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QUEST - Power Coaching For IITJEE
QUEST - Power Coaching For IITJEE
=
(b) Electric field due to a point charge: (i)
^
2
r .
r
q
4
1
E
0
)
(c) [E] = [M
1
L
1
T
3
A
1
]
3. Electric field on the axis of a uniformly charged ring
(a) E
axial
=
( )
2 / 3
2 2
x R
qx
4
1
+
0
(R = radius of the ring)
(b) E
centre
= 0
4. Electric dipole
(a) dipole moment p = q(2l) (where 2l = length of the dipole)
(b) E
axial
=
[ ]
2
2 2
r
2pr
4
1
l
0
(r = distance of axial point w.r.t. centre of dipole)
3
r
2p
4
1
0
(if r >>l)
(c) E
equat
. =
[ ]
3 2 / 3
2 2
r
p
4
1
r
p
4
1
0 0
l
(if r >>l)
(d) (E
axial
/E
equat.
) = 2/1
(e) Dipole field at an arbitrary point (r, )
(i) E
r
= ;
r
cos 2p
4
1
3
0
(ii) E
=
3
r
sin p
4
1
0
(iii) E =
2 2
r
E E
+ = +
0
cos 3 1
r
p
4
1
2
3
(f) Dipole field component at (x, y, z) point
(i) E
x
= ;
r
p 3xz
4
1
s
0
(ii) E
y
= ;
r
p 3yz
4
1
5
0
Formula Booklet Physics XII
QUEST - Power Coaching for IITJEE
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4
(iii) E
z
=
( )
5
2 2
r
r 3z p
4
1
0
(g) Torque on a dipole : (i) ; E x p
= (ii) = pE sin
(h) Potential energy of a dipole: (i) U = =
cos pE E . p
(ii) Work done in rotating a dipole from angle
1
to angle
2
W = U
2
U
1
= pE (cos
1
cos
2
)
5. Electric flux
(a) d =
dS . E
(b)
dS . E = EA cos (If electric field is constant over the whole surface)
(c) Unit of = (Nm
2
/Coulomb) = J.m/Couplomb
(d) []= [M
1
L
3
T
3
A
1
]
6. Gausss Law:
0
=
q
dS . E
7. Electric field due to various systems of charges
(a) Isolated Charge:
2
r
q
4
1
E
0
=
(b) Electric dipole: (i)
3
||
x
p 2
4
1
E
0
=
(ii)
3
y
p
4
1
E
0
=
(iii)
(c) A ring of charge: E =
( )
2 / 3
2 2
x R
qx
4
1
+
0
Fig. 1
r
q
P
P
+q
q
E
y
x
E
||
Fig. 2
2a
q
p
+q
r
Fig. 3
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
R
q
x
P
Fig. 4
+
=
0
cos 3 1
r
p
4
1
E
2
3
Formula Booklet Physics XII
QUEST - Power Coaching for IITJEE
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5
(d) A disc of charge: E =
0
2 2
R x
x
1
2
(e) Infinite sheet of charge: E =
0
2
(f) Infinitely long line of charge: E =
x
0
2
(g) Finite line of charge: E
=
x
0
4
(sin + sin )
E
||
=
0
4
(cos +cos )
(h) Charged spherical shell: (i) Inside: 0 r R
E = 0
(ii) Outside: r R
2
r 4
q
E
0
=
(i) Solid sphere of charge: (i) Inside: 0 r r
E = r/3
0
(ii) Outside : r R
2
r
R
3
R
E |
.
|
\
|
=
0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
R
q
x
P
Fig. 5
+
+
+
+
+
+
Fig. 6
+
+
+
+
P
x
Fig. 7
P
+
+
+
+
+
+
x
Fig. 8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
R q
Fig. 9
R
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Fig. 10
Formula Booklet Physics XII
QUEST - Power Coaching for IITJEE
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6
8. Force on a charged conductor: The force per unit area or electric pressure
0
2
= =
2 dA
dF
P
. elec
9. Charged soap bubble: (a) P
in
P
out
=
0
2 r
T 4
2
(b) If air pressure inside and outside are assumed equal then: P
in
= P
out
and
0
2
=
2 r
T 4
or
2
0
=
T 8
r or
0
2
=
8
r
T or = (8
0
T/r) or Q = 8r(2
0
rT)
or r = [Q
2
/128
2
0
T]
1/3
10. Electric potential:
(a) V = (W/q)
(b) Unit of V = Volt
(c) [V] = [ML
2
T
3
A
1
]
(d) V V E
=
(e) Potential due to a point charge, V =
r
q
4
1
0
(f) Potential due to a group of charges, V =
+ +
0 3
3
2
2
1
1
r
q
r
q
r
q
4
1
(g) Potential due to a dipole:
(i) Axial point, V =
2
r
p
4
1
0
; (ii) equatorial point, V = 0;
(iii) V (r, ) =
2
0
cos p
4
1
(h) Potential due to a charged spherical shell
(i) outside: V =
r
q
4
1
0
(ii) surface: V =
R
q
4
1
0
;
(iii) inside : V = V
surface
=
R
q
4
1
0
(i) Potential due to a charged spherical conductor is the same as that due to a charged spherical shell.
(j) Potential due to a uniformly charged nonconducting sphere
(i) outside: V= ;
r
q
4
1
0
(ii) surface: V =
R
q
4
1
0
(iii) inside: V=
( )
3
2 2
R 2
r R 3 q
4
1
0
; (iv) centre: V = 5 . 1
R
q
4
1
x
2
3
=
0
V
surface
(k) Common potential (Two spheres joined by thin wire)
(i) common potential V=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
0 2 1
2 1
r r
Q Q
4
1
(ii)
( )
( )
2 1
2
2
2 1
1
2 1
2 1 1
1
r r
Q r
q ;
r r
Q r
r r
Q Q r
q
+
=
+
=
+
+
=
Formula Booklet Physics XII
QUEST - Power Coaching for IITJEE
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(iii)
1
2
2
1
2
1
r
r
or
r
r
q
q
=
=
2
1
11. Potential energy
(a) U =
1 1
2 1
V q
r
q q
4
1
=
0
(For a system of two charges)
(b) U=
23
3 2
13
3 1
12
2 1
r
q q
4
1
r
q q
4
1
r
q q
4
1
0 0 0
+
+
(For a system of three charges)
(c)
= E . p U (For an electric dipole)
12. If n drops coalesce to form one drop, then
(a) Q = nq; (b) R=n
1/3
r ; (c) V = n
2/3
V
small
;
(d) = n
1/3
small
(e) E=n
1/3
E
small
13. Energy density of electrostatic field:
2
E
2
1
u
0
=
CAPACITANCE
14. Capacitance:
(a) C = (q/V)
(b) Unit of C = farad (F)
(c) Dimensions of C = [M
1
L
2
T
4
A
2
]
15. Energy stored in a charged capacitor
(a) U=
2
1
CV
2
; (b) U= ; QV
2
1
(c)
C
Q
2
1
U
2
=
16. Energy density: (a) u =
2
1
0
E
2
; (b) u =
0
2
2
1
17. Force of attraction between plates of a charged capacitor
(a) F=
2
1
0
E
2
A; (b) F =
0
2
2
A
; (c) F=
A 2
Q
2
0
18. Capacitance formulae
(a) Sphere: (i) C
air
= 4
0
R; (ii) C
med
= K (4
0
R)
(b) Spherical capacitor: (i) C
air
=
a b
b a
r r
r r 4
0
; (ii) C
med
=
( )
a b
b a
r r
r r K 4
0
(c) Parallel plate capacitor: (i) C
air
= ;
d
A
0
(ii) C
med
=
d
A K
0
(d) Cylindrical capacitor: (i) C
air
=
( )
a b e
r / r log
2 l
0
; (ii) C
med
=
( )
a b e
r / r log
K 2 l
0
(e) Two long parallel wires: C=
( ) d/a log
e
l
0
\
|
K
1
1 ; (ii)
p
=
A
Q
p
= |
.
