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Ly Thuyet CSDL Quan He
Ly Thuyet CSDL Quan He
Bin son :
- Nguyn Minh Qu
Ti liu lu hnh ni b
MC LC
CHNG I ...................................................................................................... 3
TM BAO NG CA TP THUC TNH ....................................................... 3
1. nh ngha bao ng ................................................................................ 3
2. Thut ton tm bao ng ca tp thuc tnh ............................................. 3
Thut ton 1 ................................................................................................. 3
Bi tp p dng: ........................................................................................... 3
CHNG II ..................................................................................................... 6
TM PH TI THIU CA TP PH THUC HM ........................................ 6
nh ngha ph thuc hm d tha:............................................................. 6
nh ngha ph tng ng:...................................................................... 6
nh ngha ph ti thiu: .............................................................................. 6
Phng php tm ph ti thiu: .................................................................... 6
nh ngha ph thuc hm d tha:............................................................. 7
Bi tp p dng ............................................................................................ 8
CHNG III .................................................................................................. 12
TM KHO TI THIU CA LC QUAN H ....................................... 12
1. nh ngha kho ti thiu: ...................................................................... 12
2. Pht biu bi ton tm kho ti thiu: ..................................................... 12
Bi tp p dng .......................................................................................... 12
CHNG I
TM BAO NG CA TP THUC TNH
1. nh ngha bao ng : Cho lc quan h R=(U, F). Bao ng ca
tp thuc tnh X (X U), k hiu X+ l tp tt hp c cc thuc tnh m c
th suy din logic t X.
Phng php:
Kim tra ln lt tng ph thuc hm fi = , nu X+ th kt np v
phi (tc ) vo vo X+: X+ := X+ .
Lp li cho n khi no X+ = Const.
Thut ton 1
CnThayi := True;
X+ := X;
While Cn_Thay_i Do
Begin
Cn_Thay_i := False;
For mi fi = Do
Begin
If X+ Then
Begin
X+ := X+ ;
Cn_Thay_i := True;
End;
End;
End;
*** Lu : Vic ci t chi tit thut ton xin xem trong ph lc
Bi tp p dng:
Bi tp 1:
Cho lc quan h R = (U, F)
U= {A,B,C,D,E,G,H}
F= {ABC, DEG, ACDB, CA, BEC, CEAG, BCD, CGBD, G H}
a) Tnh (D)+
b) Tnh (DE)+
c) Tnh (BE)+
d) Tnh (CG)+
Gii:
a) Tnh (D)+
X0 = D
1) X1 = DEG (p dng DEG)
2) X2 = DEGH (p dng GH) (= Constant)
Vy (D)+ = DEGH
b) Tnh (DE) +
X0 = DE
1) X1 = DEG (p dng DEG)
2) X2 = DEGH (p dng GH) (= Constant)
Vy (DE)+ = DEGH
c) Tnh (BE)+
X0 = BE
1) X1 = BEC (p dng BEC)
2) X2 = BECAG (p dng CEAG)
3) X3 = BECAGD (p dng BCD)
4) X4 = BECAGDH (p dng GH) (= Constant)
Vy (BE)+ = ABCDEGH
d) Tnh (CG)+
X0 = CG
1) X1 = CGA (p dng CA)
2) X2 = CGABD (p dng CGBD)
3) X3 = CGABDH (p dng GH)
4) X4 = CGABDHE (p dng DEG) (= Constant)
Vy (CG)+ = ABCDEGH
Bi tp 2: Cho lc quan h R = (U, F)
U = {A,B,C,D,E,G}
F = {CG, BG CD, AEG BC, CG AE, B CG }
a) Tnh C+
b) Tnh (B)+
c) Tnh (AEG)+
Gii:
a) Tnh C +
X0 = C
1) X1 = CG (p dng CG)
2) X2 = CGAE (p dng CGAE)
3) X3 = CGAEB (p dng AEGBC)
4) X4 = CGAEBD (p dng BGCD) (= Constant)
Vy (C)+ = ABCDEG
b) Tnh (B)+
X0 = B
1) X1 = BCG (p dng BCG)
Version 1.0 10/2005 UTE Hng Yn
CHNG II
TM PH TI THIU CA TP PH THUC HM
Vi mi tp ph thuc hm F cho, rt c th c nhiu ph thuc hm l d
tha, tc l ta c th suy dn ra cc ph thuc hm ny thng qua tp ph
thuc hm cn li trong F. Vn t ra l phi lm sao thu gn s ph thuc
hm F thnh ti thiu (gi l G) sao cho G vn tng ng vi F.
V d v ph thuc hm d tha:
F = {A B, B C, A C. y ph thuc hm A C l d tha bi v ta
c th d dng c c ph thuc hm ny thng qua A B, B C
Nh vy tp ph thuc hm tng ng vi F l G = { A B, B C }
nh ngha ph thuc hm d tha:
Cho lc R = {U, F}, mt ph thuc hm trong F c dng c gi l
d tha nu nh bao ng ca trong tp ph thuc hm F { } c
cha . Tc l : ()+(F {}) .
nh ngha ph tng ng:
Mt tp ph thuc hm G c gi l tng ng vi tp ph thuc hm F
ca lc R nu nh : F+ = G+. Khi ta ni F ph G hay G ph F.
nh ngha ph ti thiu:
Mt ph ti thiu ca tp ph thuc hm F l mt tp ph thuc hm G, Trong
:
+
G tng ng vi F (tc l G+ = F+)
+
Tt c cc ph thuc hm trong G u c dng X A Trong A l mt
thuc tnh.
