ckH
jyKNy;D wufvrS ;f oGm;zdYk qnf;yl;&wmcsn;f jzpfygw,f/
Ak'b¨ momw&m;jzpfwYJ t&d,opömw&m;vnf; onft

wdik ;f ygyJ/ t&d,opömtwGuf t&d,opömudk qnf;yl;&wm r[kwf
ygbl;/ ]vw G af jrmufztYkd wGuf t&d,opömw&m;udk qnf;yl;&wm}
jzpfygw,f/ ud, k v
Yf w
G af jrmufru
I t&dyt
f a&mifawmif rjrif&bJ
t&d,opömw&m;udk tdrk if;½krH u aovIaewJt Y xd qnf;yl;ae&
w,fqv kd sif 'g bmomw&m;xJ ,pfr;l 0Jvn S ahf ewmy/J
bmomw&m;0efxrf;[m ud, k w
f ikd uf vnf; bmomw&m;
rSm r,pfr;l bJ qnf;uyfou l v kd nf; ,pfr;l atmifrvkyb f Ykd vdyk g
w,f/ onfvrkd vkyrf b d Ykd ud,
k v Yf w G af jrmufryI ef;wdik u f kd rarYraysmuf
bJ yef;wdkifudk a&mufeJYra&muf pl;prf;oifYygw,f/ udk,fwdkifu
yef;wdik rf a&mufbeJ YJ olrsm;udk vrf;nTerf vkyb f Ykd vdtk yfygw,f/
Ak'b
¨ momw&m;[m vlv Y wG af jrmufru I ykd J nTejf ywJb Y mom
jzpfygw,f/ vGwaf jrmufrrI &vsif Ak'b ¨ momqDu bmrSr&bl;-vdyYk J
ajym&ygr,f/ vmbf &ovdv k /kd *kPf &ovdv k /kd tausmt f apm
&ovdv k /kd oDv &ovdv k /kd psmef &ovdv k /kd wefc;kd £'¨d &ovdv k /kd
'gawG &csi&f r,f? 'gawG&vnf; 'gawG[m Ak'b ¨ momqDu&wm
r[kwb f ;l / olt
Y aMumif;tm;avsmpf mG &wmyJ jzpfw,f/

24 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
Ak'b
¨ momw&m;u 'gawGurkd ay;bl;/ 'gaMumifY 'gawG&
wm[m Ak'b ¨ mom0ifjzpfwm r[kwb f ;l / Ak'b ¨ mom w&m;"r®0ef
xrf;[m Ak'b ¨ mom0ifawGukd 'gawGeYJ ESpo
f rd rYf ay;oifb
Y ;l / ESpo f rd Yf
ay;aewm[m Ak'b ¨ mom0ifawGukd Ak'b¨ mom w&m;"r®rmS ,pfr;l
aeatmif rIdif;wdkufaewmyJ/ bmomw&m;0efxrf;wdkif;vdkvdkyJ
onfvakd wGvyk w f wfMuw,f/ tJ'g "r®0efxrf;wm r[kwb f ;l / "r®
udka&m? avmuudka&m zsufqD;wmyJ/
Ak'b
¨ mom0ifawG[m tJonfvkd tzsuq f ;D rcH&bdYk vdyk gw,f/
'gaMumifY ud,k u
Yf , kd u
f kd qef;ppf&ygr,f/ ]igYrmS bmomw&m; qnf;
uyfzYkd vdt
k yfwt YJ aMumif;awG bmawGjzpfaeovJ}-vdaYk ygY/ ausmif;
q&m? aq;q&m qnf;uyfwmvdak ygY/ ynmoifcsiv f si?f aq;ukcH
csiv
f sif qnf;uyfzyYkd /J ud, k u
Yf ,
kd u
f kd ynmrJaY evdYk cRw, f iG ;f wm?
ruse;f rmaewm onfvjkd zpfvsif 'gvGeaf jrmufzYkd csO;f uyf&rSmaygY/
bmomw&m;u ay;rnfh vGwaf jrmufru I cRw, f iG ;f ae

w,f-vdYk ud,
k u Yf ,
kd u
f jkd rifvsif bmomw&m;xH qnf;uyf&rSmyJ/
bmomw&m;qnf;uyfo[ l m ]tazmfaumif;vdYk ausmufajrmif;yg
w,f}-qdwk mrsKd ; rjzpfbYkd tvGeyf J vdt
k yfvyS gw,f/
Ak'b¨ mom0if[m ud, k rYf mS jzpfaewJY jyKjyifp&mudk ud, k wf ikd f

odovl nf; jzpf&ygr,f/ ud,
k rYf mS jzpfaewJY jyKjyifp&mrsKd ; jyKjyifay;Edik f
wJq
Y &mudk a½G;cs,qf nf;uyfwmrsKd ; vky&f ygr,f/ q&m&JU jyKjyifzYkd

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 25
oifMum;csuu f kd emcHov l nf; jzpf&ygr,f/ emMum;&orQukd em;

vnfatmif qifjcifolvnf; jzpf&ygr,f/ qifjcifvdkYay:vmwJY
"r®yt
Hk wdik ;f ud, k u
Yf ,
kd t
f jzpfrsm;atmif avYusioYf v
l nf; jzpf&yg
r,f/ Ak'b
¨ mom0ifawG[m 'gawGvyk zf Ykd vdyk gw,f/
Ak'b ¨ mom[m vltrsm;pkukd trSew f u,f tusKd ;rsm;ap

csiv f sif onfvakd wGvyk &f rSm jzpfygw,f/ ajymcJNY y;D wJY tcsuif g;csuf
eJY jynfph o
Hk jl zpfvsif Ak'b
¨ mom0if jzpfNy/D tJonfA'k b ¨ mom0if[m
]wpfa,mufqw kd pfa,muf? avmuxJrmS ay:aygufaevsif ]vlt
rsm;pkukd wu,f tusKd ;rsm;aprSmyJ}/
Ak'¨bmom0if[m avmuvlom;udk usL;ausmfapmfum;

rjzpf&atmif apmifpY nf;w,f/ Ny;D awmY avmuvlom;udk uln, D ikd ;f
yif; apmifrw,f? apmifaY ½Smufw,f/ 'gaMumifY Ak'b ¨ mom0if[m
olvnf;aumif;w,f? avmuvlom;udv k nf; aumifapw,f ; / onf
vdak umif;wm[m olonfvkd aumif;wJt Y aMumif;eJY olrsm;udv k nf;
aumif;apwJt Y aMumif;? oluajymwm rMum;&ayrJY vlawG[m wpf
OD;udw k pfO;D jrifaeMu&wmqdak wmY rodvYkd rjzpfygbl;/ Ny;D awmYvnf;
vlawG[m ud, k u
f aumif;wm rvkyEf ikd Of ;D awmYawmifrS aumif;wm
vkyw f mudak wmY tm;usMuwmygyJ/ tm;usw,fqw kd m csOjf cif;jzpf
wmyg/ csOjf cif;jzpfou l kd aumif;wmvkyaf pzdt Yk wGuf wGe;f tm;jzpfvYkd
csOjf cif;jzpfox l H ]aumif;wmvkyrf }I ul;pufc&H awmYrmS jzpfygw,f/

26 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
aumif;wJt Y pm;tpm t0wftqifeYJ ypön;f ypö, tok;H t

aqmifawG udk vlawGawGU&vsif tm;usMuwmygyJ/ tm;usvYkd ok;H &
atmifBudK;pm;NyD;? okH;&NyD;oGm;vsif tJonfokH;&wm ]0oD}qdkNyD;
raumif;wmjyefo;Hk csiwf ,f qdw k mrsKd ; xk;H pHawmif r½Syd gbl;/ aumif;
xufaumif;udo k m vSr;f MuNrJ jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY tJonfvkd Ak'b ¨ mom0if[m ]wpfa,mufqw kd pf
a,muf} ay:aygufwm trSef tusKd ;rsm;rSmyg/
Ak'b
¨ mom0if[m olpw d rf npfovdk olrsm;udv
k nf; pdwf
npfp&m rvkyrf ad tmif apmifpnf;w,f/ olaysm½f iT Nf ird ;f csr;f ovdk
olrsm;udv k nf; aysm½f iT Nf ird ;f csr;f atmif apmifrw,f/ 'gaMumifY ol&UJ
jyóemudik w f ,
G rf aI wG[m awGU&olukd &ifxrJ mS acsmifcsw d YJ cHpm;rI
udyk J jzpfapygw,f/
Ny;D awmYvnf; Ak'b ¨ mom0if&UJ onf-vlom;tay: apmifY

pnf;rIeYJ apmifrrIvyk w f mvnf; Ak'b ¨ &k m;rsuEf mS axmufNy;D vkyw
f m
r[kwfbJ? olrsm;tay: apmifYpnf;rIeJY apmifrrIvkyfwm[m udk,fY
ud,
k u
f kd apmifpY nf;çapmifrvkyw f mjzpfaMumif; odaevdyYk /J olrsm;t
ay:vkyw f mudk ud,k u
Yf ,kd t
f ay:vkyw f m-vdYk olu b,fvjdk rifvv Ykd J
ar;p&myg/
ud,
k u
f vlo
Y ufwrf;udk jzwfoef;ausmvf mT ;aewJt
Y cg ud, k Yf
wpfa,mufwnf; xD;xD;uav; ausmv f mT ;aewm r[kwb f ;l / vl

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 27
trsm;eJY vufwaJG usmv f mT ;ae&wm jzpfw,f/ onfawmY ud, k cf sn;f

a'gifa'gifjrnf &yfwnfaevdkY rNyD;bl;/ udk,fYtazmfawG vJusukef
Muvsif udk,fY&JU txD;wnf;&yfwnfEdkifrI[m bmtokH;usrSmvJ/
'gaMumifY ud, k v
f rJ usatmifvnf; tm;xkwzf Ykd vdwk ,f/ olrsm;awG
vJrusatmifvnf; ,dik ;f yif;tm;xkwzf Ykd vdw k ,f/ onfawmY olrsm;
awGvJusatmif aESmifY,Sufwm[m udk,fYudk,fudk vJusatmif
aqmif½GufwmyJvdkYvnf; jrifw,f/ onfawmY Ak'¨bmom0if&JU
apmifYpnf;apmifrI[m b,fol&JU qkvmbfcsay;wm&½SdzdkY arQmfvifY
csu&f UJ rD;xd;k ay;csurf Q rygwJY tvkyf jzpfygw,f/
b,fya,m*rSrygwJY tvky[ f m ]vw G v

f yfoal wG&UJ tvkyf}
jzpfygw,f/ onftvky[ f m jrif&çMum;&olukd &ifacsmifapwJY cHpm;rI
udk cHpm;ap&ygw,f/ urÇmrSm ya,m*eJY apmifpY nf;çapmifrMuol
awGuakd wmif vlawG tm;usMu&ygw,f/ tmz&du-u a'gufwm
½GKd uZf m? tdE,
d´ u rmomx&DZm? *dt k mu *suq f t
l pf? jrefrmjynf
ajrmufzsm;u armYp/f onfoal wG[m awmifBuKd awmifMum; qif;&J
olrsm;udk apmifpY nf;çapmifrolrsm;ygyJ/ olw[ Ykd m bk&m;ocifqw kd m
&JU rsuEf mS &atmif vkyof al wGjzpfvsuf *kPjf yKcs;D rGr;f cHMu&ygw,f/
b,fya,m*rSrygbJ ud, k yf ikd pf w
d "f mwfoufoufeYJ vkyo f ql v
kd sif
vlawG wu,ftm;usMurSm jzpfygw,f/
Ak'¨bmomw&m;&JU oifMum;csuf[m vlUqufqHa&;&JU