|
\
|
K
1
1
(c) Polarization vector: (i) | P |
=Q
p
/A ; (ii) | P |
=
0
E
d
22. Capacitance formulae with dielectric
(a)
1) (K t d K
A K
K
1
1 t d
A
C
=
|
.
|
\
|
0 0
(For a dielectric slab of thickness t)
(b)
t d
A
C
=
0
(For a metallic slab of thickness t)
(c) |
.
|
\
| +
=
0
2
K K
d
A
C
2 1
(d)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
0
2 1
2 1
K K
K K
d
A 2
C
(e)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
0
3 2
3 2
1
K K
K K 2
K
d 4
A
C
K
2
K
1
d
A/2 A/1
Fig. 11
K
2
K
1
A/2 A/2
Fig. 12
d/2
d/2
K
2
Fig. 13
d
d
K
3
K
1
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(f) For n plates with alternate plates connected: C = (n1)
0
A/d
(g)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=
0
3
3
2
2
1
1
K
t
K
t
K
t
A
C
23. Spherical capacitor with inner sphere grounded
(a)
( )
2
1 2
2 1
r 4
r r
r r 4
C
0
0
+
=
(b) Charge on inner sphere = q
1
, while charge on outer sphere = +q
2
(c) Magnitude of charge on inner sphere: q
1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
1
r
r
q
2
24. Insertion of dielectric slab
(a) Battery remains connected when slab is introduced
(i) V = V; (ii) C = KC ; (iii) Q = KQ ; (iv) E = E; (v) U = KU
(b) Battery is disconnected after charging the capacitor and slab is introduced
(i) Q = Q; (ii) C = KC ; (iii) E = E/K; (iv) V = V/K; (v) U = U/K
25. Charge transfer, Common potential and energy loss when two capacitors are connected
(a) Common potential:
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 2 1 1
C C
q q
C C
V C V C
V
+
+
=
+
+
=
(b) Charge transfer: q = ( )
2 1
2 1
2 1
V V
C C
C C
+
(c) Energy loss: U = ( )
2
2 1
2 1
2 1
V V
C C
C C
2
1
+
26. Charging and discharging of a capacitor
(a) Charging: (i) q = q
0
(1e
t/RC
) ; (ii) V = V
0
(1e
t/RC
); (iii) I = I
0
e
t/RC
;
(iv) I
0
= V
0
/R
(b) Discharge: (i) q = q
0
e
t/RC
; (ii) V = V
0
e
t/RC
; (iii) I = I
0
e
t/RC
(b) Time constant: = RC
Whether you think you can
or you think you cant
either ways you are right!
K
1
K
2
K
3
t
1
t
2
t
3
Fig. 14
Formula Booklet Physics XII
QUEST - Power Coaching for IITJEE
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10
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
1. Electric Current
(a) I = (q/t); (b) I = (dq/dt); (c) I = (ne/t); (d) q = IdT
2. Ohms law, Resistivity and Conductivity
(a) V = IR ; (b) R= (l/A) ; (c) = (1/) (d) v
d
= (eE/m); (e) I = neAv
d
;
(f) ;
A ne
m
R
2
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
l
(g) =
2
ne
m
; (h) =
m
ne
2
3. Current density
(a) J = (I/A); (b) J = nev
d
; (c) J = E; (d) = (v
d
/E); (e) =ne
4. Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
(a) R = R
0
[1 + (TT
0
)] ; (b) =
( )
0 0
0
T T R
R R
; (c) =
0
[1+(TT
0
)] ;
(d) =
( )
0
T T
0
0
5. Cell: (a) ;
Q
W
E = (b) I =
R r
E
+
; (c) V = E Ir (where V = IR)
6. Series Combination of Resistances
(a) R = R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
; (b) V = V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
;
(c) I = constant = I
1
= I
2
= I
3
; (d) V
1
= IR
1
, V
2
= IR
2
, V
3
= IR
3
7. Parallel Combination of resistances
(a) ;
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
3 2 1
+ + =
(b) I= I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3
;
(c) V = constant = V
1
= V
2
= V
3
;
(d)
3
3
2
2
1
1
R
V
I ,
R
V
I ,
R
V
I = = =
(e) For a parallel combination of two resistances:
(i) ;
R R
R R
R
2 1
2 1
+
= (ii) I
1
= ; I
R R
R
2 1
2
+
(iii) I
2
= I
R R
R
2 1
1
+
8. Heating effect of current
(a) W = VI t;
(b) P = VI ;
(c) P = I
2
R = V
2
/R;
(d) H = I
2
Rt Joule =
J
Rt I
2
Calorie
9. Electric bulb: (a) Resistance of filament R = V
2
/P;
(b) Maximum current that can be allowed to pass through
bulb, I
max
= (P/V)
10. Total Power Consumed
(a) Parallel combination: P = P
1
+ P
2
+ P
3
(b) Series combination:
3 2 1
P
1
P
1
P
1
P
1
+ + =
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
l
l
l
l
[Q l
1
A
1
= l
2
A
2
]
12. Cells in series: I =
R
E
R nr
nE
=
+
(if n r <<R)
13. Cells in parallel:
( ) R
E
R n / r
E
I =
+
= (if r << R)
r
nE
= (if r >>R)
14. Mixed Combination (m rows with each containing n cells in series)
(a)
( )
;
R m nr
E n m
R m / nr
nE
I
+
=
+
=
(b) I is maximum when n r = m R ;
(c) I
max
=
R r n m 2
E n m
15. Chemical effect of current:
(a) Faradays first law of electrolysis: m = Zq = ZIt
(b) Faradays second law of electrolysis:
(i) m W (W = ECE) or m/W = constant (where W = atomic weight/valency)
(ii) As
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
W
W
Z
Z
so ;
W
W
m
m
and
Z
Z
m
m
= = =
(c) Faraday : 1 Faraday = 96,500 Coulomb
(d) = = F
Z
W
Faradays constant
16. Thermo e.m.f. : e = +
2
2
(where =
H
=
C
)
17. Neutral temperature:
N
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
0
d
de
18. Temperature of inversion:
2
C
+
=
1
[Q
I
N
=
N
C
]
19. Thermoelectric power or Seebeck Coefficient: S =
d
de
= +
20. Peltier effect:
(i) Heat absorbed per second at a junction when a current I flows = I (where = Peltier coefficient)
(ii) Peltier coefficient, = S
H
21. Thomson Coefficient:
(i) Heat absorbed/ sec = I d
I
Q/time
Formula Booklet Physics XII
QUEST - Power Coaching for IITJEE
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13
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT
22. BiotSavart law : dB =
2
0
4
r
sin d I
l
23. Field due to a long straight wire:
r 2
I
B
=
0
24. Field due to a circular coil:
(a) at centre: B =
a 2
I N
0
;
(b) at an axial point: B =
( )
2 / 3
2 2
2
x a 2
a I N
+
0
(c) on axis when x >> a : B =
3
2
0
x 2
a I N
(d) point of inflexion: It occurs at x = a/2
Field at the point of inflexion: B =
|
|
.
