gamocdili

maswavlebeli
jon safieri
robert goueri

ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

Tbilisi
2010

gamocdili maswavlebeli: swavlebis unarebis ganviTareba. jon safieri, robert goveri, me-5 gamocema

The Skillful Teacher: Building Your Teaching Skills. Jon Saphier, Robert Gower, 5th Ed.

es wigni mraval kolejSi pedagogikis Seswavlis standarti gaxda. misi avtorebi novatori da gamocdili
pedagogebi arian. gamocdili maswavlebeli swavlebis Sesaxeb codnis bazis unikaluri sinTezia, sadac
swavlebis strategiebi morgebulia moswavleTa saWiroebebze. wigni erTgvari praqtikuli gzamkvlevia
maswavleblisTvis romlis mizani swavlebis unar-Cvevebis gaRrmavebaa. masSi Teoria da praqtika Serwymulia da
fokusirebulia saklaso oTaxis 18 mniSvnelovan sferoze. Tanamedrove skolebisTvis araferia imaze arsebiTi,
vidre maswavlebeli Tavisi rwmeniTa da SesaZleblobebiT. maswavleblis ostatoba gavlenas axdens aramarto
moswavlis warmatebaze, mis qulebze, aramed moswavlis mier warmatebisa da keTildReobis gancdazec.

wignis Targmani dafinansda saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis saministros programiT - `sauniversiteto

saxelmZRvaneloebis ganviTareba~ da ilias saxelmwifo universitetis mier. wigni momzadda ilias saxelmwifo
universitetis mier.

pirveli qarTuli gamocema saavtoro ufleba

ISBN 978-9941-9116-6-8

ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

qaquca ColoyaSvilis 3/5, Tbilisi 0162, saqarTvelo
Ilia State University Press
3/5 K. Cholokashvili Ave., Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia

Sinaarsi

Sesavali
Tavi 1 Sesavali

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13

menejmenti
Tavi 2 yuradReba
Tavi 3 tempi
Tavi 4 sivrce
Tavi 5 dro
Tavi 6 rutina
Tavi 7 disciplina

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instruqcia
Tavi 8 sicxade
Tavi 9 swavlis principebi
Tavi 10 swavlebis modelebi

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motivacia
Tavi 11 molodinebi
Tavi 12 pirovnul urTierTobaTa damyareba
Tavi 13 saklaso garemo
saswavlo gegma
Tavi 14 miznebi
Tavi 15 swavlis gamocdileba
Tavi 16 Sefaseba
Tavi 17 saswavlo gegmis Seqmna
Tavi 18 saboloo miznebi
Tavi 19 farTod gaRebuli WiSkari
Tavi 20 maswavleblis Sexedulebebi
indeqsi

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gamocdili maswavlebeliI

Sesavali
es wigni maswavleblebis dasaxmareblad davwereT. gvsurda maT swavlebis unar-Cvevebis
meti gamocdileba SeeZinaT. Cveni faseulobebi naTelia. Cveni azriT, kargi skolisaTvis mravali ram aris mniSvnelovani: saswavlo gegma, mSobelTa CarTuloba, sufTa, usafrTxo Senoba. Tumca umniSvnelovanesi maswavlebelia, misi codna, Sexedulebebi da SesaZleblobebi.
yvelaferi, TiTqmis yvelaferi, rasac vakeTebT emsaxureba maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierTobis xelSewyobas da saswavlo garemos, romelsac maswavleblebi arsebuli resursebiT
uqmnian moswavleebs.
Cven gvjera, rom maswavleblis unar-Cvevebs SeuZlia Secvalos ara marto moswavlis testirebis qulebi (ramdenad mniSvnelovanic ar unda iyos), aramed miRwevebiT kmayofilebisa
da keTildReobis gancdac. imis Tqma rodi gvsurs, rom unars yvela sxva adamianuri Tvisebis
Secvla SeuZlia; magram darwmunebuli varT, rom maswavleblis saqmianoba moswavleTaTvis
gamocdilebis wyaroa da amitom es saqmianoba ostaturi unda iyos.
swavlebis Cveneuli kvleva wignSi sami ZiriTadi koncefciis mixedviT aris warmodgenili:
sisrule, repertuari da Sesabameba.
1. sisrule miuTiTebs Cven mier swavlebis, rogorc mTlianobis gagebaze. Cven im dRis
dadgomas veswrafiT, rodesac vityviT, `es is sferoebia, risganac swavleba Sedgeba.
Tu es sferoebi gecodineba swavlebis yvela instumenti Cvens xelT iqneba~.
2. repertuari im faqts asaxavs, rom swavlebis nebismieri sferos samarTavad maswavlebels ramdenime gza aqvs. repertuari is koncefciaa, romelic sxvadasxva situaciebSi strategiaTa da qcevaTa mravalferovani strategiebis SemuSavebas gvaiZulebs.
3. Sesabameba gvaiZulebs vifiqroT, ra qcevis arCeva iqneba upriani repertuaridan
situaciis, jgufis Tu individualuri moswavlisaTvis.
wignis struqtura am sami ideis garSemo trialebs. swavlebis yoveli axali sferos gansazRvrisa da aRwerisas, Cven mas SesaZlo alternativaTa WrilSi ganvixilavT. Semdeg Sesabamis
alternativas SevarCevT da vnaxavT, ra viciT am alternativis Sesaxeb.
wignis struqtura swavlebis Sesatyvis Zalze specifikur qcevaTa da situaciaTa simravleze avageT da, Sesabamisad, is sasargeblo unda iyos rogorc TviTganviTarebis, kadrebis
marTvis, zedamxedvelobis da maswavleblis Sefasebis instrumenti. Teoria uSualod praqtikasTan aris dakavSirebuli. uxvi magaliTebi swavlebis aRwerili qcevis ilustracias emsaxureba. imedi gvaqvs, rom am gziT mkiTxveli ufro srulad da zustad SeZlebs sakuTari (an sxva
maswavleblis) swavlebis gagebas; da rac ufro mniSvnelovania, is SeZlebs sakuTari saqmianobis kontrols miznis miRwevisa da moswavleTa moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.