y"metcsuuf aoGcgG vGiyYf g;oGm;wmrsKd ; rjzpfatmif jrifjyay;wJY

28 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
oifMum;csuf jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY apmifpY nf;çapmifrvkyw

f m[m
ewfyl;çpkef;yl;çbk&m;yl;çaemifb0yl;eJY vkyfwm r[kwfwJYtwGuf
]Ak'b
¨ &k m;&JU 'óetjrif}[m vltrsm;pkudk trSefwu,f tusdK;
aus;Zl;rsm;aprnfh tvkyjf zpfaMumif; wifjy&ygw,f/
usefwJY aqG;aEG;csufuav;awGtwGuf qufvuf wifjy

ygOD;r,f-
]bmomw&m;qdw k m vlwpfO;d csi;f pD wpfa,mufcsi;f pDt
wGuf ydNk y;D jzpf[efwyl gw,f}-qdw k m rrSeyf gbl;/ onfvx kd ifwm[m
½lyg½lyw&m;udk Ak'b ¨ &k m;&UJ w&m;vkyNf y;D tm;xkwrf &d mu xGuv f mwJY
txif jzpfygw,f/ (½lyg½lyw&mqdw k m ½lyeJt Y ½lyudak ygif;Ny;D ygVdvkd
ac:wmyg? ½kyt f "dueJY emrft"duwl½jl yKwmudk qdw k myg)/
ud,
k pYf w
d Nf ird af tmif vkyw
f m[m ½lyw&m;? ud, k pYf w
d ef YJ tod
cH&wJY tm½kaH wG t½Srd [kwaf tmif vkyw f mu t½lyw&m; jzpfyg
w,f/ 'gawGymG ;vsiaf wmY ]ud, k yf J Nird ;f csr;f ovdjk zpfrmS }-aMumifY Ak'¨
w&m;[m wpfO;D csi;f pDtwGujf zpf[ef ½Syd gw,f/ tuJjzwf&wmyg/
aumif;rIvyk f aemifb0tusKd ;&-qdw k mvnf; wpfa,muf

aumif;jzpfaew,fqkd r[kwv f m;/ 'guvnf; Ak'w ¨ &m; r[kwyf g
bl;/ 'gaMumifv Y nf; wpfO;D csi;f tusKd ;twGuvf Ykd xif&wmrsKd ; jzpf
ygw,f/ Ny;D cJw
Y wYJ ifjycsut
f & r[kwaf Mumif;ay:vGiNf y;D jzpfvrd rYf ,f
arQmfvifYygw,f/

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 29
]"r®0[ d m&Du acwfen YJ Nd§ y;D bk&m;u-'grsK;d ajymwm jzpfvrd Yf

r,fvYkd ud, k t Yf ,ltqeJY udu k n f w D mawGyJ ajymaewm}-r[kwyf g
bl;/ bk&m;&JU ajyma[mcsuaf wGukd wpfuu G jf cif;rSm ]Munfnrkd t I
jynfheJY} avYvmwmxuf? ]bmajymovJ}-odzdkYudk avYvmwJYtcg
bk&m;a[mqdw k mxJrmS ]a½SUaemufb0awG jzpfeYJ rjzpf r,l&bl;}-
vnf; ajymw,f? Zmwuwdv Yk akd [mcsurf mS usawmY jzpfcaYJ Mumiftwd ;
tvif;jycsuaf wGvnf; ½Sw d ,f? 'g-b,fvv kd /J
]bk&m;u omrefvl r[kwb f ;l / bk&ifqw dk v
YJ yl if pum;ESpcf G
rajymaMumif;} ajymprSw½f w Sd ,f/bk&m;u bk&ifxufrEIid ;f omatmif
t,ltjrifrmS omvGejf rifjY rwfw,f/ bk&m;[m onfvkd rajym&bl;?
bmYaMumifY onfvkd ½Sad e&wmvJ? wpfcu k kd ½Si;f &r,f? tJ'g b,f[m
vJ/ onfawmY ZmwueJY okw-å
]okwu å bk&m;a[m?Zmwu-u bk&m;a[mudk xyfziG x Yf m;
wJY t|uxma[m}/
onfrmS b,f[m y,f&rSm ½Si;f vmw,f/ onfx h uf wd;k
wufMunfv h u kd af wmYvnf; bk&m;&JU'óe[m ]t&d, opöm}-yJ/
t&d,opöm-[m ]ur®'óe}-yJ/ ]uHeJY uH&JUtusdK;}-[m
]'ku©t&d,opöm}? tJ'gawG&JUtaMumif;jzpfwJY ]udavomawG}-[m
]'kuo © rk', t&d,opöm}/ tJ'gawGtm;vk;H ]Nird ;f csr;f uRwv f w G f
oGm;wm}-[m ]'kue© ad &m" t&d,opöm}/ 'kut © &d,opömudk ydik ;f jcm;
odatmif ]or®mwJY tjrifçtawG;? tajymçtvkyçf tae? BuKd ;pm;ç
Ed;k Mum;çpdwx f m;}-onf½pS cf su[ f m ]'kue© ad &m" *grdeyD #dy'g t&d,
opöm}-jzpfwYJ ]r*¾t&d,opöm}-yJ/

30 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
onfawmY t&d,opöm-[m]uH-jzpf&mjzpfaMumif;eJY uH-csKyf

&mcsKyfaMumif;} tcsufav;csufyJ r[kwfygvm;/
bk&m;&JU okwaå [mcsuaf wGxrJ mS vnf; a½SUçaemufb0 jzpf

eJrY jzpfa[mcsuaf wG ½Sad eovdv k nf; ½Sjd yefw,f/ 'gawGukd b,fvkd
½Si;f rvJ/ okwaå [mcsuw f pfc[k m ]ed'gef;}-½Srd ,f? ]ed*;Hk }-vnf;½Srd ,f/
]ud, k x
f nf}-vnf; ½Srd ,f/ ud,k x f nf[m onfow k &å UJ rajymif;vJ
wJt Y &m jzpf&r,f/ tcseD tYJ tkyaf wGrmS awmY aqmifob l mPuwd&Yk UJ
vSyatmif ud, k jf rifwmudk xnfEh ikd Mf uwmaygY/
okwaå wGukd avYvmwJt

Y cg bmPuawG&UJ twdrt f euf
tavsmuf wcsKd UrSm ed'gef;tcsu
D txlBu;D jzpfaeNy;D ? ud,k x
f nfu
ao;i,f? ed*;Hk uvnf; ao;i,fw,f/ wcsKd UusawmY ed*;Hk ttkyu f
us,af jymNy;D ? usew
f mu i,faeygw,f/ acgif;çajcçud, k f onfo;Hk ck
[m tcsdK;rQaewm jzpf&rSmjzpfayrJY ajcao;çacgif;BuD;çudk,fi,f?
acgif;ao;çajcBuD;NyD; udk,fi,f--tppawG onfvdkjzpfaewmawG
awGUEdik yf gw,f/
'gawGMunfhNyD; bk&m;&JU'óetrSef[m bmjzpfw,f-vdkY

aumufwt YJ cgrSm ]bk&m;a[m}-qdw k YJ pmawGuckd snMhf unfNh y;D bk&m;
a[mMum;csuq f wkd m wpfcu k ykd ,fr,fqv kd sif ud,
k vYf t
kd ifqE´eYJ r
udu
k n
f w
D meJY y,fw,frvkyb f ?J onfx h uftm;omwJY bk&m;a[m
axmufjyp&mwpfcek yYJ J y,fcwYJ m jzpfygw,f/ 'guvnf; "r®0[ d m&D&UJ

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 31
trnfukd ab;vlwpfO;D u rodEikd wf mqdak wmY acwfeYJ rnDwYJ bk&m;

a[mawGukd ]'g-bk&m;ra[mEdik bf ;l }-vdYk y,fw,fxifwmyJ jzpfyg
w,f/ wcsKd UawmYvnf; acwfujyvdo Yk &d wmeJY rnDvYkd y,fwm½Syd g
w,f/ wcsKd UtaMumif;t&mawG[m yd#uwfxJ 0ifygaew,f/ tJ
onfv0kd ifaevsif ]bk&m;a[m}-vdv Yk nf; vkyv f ,
G Mf uygw,f/
Oyrm-vewfom;u &m[ktol&ed &f UJ tzrf;cH&vdYk bk&m;udk

vSr;f wdik w
f YJ ]earm aw Ak'¨ 0D&w¬K? 0dyrÜ ak wåmod oAÁ"?d orÁm"
y#dyaEémo®?d wó ar o&PH b0}-qdw k YJ ynm½Siaf wG ½Gwaf eMuwJY
taqmifrEÅmefqykd gawmY/ tJ'g oH,w k eå ud m,fygVdawmfrmS ygae
w,f/ tJonfrmS vMuwfwm[m &m[ktol&ed ef wfzrf;wmvdYk vkyf
xm;w,f/ vuvnf; ewfvYdk ajymxm;w,f/ vewfukd tol&ed f
ewfu zrf;w,faygY/ 'gyJ ajym&atmif-
ewfwpfa,mufukd ewfwpfa,mufuzrf;wm qdv k sif wGuf

Munfvh Ykd &ygY rvm;/ tckawmY Ny;D cJNY y;D wJv
Y Muwfwm b,fEpS cf &k UJ
Muwfcsed f odcsiof vJ? aemifMuwfrnfh Muwfcsed af wG b,favmuf
udkodcsifovJ? wGufvdkY&aew,f/
Ny;D awmYvnf; bk&m; onftvkyrf sKd ; vkyo

f v
l m;/ bk&m;&JU
todtjrif'óeeJY tJonftvkyu f b,fvykd wfoufovJ/ bk&m;
[m olrsm;uduk ,frol [kwv f v
Ykd m;/

32 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
wu,fu bk&m;[m b,fou Yl rkd S ru,frbJ ]nTejf yol}-

om jzpfvYkd bk&mYw&m;awGukd ]a'oem(nTejf ycsu)f }-vdkY ac:&yg
w,f/ onfawmY bk&m;[m ]a'ouyk*¾dKvf}yJ jzpfygw,f/ bmawG
udk ]a'ou vkyw f mvJ}qdak wmY ud,k u
Yf kd ud, k tYf rIawGrmS rjrifjzpfNy;D ?
tJonftrIawG &pfywf½yI af xG;Ny;D rxGuw f wf&mu vGwaf jrmufzYkd
vrf;nTejf yorI a'ou-om jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY onf*gxmygokwåef[m bk&m;a[mygVdokwåef

r[kwb f ;l -vdYk twdtus wefz;kd jzwfEikd af wmYwmygyJ/ onfwefz;kd
jzwfcsu[ f m ud, k Ó
Yf Pfeu
YJ ,
kd f ]twåaemrwd}vkyv f u kd w
f m r[kwf
ygbl;/ bk&m;a[meJyY J bk&m;a[mqdw k mawGukd wefz;kd jzwfwmyJ jzpf
ygw,f/
onfavmufeJY aqG;aEG;csuf&yfygr,f/
]wynfhawmftaeeJY bk&m;udk oHo,½Sdw,f/ a½S;uvlwpf

a,muf&UJ 0g'? acwf&UJ ,kwadå wGeYJ wefygYrvm;vd}Yk -vdYk ajymp&mygyJ/
yavwdwk ?Ykd t&pöww
kd ,fwqYkd w
kd YJ ynm½Sivf Ykd trsm;todc&H olawG&UJ
0g'awGawmif acwfrmS ,kwrdå aYJ wG awGU&w,f r[kwyf gvm;/
onfvx kd ifvsif Ak'&¨ UJ 'óeawGxJ 0ifa&mufNy;D qef;ppf