|
\
|
0
a 5 5
I N 4
= 0.716 B
centre
25. Magnetic moment of circular coil: (a) M = NIA ; (b) Field: B=
3
x
2M
4
0
26. Field due to an arc of current:
(a) B = (
0
Il/4R
2
) ;
(b) B = (
0
I/4R)
(c) At the centre of a semicircular coil: B = (
0
I/4R)
27. Field due to finite length of wire: B =
a 4
I
0
(sin
1
+ sin
2
)
28. Field at the centre of a square loop: B =
|
|
.
|
\
|
0
l
I 2 2
29. Amperes law: 1 d . H (b) ; I d . B ) a ( = =
0
l l
30. Field due to a current in cylindrical rod:
(a) outside: B = (
0
I/2r) ; (b) surface: B = (
0
I/2R); (c) inside: B=
2
R 2
r I
0
31. Field due to a current carrying solenoid:
(a) inside: B =
0
n I ; (b) at one end : B = (
0
n I/2)
(c) at an axial point: B =
2
I n
0
(cos
2
cos
1
)
32. Field due to a toroid: (a) inside: B=
0
nI
0
NI/2R ; (b) outside: B = 0
33. Force on electric current:
= B x H F
34. Force between two parallel conductors:
d 2
I I F
2 1
=
0
l
35. Comparison of magnetic and electric forces between two moving charges: (F
magnetic
/F
electric
) =
(v
2
/c
2
)
Formula Booklet Physics XII
QUEST - Power Coaching for IITJEE
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14
36. Force on a current loop in a magnetic field: 0 F =
(any shape)
37. Torque on a current loop in a magnetic field:
= B x M or M B sin
38. Moving coil galvanometer:
(a) N I A B ;
(b) =K ;
(c) I= ;
AB N
K
|
.
|
\
|
(d) Current sensitivity = (/I) = (NaB/K) ; (e) Voltage sensitivity = (/V) = (/IR) = (NAB/KR)
39. Ammeter:
(a) Shunt resistance S = (I
g
G/ I I
g
);
(b) Length of shunt wire, l = S r
2
/;
(c) Effective resistance of ammeter, R
A
= GS/(G+S);
(d) For an ideal ammeter, R
A
= 0
40. Voltmeter:
(a) High resistance in series, R = ; G
I
V
g
|
|
.
|
\
|
(b) For converted Voltmeter, R
V
= R + G;
(c) For an ideal Voltmeter, R
V
=
41. Force on a moving charge:
(a)
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
B x v q F ; (b) F = q v B sin
42. Path of a moving charge in a magnetic field
(a) When
v is to
B :
(i) path = circular; (ii) r = (mv/qB) ; (iii) = (qB/2m);
(iv) T = (2m/qB) ; (v) = qB/m)
(b) When angle between
v and
B is :
(i) path=helical ; (ii) r = (mv
/v
||
)
43. Cyclotron:
(i) T = (2m/qB) ;
(ii) = (qB/2m) ;
(iii) = (B/m) ;
(iv) radius of particle acquiring energy E, r = [(2mE)/qB];
(v) velocity of particle at radius r, v = qBr/m;
(vi) the maximum kinetic energy (with upper limit of radius = R)
m
R B q
2
1
K
2 2 2
max
=
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44. Magnetic field produced by a moving charge:
(a) ;
r
) r x v ( q
4
B
3
0
=
(b)
2
0
4
=
r
sin v q
B
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MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF CURRENT
45. Magnetic field:
(a) ;
v q
F
B
max
= (b)
max
d
dF
I
1
B |
.
|
\
|
=
l
46. Atomic magnetic moments:
(a)
L
= ;
m 2
eL
(b)
S
= ;
m
eS
(c)
J
= g ;
m 2
eJ
(d)
B
=
m 4
h e
= 0.927 x 10
23
J/T
47. Intensity of magnetization: I = (M/V)
48. Magnetizing field:
(a) H = I
B
0
;
(b) For vacuum, H =
0
B
;
(c) For medium, h = B/;
(d) H =nI (solenoid);
(e) H = I/2 r (straight wire);
(f)
2
=
r
sin d I
H
l
(Biot-Savart law) ;
(g)
free
I d . H =
l
49. Magnetic susceptibility: = (I/H)
50. Magnetic permeability:
(a) = (B/H) ; (b)
r
= (/
0
) ; (c)
r
= (B/B
0
)
51. Other relations:
(a) =
0
(1+) ; (b)
r
= 1 + or =
r
1;
(c) B = B
0
(1+ ) : (d) B =
0
(H + I)
52. Pole strength: m = F/B
53. Magnetic moment of dipole : M = m x 2l
54. Field due to a pole: |
.
|
\
|
4
=
0
2
r
m
B
55. Field due to a bar magnet:
(a) Axial point:
( )
|
.
|
\
|
4
=
0 0
3 2
2 2
r
2M
r
Mr 2
B
l
(if r > > l)
(b) Equatorial point:
( )
|
.
|
\
|
4
=
+
4
=
0 0
3 2 / 3
2 2
r
M
r
M
B
l
(c) At arbitrary point: +
4
=
0
cos 3 1
r
M
B
2
3
(b)
= B x M ; (c) MB sin
57. Potential energy of a dipole in magnetic field:
= B . M U = MB cos
58. Tangent galvanometer:
(a) B = B
H
tan ;
(b) I = K tan , where K =
n
B r 2
0
H
59. Vibration magnetometer: T = 2
H
B M
I
Nothing will happen
until
you generate the will to
make it happen!
The most powerful weapon on earth is
human soul on fire!
