CERAMICS Glass-ceramic properties have an amorphous phase phase and one or more crystalline phases have the fabrication

ion advantage of glass interesting properties like zero porosity, high strength, toughness, translucency or opacity, pigmentation, opalescence, low or even negative thermal expansion, high temperature stability, fluorescence, machinability, ferromagnetism, resorbability or high chemical durability, biocompatibility, bio-activity, ion conductivity, superconductivity, isolation capabilities, low dielectric constant and loss, high resistivity and break down voltage. First, a glass is formed by a glass manufacturing process. Second, the glass is cooled down and is then reheated In this heat treatment the glass partly crystallizes. In most cases nucleation agents are added to the base composition of the glass-ceramic. These nucleation agents aid and control the crystallization process. Because there is usually no pressing and sintering, glass-ceramics have, unlike sintered ceramics, no pores. cooktop, stoves and fireplaces telescope mirrors Firelite and Neoceram fire-rated glass.

Technology processing

application

Clay product

properties

plasticity, shrinkage under firing and under air drying, fineness of grain, colour after firing, hardness, cohesion, and capacity of the surface to take decoration.
When mixed in the proper proportion, clay and water form a plastic mass that is very amenable to shaping. The formed piece is dried to remove some of the moisture, after which it is fired at an elevated temperature to improve its mechanical strength. Bricks, cooking pots, art objects, dishware, musical instruments also used in many industrial processes, such as paper making, cement production, and chemical filtering. also often used in the manufacture of pipes for smoking tobacco and sand castings. retains its strength at high temperatures must be chemically and physically stable at high

Technology processing

application

refractories

properties

Technology processing

temperatures. need to be resistant to thermal shock, be chemically inert, and/or have specific ranges of thermal conductivity and of the coefficient of thermal expansion. Dry press process Fused cast Hand molded Formed (normal, fired or chemically bonded) Un-formed (monolithic-plastic, ramming and gunning mass, castables)

application abrasives properties

linings for furnaces, kilns, incinerators and reactors and crucibles.

Abrasives particles do not easily fracture. High temperatures may be produced from abrasive frictional force, so some refractoriness is also desirable. Abrasives are shaped for various purposes. Natural abrasives are often sold as dressed stones, usually in the from of a rectangular block. Both natural and synthetic abrasives are commonly available in a wide variety of shapes, often coming as bonded or coated abrasives, including blocks, belts, discs, wheels, sheets, rods and loose grains. grinding, polishing, buffing, honing, cutting, drilling, sharpening, lapping, Sandpaper and sanding Development of strong concretes. it became a common practice to construct prestige buildings from the new industrial bricks, and to finish them with a stucco to imitate stone. The characteristics feature of these materials is that when mixed with water, they form a paste that subsequently set and hardens. Some of these materials act as a bonding phase that chemically binds particulate aggregates into a single cohesive structure. the production of mortar and concrete

Technology processing

application cement properties

Technology processing

application

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass-ceramic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement

COMPOSITE Fibre glass Properties An individual structural glass fiber is both stiff and strong in tension and compression the glass fiber is weak in shear by laying multiple layers of fiber on top of one another, with each layer oriented in various preferred directions, the stiffness and strength properties of the overall material can be controlled in an efficient manner.

Technology processing

Fiberglass hand lay-up operation Resin is mixed with a catalyst or hardener if working with epoxy, otherwise it will not cure (harden) for days/weeks. Next, the mold is wetted out with the mixture. The sheets of fiberglass are placed over the mold and rolled down into the mold using steel rollers. The material must be securely attached to the mold, air must not be trapped in between the fiberglass and the mold. Additional resin is applied and possibly additional sheets of fiberglass. Rollers are used to make sure the resin is between all the layers, the glass is wetted throughout the entire thickness of the laminate, and any air pockets are removed. The work must be done quickly enough to complete the job before the resin starts to cure. Various curing times can be achieved by altering the amount of catalyst employed. It is important to use the correct ratio of catalyst to resin to ensure the correct curing time. 1% catalyst is a slow cure, 2% is the recommended ratio, and 3% will give a fast cure. Adding more than 4% may result in the resin failing to cure at all. To finish the process, a weight is applied from the top to press out any excess resin and trapped air. Stops (like coins) are used to maintain the thickness which the weight could otherwise compress beyond the desired limit. Fiberglass spray lay-up operation The fiberglass spray lay-up process is similar to the hand lay-up process but the difference comes from the application of the fiber and resin material to the mold. Spray-up is an open-molding composites fabrication process where resin and reinforcements are sprayed onto a mold. The resin and glass may be applied separately or simultaneously "chopped" in a combined stream from a chopper gun.

Workers roll out the spray-up to compact the laminate. Wood, foam or other core material may then be added, and a secondary spray-up layer imbeds the core between the laminates. The part is then cured, cooled and removed from the reusable mold

Application

Storage tanks House building Piping The properties of CFRP depends on the layout of the carbon fiber and the proportion of the carbon fibers relative to the polymer The use of carbon fiber reinforced composite materials (CFRP) in aerospace industries is increasing due to their unique combination of characteristic features such as light weight, high specific firmness etc. For the time being, the main obstacle for widespread industrial applications are high manufacturing costs and one cause for them are the high curing temperatures between 100 and 200 degree(s)C. Heating the CFRP materials to these temperatures in a conventional furnace is an energy consuming and therefore costly procedure. This paper presents a heating procedure by the means of millimeter-waves. The advantages of this new method are presented along with theoretical considerations and numerical simulations of the heating process. The first experimental results in the form of millimeter-wave cured CFRP slabs are demonstrated. high-end sports equipment new Boeing 787 Dreamliner and Airbus A350 XWB micro air vehicles (MAVs) musical instruments, handles of high-end knives. manufacture of high quality arrows for Archery

Carbon-fiberreinforced polymer

Properties

Technology processing

Application

http://spiedigitallibrary.org/proceedings/resource/2/psisdg/4371/1/111_1?isAuthorized=no http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-fiber-reinforced_polymer#Other_applications http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglass#Applications