Munfoh ifyY gw,f/ onfvx kd ifNy;D 'geJv
Y nf;uif;atmifvnf; rae
bl;? avYvmwmvnf;rvkyfbl;-qdkwmuawmY ydkqdk;p&myJ/

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 33
wpfcak wmY ajym&ygr,f/ a½S;ujzpfwmeJY ]rrSeEf ikd b

f ;l }- qk;H
jzwfvYkd r&wmawG trsm;tjym; ½Srd mS udv k nf; qifjcif&rSmyg/ 'g
aMumifY oHo,udk OD;pm;ay;wm[m pGev Yf wT x
f u
kd Nf y;D vufawGUvm
Munfw
h m vky&f rSmygyJ-vdYk ajym&ygr,f/
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awGMum;rSm wnfaqmufv&Ykd ygYrvm;}/ onfvakd wmY awG;p&mygyJ/
qefu
Y siaf ewJY 0g'ESp&f yf jzpfaeawmY onfvakd wG;zdYk jzpfvmwmygyJ/
'gayrJ=Y
"r®0[d m&DwoYkd xd m;wJY w&m;u ta[mif;ta[mif; od
xm;MuolawGeYJ todukd rNyKd iq f ikd yf gbl;/ "r®0[
d m&Dwo
Ykd xd m;wmu
vufawGUe,fukd rausmw f mawGyJ odwmyg/ ta[mif;odoal wGu
vufawGUe,f&UJ wpfbufrmS yg/ onfawmY todcsi;f y#dyu© rjzpf
ygbl;/
bmoma&;orm;awG[m ]vufawGUvGe0f g'D}awGyJ jzpfyg

w,f/ "r®0[
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acwf[m ]b0}r½Swd YJ oabmw&m;udk ]tNrK}H -qdNk y;D [pf

a<u;aeygNy/D onf[pfa<u;csuf o½kyaf y:vmNyq D v
kd sif "r®0[
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udk rrDMuao;vsiaf wmY MumOD;rSmaygY-vdyYk J ajymyg&ap/

34 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
]a½S;0g'wpfc[
k m jynfph NHk yv
D m;? jyjyifzrYkd vdbk ;l vm;}/ onfvkd
vnf; awG;p&m½Sw d maygY/ [dak ½S;uwnf;uodcw YJ YJ ocsmF todawG?
N*Kd [af wGvnfywfaewJY todawG[m a½S;uswmeJY rjynfph b Hk ;l xifvYkd
r&wm od&ygr,f/
a½S;ujzpfjzpf? aESmif;rSjzpfjzpf? vlrmS jzpfay:aewJY pepf&UJ

trSeu f kd azmfxwk Ef ikd w
f mjzpfNyD qdv k siaf wmY a½S;uswmeJY tdyk ,fxJ
xnfhzdkY oHo,0ifwmaumif;rSmr[kwfygbl;/ [dak ½S;ya0oPDu
vlawG[m t&m0w¬Kwpfcu k kd wpfc-k vdYk odcw
YJ ,f/ ESpcf u
k v
kd nf; ESpcf -k
vdyYk J odcMYJ uwmyJ/ tJonf ude;f ESpyf g;udk a&mvdu k vf sif ok;H ckjzpfwm
vnf; odMuwmaygY/ 'gudk tckvnf; tajccH vufccH suaf wGu
vnf; a½S;utwdik ;f yJqakd wmY tJonfEpS cf &k UJ a&mvd&Yk wJt Y ajzu
vnf; tvsiu f twdik ;f ok;H ckyjJ zpfw,f r[kwv f m;/
tajctaeawGu acwfeJYa½S; rwlatmif ajymif;oGm;vsif

awmY jzpfwnfcsuu f s wlygw,f-vkycf siv
f &Ykd rSm r[kwaf yrJY tajc
taecsi;f wlvsif jzpfwnfcsuuf vnf; a½S;eJaY cwf b,fjcm;vdYk &ygY
rvJaygY/
a½S;uvnf; udavom[m 0dygufaMumifYjzpfNyD;? uH[m

udavomaMumifY jzpfw,f/ 0dyguf[mvnf; uHaMumifjY zpfw,f/
tckvdk acwfajymif;oGm;awmY udavom[m bk&m;çewfawG zef
qif;vdYk jzpfaeNyv
D m;/ uH-uvnf; vkyo
f u
l vkyv
f Ykd jzpfaeNyv
D m;/

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 35
0dygufuvnf; uH-rvkyb f J olzY momol jzpfay:aeNyv D m;/ 'gqdvk sif

awmY bk&m;a[mcJw Y YJ ]oo H &m}-qdw k meJY ]'ku©}qdw
k m[m jyifp&m
jzpfrmS yJ/
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vdak umif; vdrk mS awGaygY/ 'kuN© ird ;f aMumif;vnf; wrsKd ;wzkH ajymif;vJ
p&m½SdwmaygY/
onf tajctaeawGu acwfeJY a½S;rSm twlyJjzpfaeawmY

bk&m;oQif t&d,opöma[mcsuaf wG[m jyifp&mr½Sd jzpfNyaD ygY/ 'gudk
onfavmufyJ ajym&rSmyg/
]bmomw&m;qdw k m Munfnzkd v Ykd m;? rScD zkd v

Ykd m;? rScD zkd Ykd jzpfap
csiw f ,f}-vdYk aqG;aEG;xm;ygw,f/ onfEpS cf u k kd cGMJ unfrh aeapcsif
ygbl;/ rMunfnb kd J rScD w kd m aumif;ygYrvm;/ Munfnw kd ,fqw kd m
av;eufw, YJ MHk unfwm&JU emrnfyg/ r,kMH unfbJ b,fvrkd cDS rkd vJ/
rrScD b
kd v
J nf; b,fvv kd yk Nf y;D ,kMH unfrvJ-vdyYk g jyefar;vd&Yk ygw,f/
,kMH unfwm rScD zkd ?Ykd rScD wkd m ,kMH unfvyYkd gyJ/
wpfcak wmY½w dS ,f? Munfn&kd UJ teufukd ],pfr;l rI}-eJY nDrQjcif;

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wu,fawmY ]vrf;nTefcsu}f jzpfygw,f/ 'g[m vrf;oGm;oltwGuf
vrf;nTet f jzpf rScD &kd rSmygyJ/ 'gvnf; vrf;nTerf eS v f Ykd ,kMH unfw,f-
qdw
k YJ Munfnrkd ½I rdS S jzpfrmS yg/

36 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
bmomw&m;udk Munfnzkd Ykd r[kwb f ;l -vdYk vkyrf jzpfwpYJ um;

vk;H ajymif;ay;&ygr,f/ ,pfr;l zdrYk [kwb
f J Munfnrkd cDS zkd Ykd jzpfapcsif
w,f-vdaYk ygY/ 'gvnf; onfavmufeyYJ J auseyfapcsiyf gw,f/
]aemifb0½Sçd r½Sd jyóemudk bk&m;ajymcJw

Y ,fqw kd meJ?Y Ny;D
vsif temwjcm;aq;wjcm; jzpfp&m½Sv d Ykd onfx
h uf ½Si;f jyoifyY g
w,f]-qdw
k YJ t"dygÜ ,feYJ a&;xm;wm awGU&ygw,f/
wu,fawmY "r®0[ d m&Du bk&m;eJpY mvsif tEkjrKavmufyJ

½So
d yl /J vlawGu "r®0[ d m&Du;kd uG,w
f m r[kwb f J bk&m;ud;k uG,Mf u
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vnf; arm½k½H rdS mS yJ/ 'gaMumifY bk&m;u b,fou Yl kd b,frmS ajymcJY
aMumif; b,fygVd? b,fow k ?f b,feu
d m,frmS vdYk wdaYk jymae&wm
aygY/
rif;wdv
Yk nf; bk&m;eJpY yfvYkd ,kMH unf&if;uenf;awmY bk&m;
ajymcJw
Y ,f qdv k nf; rav;reufjzpfwmtwGuf 0rf;enf;&wmyJ/
'g-xm;ygawmY/
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aeoljzpfvsif onfpum;udk ]temwjcm; aq;wjcm;}-vdYk rjrifoifY
bl;/ bk&m;u 'gudk rajymbl;wJv Y m;? 'gudk wdu
Yk ,laeMuovm;?
wdu
Yk bmYaMumif,Y al eMuwmvJ/ wd, Yk w
l m[m wd&Yk UJ t,ltjrifa&;

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 37
&mrSm acgif;aqmifwiftxm;cH&wJY bk&m;eJY vGaJ eygNyv D m;? onf

awmY wdu Yk b,fvjkd yif,rl vJ/ bk&m;,k&H if;½Sv
d sif onfvkd jymjym
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]vdyaf usm aMumifaumf}-wmvdk ]ajymifacsmaf csm}f Bu;D jzpf&awmYwm
aygY/
onfvdkar;cGef;ray:bJ NidrfoufNyD; rwkefrvIyf jzpfaewm

[m rif;wdkYacgif;xJrSm bk&m;[m acgif;aqmifae&mrSm r½SdbJ
acwfopftodyJ rif;wdUk acgif;&JU acgif;aqmifjzpfaewmudk azmfjywm
yJ/ acwf&UJ tod[m rif;wduYk kd vkNH cKaH pw,fqv
kd sif Ny;D wmygyJ/ onf
vdrk [kwv
f sif olUajympum;Mum;&vsif tav;xm; acgif;axmif
MunfhoifYw,f/
bmYaMumifY 'gawG rajymwmwJv Y ?J b,fvjkd rifvYkd 'gawG

rajymwmwJv Y /J rajymwmu 'gawGqv kd sif ajymwmu bmawGv/J
onfvakd r;cGe;f awGeYJ qHyifarG;n§i;f wpfyifrusef axmifxvm
atmif ar;cGe;f tajzawG ½Sm&rSmyJ/
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w,fqwkd mvnf; r,kv H Ykd tav;xm;rMunf/h onfawmYvnf; tJ
onfvrf;nTe[ f m bmudk vrf;nTeaf wmYrmS vJaygY/ vrf;nTew
f m
vnf; em;raxmifawmY bmMum;awmYrmS vJ/