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ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
60. Magnetic flux:
(a) d = ; =
cos BdA A d . B (b) = ; A d . B
(c) = BA cos ; (d) ; 0 S d . B =
(e) 0 B . V =
61. Faradays laws of e.m. induction:
(a) Induced e.m.f., e = (d/dt);
(b) Induced current, I = ;
dt
d
R
1
R
e
=
(c) Induced charge, q = (
1
2
)/R
62. Motion of a conducting rod:
(a) ; ) B x v ( e F
=
(b) Induced e.m.f., e = B/v
(c) For a rod rotating with angular frequency or rotating disc, induced e.m.f.,
f B
2
1
e
2 2
= = = l l Ba
63. Motion of conducting loop in a magnetic field:
(a) Induced e.m.f. e = Blv ; (b) Induced current, I = (e/R) = (Blv/R)
(c) F = IlB = B
2
l
2
v/R ; (d) P = Fv = IlBv = B
2
l
2
v
2
R;
(e) H = I
2
R = (B
2
l
2
v
2
/R);
(f) In non uniform magnetic field, e = (B
1
B
2
) lv and I = (B
1
B
2
)lv/R
64. Rotating loop:
(a) = NAB cos t =
0
cos t, with
0
= NAB;
(b) e = e
0
sin t, where e
0
= NaB; (c) I = (e
0
sin t/R) = I
0
sin t, with I
0
= e
0
/R
65. Induced electric field: Induced e.m.f. =
l d . E
66. Self Inductance:
(a) L = / I ;
(b) e = (LdI/dt);
(c) L =
0
N
2
A/l =
0
n
2
Al (For a solenoid with air core);
(d) L =
r
0
N
2
A/l (For a solenoid with a material core);
(e) L =
0
N
2
R/2 (For a plane circular coil)
67. Mutual inductance:
(a) M = (
2
/ I
1
) ; (b) e
2
= M(dI
1
/dt); (c) M =
0
N
s
N
p
A/lp
68. Series and parallel combination
(a) L = L
1
+ L
2
(if inductors are kept far apart and joined in series)
(b) L = L
1
+ L
2
2M (if inductors are connected in series and they have mutual inductance M)
(c)
2 1 2 1
2 1
L
1
L
1
L
1
or
L L
L L
L + =
+
=
(if two inductors are connected in parallel and are kept for apart)
0
I 2
=0.637 I
0
;
(d) ; 2 / I I
2
0
2
> <
(e) I
rms
= (I0/2) = 0.707 I
0
;
(f) form factor = /22
72. A.C. response of R, L, C and their series combinations
(a) Resistance only:
(i) e = e
0
sin t;
(ii) I = I
0
sin t ;
(iii) phase difference = 0;
(iv) e
0
= I
0
R;
(v) e
rms
= I
rms
R
(b) Inductance only:
(i) e = e
0
sin t;
(ii) I = I
0
sin (t/2) ;
(iii) current lags the voltage or voltage leads the current by a phase /2; (iv) e
0
=
I
0
X
L
;
(iv) e
rms
= I
rms
X
L
; (vi) X
L
= L
(c) Capacitance only:
(i) e = e
0
sin t ;
(ii) I = I
0
sin (t + /2);
(iii) current leads the voltage or voltage lags the current by a phase /2 ; (iv) e
0
= I
0
X
C
;
(v) e
rms
= I
rms
X
C
;
(vi) X
C
= (1/C)
(d) Series LR circuit:
(i) e = e
0
sin t ;
(ii) I = I
0
sin (t + );
(iii) the current lags the voltage or voltage leads the current by a phase = tan
1
(X
L
/R);
(iv) cos = (R/Z) and sin = (XL/Z);
(v) Impedance, Z = [R
2
+(L)
2
)] ;
(vi) e
0
= I
0
Z;
(vii) e
rms
= I
rms
Z
(e) Series RC circuit:
(i) e = e
0
sin t ;
(ii) I = I
0
sin (t + );
(iii) The current leads the voltage or voltage lags behind the current by a phase = tan
1
(X
C
/R)
(iv) cos = (R/Z);
(v) Impedance, Z = [R
2
+ (1+C)
2
)];
(vi) e
0
= I
0
Z ;
(vii) e
rms
= I
rms
Z
(f) Series LCR circuit:
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(i) e = e
0
sin t ;
(ii) I = I
0
sin (t );
(iii) =tan
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
R
X X
C L
, is positive for X
L
> X
C
, is negative for X
L
<X
C
;
(iv) current lags and circuit is inductive if X
L
< X
C
;
(v) current leads and circuit is capacitive if X
L
< X
C
; (vi) e
0
= I
0
Z;
(vi) Impedance, Z = [R
2
+ (X
L
X
C
)
2
];
(viii) cos = (R/Z) and sin =
|
|
.
|
\
|
Z
X X
C L
73. Resonance
(a) Resonance frequency,
r
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
LC 2
1
(b) At resonance, X
L
= X
C
, = 0, Z = R (minimum), cos = 1, sin = 0 and
current is maximum (=E
0
/R)
74. Half power frequencies
(a) lower,
1
=
r
L 4
R
or
1
=
r
L 2
R
(b) upper,
2
=
r
+
L 4
R
or
2
=
r
+
L 2
R
75. Band width: =
L 2
R
or =
L
R
76. Quality factor
(a) ;
R
L
Q
r r
=
=
(b) As
r
=
LC
1
, hence QL, Q
R
1
and Q ;
C
1
(c) ;
CR
1
Q
r
=
(d)
( )
R
X
Q
res L
= or
( )
R
X
res C
;
(e)
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
r
Q or f =
Q
r
77. At resonance, peak voltages are
(a) (V
L
)
res
= e
0
Q; (b) (V
C
)
res
= e
0
Q ; (c) (V
R
)
res
= e
0
78. Conductance, susceptance and admittance
(a) Conductance, G= (1/R);
(b) Susceptance, S = (1/X);
(c) S
L
= (1/X
L
) and S
C
=(1/X
C
) =C;
(d) admittance Y = (1/Z);
(e) Impedance add in series while admittance add in parallel
79. Power in AC circuits
(a) P
av
=
2
1
E
0
I
0
cos = E
rms
I
rms
cos ;
(b) Power factor, cos =
rms rms
av
I E
P
power Virtual
power al Re
=
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(c) Cos = (R/Z)
(d) (i) R only : = 0, cos = 1, P
av
= I
2
rms
R =
R
e
2
rms
(ii) C only : = 90
0
= /2, cos = 0, P
av
= 0
(iii) L only : = 90
0
= /2, cos = 0, P
av
= 0
(iv) Series RL or RC: = tan
1
|
.
|
\
|
R
X
L
or = tan
1
|
.
|
\
|
R
X
C
P
av
= E
rms
I
rms
cos = R I
Z
R E
2
rms
2
2
rms
=
(iv) Series LCR: = tan
1
= tan
1
|
.
|
\
|
R
X X
C L
, P
AV
= R, I
Z
R E
rms
2
2
2
rms
=
At resonance, = 0, cos = 1 and P
av
= I
2
rms
R = E
2
rms
/R
80. Parallel LCR circuit
(a) ;
X
1
X
1
R
1
Z
1
2
C L
2 |
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
(b) ( ) ; S S G Y
2
C L
2
+ =
(c) I
0
= E
0
Y;
(d) tan = ;
G
S S
C L
(e)
r
=
LC
1
or
r
= ;
L
R
LC
1
2
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
(f) in parallel resonance circuit, impedance is maximum, admittance is minimum and current is
minimum.