winasityvaoba me-5 gamocemisaTvis

wina gamocemebis mkiTxvelebi SeamCneven, rom mravali Tavi ganaxlebuli da gavrcobilia,
es gansakuTrebiT exeba Tavebs sicxadisa da molodinis Sesaxeb. damatebulia axali Tavebi
saklaso garemosa da Sefasebis Sesaxeb, rac Cvens profesiul codnaSi maTi mniSvnelobis amsaxvelia.
mimdinare kvleva im Tavebis ganaxlebas edeba safuZvlad, romelTa Sesaxeb Cveneuli codnis struqtura ar Secvlila, Tumca gaRrmavda. mkiTxveli wignSi iseT monakveTebsac ixilavs,
roca damowmeba 1970-iani wlebiT xdeba. amis mizezi codnis moZveleba an zogierTi Tavis ga-

gamocdili maswavlebeli

naxlebisaTvis Cveni mondomebis nakleboba rodia! es is situaciebia, rodesac codnis mniSvnelovanma sferoebma dakarga miziduloba da iSviaTad Tu Seiswavleba, Tumca swavlebasa
da swavlaSi mniSvnelovan cvladebad rCeba. erT-erTi magaliTia moswavleTa gamocdilebis
struqtura arCevanisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis Sesaxeb (ix. Tavi `swavlis gamocdileba~).
miuxedavad mkvlevarTaTvis yavlgasulobisa, struqturis moswavleebisaTvis morgebis codnas SeuZlia Tavisi wvlili Seitanos warmatebul swavlaSi.
viciT, rom gamocdil maswavleblebs uzarmazari individualuri praqtikuli codna aqvT
sakuTari sagnis swavlebisa da swavlebis gansxvavebuli saWiroebis bavSvebisadmi misadagebis
Sesaxeb (Edwards 1994).1 skolebSi Cveni ZiriTadi saqme iyo maswavleblebs, TanamSromlur
garemoSi, erTobliv muSaobaSi davxmarebodiT, Camogveyalibebina jgufebi da gvewarmoebina
erToblivi kvleva. es maswavleblis SesaZleblobis gazrdis gzaa, romelic pirdapir aisaxeba
moswavleTa warmatebebze swavlaSi.
maswavlebelTa individualuri praqtikuli codna skolis gaumjobesebis mZlavri gamouyenebeli resursia. is droisa da sivrcis uxilav sistematizirebas moiTxovs: magaliTad,
maswavlebelTa yovelTviuri Sekreba konkretul Temaze `gakveTilebis gasaSalaSineblad~.2
specialistTa jgufi (maswavleblebi) amuSavebs gakveTilis progresul versias, awarmoebs
eqsperiments da urTierTdakvirvebas da saboloo Sedegs warudgens kolegebs. amrigad, yvela
maswavlebeli mogebuli rCeba kolegebis nafiqralisa da warmoebuli aqtiuri eqsperimentebis Sedegad. amgvari TanamSromlobis Sedegad miRebuli gakveTilebi daxvewili da efeqtiania; isini maswavlebelTa mowonebas imsaxurebs da yoveli maTganisaTvis misawvdomi xdeba.
avTentur Sefasebaze momuSave maswavlebelTa jgufebi aseve dinamikuri profesiuli saswavlo gamocdilebis wyaroa, romlis safuZveli maTive individualuri praqtikuli codnaa.
cxadia isic, rom TviT pedagogikaSi sajaro codnis bazis arsebobisa da sirTulis auRiareblobis gamo, maswavlebelTa yoveli Taoba iZulebulia Tavidan gamoigonos es codna;
umravlesoba mTeli saqmianobis ganmavlobaSi ver axerxebs aTobiT im mZlavri instrumentisa
da midgomis aRmoCenas, romelsac arsebuli codnis wyalobiT gamoiyenebda. imedi gvaqvs, rom
es wigni arsebuli situaciis gamosworebisaken gadadgmuli nabiji iqneba.
swavleba rTuli saqmianobaa, romelic maRali donis azrovnebas, gadawyvetilebis miRebas da mravali alternativis Camoyalibebas, ganxilvasa da Sefasebas moiTxovs. azrovneba
da gadawyvetilebis miReba maswavleblis rolis ZiriTadi koncefciebia. informirebuli
gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, gvWirdeba asarCev alternativaTa (gansakuTrebiT, gamocdil
alternativaTa) sruli nakrebi. gvWirdeba sistematuri profesiuli ganaTleba, romelic
droTa ganmavlobaSi Cvens yuradRebas arsebul alternativebs miapyrobs da maTi gamoyenebis
swavlas SegvaZlebinebs. Sedegad Cven SevZlebT gadawyvetilebis miRebas maswavlebliseuli
codnis ori ZiriTadi wyarodan: (1) individualuri da kolegebis praqtikuli codna da (2)
sferoSi dagrovili sajaro pedagogiuri codnis baza. `gamocdili maswavlebeli~ am meore
wyaros strategiaTa da midgomaTa repertuaris, romelsac sajaro pedagogiuri codnis
baza moicavs organizebisa da yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomobis mcdelobaa.
swavlis mdidari resursebis xelmisawvdomoba swavlis garantias ar gvaZlevs. amitom am
axal gamocemaSi ori axali Tavi daemata maswavlebliseuli swavlis Sesaxeb. me-19 TavSi Camoyalibebulia optimaluri pirobebi imisaTvis, rom maswavlebelma iswavlos. aq mocemulia
iseTi dilemebi, rogoricaa balansi maswavleblis avtonomiasa da skolis erTobas Soris, administratorTa liderobasa da maswavlebelTa mesakuTreobis grZnobas Soris. me-20 TavSi
ganxilulia maswavlebelTa is Sexedulebebi, romelic vrceldeba maT samuSaoze, moswav1 Edwards, John. `Thinking, Education and Human Potential`. In J. Edwards, ed., Thinking: International Interdisciplinary Perspectives.
Melbourne: Hawker Brownlow, Education, 1994.)
2 Steven, Harold W., and Stigler, James W. The Learning Gap. New York: Summit Books, 1992

gamocdili maswavlebeliI

leebze da maTive profesiul ganviTarebaze. am Sexedulebebs didi gavlena aqvs winsvlis,

swavlisa da mondomebis maswavlebliseul mzaobaze. zogierTi kolega gvarwmunebda, rom es
Tavi wignis pirvel Tavad gveqcia, radgan is Cveni konstituciis, rwmenTa Cvenive nakrebis
gamoZaxilia. SesaZloa isini marTlebi iyvnen. amjerad mas bolo Tavad davtovebT, radgan is
wignis Sejamebasac emsaxureba. is adasturebs faseulobaTa pirovnuli `kompasebis~ gadamwyvet rols Cveneuli swavlebis bunebasa da mimarTulebaSi.