+
Khng th lm cho G nh hn c na. (Tc l khng th xo thm bt k
ph thuc hm no trong G hay xo i bt k mt thuc tnh no bn pha
phi, pha tri ca mi ph thuc hm m G vn tng ng vi F).
Lu : Cc ph thuc hm hay cc thuc tnh xo c theo cch trn m
vn m bo G tng ng vi F th ta gi l ph thuc hm hay thuc
tnh d tha.
Phng php tm ph ti thiu:
Bc 1: Tch mi ph thuc hm trong F c dng X A1A2A3An thnh cc
ph thuc hm m v phi (RH Right Hand) ch c mt thuc tnh:
X A1
X A2
X An
Bc 2: Loi b cc thuc tnh d tha bn pha tri ca mi ph thuc hm.
Bc 3: Duyt tng ph thuc hm v kim tra xem c d tha khng, nu
d tha th th xo i.
Lu : Trnh t bc 2 v 3 l KHNG TH thay i !!!
Version 1.0 10/2005 UTE Hng Yn
Xt ph thuc hm ABDE GH
- Thuc tnh A : Khng d tha v (BDE)+ = BDE khng cha GH
- Thuc tnh B : Khng d tha v (ADE)+ = ADE khng cha GH
- Thuc tnh D: D tha v (ABE)+ = ABDE c cha ABDE
Xt ph thuc hm ABE GH
- Thuc tnh E: D tha v (AB)+ = ABDE ABE
Xt ph thuc hm ABHC
- A d tha v (BH)+ = {BHEFDAKC} c cha C.
- B Khng d tha v (AH)+ = {AHD} khng cha C
- H khng d tha v (AB)+ = {ABD} khng cha C
Version 1.0 10/2005 UTE Hng Yn
Kt qu sau ln th nht:
T = {BH C, ABH K, A D, BGH F, F A, F D, E F, BH E}
+
tha.
+
tha.
+
AGB
AGC
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CHNG III
TM KHO TI THIU CA LC QUAN H
1. nh ngha kho ti thiu:
Cho lc R = <U,F>, trong U l tp thuc tnh, F l tp ph thuc hm.
K c gi l kho ti thiu ca R nu nh s thuc tnh trong K l t nht
nhng vn tho mn K+ =U .
2. Pht biu bi ton tm kho ti thiu:
Cho lc quan h R = <U, F>
Hy tm mt kho (ti thiu) ca quan h R.
3. Thut ton tm kho ti thiu (Lu , t nay nu khng c s nhm ln th
ta gi tt kho ti thiu l Kho).
*** Chi tit ci t xin xem trong phn ph lc.
Bi tp p dng
V d 1:
Cho lc R = <U, F> :
U = {ABCDE}
F = {AB, BC, BDE, AE, AD}
Hy tm mt kho ti thiu K ca lc R ?
Hng dn:
Bc 1: t
T = {AB} (T l tp cc thuc tnh xut hin pha tri)
P = {BCDE} (P l tp cc thuc tnh xut hin pha phi)
K = U\P = {A}
Bc 2: Tnh th K+
Ta c K+ = {ABCDE}
V K+ = U, nn K = {A} l mt kho ca R.
V d 2: Cho lc quan h R = <U, F>, Trong :
U = {ABCDE}
F = {ABDE, EAD, DC}
Hy tm mt kho ti thiu K ca lc R
Hng dn :
Bc 1: t
T = {ABED}
P = {DEAC}
K = U\P = {B}
Version 1.0 10/2005 UTE Hng Yn
12
Bc 2: Tnh th K+
Ta c K+ = {B} U, nn tip tc bc 3
Bc 3 : Tnh K = K (T P)
Ta c K = K (T P) = {ABDE}
Bc 4 : Th xo tng thuc tnh trong T P= {AED} khi K
Th loi b {A} khi K, Ta c:
K = {BED} v K+ = {BEDAC} vn bng U, nn ta loi c A
Th loi b {E} khi K, Ta c:
K = {BD} v K+ = {BDC}
Do K+ U nn khng loi c {E}. K vn l {BDE}
Th loi b {D} khi K, Ta c:
K = {BE} v K+ = {BEADC} = U.
n y ta th ht. Vy kho ti thiu tm c l : K = {BE}
V d 3
Cho lc quan h R = <U, F>, Trong :
U = {ABCDEG}
F = {ABC, CA, BCD, ACDB, DEG, BEC, CGBD,
CEAG}
Hy tm mt kho ti thiu K ca lc R.
Hng dn :
Bc 1: t
T = {ABCDEG}
P = {ABCDEG} (P l tp cc thuc tnh xut hin pha phi)
K = U\P = {}
Bc 2: Tnh th K+
Ta c K+ = { } U, nn tip tc bc 3
Bc 3 : Tnh K = K (T P)
Ta c K = K (T P) = {ABCDEG}
Bc 4 : Th xo tng thuc tnh trong T P = {ABCDEG} khi K
Th loi b {A} khi K, Ta c:
K = {BCDEG} v K+ = {BCDEGA} vn bng U, nn ta loi c A
Th loi b {B} khi K, Ta c:
K = {CDEG} v K+ = {CDEGAB} vn bng U, nn ta loi c B
Version 1.0 10/2005 UTE Hng Yn
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