81. Transformer:
(a) C
p
= N
p
|
.
|
\
|
dt
d
and e
s
= N
s
|
.
|
\
|
dt
d
(b)
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
s
p
s
p
N
N
e
e
(c) Q e
p
I
p
= e
s
I
s
, so
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
s
p
s
p
p
s
N
N
e
e
I
I
(d) Step down: e
s
< e
p
, N
s
< N
p
and I
s
> I
p
(e) Step up : e
s
> e
p
, N
s
> N
p
and I
s
< I
p
(f) Efficiency, =
|
|
.
|
\
|
p p
s s
I e
I e
82. AC generator: e = e
0
sin (2t), (where e
0
= NBA)
83. DC motor:
(a) |
.
|
\
|
=
R
e E
I
(b) IE = Ie = I
2
R
(c) efficiency,
emf Applied
emf Back
E
e
= |
.
|
\
|
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LIGHT
1. Intensity of light
(a) Spherical wave front: (i) I = ,
r 4
P
2
(ii) amplitude
r
1
(b) Cylindrical wave front: (i) I
r
1
, (ii) amplitude
r
1
(c) Plane wave front: (i) I r
0
, (i) A r
0
(i.e. I and A are both constants)
2. Law of reflection: Angle of incidence (i) = Angle of reflection (r)
3. Law of reflection: Snells law: =
r sin
i sin
4. Other relations
(a) 2
1
=
v
c
and
v
v
2
1
=
(b)
medium
=
air
or v
medium
=
air
v
(Q
medium
=
air
)
(c)
1
sin i =
2
sin r
5. Electromagnetic nature of light
(a) The magnitude of
B and E are related in vacuum by: B=
C
E
(b)
B and E are such that
B x E is always in the direction of propagation of wave
(c) c=
0
0
1
and v=
1
(d) Refractive index, = (
r
r
) (
r
= /
0
and
r
= /
0
)
For nonmagnetic material,
r
1 and = (
r
)
(e) The EM wave propagating in the positive xdirection may be represented by:
E
y
= E
0
sin (kx t) and B
z
= B
0
sin (kx t)
6. Energy transmitted by an electromagnetic wave
(a) Energy density of electromagnetic wave is: u = u
e
+ u
m
=
2
1
0
E
2
+
2
1
0
2
B
(b) As for EM wave, B =
C
E
and
c
1
= (
0
0
), hence
2 2 2
2
2
0
2
E E
2
1
E
2
1
c
E
2
1
E
2
1
u
0 0 0 0
= + =
+ =
(c) Time averaged value of energy density is:
2
0
E
2
1
u
0
=
7. Intensity of an electromagnetic wave
(a) In a medium: I = v E
2
1
2
0
|
.
|
\
|
0
(b) In free space: I = c E
2
1
2
0
|
.
|
\
|
0
8. Pointing vector
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(a) ) B x E ( c ) B x E (
1
H x E S
2
0
0
=
= =
(b) S = c
0
E
2
= (
0
/
0
)E
2
(c) S I = and u c S =
(d) Impedance of free space, Z = (
0
/
0
) 377 ohm
9. Pressure of EM Radiation
(a) Change in momentum (normal incidence)
c
t A S
c
U
p
= = (absorber)
c
t A S
c
U 2
p
= = (reflector)
(b) Pressure (normal incidence)
u
c
S
P = = (absorber)
u 2
c
S 2
P = = (reflector)
(c) Pressure for diffused radiation
u
3
1
c
S
3
1
P = = (absorber)
u
3
2
c
S
3
2
P = = (reflector)
10. Quantum theory of light:
(a) Energy of photon, E = h = hc/
(b) Momentum, p =
=
h
c
E
(c) Rest mass of photon = 0
(d) Mass equivalent of energy, m = (E/c
2
)
11. Inclined mirrors: number of images
(a) When 360
0
is exactly divisible by
0
and 360
0
/
0
is an even integer then the number of images
formed is
1
360
n
=
360
(for unsymmetrical placement)
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(c) When 360
0
is not exactly divisible by , then the number of images formed is
= integer value of n (where n = 360/)
12. Reflection amplitude and intensity
(a) When a ray of light is incident (with angle of incidence i 0) from a medium 1 of refractive index
1
to the plane surface of medium 2 of refractive index
2
, then reflection amplitude is
2 1
2 1
+
= R
(b) The ratio of the reflected intensity and the incident intensity is:
2
i
r
I
I
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
2 1
2 1
.
13. Refraction of light
(a) ;
r sin
i in s
= (b)
1
2
= ;
sin
sin
2
1
(c)
1
2
=
1
2
1
; (d) Cauchys relation: = A +
2
B
14. Parallel slab
(a) Angle of incidence, i = Angle of emergence, e
(b) Lateral shift = [t sin (i r)/cos r]
15. Composite block:
1
sin
1
=
2
sin
2
=
3
sin
3
= constant
16. Apparent depth
(a) a =
t R
(where R = Real depth)
(b) If there is an ink spot at the bottom of a glass slab, if appears to be raised by a distance
x = t a = t
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
1 t
t
, where t is the thickness of the glass slab
(c) If a beaker is filled with immissible transparent liquids of refractive indices
1
,
2
,
3
and individual
depths t
1
, t
2
, t
3
respectively, then the apparent depth of the beaker is:
3 2 1
+
=
3 2 1
t t t
a
17. Total internal reflection: Critical angle i
C
is given by: sin i
C
=
1
18. For a luminous body at a depth d inside a liquid: Radius of bright circular patch at the surface
r = d tan i
C
=
1
d
2
19. For optical fibre: sin i ( ) [ ] 1 n / n
2
1 2
20. Prism:
(a) i + e = A +
(b) r
1
+ r
2
= A;
(c) At minimum deviation: i = e and r
1
= r
2
. Hence, =
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
| +
2
A
sin
2
A
sin
m
(d) For small angle prism: = (1) A
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21. Dispersion:
(a)
red
<
violet
because
red
<
violet
(b) Angular dispersion: =
V
R
= (
V
R
)A
(c) Dispersive power: =
1 1
Y
R B
Y
R V
Y
R V
=
=
(In practice)
(d) Dispersion without deviation: (i)
C
+
F
= 0 or
( )
( ) 1
1
A
A
F
C
C
F
=
(ii) Also, angular dispersion, =A
C
(
C
1) (
C
F
)
(e) Deviation without dispersion: (i)
C
+
F
= 0 or,
FR FV
CR CV
C
F
A
A
=
(ii) Also,
FY
CY
C
F
22. Principle of superposition: y = y
1
+ y
2
23. Superposition of waves of equal frequency and constant phase difference
(a) Resultant wave amplitude, a = (a
1
2
+ a
2
2
+ 2a
1
a
2
cos )
(b) Resultant wave intensity, I = I
1
+ I
2
+ 2(I
1
I
2
) cos
(c) If a
1
= a
2
= a
0
, and I
1
= I
2
= I
0
, then a = 2a
0
cos (/2) and I = 4I
0
cos
2
(/2)
24. Constructive interference
(a) conditions: = 2n 0, 2, 4, 6,..