gamocdili maswavlebeliI

madlierebis niSnad
wigni, romelic didi moculobis informaciis sinTezirebas cdilobs, rogorc wesi, mravali avtorisa da moazrovnis winaSe valSia xolme. yoveli Tavis bolos mocemuli bibliografia mianiSnebs im individebze, romlebmac gavlena moaxdines Cvens naazrevze.
gansakuTrebiT madlierebi varT bruklinis, kembrijis, karlailis, konkordis da niutonis (masaCusetsi) ganaTlebis muSakebis, romelTa monawileobam dakvirvebaTa monacemebis
safuZvelze Cvens adreul kvlevaSi wignis struqturis formirebaSi Seitana wvlili. kerZod, jini Calmersma, suzan-jo raselma, suzan stuartma da raisa uaiThedma TavianTi saklaso
oTaxebis karebi gagviRes da swavlebis Sesaxeb mravali mniSvnelovani diskusia Caatares. kim
marSalis detaluri kritika dagvexmara wina gamocemis redaqtirebaSi da ufro gasagebi, Jargonisagan Tavisufali gaxada Txroba. fasdaudebeli daxmareba gagviwia ronald bartmac.
uzomod madlierebi varT Research for Better Teaching-is gundis kolegebisa da konsultantebis: luiza tompsonis, meri en haleis, aleqsanrd pletis, paula ruTerfordis, fren prolmanis, debora ridis, greg qaidris, ken Capmenis, sandra snuperis, marsia buTis da karolina
tripis. maT erTgvarad `gafiltres~ TavianTi olqis skolebis maswavleblebisa da administratorebis SeniSvnebi da rCevebi. amgvarma ukukavSirma wignis Sinaarsi srulyo da sicxade
Semata. aseve Zalze waadga wigns ramdenime Tavis kritikuli wakiTxva da redaqtireba, romelic ostaturad Seasrules: pegi maknil makmulenma, luiza tompsonma, fren prolmanma, lin
stuartma, bena kalikma, art kostam da bob garmstonma.
Sida samuSaoebis Sesrulebis process ostaturad uZRvebodnen meri degarmo, evelin
ford-qonorsi, debora ridi da roberta sprengi. meri degarmom uTvalavi dro dauTmo
wignze muSaobis process da erTgvari esTetikuri grZnoba Semata am procesis yovel safexurs. fasdaudebelia misi Tavdadeba am proeqtisadmi. madloblebi varT axali gamocemis redaqtoris beverli mileris xarisxianad Sesrulebuli samuSaosaTvis, aseve jon da qristina
gleidebis wina gamocemebSi redaqtoruli da dizaineruli wvlilisaTvis. didad vafasebT
elizabet parsonis wvlils am gamocemis saxelTa saZieblis SeqmnaSi.
dabolos, gansakuTrebuli madloba gvsurs vuTxraT Cvens colebs da ojaxebs maTi mudmivi mxardaWerisaTvis da im muSaobis mkacri grafikis gagebisaTvis, romelic swavlebis ganviTarebas emsaxureboda.

gamocdili maswavlebeliI

avtorTa Sesaxeb
jon safieri Research for Better Teaching Inc.-is swavlebis sakiTxebis Semswavleli organizaciis damfuZnebeli da aRmasrulebeli direqtoria. is zedamxedvelobis, Sefasebis,
kadrebis marTvisa da skolis kulturis sakiTxebSi saqveynod aRiarebuli konsultantia. aTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi is dawyebiTi klasebisa da sabazo skolis maswavlebeli iyo. aseve gaxldaT
qalaqis didi saskolo sistemis gundis lideri, kadrebis mmarTveli, universitetis leqtori
da axalbeda maswavleblebis zedamxedveli. 1980 wlidan doqtori safieri saskolo olqebSi
swavlebis gaumjobesebis grZelvadiani proeqtebis konsultantia.
bob goveri ganaTlebis magistraturis ganaTlebis profesoria masaCusetsSi, louelis
universitetSi, sadac sadoqtoro programis `lideroba skolaSi~ - mrCevelia. is sajaro
da kerZo skolebis maswavlebeli, direqtori, msxvili kompiuteruli kompaniis treningis
menejeri da sajaro skolebis konsultanti iyo. amJamad doqtori goveri bostonis saskolo
kadrebis marTvisa da ganviTarebis grZelvadian proeqtebSi monawileobs.
rogor dagvyavs cnobierebis donemde is faqti, rom Tqvenc da mec swavlebis unar-Cvevebs
yoveldRiurad viyenebT? ver gadavcemT imas, rac gacnobierebuli ara gvaqvs, rac intuiciuria. treningis dros maswavleblebs veubnebodi, `uyureT ras vakeTeb da Semdeg Tavad gaakeTeT~. aRmovaCine, rom maswavleblebma Cemi yvela mavne Cveva gadaiRes da ugulebelyves is,
rac yvelaze Rirebuli iyo gakveTilze, radgan naTlad ar Camovuyalibe saTqmeli.
madelin hanteri
zedamxedvelobisa da kurikulumis ganviTarebis asociacia
erovnuli konferencia
hiustoni 1977

saqmianobis (praqtikis) gageba TviT saqmianobis erTaderTi umTavresi winapiroba da

profesionalis `xarisxis niSania~.
ronald barti
`swavlebis principi da profesia~
swavlebis profesiis kaliforniis komisiisaTvis momzadebuli naSromi
aprili, 1985