38 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
wu,f aemifb0jzpfçrjzpf rajym&jcif;taMumif;udk (10)

csufavmuf ajymw,f/ tJonfajymwmvnf; tav;rxm;awmY
em;rvnfb;l aygY/ Ny;D awmY aemifb0jzpfçrjzpfukd rajymayrJY ajymwJo
Y pöm
usawmY Mum;awmif rMum;awmYb;l /
]t&d,opömav;yg;}-udkyJ vlawGudkay;wmyg/
vlawGu onf-t&d,opömav;yg; rodawmY rdpmä jzpfMu
Ny;D ? a½SUaemufb0jzpfçrjzpfeYJ ESprf sKd ;teuf wpfrsKd ;rsKd ;udk r,lbrJ ae
Edik jf zpfMuNy;D bk&m;u ]rjzpfb;l }-vdYk olr,laMumif;-ajymayrJY ]rjzpf
bl;}-,lo[ l m bk&m;ud;k uG,wf ,fqNkd y;D bk&m;r,lwYJ rjzpfb;l -qdw k YJ
t,lukd ,laewmygyJ/ bk&m;u ]jzpfw,f}-qdw k t
YJ ,lukd olr,lb;l -
ajymayrJv Y nf; jzpfw,f-vdYk t,l½o dS [
l m bk&m;ud;k uG,Nf y;D bk&m;
r,lwYJ jzpfw,f-qdw k t
YJ ,lukd ,laewmygyJ/ tHMh op&maumif;wJY
Ak'¨bmom0ifqdkolawGygyJ/
olwdkYq&mjzpfwJY bk&m;u r,lbl;-qdkwJY t,lawGudk olwdkY

u bmjzpfvYkd ,laeMuwmwJv Y /J bk&m;uajymcJw Y YJ ,lzaYkd jymcJw
Y YJ
t&d,opömw&m;udk rodMuwmawGjzpfNy;D ESpcf v k ;Hk bk&m;r,lwm
awmY rjzpfEdkifbl;? jzpfwm-r,lvsif bk&m;[m rjzpfwm,lrSmyJ?
rjzpfwmr,lvsiv f nf; jzpfwmudk bk&m;,lrmS yJvyk Nf y;D t&d,opöm
udk r,lwwfvYkd aemifb0jzpfeYJ rjzpf wpfrsKd ;rsKd ;udk ]a,mifuef;uef;
eJY ,laeMuwm} jzpfygw,f/

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 39
wu,f bk&m;,liifa[majymwJY t&d,opömudkodvsif

bk&m; r,liifra[majymbl;qdw k YJ aemufçaemifb0 jzpferYJ jzpft,l
awG ,lrw
d mudk vufvw T o
f al wG jzpfMurSmyg/ bmYaMumifvY qJ akd wmY
]bk&m;a[majymwJY t&d,opömw&m;u vlrrS [kww f myJ}/onfawmY
bk&m;u ]vleJY vlYtaMumif;a[mwm r[kwfbl;} jzpfawmYwmaygY/
onfvq kd akd wmY ]bk&m;&JU bmomw&m;u bmeJb Y m&JUt

aMumif; a[mwJY bmomw&m;vJ}- ar;zdYk jzpfwmaygY/
]vGeu f sL;rIeYJ vGeu f sL;rI&UJ tusKd ;awGqw kd m vlrmS ½Syd gw,f/
tJ'gawG&UJ jzpf&m&,f? tJ'gawG&UJ jzpfaMumif;&,f? tJ'gawG csKy&f m
&,f? tJ'gawG csKyfaMumif;&,f/ onfav;csu[ f m bk&m;a[mwJY
t&d,opömav;yg;qdkwJY bmomw&m;}-yJ/
onft&d,opömav;yg;udk Ak'b ¨ momawG rodMubl;/ em
rnf ½Gwjf yEdik wf t YJ xd avmufyJ trsm;qk;H odMuawmYw,f/ t&
aumufEikd wf tYJ xd r½SMd uawmYb;l / tvGv J t
JG rSm;rSm;awGyJ aumuf
Muw,f/
]vGeu f sL;rI}-eJY ]tJ'g&JUtusKd ;}-[m ]vrl [kwyf gbl;}/ ]vlu

tJ'gawGjzpfwm cH&ol}-ygyJ/
vGeu f sL;eJY vGeu f sL;&JU tusKd ;awG jzpfaMumif;uvnf; ]vl
r[kwyf gbl;}/]vluvnf; tJ'gawG&UJ tjzpfc&H ol}-yg/
vGeu f sL;rIeYJ tJ'gawG&UJ tusKd ;awG Nird ;f &m[mvnf; ]vl r
[kwyf gbl;}/ Nird ;f aMumif;vnf; ]vrl [kwyf gbl;/ tjzpfcHawG}-yg/

40 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
'g-em;vnfatmifqv kd sif ykjH y&ygr,f/ a&m*g? a&m*gjzpf

aMumif;eJY a&m*gNird ;f &m? a&m*gNird ;f aMumif;-vdyYk gyJ/ onfav;csuf
[m vlrmS wnfygw,f/ 'gayrJY onfav;csu[ f m ]vrl [kwyf gbl;}/
vlr[kwv f Ykd 'gawG bmjzpfjzpf ypfxm;vdYk rjzpfygbl;/ a&m*g½Sv d sif
vl'ku©cH&NyD/ a&m*gNidrf;vsif vl'ku©at;rSmrdkY *½kxm;&ygw,f/
t&d,opömav;yg;[mvnf; onftwdik ;f ygyJ/ vlr[kwaf yrJY t
av;xm;&wmyg/
'gaMumifY ]t&d,opömodo[ l m vlukd tzwfrq,fygbl};/

vlukd pum;rajymbl;-vdYk qdv
k ykd gw,f/ ykcufeaYJ cgif;Mum;tjzpf p
um;rajymygbl;/ tJ'gu vluakd jymwJY pum;yg/ onfvl b,fu
vmw,fçrvmbl; ajymwm[m vlukd tzwfq,fwmyg/ onfvl
aovsif b,fomG ;rSmçroGm;bl;[mvnf; onfvkd ygyJ/ onfvkd awG;
wmawG[m ]0pd ud pd mä udavom}jzpfw,ftxd ajym&wmawGyg/
vlay:rSm wpfcu k akd xmufqNy;D jzpfymG ;wJt

Y jzpfw&m;udyk J
Ak'b
¨ mom0ifu pum;vkyNf y;D ajym&ygw,f/ 'grSvnf; onftjzpf
w&m;awGuo kd rd mS r[kwvf m;/ odrv
S nf; tJonf rvdv k m;p&mawG
udk rvdkcsifjzpfNyD; tJ'gawG jzpfaMumif;y,fNyD; tJ'gawGNidrf;r,f
r[kwfvm;/
Ak'b
¨ mom0ifawG[m vlt Y aMumif;rajymbJ vltay:rSm
taMumif;wpfckaxmufNyD; tjzpfwpfckjzpfwmudkajymol-qdkawmY

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 41
onfvl b,fvmeJY rvm? onfvl b,fuo kd mG ;eJrY oGm;? onfv[l m

½Sçd r½S?d --tppawG rajymawmY wmaygY/ 'gawGajymwm[m Nird ;f csr;f
zdt
Yk wGuf wnfrh wfwv YJ rf; r[kwb
f J vGrJ mS ;wJvY rf; jzpfwtYJ wGuf
]rdpmä }-vdYk ajym&wmyg/
'gaMumifY "r®0[
d m&Dwu Ykd opömjyaewm[m bk&m;&JU aemif
b0jzpfç rjzpf r,lyHk zGijYf yaewmyJ jzpfygw,f/
]bk&m;ajymwmuav; wjyjyeJY cswD ufaew,f} jrifwm[m

jzifY vdak ewmjzpfvrd rYf ,f ajymvsif onfaqG;aEG;csuef pYJ yfNy;D jyef
vnfwifjycsuf jzpfygw,f/ 'g onfavmufeYJ ed*;Hk csKyyf gr,f/
]wynfah wmfwYkd Ak'b

¨ momawG Ak'b
¨ momtok;H csyu Hk t
rSm;trSefay: rlrwnfbl; xifygw,f}-qdkwmudk ajym&ygr,f/
onfvkd r[kwyf gbl;/ trSm;ay:rSmrlwnfNy;D Ak'b¨ momtay: t
ok;H csaeMuwm jzpfygw,f/ trSm;udk rodvYkd trSm;trSerf rl xm;bJ
ok;H pm;aeMuw,f xif&wmyg/
olww Ykd awG[m Ak'b ¨ momtrSew f &m;udk &MunfMh uygvm;?

&vsif ,krH mS ;jcif;cyford ;f Nird ;f aeMuygr,f/ Nird ;f Muvsif Ak'b
¨ momxJ
,pfr;l aewmawG b,fvyk rf vJaygY/
]Ak'&¨ UJ bmomw&m;[m olt

Y ay:rSm avYvmqef;ppfoal wG

42 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
twGuf yJvm;}-qdv k sif ][kwfw,f}-ajym&rSmyJ/ ]A'k 0¨ g'[m 0dbZÆ

0g'jzpfwm odNy;D jzpfrmS yg}/ onfvrkd [kwb
f J Mum;wmudk Mum;wJY
twdik ;f xm;vsif bmrS teuft"dygÜ ,fvnf; odrmS r[kww f t
YJ wGuf
vlb
Y 0rSm a0zefqef;ppf&rSm jzpfvyYkd gyJ/
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G zf wfNy;D vGww f ,f
qdv
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w&m;eJrY qdik yf gbl;/ w&m;udk y|mef;ukx;Hk vkyo f &l UJ pdwt
f m;eJyY J jzpf
aumif; jzpfEikd yf gw,f/
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G zf wf qifjcifvnf;
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f m;aMumifyY J jzpfygw,f/
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ud;k uG,rf [
I m av;eufEikd yf gYrvm;}- 'gtwGuf ajym&rSmu onfol
[m bmoma&;trl;orm;jzpfatmif bmoma&;ykcufrSmwifNyD;
vIUH aqmfc&H olvyYkd J ajym&ygw,f/
onfrQEiS Yf ajzMum;csurf sm; rauseyfvsif cGiv

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T Ef ikd yf gap/
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20 -12 -2002

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 43
vGeu
f sL;rIukd b,fvekd m;vnf&rvJ¿
t½Sifbk&m;?
wynhfawmftazu ajymygw,f-]vl&,fvdkYjzpfvmvsif
ajymqd&k r,f? qufq&H r,f? ½ke;f uef&r,f? cHpm;&r,f? }-- pojzifY
vkypf &m? vkyo f ifw Y m? vkyaf e&wm ykpH (H 8)rsKd ;xuf rydb k ;l aygY/ r*¾if
½Spyf g;vdYk ac:aMumif;vnf; ½Si;f jyygw,f/tJonf rvGrJ aoG BuKaH wGU
jyKvyk af e&wJY udpw ö ikd ;f udpw
ö ikd ;f rSm ]vGeu
f sL;rI r½Sad peJ}Y ? jrwfpmG
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aygYav/ wynfah wmfO;D av;uvnf; tJonftwdik ;f wpfcg ½Si;f jy
zl;ygw,f/ olwu Ykd awmY awmfawmfav; auseyfvufcaH eMuykyH gyJ/
wynfhawmftaeeJYuawmY ar;p&mav; enf;enf; ½Sdyg

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wJY awG;awmBuq H aewwfwYJ vlwpfa,muf&UJ rjzpfrae jyKral erI
awGvaYkd wmY tMurf;zsi;f em;vnfryd gw,f/
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w,f}-qdkwm-
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vGeu
f sL;rI&UJ twdik ;f txGm owfrw S cf suu
f kd odcsiv f myg
w,f/ Ny;D awmY-