or, = n 0, , 2, 3,
(b) a
max
= a
1
+ a
2
(c) I
max
(a
1
+ a
2
)
2
(d) I
max
= I
1
+ I
2
+ 2 (I
1
I
2
) = (I
1
+ I
2
)
2
(e) I
max
= 4I
0
; If I
1
= I
2
= I
0
25. Destructive interference
(a) conditions: = (2n 1) , 3, 5, or, = (2n1) ,.........
5
,
2
3
,
2
2
=
2
(b) a
min
= a
1
a
2
(c) I
min
(a
1
a
2
)
2
(d) I
min
= I
1
+ I
2
2(I
1
I
2
) = (I
1
I
2
)
2
(e) I
min
= 0 if I
1
I
2
= I
0
26. Youngs double slit experiment
(a) Phase difference, =
2
(S
2
P S
1
P) =
2
x path difference
(b) A = 2a
0
cos (/2) and I 4I
0
cos
2
(/2)
(c) Position of nth fringe on the screen:
(i) for bright fringe,
d
nD
x
n
=
(ii) for dark fringe,
( )
d 2
D 1 n 2
x
n
=
27. Fringe width:
(a) Linear fringe width, =
d
D
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(b) Angular fringe width, =
d
(c)
liquid
=
liquid
air
air
or
liquid
=
liquid
air
air
(d)
water
=
4
3
air
28. When a thin shit is introduced in the path of one of the interfering waves:
(a) (1) t = n
(b) Shift of the central fringe =
( )
1 t
29. Fringe visibility: V =
min max
min max
I I
I I
30. Frensels biprism:
(a) d = 2a (1) ; (b) d = (d
1
d
2
)
(c) = (D/d); (d) d
liquid
< d
air
, for example, d
water
= d
air
/4
(e)
liquid
>
air
;
liquid
=
air
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
1
g
g
31. Newtons rings:
(a) Diameter of nth dark fringe, D
n
= (4nR)
(b) =
pR 4
D D
2
n
2
p n
+
and
2
n
2
p n
2
n
2
p n
' D ' D
D D
=
+
+
32. Thin films: For reflected light
2t cos r = n (Dark fringe)
2t cos r = (n
2
1
) (Bright fringe)
33. Diffraction:
(a) a sin = n (a = width of slit)
(b) Half angular width of central maxima, = sin
1
(/a)
(c) Intensity distribution of the screen I = I
0
2
sin
|
|
.
|
\
|
where, =
D
y a
and I
0
= Intensity at central point of screen
(d) Limit of resolution of telescope: =
a
22 . 1
(e) Resolving power of telescope =
=
22 . 1
a 1
34. Spherical mirrors:
(a) Focal length: = (R/2)
(b) Mirror formula:
u
1
v
1 1
+ =
(c) Newtons formula:
2
= xy (x and y are the distances of the object and image from the principal
focus respectively)
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(d) Linear magnification:
= = =
v
u u
v
o
I
m
(e) Longitudinal magnification:
2
2
u
v
m =
35. Spherical lenses:
(c) A single spherical surface:
(i)
( )
R u v
1 2 1 2
=
u/
/ v
2
(d) Lens Makers formula:
(i) ( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
1 2
1
1 2 1
1
2 1
2
R
1
R
1
u v
or,
R
1
R
1
1
1
[When medium is same on both sides of the lens]
(ii)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 3
1
1 2 1
2
3
R R u v
[When different medium exist on two sides of the lens]
(e) Biconvex or biconcave lens of the same radii for two surfaces:
( )
R
2
1 1
=
(f) Linear magnification:
u
v
u
v
O
I
m
+
= = =
(g) Power of lens: P=
1
(h) Lenses in contact:
(i) ;
1 1 1
2 1
+
(ii) P = P
1
+ P
2
(iii) For lenses separated by a distance d =
2 1 2 1
d 1 1 1
(i) Achromatic lens combinations: Condition of achromatism,
y y
'
'
36. Silvering at one surface:
(a)
( )
R
1 - 2
2 1 1 1
F
1
m
=
l l l
R
Fig. 1
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(b)
( )
R
n 2
R
2
R
2
1 2
F
1
m
= +
1
=
=
l
(c) ( )
2 2 1 m
R
2
R
1
R
1
2
1 2
F
1
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ 1 =
=
l
37. Optical Instruments
(a) Astronomical Telescope:
(i) For normal adjustment: m =
e
0
(ii) For nearpoint adjustment: m = |
.
|
\
|
+
D
1
e
e
0
(b) Simple Microscope:
(i) For normal adjustment: m =
D
(ii) For nearpoint adjustment = m = 1+
D
(c) Compound Microscope:
(i) For normal adjustment: m =
e 0
0
D
u
v
(ii) For nearpoint adjustment: m =
+
e 0
0
D
1
u
v
I do not ask to walk smooth paths, nor bear an easy load.
I pray for strength and fortitude to climb rock-strewn road.
Give me such courage I can scale the hardest peaks alone,
And transform every stumbling block into a stepping-stone.
Gail Brook Burkett
R
Fig. 2
R
2
Fig. 3
R
1
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MODERN PHYSICS
CATHODE RAYS AND POSITIVE RAYS
1. Cathode rays
(a) Thomson identified cathode rays as an electron beam.
(b) Specific charge q/m as measured by Thomson is: (q/m) = 1.759 x 10
11
Coulomb/Kg
2. Positive rays
(a) Positive rays were discovered by Goldstein.
(b) (q/m) for positive rays is much less than that of electrons.
3. Motion of charge particle through electric field (Field to initial velocity)
(a) The path is parabolic: y = (qE/2mu
2
)x
2
(b) The time spent in the electric field: t = (L/u)
(c) The ycomponent of velocity acquired: v
y
= (qEL/mu)
(d) The angle at which particle emerges out tan = qEL/mu
2
(e) The displacement in y-direction, when the particle emerges out of the field: y
1
=(qEL
2
/2mu
2
)
(f) The displacement on the screen = Y = (qELD/mu
2
)
4. Motion of charged particle through magnetic field (Field to initial velocity)
(a) The path is circular with radius: r = (mu/qB)
(b) Momentum of the particle: p = qBr
(c) The deflection on the screen: X = (qBLD/mu)
5. Mass spectrographs
(a) Thomsons mass spectrograph
(i) Traces on the screen are parabolic in nature
(ii) Inner parabola corresponding to heavy M white outer parabola to light M.