11

1
Sesavali
ra aris unari swavlebaSi?
yvelaferi, rac swavlebis
Sesaxeb gainteresebT
swavlebis parametrebi
wignis struqtura
wignis gamoyeneba

Sesavali
mindoda mcodnoda, ras risgan vmijnavdi.
robert frosti `kedlis ageba~

ra aris unari swavlebaSi?

wavleba urTulesi saqmianobaa. Cven, rogorc maswavleblebs, moswavleebsa da swavlebis

mkvlevarebs, gvaSinebs swavlebisa da swavlis amocanis mravlismomcveloba. kargi maswavlebloba sxva mraval TvisebasTan erTad erTad mzrunvelobasac gulisxmobs. kargi
pedagogi daxelovnebuli praqtikosia, daxelovnebuli konkretul specifikur saqmianobaSi. gamocdileba niSnavs, rom adamians SeuZlia raRac iseTis keTeba, risi danaxvac SeiZleba;
rom sxvadasxva individi sxvadasxva donis unarebs avlens; da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, SegiZlia
iswavlo, rogor gaxde gamocdili da ar Sewyvito winsvla.
maswavlebeli gamocdili ar ibadeba, is yalibdeba. gamocdil maswavleblebs aqvT unari,
romelsac iyeneben, Cven ki SegviZlia davakvirdeT saklaso oTaxSi maT saqmianobas da vnaxoT
raSi gamoixateba maTi ostatoba. mravali maTgans ar aqvs sakuTari saqmianobis amsaxveli
terminebi an koncefciebi. maT ubralod ician, ra gaakeTon da saqmes Zaldautaneblad da
bunebrivad, SeiZleba iTqvas, intuiciiT akeTeben. CvenTvis es Zaldautanebloba aracnobieri, avtomaturi, e.w. `Sinagani (tacit) codnaa~ (Michael Polanyi, 1966). am saxis codnis nakli
is gaxlavT, rom is mxolod erTeulebs aqvT da ara rogorc
RvTis wyaloba, aramed droTa ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva gziT
maswavlebeli gamocdili ar
SeZenili. maT ar SeuZliaT am codnis gadacema, radgan ar Seuibadeba, is yalibdeba.
ZliaT sakuTari saqmianobis axsna.
ra Tqma unda, arseboben adamianebi, romlebic pedagogad
ar dabadebulan, iseve rogorc arseboben adamianebi, romlebsac avtomrbolelobis niWi da
unari dabadebidan ar dahyoliaT, zogierT maTgans veranairi varjiSiT ver SesZen am unars.
Tumca im adamianTa udides umravlesobas, romelic dabadebidan gzis grZnoba ar dahyolia,
SeiZleba avtomrboleloba vaswavloT; SeiZleba kompetenturi gavxadoT da TandaTan gavwafoT am saqmeSi.
am wignis ZiriTadi Tema pedagogiuri daostateba da am sakiTxisadmi Cveni damokidebulebaa.
Temis gaSlisas, gvsurs, aRvniSnoT, rom swavlebis Cveneuli koncefciidan calkeul mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs rodi ugulebelvyofT. Cven vafasebT TanamgrZnob pedagogs, romelmac
icis, rogor gaicinos, rogor uyvardes. daxelovneba ar ewinaaRmdegeba moazrovne, emociur
arsebad yofnas. Tumca am wignSi xazs vusvamT kargi maswavleblobis swored im komponents,
romelsac ostatoba hqvia. kargi swavleba gacilebiT metia, vidre unari, magram kargi maswavlebloba ar arsebobs unaris gareSe.
gamocdili maswavlebeli, Cveni azriT, is adamiania, romelmac kargad uwyis, ra rTul
saqmes aris SeWidebuli, cdilobs gaacnobieros da gaiazros sakuTari saqme. is saqmes imitom ki ar akeTebs, rom asea miRebuli an molodinis mixedviT swored ase unda gakeTdes da
ara sxvagvarad, aramed imitom, rom nafiqri aqvs da saukeTeso saqmed miaCnia. is arCevans alternativaTa repertuaridan akeTebs. mas surs ise akontrolos da areguliros swavleba, rom
dadebiTi gavlena hqondes moswavleebze, daiTanxmos isini sakuTari saqmianobis monitoringze, ukukavSirsa da sxvadasxva saqmianobis mosinjvaze.
gamocdil maswavlebels sjera, rom moswavleebi warmatebas miaRweven. Tu ase ar xdeba,
isini gadasinjaven xolme programebs, saswavlo gegmasa da sakuTar swavlebas da cdiloben
moswavleebs `moargon~.
gamocdil maswavlebels sizustec axasiaTebs: man zustad icis, ra unda aswavlos, ras niS-

15

Tavi 1

navs warmateba da rogor unda daexmaros moswavleebs warmatebis miRwevaSi. Tu arsebuli

gegma ver imuSavebs, is sxva gegmas SeimuSavebs, romelic teqnikurad aseve zusti da gamarTuli iqneba.
dabolos, gamocdili maswavlebeli `mudam moswavlea~ (Joyce, Clark, Peck, 1981). miuxedavad
Tavdajerebulobisa da kompetenturobisa, jiuti cnobismoyvareobiT mas mudmivi kavSiri
aqvs gare samyarosTan, kvlevebTan, kolegebTan. `ar vici, magram mudam vizrdebi, vimdidreb
codnasa da unarebs da vzrdi efeqtianobas~, gveubneba is. gamocdili maswavleblis es uSualoba da samyarosTan kavSiri profesionalizmis mniSvnelovani elementia.
amrigad, ra aris swavlebis unarebi da rogor SeiZleba maTi Camoyalibeba?