44 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
tJonftwdik ;f txGm owfrw

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vdck pH m;csuf ½Sad eygap ]vGeu f sL;rI}-qdw
k m 'gudak c:wmuG-qdw k YJ ykH
aoowfrSwfcsuf oD;jcm;wnf½Sdaeygovm;?
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bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 45
- 'grSr[kwf um;ay:uqif;Ny;D pl;prf;ulnaD y;&rvm;/

'gayrJY ud,k f oleY m;a&mufrS [efaqmifaewmuxNy;D
&efjyKv,k ufaerS 'ku/©
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vsif raumif;jyefb;l ? bmvky&f rvJaygY/
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odEikd v
f m;aygY/ jzpfay:vmwJY tusKd ;qufukd MunfNh y;D rS aygufazmf
vky&f rSmvm;aygY/ 'grSr[kwf um;armif;wJv Y l BuKaH wGU&wJY a½G;cs,f
jyKvyk &f rJY tajctaersKd ;u r*¾i½f pS yf g;xJrmS rygbl;vm;aygY/ 'grS
r[kwf wynfah wmf&UJ Oyrmu vlaY vmuxJrmS rjzpfEikd w f YJ r½SEd ikd w
f YJ
Oyrmvm;aygY/
(wynfhawmf t½Sifbk&m;udk ar;csifwJYar;cGef;u tJ'gygyJ)/

46 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 47
ar;jref;aqG;aEG;oloYkd jyefMum;csuf
vGecf wYJ YJ vv,fausmaf usm&f ufyikd ;f u OD;&efatmif,v

l mwJY
pmESpfapmif zwf&w,f/ pma&;olvdyfeJY "r®0d[m&Dvdyf rygayrJY
]OD;ausmfjrifYwl}u a&;wJYpmqdkwmeJY "r®0d[m&DqDa&;wJYpmqdkwm
od&ygw,f/
yXrpmrSm pm(2)rsuEf mS yJ ygygw,f/ ar;cGe;f vnf; wpfck

ygygw,f/
'kw,d pmuawmY (5)rsuEf mS ygygw,f/ ar;cGe;f u wpfck
wnf; jzpfayrJ?Y aqG;aEG;wifjycsuaf wG (10)csuaf vmuf yg0ifaeyg
w,f/
yXrpm&JUar;cGe;f u ]vGeuf sL;w,f-qdw

k m b,fv[kd mvJ?
vGeu
f sL;&JU twdik ;f twm owfrw S cf suu
f bmvJ}-ygyJ/
]vGefusL;rI r½SdapeJY}-vdkY ajymwm[m OD;av;wdkY? tazwdkY

jzpfygr,f/ tJonfpum;[m olwpYkd um; r[kwyf gbl;/ olw[ Ykd m
"r®0[d m&DquD &wJY pum; jzpfygr,f/ "r®0[ d m&Dvnf; ud, k pYf um;
r[kwyf gbl;/ ]bk&m;qDu&wJY pum;} jzpfygw,f/
onfpum;[m bk&m;pum;jzpfw,fqv kd sif onfpum;&JU

qdv
k ckd suf aumufwt
YJ cg bk&m;&JU'óet& aumufrS trSe&f rSm

48 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
jzpfvYkd onfpum;ajymolukd aumufcwYJ myg/ pum; t&aumuf&m

rSm ]ajymoleJY ajymol&JU'óe}rodvsif tcuftcJ ½Syd gw,f/
onfpum;[m bk&m;&JUpum;- qdak wmY onfpum; t&
aumufzYkd ]bk&m;'óe}udk tvsif t&aumuf&ygr,f/
bk&m;&JU'óejzpfwYJ ]bk&m;&JUavmutjrif[m bmvJ}/

bk&m;&JUavmutjrifrmS ]vlUavmu[m tdpk maew,f? em
ruse;f jzpfaew,f? toufr0if r½Sirf oef jzpfaew,f/ 'gawG[m
b,fvdkawG jzpfvdkYvJ}/
onfar;cGe;f &JUtajzudk bk&m; aumif;aumif;jrifw,f/
vlaY vmu[m wpfO;D eJw Y pfO;D ]ud, k çf EIwçf ESv;Hk }qdw
k YJ quf
qHa&;ud&, d mok;H ck wpfcck ek YJ qufqaH eMu&w,f/ onfvq kd ufqH
wJt Y cg qufqo H ifY qufqx H ukd wf tYJ wdik ;f rqufqMH ubl;/ wpfO;D
eJw Y pfO;D ywfMu?ESyMf u?ESyd Mf u? uGyMf u--tppawGeYJ qufqMH uw,f/
½I;H oluikcYH ?H tcsed ,f tl iftm;pk? Edik af jcay:vsif jyefcs/ wpfa,mufukd
wpfa,muf zsufqD;ypfaeMuwmawGyJ/
bmaMumifY qufqo H ifwY t YJ wdik ;f vlaY vmu[m rqufqH

MuwmvJ/ qufqo H ifw
Y t
YJ wdik ;f qufq&H wmu ]cHpm;rI xufxuf
jrufjrufudk rjzpfapbl;}/ qufqHoifYwmudk csdK;azmufqufqHrS
]xufjrufwcYJ pH m;rIukd &Edik wf ,f}/
xufjrufr-I udjk zpfapwJY cHpm;rI[m ]vlaY vmu&JU tBuKd uf
w&m;} jzpf w,f/ 'gcHpm;wwfzt Ykd wGuf ausmif;wuf oif,l avY

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 49
vmp&mvnf; rvdb k ;l / vlaY vmuwpfcv k ;Hk tvdt k avsmuf wwf

Ny;D om; jzpfMuw,f/ vlaY vmu[m ]cHpm;rI&UJ aus;uRe}f ozG,f ]cHpm;
rIuu kd ;kd uG,w f YJ a0'emonfawG} jzpfMuw,f/ 'gaMumifY cHpm;rI
aumif;udkay;EdkifwJY qufqHoifYwmr[kwfwJY qufqHrIawGeJY quf
qHMuwmyJ/
qufqo H ifw Y m r[kww f YJ qufqrH aI wGeYJ qufqaH wmY bm
jzpfovJ/
onfvq kd ufqo H u
l qufqv H ukd wf meJw
Y NyKd ief uf ]vlYt
jzpfu avQmusomG ;wm cH&ygw,f}/ onfvckd &H wmudk cH&olu, kd f
wkid yf if rodvu kd yf gbl;/ olrsm;wawGuvnf; xJx0J if0if rodvu kd f
Muygbl;/ 'gayrJY vk;H vk;H vsm;vsm; rodwmawmY r[kwyf gbl;/
avQmuscH&oleJYtwl tm;vkH;vlrsm;u ol-vlYtjzpfu
avQmusoGm;wmudk xJxJ0if0if rodMuayrJY avQmuscH&oluawmY
]eud, k v f l r[kww f t YJ xd} avQmtus cHae&ygNy/D
'g-[kwyf gYrvm;vdYk xifrvm;yJ/ olrsm;Opöm cd;k ,lv, k ufo?l

olrsm;udk vdrv
f nfvn S zhf sm;ol? olrsm;r,m;om; arSmufrmS ;usiBYf uH
ol- onfolawG[m ]vlrsm; apmifpY nf;vdu k ef m&rnfh pnf;urf;u
avQmusysupf ;D olrsm;} jzpfMuygw,f/ rcd;k rD? rvdrrf ?D rrSm;rDuvl
jyefrjzpfawmYygbl;/ ]ocl ;kd ?vlvrd ?f umrrSm;ol} vlyJ jzpfygawmYw,f/
vl[m vlpY nf;urf;eJn

Y o
D u
l o
kd m vl-rSwrf w
S f aygif;Muwm
jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY vl[m ywf0ef;usivf al wGukd tuJcwfwwf

50 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
Muygw,f/ tuJcwf w,f-qdw k m bmvkyw f mvJ/ ]vlt

Y jzpfuvGef
wJY tavQmçY tydk bmawG½o dS vJ}-od&atmif vkyw f mygyJ/ bmt
wGuf tuJcwfwmvJ/ olaygif;&rnfo h u l kd b,favmuf vlt&m
oGi;f Ny;D aygif;&rvJeYJ raygif;&rvJ-odzt
Ykd wGuf ygyJ/
vl[m apmifaY ½Smufoifw Y m apmifaY ½SmufNy;D ? apmifroifw

Y m
apmifr&ygw,f/ 'grS vlaY vmu&JU vlom;tzGUJ 0if jzpfygr,f/ 'g
awGxJu cRwf,Gif;rIawG ½Sdaevsif vlom;tzGJU0if rjzpfygbl;/
vlom;tzGUJ udk zsuq
f ;D olyif jzpfygw,f/
]avmu}-vdYk ac:&wJY ]vo l m;tzG0YJ if} jzpfzrYkd mS vltaru?

vluav;tjzpf tarG;zGm;cH&½keH YJ rjzpfygbl;/ ]avmuvlom; tzGUJ
0if}tjzpf vluav;jzpfumrQeYJ rjzpfb;l -vdYk qdv k ykd gw,f/ tJonf
vltaru arG;zGm;tay;cH&wJt Y oJ nf vluav;&JU ]tajymtqd?k
tjyKtrl? taetxdkif}awGeJYyJ oufqdkifygw,f/ vlom;tzGJU0if
jzpfzçYkd rjzpfbrYkd mS vltjzpf tarG;zGm;cH&umrQ r[kwb f J ]trIawG
vlpOfrçD rrD}eJY qk;H jzwfMu&wm jzpfygw,f/
ck;d rI? vdrrf ?I rSm;rIjyKvsif cd;k ol? vdro

f ?l rSm;ol jzpfygw,f/
tJonfoal wG[m vlpY nf;awGeYJ nDnw G af tmif rawG;ac: rajrmfjrif
awmYygbl;/ cd;k csi?f vdrcf si?f rSm;csiw f mawGyJ awG;ac: arQmyf gawmY
w,f/ onfawmY onfo[ l m vlom;tzGUJ 0ifrsm;udk zsuq f ;D wJY cd;k
rI? vdrrf ?I rSm;rIxrJ mS vnfywfjzpfymG ;awmYoal wGygyJ/