(iii) The upper portion of parabola is due to small v ions, while lower portion is due to high v ions.
(iv) Only v = ions can reach vertex of parabola.
(v) Equation of parabola: X
2
= (B
2
LD/E) (q/M) Y = K (q/M) Y
(b) Brain bridge mass spectrograph
(i) Velocity selector: v = (E/B)
(ii) Other relations: r = (Mv/qB) = (ME/qBB) (whre B is the magnetic field in dome);
d =2r; (d
2
d
1
) (M
2
M
1
) ; M
1
: M
2
= d
1
: d
2
[where d
1
and d
2
are the
distances of traces 1 and 2 from the slit S
2
of velocity selector].
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PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
6. Threshold frequency: v
0
=
h
W
h
function Work
=
7. Threshold wavelength:
0
=
W
hc
hv
hc
v
c
0 0
= =
(To calculate
0
, use hc = 1240 (eV) (nm) = 1.24 x 10
6
eV) (m)
8. Maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons
(a) K
max
=
2
1
mv
2
max
= eV
0
(b) K
max
= hv W = h (v v
0
) = hc
|
|
.
|
\
|
0
1 1
9. Slope of (V
0
v) graph =
e
h
10. Energy, momentum and mass of a photon
(a) Rest mass of photon = 0 (b) E = hv =
hc
(c) p =
=
h
c
E
(d) m =
=
c
h
c
E
2
11. Number of photons:
(a) number of photons per sec per m
2
, n
p
=
( )
v h
Watt/m Intensity
2
(b) number of photons incident per second, n
p
=
( )
hv
Watt Power
(c) number of electrons emitted per second = (efficiency of surface) x number of photons incident per
second.
12. Compton wavelength:
(a)
c
=
C m
h
0
=2.426 pm
(b) Change in wavelenth, ( ) =
c
(1 cos )
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ATOMIC STRUCTURE
13. Rutherfords particle scattering
(a) N() cosec
4
(/2)
(b) Impact parameter, b =
( ) ( )
( ) E 4
2 cot Ze
2
0
/
, (where E =
2
1
mu
2
= KE of the particle)
14. Distance of closest approach: r
0
( )E 4
Ze 2
2
0
= (where E =
2
1
mu
2
= KE of the
particle)
15. Bohrs atomic model
(a) L = mvr =
2
nh
(b) hv = E
i
= E
f
=
hc
(c) Radius of nth orbit:
(i) r
n
,
Z
n
2
(ii) r
n
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
2 2
2 2
ke m 4
h
Z
n
(iii) Bohrs radius: a
0
= (h
2
/4
2
mke
2
) = 0.529
(iv) Ratio of radii: r
1
:r
2
: r
3
= 1 : 4 : 9 ; r
N
:
r
He
+
:
r
Li
++
= 1 :
3
1
:
2
1
= 6 : 3 : 1
(d) Velcotiy of electron in nth orbit:
(i) v
n
= c
n
Z
137
c
n
Z
= |
.
|
\
|
(where = = =
137
1
h c
Ke 2
2
fine structures constant)
(ii) v
1
: v
2
; v
3
= 1 :
3
1
:
2
1
= 6 : 3 : 2
(iii) v
1
= velocity of electron is 1
st
orbit of Hatom = (c/137)
(e) Total energy of electron:
(i) Potential energy, U = (kZe
2
/r)
(ii) K =
2
1
mv
2
= (kZe
2
/2r)
(iii) E = K + U = (kZe
2
/2r) = (U/2) = K
(iv) K = (U/2) or U = 2K = 2E
(v) E
n
=
2
2
n
Z 6 . 13
eV =
2
2
n
Z
J
n
Z 10 x 2.18
h
e k m 2
2
2 -18
2
4 2
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
(f) Ionization energy = E
1
= + (13.6Z
2
)eV
(i) For Hatom, I.E. = 13.6 eV
(ii) For He
+
ion, I.E = 54.4 eV
(iii) For Li
++
ion, I.E. = 122.4 eV
(g) Ionization potential:
(i) For Hatom, I.P. = 13.6 V
(ii) For He
+
ion, I.P. = 54.42
(h) Series formula (wave number 1/ = v
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n
1
n
1
RZ
1
2
2
2
1
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
where
1 - 7
3
4 2
m 10 x 097 . 1
h c
e k m 2
R =
=
2
(i) Series formula for Hatom
(i) Lyman series: = |
.
|
\
|
=
...... 4, 3, 2, n ,
n
1
1 R
1
2
(ii) Balmer series: = |
.
|
\
|
=
5.... 4, 3, n ,
n
1
2
1
R
1
2 2
(iii) Paschen series: = |
.
|
\
|
=
6.... 5, 4, n ,
n
1
3
1
R
1
2 2
(iv) Brackett series: ,
n
1
4
1
R
1
2 2
|
.
|
\
|
=
n = 5, 6, 7.
(v) Pfund series: 8 7, 6, n ,
n
1
5
1
R
1
2 2
= |
.
|
\
|
=
.
(j) Series limits (
min
)
(i) Lyman:
min
= 912
(ii) Balmer:
min
= 3645
(iii) Paschen:
min
= 8201
16. Number of emission lines from excited state n = n(n1)/2
17. Time period of revolution
(a) T
n
(n
3
/Z
2
) ; (b) T
1
= 1.5 x 10
16
sec ; (c) T
1
: T
2
: T
3
= 1 : 8 : 27
18. Frequency of revolution
(a) v
n
(Z
2
/n
3
); (b) v
1
= 6.6 x 10
15
Hz ; (c) v
1
: v
2
: v
3
= 1 :
27
1
:
8
1
19. Current due to orbital motion
(a) I
n
(Z
2
/n
3
) ; (b) I
1
= 1 mA
20. Magnetic field at nucleus due to orbital motion of electron
(a) B
n
(Z
3
/n
5
) ; (b) B
1
= 12.5 Tesla
21. Magnetic moment:
(a) M
n
= (eL/2m) = (nhe/4m);
(b) M
1
= (eh/4m) =
B
= Bohr Magneton = 9.27 x 10
24
Am
2
22. Magnitude of angular momentum: L = [l(l+1)] (h/2)
23. Angle of angular momentum vector from zaxis
(a) cos = [m
l
{l(l+1)}]; (b) the least angle is for ml = l i.e. cos min = [l/{l(l+1})]
24. Magnitude of spin angular momentum
S = [s (s+1)] (h/2) =
2
3
(h/2)
XRAYS
25. Continuous Xrays:
(a) v
max
= (eV/h) ; (b)
min
= (hc/eV) = (12400/V)
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26. Characterictic Xrays:
(a)
K
<
L
<
M
; (b) v
K
> v
L
> v
M
27. Frequency of K
line : v (K
) =
4
cR 3
(Z1)
2
= 2.47 x 10
15
(Z1)
2
28. Wavelength of K
line: (K
) = [4/3R(Z1)
2
] = [1216/(Z1)
2
]
29. Energy of K
) = 10.2 (Z1)
2
eV
30. Mosleys law:
(a) v = a (Zb)
2
, where a = (3cR/4) = 2.47 x 10
5
Hz
(b) For K
line, b = 1; (c) v Z
31. Braggs law: 2d sin = n
32. Absorption formula: I = I
0
e
x
33. Halfvalue thickness: x
1/2
= (0.693/)
MATTER WAVES
34. For photons:
(a) E = hv = (hc/) ;
(b) p = (hv/c) = (E/c) = (h/) ;
(c) m = (E/c
2
) = (hv/c
2
) = h/c
(d) rest mass = 0, charge = 0, spin = 1 (h/2)
35. Matter waves:
(a) de Broglie wavelength,
V q m 2
h
E m 2
h
mv
h
p
h
= = = = ] qV mv E [
2
2
1
= = Q
(b) (i) For electron
e
=
V
27 . 12
(ii) For proton,
p
=
V
286 . 0
(iii) For alpha particle
=
V
101 . 0
(c) For particle at temperature T : |
.
