Cch tm kha, ph ti thiu, tm bao ng

Tm tt c cc kha trong lc quan h Trc khi i vo chi tit chng ta tm hiu mt s khi nim: - Tp thuc tnh ngun (TN): bao gm cc thuc tnh ch xut hin v tri, khng xut hin v phi ca pth v cc thuc tnh khng xut hin v tri ln v phi ca pth. - Tp thuc tnh ch (T) : bao gm cc thuc tnh ch xut hin v phi khng xut hin v tri ca pth. - Tp thuc tnh trung gian (TG): Cha thuc tnh v tri ln v phi ca pth. Thut ton: Bc 1: - To tp ngun TN v tp trung gian TG Bc 2: - Nu TG=0(rng) th K=TN, kt thc. ngc li qua bc 3. Bc 3: - tm tt c - tp con Xi ca tp trung gian. Bc 4: - tm siu kha Si bng cch vi mi Xi, nu (TN U Xi)+=Q+ th Si = TN U Xi Bc 5: - tm kha bng cch loi b cc siu kha khng ti thiu - vi mi Si, Sj thuc S nu Si cha trong Sj th loi b tp Sj ra khi siu kha (VD: Si=AB, Sj=ABC th loi b Sj ra khi tp siu kha) S cn li chnh l tp kha cn tm. V d : cho lc quan h Q={CSZ} tp ph thuc hm F={CS Z; Z C} tm tt c cc kha ca lc quan h trn. Bc 1: - TN={S}, TG={CZ} Bc 2: - TG khc rng nn qua bc 3 Bc 3: - tp con Xi ca tp trung gian X={0,C,Z,CZ} ghi ch 0: l rng Bc 4: - S+=S Khc Q c ngha khng c siu kha. - SC+=CZS bng vi Q nn siu kha SC. - SZ+=CZ bng vi Q nn Siu kha l CZ - SCZ+= bng vi Q nn Siu kha l CSZ Bc 5: - Vy tp siu kha S={SC, CZ, CSZ} V SC cha trong CSZ v CZ cha trong CSZ nn loi b siu kha CSZ khi tp siu kha. - Kt qu kha ca lc quan h trn l SC v CZ. K={SC, CZ} 1

Thut ton tm mt kha trn lc quan h SUNDAY, 31. MAY 2009, 17:05:46 COSODULIEU Mc tiu : cho mt lc U c cc thuc tnh {A1,A2,...An} v tp Ph thuc hm F. hy tm mt kha cho lc . Thut ton: Bc 1 : + Gn K0=U+ (U+ l tp thuc tnh ca U) Bc 2 : ta c A l thuc tnh ca U. + Tnh bao ng ca (Ki-1\A)+ nu bng U+ ((Ki-1\A)+ =U+) th loi b A ra khi K tc l Ki =(Ki-1\A). nu (Ki-1\A)+ !=U+ th Ki =Ki-1. Lp li bc trn n ln Bc n: kt qu K=Kn V d : cho U={A,B,C,D,E} v F={AB->C, AC->B, BC->DE} tm mt kha ca lc quan h r xc nh trn U v F ? Bc 1: + K=U tc l K=ABCDE Bc 2: + Tnh Bao ng ca (K\A)+ ngha l tnh (BCDE)+ = BCDE ta thy kt qu tnh bao ng khng bng U+ nn K=ABCDE Bc 3: + Tnh Bao ng ca (K\B)+ ngha l tnh (ACDE)+ = ABCDE ta thy kt qu tnh bao ng bng U+ nn loi B ra tp K ban u K=ACDE Bc 4: + Tnh Bao ng ca (K\C)+ ngha l tnh (ADE)+ = ADE ta thy kt qu tnh bao ng Khng bng U+ nn khng b C ra tp K ta c K=ACDE Bc 5: + Tnh Bao ng ca (K\D)+ ngha l tnh (ACE)+ = ACEBD ta thy kt qu tnh bao ng bng U+ nn b D ra tp K ta c K=ACE Bc 6: + Tnh Bao ng ca (K\E)+ ngha l tnh (AC)+ = ACBDE ta thy kt qu tnh bao ng bng U+ nn b E ra tp K ta c K=AC =>>Kt qu Kha l K=AC

Thut ton tm ph ti thiu ca mt tp ph thuc hm 1. Tch cc ph thuc hm sao cho v phi ch cn mt thuc tnh. (v d: A->BC thnh A->B v A->C) 2. B cc thuc tnh d tha v tri. (v d: cho F = {A B, B C, AB D} cc ph thuc hm c v tri 1 thuc tnh l y nn ta khng xt, xt AB D c B d tha(b B) v bao ng ca A c cha B. A+=ABC) (d hiu l chng ta b thuc tnh bn v tri, khi v ch khi bao ng ca cc thuc tnh cn li c cha thuc tnh ) 3. Loi khi F cc ph thuc hm d tha. (Cc thuc tnh v phi ca PTH ch xut hin di nht 1 ln th khng th loi b. Cn li tnh bao ng ca tp thuc tnh v tri nu c xut hin thuc tnh v phi th c th loi b thuc tnh v l PTH d tha.) V d: Cho lc quan h Q(A,B,C,D) v tp pth F={AB->CD, B->C, C->D} Tm ph ti thiu? 1. Tch cc ph thuc hm sao cho v phi ch cn mt thuc tnh. + ta c F={AB->C, AB->D, B->C, C->D} 2. B cc thuc tnh d tha v tri. + B->C, C->D Khng xt v v tri ch c mt thuc tnh. + xt AB->C : Nu B A th B+=BCD khng cha A nn khng th B A. Nu B B th A+=A. khng b c thuc tnh no. + xt AB->D : Nu B A th B+=BCD khng cha A nn khng th B A. Nu B B th A+=A. khng b c thuc tnh no. 3. Loi khi F cc ph thuc hm d tha. + xt AB->C : Tnh AB+=ABCD = Q nn loi b AB->C + xt AB->D : tnh AB+=ABCD = Q nn loi b AB->D + B->C : tnh B+=B khng th b. + C->D : tnh C+=C khng th b. Ph ti thiu l Ftt = {B->C, C->D}

Tm bao ng

V d: Cho lc quan h R(U, F) Vi U = ABCDE v F = { AB -->CD, E --> C, D -->CE, A -->E}. Tm A+ - u tin gn A+=A - Tip theo xt xem c PTH no A->X khng? nu c b X vo A+, y ta c A->E nn A+=AE - Ta thy E->C nn A+=ACE - Cui cng ta c A+=ACE