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 51
'gaMumifY onfvlawG[m tpGJtzrf; cH&olawG? pdwåZvl

awG? i&JvlawG? o&JwapävlawG? todrJYolawG? vlaMumufawG?-}
tpp emrnfawG&MuolawG jzpfMuw,f/ vluarG;ayrJY vlpOfrrDol
awG&UJ emrnfawGy/J onfval wG[m ]zvHy;kd rD;wd;k ovd}k 'kuv
© w
G f
csiv
f Ykd 'kux© J wd;k aeMuolawG jzpfMuw,f/
avmuvlom;awG[m xGuaf ygufrjrifjzpfNy;D xif&m wd;k

a0SUaeMuwmaMumifY tEdkif&oljzpfatmif BuHaqmifBudK;pm;NyD;
&efoul kd zdEydS w
f ,fqv
kd sif tzdEydS cf &H wJt
Y jzpfeYJ wd;k MuwmrsKd ;? ]tdçk emç
ao}aewJt Y jzpf a&muf&wm jzpfw,f/
Ak'¨bk&m;[m avmuudk onfvdkjrifcJYw,f/
onfae&mrSm ]avmu}-qdv k Ykd pMu0VmurÇmavmuudk qdk

vdw
k m r[kwyf gbl;/ ]vlom;}-udo
k m qdv k wkd m jzpfygw,f/ ]vlom;}-
qdwk mvnf; vlwpfO;D &JUemrnf r[kwyf gbl;/ wpfO;D eJw Y pfO;D quf
qHaeMu&wJY vltY pktruf&UJ emrnf jzpfygw,f/ ]vlt Y pktruf}-
qdw k mvnf; tpktrufjzpfwYJ txnfj'yfukd qdv k wkd mr[kwyf gbl;/
tJonftpktrufrmS jzpfçysuaf ewJY tjzpftysuf
-vdYk ajym&avmufwYJ ]tjzpftysu}f -udo k m qdv k &kd if; jzpfygw,f/
]tjzpftysuf-vdkY ajym&avmufwJY tjzpftysuf}-qdw k m

tjzpftysuuf ESprf sKd ;½Syd gw,f/ tjzpftysu-f vdYk ajym&avmufwm

52 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
eJ?Y rajym&avmufwm-vdYk jzpfygw,f/ wdik ;f jynf&UJ w&m;½k;H awGrmS

a&mufvmwJY trIawGukd trIajrmufeYJ rajrmuf pdppf&wm½Sw d ,f
r[kwfygvm;/
}trI}-qdw k m ]tvky}f -&JUemrnfy/J tvky[ f m tvkyaf jrmuf
wJt Y vkyef YJ tvkyrf ajrmufwt YJ vky-f vdYk ESprf sKd ; ½Sv
d aYkd ygY/ awmifol
vky?f a&mif;0,fvyk ?f xrif;pm;tvky?f pum;ajymtvky-f tJonf
tvkyaf wG[m Oya'ynwfxm;csuu f kd rausmv f eG f rxdyg;vdYk Edik if H
&JUw&m;½k;H u ]tvkyrf ajrmufwt YJ vky?f trIrajrmufwt YJ rI}-vdYk qk;H
jzwf&ygw,f/
vlom;rSm jzpfysuaf ewJY tjzpftysurf mS vnf; ]tjzpft
ysufrajrmufwJY tjzpftysufeJY tjzpftysufajrmufwJY vlom;&JU
tjzpftysufvdkYyJ/
vlt Y zGUJ 0ifwpfa,muf[m usew f YJ vlt

Y zGUJ 0ifawGtay:rSm
pdw"f mwf xdcu dk cf &H wJt
Y xd usapç<uapEdik w f YJ ]tjyKtrl? tajym
tqd?k taetxdik }f wpfcck u k kd jyKrçl ajymqdçk aexdik v f sif tjzpftysuf
ajrmufwt YJ jzpftysuf jzpfNy-D ajym&r,f/ tJonfvrkd [kww f YJ jyKrçl
ajymqdçk aexdik rf u I awmY tjzpftysurf ajrmufwYJ tjzpftysuaf ygY/
vlom;rSm jyóemay:apwmeJY ray:apwmawG jzpfapvdyYk gyJ/
]avmu}-udk t"dyÜg,fzGifYawmY ]vkZÆwd yvkZÆwDwd avm
aum}-vdYk zGiyYf gw,f/ ]vkZw Æ d yvkZw Æ }d -qdw
k m ]jzpfwm-ysuw f m}-
udak jymwm/ onfawmY ]avmu}-qdw k m ]jzpfwmysuw f mawG½w dS YJ
t&m}-vdYk qdv k ydk gw,f/

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 53
'gu Ak'b¨ &k m;jrifwYJ avmuyg/

Opöm½Smol? tmPm½Smol? ynm½Smol-- tppolawG&UJ avm
utjrifuawmY onfvjkd zpfrmS r[kwb f J onftjrifeYJ rwlujJG ym;
jcm;em;aeavmufygw,f/
Ak'b
¨ &k m;[m tJonfoal wGeYJ avmuudk ½IMunfw h t YJ cgrSm
½IaxmifcY si;f jcm;aeygw,f/ bk&m;&JU½Iaxmifu Y ]avmuBuD; Nidrf;
csr;f Nird o
f ufz}Ykd -yg/ onfvkd Nird ;f csr;f Nird o
f ufzYkd vlawG ]½;kd om;ol
(t&d,)}awG jzpf&rSmvdkY odwmyg/ onfawmY vlawG b,fvkd
]r½d;k rom;ol(te&d,)}jzpfNy;D b,fvkd rNird ;f csr;f rNird o f uf qlyu G Nf y;D ?
]tdçk emçao}aewJt Y jzpf awGU&wmvnf; 'gudk ol½mS azG okawoe
vkyw f mygyJ/ onftjrifukd Ak'b ¨ &k m;[m bk&m;jzpfzYkd r&ifu Y surf D
uwnf;u jrifygw,f/
onftjrif[m a&m*gwpfrsKd ;rsKd ; cHpm;ae&olwpfa,muf

a&m*gcHpm;ae&ykH tjrifrsKd ;yg/ Ak'b ¨ &k m;[m onftjrifudk a&m*g
cHpm;rIrsm; aysmufuif;atmif ukoay;wwfwYJ aq;q&mtjrifrsKd ;
jrifNy;D rS Ak'b
¨ &k m;tjzpf a&mufwm jzpfygw,f/ aq;q&m[m a&m
*gudck pH m;&ol tjrifrsKd ;xuf pdwjf zmNy;D odol jzpfygw,f/ onfvkd
odrv S nf; onfa&m*gudk z,f½mS ;Edik w f ,f-qdw k YJ aysmufatmifuEk ikd f
ol aq;q&m jzpfwmyg/ Ak'b ¨ &k m;vnf; onftjrifukd pdwjf zmod
Ny;D rS onftjrifcaH wGu Nird ;f csr;f atmifvyk Ef ikd o
f b
l &k m; jzpfwmyg/

54 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
Ak'b ¨ &k m;[m onf-avmutjrifukd b,fvpdk w d jf zmodwYJ

todtjrif'óe ½Scd o YJ vJ/
'gudo k rd S vGeu
f sL;w,fqw kd m b,fv[ kd mvJ-&JUtajz ajym
csuf ½Si;f rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY 'guav;udv k nf; enf;enf;quf
ajym&atmif/
]vGefusL;rI}-qdkwm udk,fçEIwfçESvkH; wpfckckeJY olrsm;udk
<uatmifeYJ usatmif vkyaf qmifr&I UJ emrnfqw kd m ajymcJNY y;D ygNy/D
'gudk bmjzpfvYkd vGeu f sL;w,f-ajym&ovJvYkd ar;r,fqv kd sif
ar;Edik yf gw,f/ tJonfvkd tvkycf &H ol[m epfemygw,f/ ud, k cf &H
vsif ud, k rYf mS epfemygw,f/ epfemol[m epfemwmudrk odvnf;
tepfemcH&wmygyJ/ epfemwmodou l awmY jyefvnfepfematmif
wkUH jyefygw,f/ onfvedk YJ vlaY vmuBu;D [m tdçk emçao jzpfwmygyJ/
onfawmY avmu&JU tdçk emçaoqdw k YJ qd;k qd;k 0g;0g; rvdv k m;p&m
tjzpf[m ]vGeu f sL;w,f}-qdw k YJ vlawG&UJ tJonftjzpftysuaf wG
u xifvmwJeY mrnf jzpfygw,f/
vlUtzGUJ 0ifwpfa,mufqrD mS vGeu f sL;rIjzpfaeNyq

D v kd sif tJ
onfveG u
f sL;rIukd b,fou l jzpfapwmvJ? tJonfveG u f sL;rI[m
bmYaMumifjY zpfwmvJaygY/ 'gudk Ak'b ¨ &k m;[m vlwikd ;f odwt YJ oduae
azmufxu G Nf y;D odcw YJ ,f/
tJonfveG u f sL;rIukd vGeu
f sL;oluvkyw f ,f-vdYk vlwikd ;f od
aeMu&mu Ak'b ¨ &k m;[m tJ'gr[kwb f ;l -vdYk ajymcJw
Y ,f/

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 55
vGeu f sL;rIukd vGeu f sL;olu, kd wf ikd v f yk w

f m r[kwv f sif vGef
usL;apolvkyfwm jzpfrSm-vdkY odaeMu&muvnf; Ak'¨bk&m;u
'gvnf;r[kwb f ;l -vdyYk J ajymcJw
Y ,f/
vGeuf sL;rIukd vGeu f sL;olu,kd w f ikd ef YJ vGeu
f sL;apolwvYkd yk wf m
r[kwv f sif taMumif;rJjY zpfwmyJ jzpf&r,f-ajymMu&muvnf; 'g
vnf;r[kwfbl;-vdkYyJ bk&m;uajymcJYw,f/
avmu[m vGefusL;rIawG jzpfaeMuayrJY bmYaMumifY vGef
usL;&w,f? vGeu f sL;rIjzpfapwm bmjzpfw,f-rodMuawmY vGeu f sL;
rIudk rvdkvm;ayrJY rjzpfatmif rwwfEdkifMubl;/
Ak'b¨ &k m;[m vGeuf sL;rIu vGeaf jrmufzt Ykd wGuf qD;qdaYk ewJ?Y
vlawG&UJ tjrifuae azmufxu G o f jd rifcw
YJ ,f/ vGeu f sL;rI[m vGef
usL;oludk,fwdkifu jzpfapwmvnf; r[kwfbl;? olrsm;awGu
jzpfapvduk w f mvnf; r[kwb f ;l ? taMumif;rJjY zpfwmvnf; r[kwf
bl;/ ]tpGOJ yg'gef}u vGeuf sL;rIukd jzpfapwm vdyYk /J
]tpGJOyg'gef}[mvnf; vlrSmjzpfaeayrJY tjzpfcH&ol-vl

r[kwb f ;l / tjzpfco H vl ul jzpfapvdu k wf mvnf; r[kwb f ;l / t
aMumif;rJY jzpfay:vmwmvnf; r[kwb f ;l / Ak'b
¨ &k m;[m ]t0dZmÆ ç
wPSm udavom tpGOJ yg'gef}awGukd vnf; vlwikd ;f odwt YJ jzpfu
azmufxu G of cd w
YJ ,f/ 'gawGukd ]0yd guf}awGu jzpfapvdu k wf m-vdyYk /J
Oyg'gef[m Oyg'geftjzpfc&H ol vljzpfaevsif vl½o dS rQ Oyg
'gef½adS erSm aygY/ Oyg'gefqw kd m vl½o dS rQ ½Sw d mr[kwb f J vlrmS ½Sw d YJ