|
\
|
=
3
= kT
2
3
E
KT m
h
(i) For neutron or proton: = (25.2/T) [if E = (3/2) kT, average energy]
but =
T
8 . 30
[if E = kT, most probable energy]
(d) The wavelength of electron accelerated by potential difference of V volts is:
e
=
v
27 . 12
Hence, accelerating potential required for obtaining de Broglie wavelength for as electron is:
volt
6 . 150
V
2
e
=
(e) Condition for obtaining stable orbit: 2r
n
= n
(f) The phase velocity of a de Broglie wave of wavelength and frequency v is
. c v i.e.
v
c
v m
h
x
h
mc
mv
h
x
h
v v
p
2 2
p
> = =
= =
(g) Group velocity, v
g
= (d/dk). It is found that group velocity is equal to particle velocity i.e., v
g
= v
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RADIOACTIVITY
36. Decay law: (a) (dN/dt) = N ; (b) N = N
0
e
t
; (c) (N/N
0
) = (1/2)
t/T
37. Half life and decay constant:
(a)
( )
;
N
dN/dt
= (b) T = log
e
2 or T = (0.693/) or = (0.693/T)
38. Mean life:
(a) = (1/) or =(1/); (b) T = 0.693 or = 1.443 T
39. Activity:
(a) R = |dN/dt| ; (b) R = N ; (c) R = R
0
e
t
; (d) (R/R
0
) = (1/2)
t/T
;
(e) 1 Becquerel = 1 dps ; (f) 1 curie = 1 ci = 3.7 x 10
10
dps;
(g) 1 Rutherford = 1Rd = 10
6
Rd = 10
6
dps
40. Decay of active mass:
(a) m = m
0
e
t
; (b) (m/m
0
) = (1/2)
t/T
; (c) N =
A
m x 10 x 023 . 6
23
41. Radioactive equilibrium: N
A
A
= N
B
B
42. Decay constant for two channels: (a) =
1
+
2
; (b) T =
2 1
2 1
T T
T T
+
43. Gamma intensity absorption: (a) I = I
0
e
x
; (b) Half value thickness, x
1/2
= (0.693/)
NUCLEAR PHYSICS
44. Atomic mass unit: (a) 1 amu = 1.66 x 10
27
kg ; (b) 1 amu 1u 931.5 MeV
45. Properties of nucleus
(a) Radius: R = R
0
A
1/3
where R
0
= 1.2 fermi
(b) Volume: V A
= = A R
3
4
R
3
4
V
3
0
3
Q
(c) Density: = 2.4 x 10
17
Kg/m
3
( is independent of A)
46. Mass defect: M = Zm
p
+ (AZ) m
n
M
47. Packing fraction: = /A = mass excess per nucleon [ = M = mass excess]
48. Binding energy: E = BE = (M)c
2
49. Binding energy per ncuelon:
(a) BEN = (BE/A);
(b) BEN for Helium = 7.1 MeV/nucleon
(c) BEN for Deuterium = 1.1 MeV/nucleon
ELECTRONICS
50. Richarson equation
(a) J = AT
2
e
W/KT
where A = 60 x 10
4
A/K
2
m
2
(b) J = AT
2
e
11600 W/T
[ K = Boltzmanns constant = 1.38 x 10
23
J/K = 8.62 x 10
5
eV/K
Hence, 1/K = 11600 kelvin/eV]
(c) I = AT
2
Se
W/KT
Formula Booklet Physics XII
QUEST - Power Coaching for IITJEE
1, Vigyan Vihar, Near Anand Vihar, Delhi 92. Ph: 55270275, 55278916
E-16/289, Sector 8, Rohini, Delhi 85, Ph: 55395439, 30911585
36
51. Childs law: I
p
= KV
p
3/2
[K = constant of proportionality]
52. Diode resistance
(a) Static plate resistance: (i) R
p
= (V
p
/ I
p
); (ii) R
p
V
p
1/2
(iii) R
p
I
3 / 1
p
(b) Dynamic plate resistance: (i) r
p
= (V
p
/ I
p
); (ii) r
p
v
2 / 1
p
; (iii) r
p
I .
3 / 1
p
53. Triode Constants:
(a) r
p
=
constant V
p
p
g
I
V
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
; (b) g
m
= ;
V
I
t tan cons V
g
p
p
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
(c) =
consant I
g
p
p
V
V
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
; (d) = r
p
x g
m
; (e) r
p
I
p
1/3
; (f) g
m
I
p
1/3
54. Plate current equation: I
p
= K
2 / 3
p
g
V
V
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
55. Cut off voltage: V
g
= (V
p
/)
56. Triode as an amplifier:
(a) I
p
= (V
g
/R
L
+ r
p
); (b) A = (R
L
/R
L
+ r
p
)
(c) A
max
= ; (d) = A ;
R
r
1
L
p
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ (e) A = /2 if R
L
= r
p
57. Conductivity of semi conductors
(a) Intrinsic: (i) = e (n
e
e
+ n
h
h
) ; (ii)
KT 2 / E
g
e
0
=
(b) Extrinsic: (i) ntype : = en
e
e
; (ii) ptype : = en
h
h
58. Transistor:
(a) I
E
= I
C
+ I
B
(I
B
<< I
E
, I
B
<< I
C
)
(b) Current gains:
(c) Relation between and : =
=
+ 1
1
or
( )
( )
B
C
ac
B
C
C
ac
E
C
I
I
,
I
ii
I
, i