yvelaferi, rac swavlebis Sesaxeb gainteresebT

aris Tu ara qvemoT mocemuli is sakiTxebi, romelTa codna gsurT?
1. rogor mivaqcio da SevaCero moswavleTa yuradReba amocanaze? (yuradReba)
2. rogor SevinarCuno movlenaTa Tanabari, swrafi ganviTareba? (tempi)
3. rogor gamoviyeno zedmiwevniT efeqtianad saklaso oTaxis sivrce da aveji? (sivrce)
4. rogor davgegmo movlenebi da vareguliro grafiki, rom moswavleebs swavlisTvis
yvelaze nayofieri dro SevurCio? (dro)
5. romeli proceduruli rutinaa mniSvnelovani, rogor miviRo misgan maqsimaluri
sargebeli? (rutina)
6. rogor mivudge Zalze jiut moswavleebs? (disciplina)
7. rogor unda avxsna cxadad? (sicxade)
8. rogor gavxado gakveTilebi ufro mizanmimarTuli da efeqtiani? (swavlis principebi)
9. rogor vaswavlo azrovneba gakveTilebze? (swavlebis modelebi)
10. rogor gavagebino moswavleebs, rom `rasac vakeTebT, mniSvnelovania; rom maT amis
gakeTeba SeuZliaT da, rom sasurvel Sedegamde xels ar Cavaqnevineb~? (molodinebi)
11. rogor davamyaro kargi pirovnuli urTierToba moswavleebTan? (pirovnul ur
TierTobaTa damyareba)
12. rogor Sevqmna moswavleebisTvis CarTulobis, riskis gawevisa da Tanaziarobis klimati? (saklaso oTaxis garemo)
13. ra unda vaswavlo da rogor unda Camovayalibo miznebi? (miznebi)
14. rogor unda movergo moswavleTa swavlis sxvadasxva stils? (swavlis gamocdileba)
15. rogor gavigo, ra iswavla moswavlem? (Sefaseba)
16. rogor Sevqmna/mivusadago maqsimalurad efeqtiani saswavlo gegma? (saswavlo gegmis
Seqmna)
17. ra ZiriTadi Sedegis miRweva msurs Cemi moswavleebisgan? (miznebis dazusteba)
Tu am sakiTxebiT xarT dainteresebuli, SesaZloa, swored es wigni gWirdebaT. masSi zemoT
mocemul yovel kiTxvas (romelTac SemdgomSi avtori `sferodac~ moixseniebs. mTargmn. Sen.)
calke Tavi eZRvneba. isini yvela pedagogisTvis sasargebloa ganurCevlad asakisa, sagnisa Tu
klasisa. garkveulwilad, es kiTxvebi gansazRvraven swavlebas, TviT isini aswavlian. es arsebiTi sakiTxebia, romelsac gaucnobiereblad Tu gacnobierebulad Tavdauzogavad eWidebian
pedagogebi. faqtobrivad, maTi daxmarebiT maswavlebeli ajamebs saklaso oTaxSi moswavleTa
yvela gadawyvetilebas, moqmedebasa da situacias.

16

Sesavali

arsebobs pedagogiuri saqmianobis sxva mniSvnelovani sferoebic _ efeqtiani muSaoba kolegebTan, mSoblebTan, politikur Tu profesiul Sekrebebze; Tumca es wignis Tema ar aris.
gamocdili maswavlebeli orientirebulia saklaso oTaxSi interaqtiuri swavlebis unarebze.
rogor vapirebT zemoT CamoTvlil kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas? amisaTvis swavlebis Sesaxeb
arsebul araCveulebrivad mdidar codnas gamoviyenebT, romelic iseve gabneulia cinizmis,
uwesrigobisa da gaurkvevlobis unayofo napirze, rogorc awyobis molodinSi 1000 nawiliani
naxati-Tavsatexi.
arsebuli codnis mixedviT yovel kiTxvaSi nagulisxmevi samuSaosaTvis Tavis garTmevis
mravali gza arsebobs (magaliTad, amocanisTvis yuradRebis miqcevisa da SenarCunebis _ 40ze meti, swavlebis modelis SerCevis _ 20-ze meti, miznebis SerCevisa da Camoyalibebis _ 5).
es codna am gzaTa arssac gvixsnis. swavlebis Sesaxeb codnis baza mxolod receptebis dasta
an efeqtiani swavlisaTvis saWiro qcevaTa CamonaTvali rodia (Tumca nawilobriv, asecaa).
codnis baza gvaswavlis, ra arCevani gvaqvs TiToeul sferoSi samuSaod, ZiriTad kiTxvebze
pasuxis gasacemad. gvaswavlis, rom efeqtian swavlebas safuZvlad udevs konkretuli moswavleebisTvis, situaciisa Tu saswavlo gegmisTvis Sesabamisi formis arCeva. swavlebaSi warmatebis sawindarswavlebaSi warmatebis sawindaria
ia Sesatyvisi formis moZebna.
Sesatyvisi formis moZebna.
sailustraciod aviRoT TavsmoxvevasTan dakavSirebuli martivi situacia. pedagogi aswavlis patara
jgufs, mas awyvetinebs moswavle (jimi), romelic raRac sakiTxze Seferxda savarjiSos Sesrulebisas. jimi dasaxmareblad pedagogs mimarTavs. maswavlebels problemis gadaWris ramdenime gza aqvs imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom jgufis samuSao impulsic SeinarCunos da arc jimi
darCes usaqmod an imedgacruebuli: (1) Tavi aaridos jimis; (2) aniSnos jimis, rom wynarad
ijdes, sanam mis dasaxmareblad saWiro moments ar SearCevs; (3) sxva moswavles sTxovos jimis
daxmareba; (4) aswavlos moswavleebs, rom ar SeiZleba maswavlebels Seawyvetino.
arsebiTad, arc erTi varianti ar aris unaklo. SegviZlia sxvadasxva piroba warmovidginoT, romelSic TiToeuli varianti yvelaze Sesaferisi iqneba. magaliTad, Tu jimis aklia
Tavdajerebuloba an socialuri unar-Cvevebi, rom daxmarebisTvis sxva moswavles mimarTos,
ukeTesi varianti iqneba, vaniSnoT mas, simSvide SeinarCunos saTanado momentamde. meore mxriv,
Tu jimi zedmetad aris pedagogze damokidebuli, SesaZloa, Tavis arideba saukeTeso varianti
aRmoCndes, gansakuTrebiT, Tu gvjera, rom damatebiTi mcdelobis SemTxvevaSi, is sakuTari
ZalebiT SeZlebs, Tavi gaarTvas problemas. maswavleblis warmateba am situaciaSi damokidebulia imaze, icis Tu ara man problemis gadaWris arsebuli variantebi da SeuZlia Tu ara konkretul situacias Sesatyvisi variantis SeurCios.
swored aseve, Tuki swavlebis zemoT CamoTvlil ZiriTad kiTxvebze ramdenime pasuxi arsebobs, gamocdili maswavlebeli ecdeba ganuwyvetliv gaamdidros sakuTari repertuari da
konkretul moswavleebs, jgufs, situaciasa Tu saswavlo gegmas Sesatyvisi gza SeurCios. swavlebis Sesaxeb codnis baza aris moqmedebaTa da aqtivobaTa modelebis repertuari, romelic
xelmisawvdomia nebismieri adamianisaTvis, visac swavla, srulyofa da daxelovneba surs.
wignSi yoveli kiTxvis Sesabamisi sferosTvis warmogidgenT Cvens mier SerCeul specifikur
variants Sesaferisi magaliTebiT da SemogTavazebT arsebul codnas Sesatyvisi variantis arCevis Sesaxeb.

