Chapter Five: The Working Cell Lecture Notes Energy = ability or capacity to perform work 2 types of energy: Kinetic

tic = motion Potential = stored Conservation of energy Energy can be changed from one for to another, but cannot be created or destroyed (1st law of thermodynamics) Entropy A measure of disorder/randomness Energy conversions increase the entropy of the system (2nd law of thermodynamics) Living systems must use energy to maintain their organization (counter-act entropy) Heat Form of kinetic energy All energy conversions generate some heat Sue to its high entropy, heat is the least useful form of energy to do work with Chemical Energy Form of potential energy = energy stored in molecules due to the arrangement of atoms Found in gasoline, fats, starch, sugars, proteins 1 calorie = 1 energy needed to raise 1 g of water 1 C

 Unit = kcal (C) ATP and Cellular Work Adenosine Triphosphate (Adenine + Ribose + 3 phosphates) Modified RNA nucleotide

Stores potential energy due to repulsion between Ps Cellular respiration in the mitochondria: C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + 38 ATP

ATP = renewable = the ATP-DP cycle Third P = energy shuttle Transferring 3d P to other molecules donates energy to that molecule This allows cellular respiration work: Mechanical work Muscle contraction

Transport work Nerve transmission

Chemical work Making protons

Enzymes Metabolism: the sum total of all chemical reactions in an organism Most metabolic reactions require enzymes Enzymes are biological/organic catalysts A catalyst speeds up a reaction by lowering the activation energy

Enzymes are protein catalysts that lower activation energy Catalase decomposes hydrogen peroxide Enzymes are specific for a substrate due to the shape of the active site (induced fit hypothesis)

Enzymes are re=usable Enzymes can be denatured, which destroys the active site shape, this losing the tertiary structure Boiling Acid High salt content

Enzymes have optimums: they work better at specific pHs and temperatures