56 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
tcg ½SNd y;D ? r½Sw

d t
YJ cg r½Sw
d m odEikd Mf uwmyJ/ 'gayrJY t0dZmÆ çwPSm
udavom tpGOJ yg'gefawGe-YJ vlukd uGaJ tmif vlawGrcGEJ ikd Mf ubl;/
bk&m;uawmY tJonfu azmufxu G w f YJ todtjrif'óe ½Sw d ,f/
]0dyguf}qdw k muawmY ]odwwfwmawGeYJ odp&mudk vufcH

wwfwm awG? cHpm;çrSwo f m;wwfwmawG&UJ pkaygif;trnf}-ygyJ/
tJ'gawG[mvnf; vlrmS jzpfymG ;aewJY t&mawGyJ jzpfw,f/
'gayrJY 'gawG[m 'gawG&UJ tjzpfymG ;udk cH&wJv Y l r[kwyf gbl;/ 'gawG
om vljzpfw,fqdkvsif vl½SdorQ 'gawG½SdaerSmaygY/ 'gawGr½SdbJ
vl½adS ewmudk odEikd Mf uw,f r[kwyf gvm;/ 'gawG[m vlr[kwu f m
rQ ruygbl;? vlaY MumifjY zpfwmvnf; r[kwyf gbl;/ 'gawGtjzpfc&H
wJY vlaMumifY 'gawGjzpfwm r[kwb f ;l -vdYk qdvk ykd gw,f/
wjcm;vlawGaMumifY jzpfwmawGvnf; r[kwyf gbl;/ t
aMumif;rJY jzpfwmawGvnf; r[kwb f ;l -vdYk 'gawGukd today;&yg
r,f/ onfvq kd akd wmY 'gawG bmYaMumifjY zpfw,fqw kd m vlawG rod
MuawmYygbl;/ 'gudkvnf; bk&m;u azmufxGufodjrifjyygw,f/
'gawG[m ]veG u f sL;rI}aMumifY jzpfwmawGy-J vdyYk g/
]0dyguf}&JUt&aumufukd tJonf0yd gufxyJ gwJY ]cpH m;rI}-vdYk

wpfcwk nf;eJY rSwNf y;D ajymMuygpd/Yk onf-cHpm;rI[m ]vGeu f sL;rI}aMumifY
jzpfw,f/ ]vGeu f sL;rI}[m ]t0dZmÆ çwPSm} udavom tpGOJ yg'gefawG
aMumifY jzpfwmudk udavomwpfcw k nf;eJrY w
S Nf y;D ajymawmY ]udav
om}aMumifY jzpfw,faygY/ tJonf udavom-[m cHpm;rI 0dyguf

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 57
aMumifY jzpfw,f/ onfvjkd rifawmY vGeu

f sL;rIa&m? vGeu
f sL;rI&UJ uH
taMumif;a&m? tusKd ;a&m- vlrygbJ wpfcak Mumifw Y pfcjk zpfeYJ r&yf
rem; vnfywfjzpfymG ;wJY puf,EÅ&m; jzpfawmYwmaygY/ tJ'g 0#f
oHo&mpufyJ/
onfoHo&mpuf[m vlrSmjzpfyGm;wJY puf,EÅ&m;jzpfvdkY

onfpuf&UJ 'Pfukd vlawGrmS cH&w,f/ 'gaMumifY vlUtzGUJ tpnf;Bu;D
,d,k iG ;f csed aYJ ewm jzpfw,f/ 'gudjk rifo[ l m onftxJujzpfymG ;wJY
cHpm;csuaf wGrmS Ni;D aiGUawmYwmjzpfNy;D ? onfcpH m;csut f ay:rSm tpGJ
tvef;awGjywfNy;D ]vGeu f sL;rI}cyford ;f Nird ;f w,f/ 'gaMumifY avmu
Bu;D tdçk emçaotjzpfu vGeaf jrmufw,f/
Ak'¨bk&m;[m avmuudk onfvdkjrifcJYw,f/

Ak'b
¨ &k m;&JUavmutjrif[m vlom;Nird ;f csr;f zdt Yk wGuf vlY
tzGUJ tpnf;qdik &f m pnf;urf;uvem;awGukd vlt Y zGUJ 0ifjzpfwYJ vl
awGu bmYaMumifY csKd ;azmufveG uf sL;aeMuwmvJqw kd m avYvmwJ½Y I
axmifYujrifwJY avmutjrif jzpfygw,f/ vlawGr½dk;om;Mu
(te&d,jzpfMu)vd?Yk avmu-vdq Yk &kd wJY vlt
Y zGUJ tpnf; ysupf ;D &w,f/
vlawG ½d;k om;Mu(t&d,jzpfMu)vsif avmu-vdq Yk &kd wJY vlt
Y zGUJ t
pnf;Bu;D Nird ;f csr;f r,f/
onfawmY vlawG r½d;k om;rI(te&d,m)u b,fvkd jzpfae
MuwmvJ- cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmMunfhzdkY vdkw,fqdkNyD; Munfh&mu jrifwJY
avmutjrif-yJ/

58 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
tJonf Ak'&¨ UJ avmutjrifxrJ mS yg0ifwYJ vGeu f sL;rI t&udk

aumufwwfa&mYr,f xifygw,f/ Edik if aH &;? pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&;-
-tpp ta&;awGrmS tzGUJ tpnf;awG ½Sw d wfygw,f/ tJonf tzGUJ
tpnf;awGrmS tzGUJ tpnf;udk jzpfapwwfwYJ tzGUJ pnf;urf; uv
em;awGvnf; ½SMd uygw,f/ tzGUJ &JU pnf;urf;uvem;[m tzGUJ &JU
toufygyJ/ tJonfpnf;urf; vdu k ef mMuvsif tJonftzGUJ cdik rf m
cefu Y se;f wmygyJ/ csKd ;azmufMuolawG rsm;jym;vmvsif tJonftzGUJ
rcdik rf m rcefu
Y se;f wmygyJ/ tm;vk;H csKd ;azmufMuNyD qd&k avmufatmif
tzGUJ 0ifrsm;u tzGUJ pnf;urf;udk ½Sw d ,f-vdYk todtrSwf rjyKMuawmY
bl;qdv k sif tJonftzGUJ ysupf ;D wmygyJ/ tJonftzGUJ toufxu G f
aoqkH;wmaygY/
vl[m vlom;tjzpf vlt Y zGUJ tpnf;rSm ½Sio f efaexdik o f l

jzpfygw,f/ vl[m onfaeY taetxm;txd jzpfatmif b0wl
owå0gawGxu J azmufxu G v
f mEdik wf m[m ]vlYtzGJUtpnf;}aMumifY
yg/ wjcm; b,fowå0grqdk vlom;tjzpfavmuf tzGUJ tpnf;eJaY e
ol r½Syd gbl;/ umvça'oçyk*v ¾ b,favmufjcm;jcm; olwv Ykd yk wf m
ud,k o f ;Hk w,f? ud,
k v
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f mvnf; olwo Ykd ;Hk Muw,f/ 'g[m tvkyf
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tifwmeufawGtxd pkaygif;aexdik rf &I UJ trSwt f om;awG rsm;jym;
vSygw,f/ 'gawGaMumifY ordik ;f udo k od ql v kd Ykd vl-yJ½w
dS m r[kwv f m;/

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 59
ordik ;f odawmY tem*wfvnf; arQmw

f wfawmYwmaygY/
vlt
Y zGUJ tpnf; nDnw G rf o
I r*¾twGuf tusiw Yf y-[m csr;f
omokcyJ-vdYk Ak'b ¨ &k m; xdywf ef;u jrifcw
YJ ,f/ vlt Y zGtYJ pnf;or*¾
udk ysujf y,fapEdik wf YJ vGeuf sL;rI tusirYf pd mä [m qif;&J'u k y© -J vdYk
nTefjycJYw,f/
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zsuq f ;D ygw,f/ vGeu f sL;rI[m tusO;f tm;jzifY ESpcf su½f ydS gw,f/
vltcsi;f csi;f tay:rSm ud, k çf EIwçf ESv;Hk awGeYJ apmifpY nf;p&m rapmifY
pnf;wmeJ?Y apmifaY ½Smufp&mudk 'grSr[kwf apmifrp&mudk rapmifY
a½SmufçrapmifrwmyJ jzpfygw,f/ tzGUJ tpnf;0ifawG[m tcsi;f
csi;f rSm apmifpY nf;&wmeJY apmifr&wm-qdw k YJ pnf;urf;ESpcf suu
f
awmY ½Syd gw,f/ 'g[m tzGUJ tpnf; ½Sio f efzUkd twGuf wm;jrpfcsuf
eJY aqmif½u G pf &mnTejf ycsuf jzpfygw,f/ b,ftzGUJ tpnf;rqdrk mS yJ
onfEpS cf suv f rkd sKd ; pnf;awG? tzGUJ wdik ;f rSm ½SMd uwmudk awGU&rSm jzpfyg
w,f/
vlt
Y zGUJ tpnf;udk b,fou l b,ftcsed u f b,fae&mrSm
b,fpnf;urf;awGeYJ zGUJ cJw
Y mvJ/ 'gudk ordik ;f q&mrsm;vdk tcsed af wG
ae&mawGeJY yk*¾dKvfawGtcsuftvufawG wdwdusus ajymEdkifrSm
r[kwfygbl;/
'gayrJ Y 'gud k ajymvd k Y r &wmawmY r[k w f y gbl ; /

60 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
b,foal wGzUJG cJwY m? b,ftcsed u

f b,fae&mrSm zGUJ cJw
Y m? b,fpnf;
urf;awGeYJ zGUJ cJw
Y mqdw
k m ajymvd&Yk ygw,f/
vlt Y zGtYJ pnf;0ifjzpfwo YJ u

l kd avYvmMunfv h sif onftcsuf
awGukd azmfjyaewm awGU&rSm jzpfygw,f/ vlrmS rsuaf pYygygw,f/
em;çESmçvQmeJu Y , kd af wGvnf; ygygw,f/ 'gawG[m ud, k t
f jyifty
rSm½SMd uwJY tqif;çtoHçteHçY t&omeJY tawGUawGukd vufc, H zl aYkd wG
ygyJ/ 'gawG[m vufc, H w
l myJ vkyEf ikd wf mawGyg/
vufc&H wmawGukd vlrmS ygwJY OD;aESmufqw kd mxJ ydaYk y;&yg
w,f/OD;aESmufuawmY uGeyf sLwmrSm ['f0u J y½dq k ufwmç ['f'pf
vd[ k mygyJ/ rsuaf pYçem;çpwmawGu uD;bkwçf armufpö wJY uGeyf sLwm
&JU tpdwt f ydik ;f awGvykd gyJ/ vl&UJ wkUH jyefrjI zpfwYJ tjyKtrl? tajymt
qdek YJ rsuaf pY? rsuEf mS ? vuf[efu, kd [f ef taetxm;awGuawmY
uGeyf sLwmtpDtpOf(y½d*k &rf)jzpfwYJ aqmYz0f v J kd OD;aESmufxo J iG ;f xm;
wmawG wGucf surf t I & wkUH jyefcsuaf wGygyJ/ vluakd vYvmvsif 'gyJ
awGU&rSmyg/
vl[m arG;zGm;cH&NyD;uwnf;u rsufapY?em;--pwmawGeJY

tm½kaH wGukd vufcv H mcJw
Y ,f/ OD;aESmufuvnf; tJonfu&wJY
tm½kHawGudk wGufcsuf wkHUjyefaecJYw,f/ rsufapY? em;pwmawG
vlrSm½SdvdkY jrifp&mçMum;p&mpwJY ywf0ef;usifudk jrifEdkifçMum;Edkif
pwmawGjzpfw,f qdk&ayrJY? rsufapY? em;pwmawGeJY awGUxd&wJY
ywf0ef;usif wpfpdwfwpfzJYuav;yJ jrifEdkifçMum;Edkif pwmawG