swavlebis parametrebi
swavlebis am sferoebs Cven parametrebs vuwodebT. parametri teqnikuri sityvaa da mecnierebaSi niSnavs ucvlels (mudmivs), romlis mniSvneloba gamoyenebis pirobebis mixedviT

17

Tavi 1

varirebs. swavlebis TvalsazrisiT, aseTi `mudmivis~ magaliTia yuradRebis SenarCuneba an

molodinTa Setyobineba, cvalebadi ki _ sxvadasxva garemoebaSi samuSaos Sesrulebis gzebi.
Cvens CamonaTvalSi yoveli kiTxva swavlebis erT parametrs warmoadgens; parametris
aRniSvnisTvis gamoyenebuli sityva teqstSi kursiviT da frCxilebSi iqneba mocemuli. yoveli parametri swavlebis Sesaxeb mraval pasuxs da saqmianobis variants moicavs da Tavs uyris
konkretuli sferos farglebSi arsebul repertuars. amasTanave, radgan parametrebis erToblioba qmnis swavlebas, aucilebelia vicodeT, rogor aris isini erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli.
zogierT parametrTan dakavSirebuli unarebi Zalze specifikuria. am unarebs `aqts~ vuwodebT, radgan isini warmoadgens qmedebas an komentars, romelTa ganxorcielebas wamebi Tu
sWirdeba. aqti aris swrafi, gamorCeuli qceva, romlis dakvirveba da aRricxva SesaZlebelia.
swavlebis mravali unaris axsna aqtis terminiT SeiZleba, mravlis ki _ klasis menejmentiT:
yuradReba, impulsi, molodini, pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba. es parametrebi, romlebic
aqtebisagan Sedgeba 1.1 sqemis qveda nawilSia moTavsebuli.
sxva parametrebi swavlebis iseT unarebs moicavs, romlis myisierad Sesruleba an danaxva
SeuZlebelia. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs swavlebis modelis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba, rogoric
aris, magaliTad, hilda Tabas (Hilda Taba) cxrasafexuriani induqciuri modeli. am modelis gamoyenebaSi daxelovnebuli pedagogi, moswavleebze zemoqmedebis mizniT, xelmZRvanelobs mTel
rig movlenebs da garkveul specifikur principebs iyenebs. saqmianoba gansazRvruli drois
ganmavlobaSi konkretuli paternis Sesabamisad mimdinareobs. paternis mixedviT saqmianobis
Sesruleba unaria. es erTiani, dagegmili paketia, romelic ufro didia, vidre misi Semadgeneli
nawilebis jami. swavlebis gasagebad (da ostatobis repertuaris gasafarToeblad) unda Seg
veZlos rogorc calkeuli aqtebis, ise maTi paternebis danaxvac, romlebic azrs mxolod maSin iZens, roca miznobrivi paketis TvalsazrisiT vafasebT. es gansxvavebuli tipis analizia
da swavlebis gasagebad, orives danaxva unda SegveZlos. 1.1 sqemis Sua rigSi is parametrebi
davajgufeT, romlebic paternebs warmoadgens.

abstraqciebi

miznebis
dazusteba

saswavlo gegmis
Seqmna
swavlis
gamocdileba

miznebi

paternebi

swavlebis
modelebi

sivrce

aqtebi

Sefaseba

disciplina

saklaso
garemo

dro

sicxade

rutina
swavlis
principebi

yuradReba

tempi

molodinebi

pirovnuli
urTierTobis
damyareba

sqema 1.1: profesiuli swavlebis Semadgeneli sami saxis codna

es aris swavlebis Sesaxeb codnis Semadgeneli nawilebis dajgufebis erT-erTi gza.

18

Sesavali

maswavleblis mier ostaturad Sesrulebuli zogierTi mniSvnelovani saqmianobis danaxva

Zalze rTulia. maT Sorisaa uxilavi gadawyvetilebebi, romelTac maSin vamCnevT, roca klass
vakvirdebiT, iseTi saqmianoba, romelic ganxorcielda an skolamde gakveTilebis dagegmvisas da skolis Semdeg moswavleTa namuSevrebis Semowmebisas. rogorc wesi, es unarebi moicavs
miznebis SerCevas, swavlebis dagegmvas, saswavlo gegmis organizacias da moswavleTa swavlis Sefasebas. codnisa da unar-Cvevebis es sfero abstraqciebisgan Sedgeba, romlebzec
uSualo dakvirveba SeuZlebelia, magram, miuxedavad amisa, isini marTaven da akontroleben
yvelafers, rac saklaso oTaxSi xdeba. swavlebis es parametrebi 1.1 sqemis zeda areSia ganlagebuli.

miznebis
dazusteba
saswavlo
gegmis ageba

saswavlo
gegmis ganawileba

miznebi
swavlis
gamocdileba

Sefaseba

pirovnuli
urTierTobis
damyareba

saklaso
garemo

motivacia
molodinebi

sizuste

sivrce

swavlis
principebi

swavlebis
modelebi

dro

rutina

swavlebis
strategiebi

menejmenti
yuradReba

tempi

disciplina

ZiriTad warmodgenaTa safuZveli

sqema 1.2: pedagogiuri codnis ruka

swavlebis ZiriTadi parametrebi, SesaZloa, martiv funqciur struqturaSi gaerTiandes.
amrigad, Cven ganvixileT ostaturi swavlebis sami saxis parametri, codnis sami saxe, romelic gamocdil swavlebaSia gaerTianebuli: aqtebi, paternebi da abstraqciebi. sagulisxmoa, rom swavlebis gareSe damkvirvebels mxolod swavlebis unarTa am gansxvavebuli saxeebis danaxva SeuZlia sxvadasxva rakursiT. klasis menejmentis parametrebi metwilad aqtebia.
maT SemCnevas didi Zalisxmeva ar sWirdeba, SegviZlia uSualod ganxorcielebis momentSi davakvirdeT da aRvricxoT. magaliTad, Zneli ar aris yuradRebis am aqtis gansazRvra: jon,

19

Tavi 1

vagrZelebT! samuSaos vubrundebiT! meore mxriv, paternis msgavs parametrebs dakvirvebisas saSualo Zalisxmeva sWirdeba. damkvirvebelma garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi Tvali
unda adevnos qcevebs, Tavi mouyaros da garkveuli drois Semdeg gansazRvros paterni. abstraqtuli parametrebis dakvirveba gaazrebuli daskvnebis gamotanis unars moiTxovs ara im
maswavleblisgan, romelic mas axorcielebs, aramed gareSe damkvirveblisgan, romelmac Tavi
unda mouyaros mwir monacemebs da maT safuZvelze daaskvnas, ra mizans isaxavs gakveTili. ostaturi swavlebis gasagebad, aucilebelia codnis am gansxvavebul saxeTa wvdoma da swavlebis
unarTa sxvadasxva rakursis asimilacia.
ostaturi swavlebis parametrebi garda codnis im erTeulTa zomisa (aqtebi, paternebi,
abstraqciebi), romelsac isini moicavs, sxva gziTac, kerZod, funqciebis mixedviTac SeiZleba dajgufdes. menejmentis parametrebi yuradReba, tempi, sivrce, dro, rutina da disciplina swavlebis safuZvelia _ sine qua non (laT. aucilebeli piroba. mTargmn. Sen.). maT gareSe
swavleba ver ganxorcieldeba. isini kargi swavlebisTvis aucilebeli wanamZRvaria. saswavlo
parametrebi sicxade, swavlebis modelebi da swavlis principebi `produqts gvawvdian~;
maTi unar-Cvevebi klasSi interaqtiuri swavlis dros xorcieldeba. motivaciuri parametrebi saklaso oTaxis klimati, pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba da molodinebi moswavleebs
investiciebis mozidvasa da warmatebuli swavlisTvis saWiro Zalisxmevis gamoyenebaSi exmareba. saswavlo gegmis parametrebi swavlebis dagegmvisTvis saWiro unarebs moicavs. isini
swavlebis, motivaciisa da menejmentis safuZvelia da maTze maRla dgas. menejmentis unarCvevebi SesaZlebels xdis swavlebas, saswavlo gegmis agebisa swavlebis dagegmvas, motivaciisa _ xels uwyobs swavlebas, xolo TviT swavlebis unar-Cvevebi gvawvdis `produqts~.
mTlianobaSi, es parametrebi swavlebis monaxazs qmnis: swavleba maTi mTlianobaa.
1.2 sqemaze gamosaxulia swavlebis parametrebis funqciuri organizacia. mkiTxveli samkuTxedis qveS SeniSnavs frazas: ZiriTad warmodgenaTa safuZveli. wignis TavSi molodinebi, vasabuTebT am warmodgenaTagan umniSvnelovaness: yvela moswavles maRal doneze
SeuZlia rTuli saswavlo masalis Seswavla. Semdeg vasabuTebT, rom konkretul pedagogs es
rwmena swavlebis unar-Cvevebis gamdidrebis stimuls aZlevs.
sxva warmodgenebi moicavs pedagogTa urTierTdamokidebulebis rols moswavleTa samsaxurSi, kolegiuri qcevis mniSvnelobas skolis mkacr kulturaSi, repertuarze dafuZnebul
profesiul codnas da mudmivi swavlis aucileblobas. am warmodgenebs wignis bolo TavSi
ganvixilavT.

wignis struqtura
wignis momdevno Tavi exeba menejmentis parametrebs _ mravali CvenganisTvis umniSvnelovanes aspeqts, romlebic dagvafiqrebs, ratom avirCieT pedagogoba kargad swavlebisa da bavSvebze zrunvis gamo. Semdeg gadavdivarT swavlebis, motivaciis, dabolos, saswavlo
gegmis parametrebze, umniSvnelovanes gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis unarebze imis Sesaxeb, ras
emsaxureba ganaTleba, ra unda vaswavloT da rogor gavigoT, iswavles Tu ara. amrigad, wignis kiTxvisas, specifikuridan da abstraqtulidan mivdivarT kompleqsurisken, swavlebis
im nawilebidan, romlebic aqtia, aqtis paternia, im nawilebisken, romlebic swavlebis agebis
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebs exeba.
yoveli Tavi gansxvavebul parametrs mimoixilavs. xSirad imis aRweriT viwyebT, ratom
aris parametri mniSvnelovani da rogor ukavSirdeba is swavlebisa da swavlis saerTo suraTs. Semdeg parametris gasagebad saWiro koncefciebsa da kategoriebs ganvsazRvravT da
siRrmiseulad vecnobiT yovel kategorias meTodTa im repertuaris gasacnobad, romelsac
pedagogi iyenebs konkretul situaciaSi. amas, SeZlebisdagvarad, xSirad magaliTebiT war-