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 61
jzpfygw,f/ onfawmY OD;aESmufu jrifp&mçMum;p&m pwmawG&UJ

trSe&f atmif b,fvx kd u G yf gYrvJ/ onftxJrmS cRwcf Rwaf csmaf csmf
tajymçtjyK pwmawG cH&NyD;? vGJvGJacsmfacsmf wkHYjyefrIawG vkyfwm
awGvnf; ½S&d rSmygyJ/ aemufxyf vGpJ &m½Sjd yefygw,f/ tm½kaH wG
&½Sw d t YJ cg &½Sw d modzeYkd YJ &½Sw d tYJ m½k&H UJ tjcm;tcsed ef aYJ e&mawGu
&½Scd wYJ YJ tm½k&H UJ jcm;em;csuf jywJt Y aeeJY cHpm;csuq f w kd m jzpf&yg
w,f/ tJonfcpH m;csuu f kd tzwfqnf,pfr;l Ny;D vdu k pf m;rIygyJ/'g
awGeYJ wkUH jyefwmawGvnf; vlawGrmS ½Sad eygw,f/
onfvkd OD;aESmufuo kd m ydik qf ikd af eao;wJv Y ul kd vlvm; r

ajrmufao;wJv Y ?l uav;uvm;vl? ½l;oGwaf ewJv Y ?l vlpOfrrDwv YJ -l
-tpp emrnfay; towfrSwfcH&ygw,f/ olwdkY[m vlYtzGJU0if
vlom;pm&if;rSm toGi;f rcHMu&ygbl;/ olw[ Ykd m aqmYz0f yJ suaf ewJY
uGeyf sLwmvd?k uGeyf sLwmjzpfayrJY uGeyf sLwm tvkyu f rkd vkyEf ikd w f YJ
uGeyf sKwmeJw Y wl YJ vlawGygyJ/
onfvv kd [
l m OD;aESmufxrJ mS tcsut f vufjynfph aHk tmif
xnfrh xm;ao;oljzpfvYkd OD;aESmufr½Sw d v YJ /l OD;aESmufxJ xnfo h iG ;f
xm;wJY tcsut f vufrmS ;,Gi;f aeoljzpfvYkd OD;aESmufysuaf ewJv Y /l
tJonfvv kd al wGukd vlpm&if;rSm roGi;f bJ xm;Mu&ygw,f/ vljzpf
vsuf vlt Y zGUJ 0iftjzpfu ab;z,fcx H m;&wJv Y l jzpfygw,f/
vlpOfro D ?l vlvm;ajrmufo[ l m jrifp&m? Mum;p&m--pwm
awGukd tcsut f vuf jynfph w Hk t
YJ xd Munf½h çI em;axmif--pwmawG
vkywf t YJ wGuf OD;aESmufjynho f /l tJonf jrif&çMum;&pwmawGrmS

62 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
,pfrl;aewmrsdK; rvkyfwJY twGuf OD;aESmufaumif;olvnf;

jzpfygw,f/ tJonfoal wG[m olrsm;tay:
rS m apmif Y p nf ; p&mawG v nf ; apmif Y p nf ; Muygw,f /
apmifrp&mvnf; apmifr Muygw,f/ olrsm;awG&UJ apmifpY nf;rIeYJ
apmifrrIuvkd nf; &,lvMkd uygw,f/
'gaMumif Y 'gud k ausmuf a wmif a usmuf c J v d k

ta½G U tvsm;r½S d a tmif vl v m;ajrmuf N yD ; ? vl p Of r D o l r sm;rS m
½S&d rJpY nf;urf;jzpfvYkd ]oDv}-vdkY tJonfol
awG&UJ nDnw G w f qYJ E´eYJ todtrSwjf yKcMYJ uwm jzpfygw,f/ tcsed ef YJ
ae&mu
awmY tJonfval wG pkrcd sed ef YJ pkrw d aYJ e&myJvYdk ajym&ygr,f/
tcsdefeJYae&mudk ouú&mZf ckESpfawG? wdkufBuD;awG½SdwJY
urÇmae&mawGeJY owfrSwfaeMuayrJY tJ'gyJ tcsdefeJYae&mvdkY
ajymvdrYk jzpfygbl;/ pkMuwJo Y al wG&UJ pkMuwJtY vkyef YJ pkMuwmawG
wnf½adS e&m[mvnf; tcsed ef aYJ e&mawGygyJ/
tcsdefumveJY ae&mXmeqdkwm ]jzpfysufwJYumveJY XmeawG&JU
trnf}awGyJ r[kwfygvm;/
vl o m;wpf a ,muf r S m ½S d & rJ Y pnf ; urf ; ud k a wmY

]apmifYpnf;rIeJYapmifrrI}
vd k Y tMurf ; tm;jzif Y ES p f r sd K ;xm;ygw,f / tJ ' gud k
Ak ' ¨ b k & m;acwf a &muf w J Y t cg rS m Ak ' ¨ b k & m;u ]0g&d w å o D v ?

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 63
pm&dwo å v
D }-vdYk azmfxw k yf gw,f/ ]oDv}-qdw k mu ]vo l m;&JU ra½GU
rvsm;&rJY &yfwnfcsuf}-vdkY t"dyÜg,f&ygw,f/ ]0g&dwå}qdkwmu
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w,f/ acwfpum;eJaY jymvsif ]a½Smif&efeYJ aqmif&ef}-wdYk jzpfygw,f/
b,fo&l UJ a½Smif&efeYJ aqmif&efv-J twGuf tajzuawmY ]vlom;&JU
a½Smif&efeaYJ qmif&ef}-vdyYk gyJ/
onf a½Smif&efeaYJ qmif&ef &yfwnfcsuo f vD awG cRw,

f iG ;f
ysuu f u G o
f [l m OD;aESmufysuaf eol jzpfvYkd vlpm&if; toGi;f rcH&ol-
vdYk ajymcJyY gw,f/ vlom;u vlpm&if;roGi;f vdYk vlpm&if;r0ifol
jzpfwmrQ r[kwyf gbl;? vlpm&if;toGi;f rcH&vnf; bmjzpfv-J qdNk y;D
ud, k [Yf meJu
Y ,kd af eol[m MumavMumav vlom;eJaY 0;av tjzpf
cH&Ny;D ? qif;&J'u k B© u;D pGmeJY b0aexdik f ysupf ;D oGm;wm cH&ygw,f/
vljzpf½;HI oljzpfwm cH&wmaygY/ tJonfvkd jzpfymG ;cH&olawG rsm;vm
awmY vlom;[m tm;enf;csKd U,Gi;f vmwmaygY/ ]ttdk? tem? tao
vlom;odkYr[kwf vlYtzGJUtpnf;} jzpfawmYwmaygY/
vlawG onfvrkd jzpfMu&atmif Ak'b ¨ &k m;u ]vGeu f sL;olukd

vlom;u vlpm&if;roGi;f ayrJY vlygyJ}-vdjYk rifwYJ tjrifrmS ;,Gi;f yku H kd
xd;k xGi;f Ny;D azmfjycJw Y ,f/
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jzpfwnfvmwmcH&olom jzpfw,f-vdYk wGujf ycJw Y ,f/ tJonf vGef
usL;rIukd ud, k ef jYJ zpfjzpf? EIwef jYJ zpfjzpf? pdw-f qd&k wJY rsuaf pYçrsuEf mS ç

64 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
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ydik ½f iS [
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onfvkd rjrifb;l / ]vGeu f sL;wJY ud, k çf EIwçf ESv;Hk ydik ½f iS [
f m vGeu f sL;ol
r[kwb f ;l }-vdYk Ak'b¨ &k m; rdeMYf um;cJwY ,f/
vlawGtaeeJY 'g[m em;rvnfcsipf &maygY/ em;rvnfcsif

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twdik ;f rodae&mxda&mufatmif ajrm§ ufyifY odjrif Munfnadk eMu
wmawGvyk Nf y;D ? Ak'b
¨ &k m;ay;wJY ]Nird ;f csr;f rI}qdw
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kd çf EIwçf ESv;Hk ydik ½f iS rf [kww f m
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aygY/ onfar;cGe;f udk vG,v f , G yf J ajzrSmyg/ ]t½l;uvkyw f m}-vdaYk ygY/
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t½l;jzpfaevd}Yk t½l;cHae&wJv Y ul vGeu f sL;rIjyKwm r[kwb f ;l qdNk y;D
t½l;tjzpfcaH e&olukd tjypfay;ta&;,lwmudk rvkyw f myg/

bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 65
onfae&mrSm t½l;qdw k mbmvJ/ t½l;qkw d m OD;aESmufu

ykHrSeftvkyfrvkyfwm&JU emrnfyg/ bmaMumifY ykHrSefrvkyfwmvJ-
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trSm;rSm; t,Gi;f ,Gi;f awG;ac:rIeYJ uHawG jzpfrmS yg/ OD;aESmufxJ
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f m ½l;wm
ygyJ/
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wmud)k raysmufEikd jf zpfNy;D tysu, f iG ;f cH&Ny;D aemufvnf; ]vl}vdaYk wmY
rodoal wGu xifMuwmaygY/ wu,fawmY onfo[ l m ysu, f iG ;f Ny;D
aemufrmS vltjzpfu avQmusomG ;cH&ol jzpfygNy/D vl-r[kwaf wmYyg
bl;/ t½l;yJ [kwyf gawmYw,f/
tJonfvykd gyJ/ apmifpY nf;rI0g&dweå YJ apmifrrIpm&dwå vl&Y yf

wnf c suf o D v awG ysuf p D ; ol [ mvnf ; onf v d k y suf & wmud k
]aumif;w,f}-vdYk xifw,f/ wu,faumif;ovm;ar;vsif ajzrSm
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vdaYk ygY/ bmYaMumifY aumif;w,fajymwmvJ ar;vsif oufomvd-Yk
vdkY ajzrSmyg/ tJonf oufomwmtwGuf ay;qyf&rSmodvsif
tJonfoufomwmudk oufomw,f-vdYk oljrifEikd rf mS r[kwyf gbl;/
bmay;qyf&vdkYvJ-qdkvsif vlY&yfwnfcsuftrSef½SdwJYvludk
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vlY&yfwnfcsufr½Sdol tjzpf a&mufoGm;cH&ygw,f/ onfawmY

66 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿
tjzpfajymif;oGm;wmjzpfvYkd b0ajymif;oGm;wmvnf; ajym&ygw,f/

b0ajymif;cH&ol[m a&mufqb J 0udyk J om,mauseyf odjrifMuwm
jzpfvYkd tJonf ajymif;vJc&H wJb
Y 0u&wJY cHpm; csuuf ykd MJ unfNh y;D
oDvysu&f olrmS aumif;ygw,f-vdaYk jzwm jzpfygw,f/
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12 -12 -2002

70 bmomw&m;qdw
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bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿ 71

72 bmomw&m;qdw
k m bmvJ¿

Bmomw&M QDKWM BMVJ¿ Vgefusl Riudk B, Fvdkem VNF&RVJ¿: "R®0D (M&D T Sifóp Ajzqdkaom

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bmomw&m;qdw

2002 ck E S p f 'D Z bF m v 20&uf

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