20

Sesavali

mogidgenT. Semdeg, rogorc wesi, vikvlevT, ra informacia gvaqvs moswavlis, situaciis, saswavlo gegmis, maswavleblis arCevanis Sesaxeb. yoveli Tavis bolos mocemulia sakontrolo
gverdi parametris sakvanZo koncefciebis siiT da iseTi formatiT, romelic daexmareba maswavlebels sakuTari repertuarisa da gadawyvetilebebis analizSi. dabolos, xSirad warmodgenilia sakontrolo kiTxvari, romlis gamoyeneba mkiTxvels gameorebisa da ganmtkicebisTvis SeuZlia.
savaldebulo ar aris Tavebis Tanamimdevruli wakiTxva, Tumca saerTo angariSiT, sasurvelia. magaliTad, kargi disciplina pedagogisTvis yuradRebasTan, impulsTan, molodinebsa
da pirovnuli urTierTobis damyarebasTan dakavSirebuli unarebis safuZvelia. Tu rTuli
klasi gyavT da waikiTxavT Tavs disciplina, aRmoaCenT menejmentis zemoT CamoTvlil oTx
parametrs, romelTa daxmarebiT SeZlebT rTul moswavleebTan muSaobas.

wignis gamoyeneba
Cveni mkiTxvelebi arian rogorc pedagogebi, ise maTTan saswavlo procesSi Cabmuli inspeqtorebi, Semfaseblebi da kadrebis mmarTvelebi. es profesiuli wignia, romelsac, vimedovnebT, profesionali pedagogi sakuTari muSaobis analizisTvis gamoiyenebs. TviT gamocdil pedagogebsac ki SeuZliaT Seamowmon sakuTari unarebi yovel parametrSi arsebul
repertuarTan mimarTebaSi da naxon, ra SeiZleba daematos maT gamocdilebas, efeqtianobas
da gansxvavebuli saWiroebebis Sesatyvisobis maTeul unars, romlis winaSec dRes vdgavarT.
Cveni survilia, swavlebaze saubrisas SevqnaT saerTo ena da koncefciaTa sistema, swavlebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan sakvanZo ideaTa nakrebi, romlis gamoyeneba yvela pedagogs
SeeZleba. Tu erTmaneTis ukeT gagebas SevZlebT, mosalodnelia, rom swavlebis Cveneuli angariSebi da Sefasebebi ufro sasargeblo gaxdes, konferenciebi _ ufro specifikuri da
produqtiuli, xolo kadrebis ganviTarebis programebi _ ufro konkretuli.
aseve SeiZleba velodoT maswavlebelTa Soris izolaciis da martoobis barierebis Semcirebas, pedagogTa Ria, urTierTsasargeblo saubrebs swavlebis Sesaxeb samaswavleblosa
da sxva adgilebSi. zogadi profesiuli codnis bazis safuZvelze problemaTa ganxilvas naklebad eqneba pirovnuli araadekvaturobis (warmodgena, romlis safuZvelia miTi `intuiciuri~ maswavleblis Sesaxeb _ Tu kargi swavleba intuiciuria da Tavs ver varTmevT, e.i.
raRac ise ver aris, rogorc unda iyos) aRiarebis elferi da ufro profesiul problemad
gadaiqceva, romelic codniTa da unarebiT unda gadaiWras.
universitetSi, maswavlebelTa mosamzadebel kursebze, moswavleTa swavlebis procesSi,
xvadasxva seminarebze aseve gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces unarebisa da saerTo
s
teqnikuri Sexedulebebis ganviTarebas. swavlebis teqnikuri gageba ar akninebs humanizmis,
bavSvis ganviTarebisa Tu asakis Sesaferisi Sinaarsis, meTodebisa da masalis Sesaxeb detaluri codnis mniSvnelobas. kargi iqneboda, dawyebiTi klasebis momavalma maswavlebelma
icodes kuizeneris Zelebi (frangi maTematikosi - jorj kuizeneri -1891-1976) da misi gamoyeneba wonis Tanrigis swavlebisas. aseve kargi iqneba, Tu saSualo skolis momaval maswavlebels ecodineba `amherstis~ seriuli gamocema `amerikuli civilizaciis problemebi~ da
misi gamoyeneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom pedagogTa treningi (da kvalifikaciis amaRleba) ukve
uTmobs yuradRebas am sakiTxebs, pedagogikis, rogorc profesiis ganviTarebaSi, droa, TviT
swavlebasac mivxedoT.

21

Tavi 1

literatura
Joyce, B.R., C. Chark and L. Peck. Flexibility in Teaching. New York: Longmans, 1981.
Polanyi M. The Tacit Dimension. Garden City, N.Y. Doubleday and Co., 1966.

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2
yuradReba
rogor mivaqcioT da SevaCeroT
moswavleTa yuradReba amocanaze?
Sewyveta
gafrTxileba
Cabma
Tanaziaroba
miRweva

yuradReba

uradRebis parametri gulisxmobs maswavleblis unars, gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi CarTuli hyavdes moswavleebi amocanaze muSaobaSi, e.i. CarTos isini saswavlo gegmiT
gaTvaliswinebul gonivrul aqtivobebSi. (amocanis Sesrulebaze daxarjuli droisagan gansxvavebiT, arasamuSao dro moicavs iseT qcevebs, rogoricaa ganwyoba, momzadeba, xumroba, lodini, ocneba, socializacia da mravali sxva, romelTa detalebi jer ar gvainteresebs). saklaso oTaxSi drois aRricxva bevr
mkvlevars uwarmoebia moswavlis mier amocamoswavleTa CarTva davalebis SesrulebaSi
naze daxarjuli drois dasadgenad, raTa Semkurikulumis ganxorcielebis SINE QUA NON-ia.
deg daxarjuli droisa da Sedegebis korelacia
gaerkviaT (mag., Bennett 1978, Rosenshine 1978). gasakviri araa, rom maT myari dadebiTi korelacia
miiRes: rac met dros xarjavs moswavle saswavlo aqtivobebze, miT ufro ecnoba masalas. am
TavSi gamovikvlevT maswavleblis mier yuradRebis parametris farglebSi ganxorcielebul
moqmedebebs, romelTa mizania maqsimalurad gaizardos moswavleTa mier saklaso oTaxSi davalebaze daxarjuli dro.
mravali mosazrebiT, menejmentis parametrebis jgufidan yuradRebis parametri wamyvan
rols asrulebs. Tu moswavleebi uyuradRebod ekidebian swavlebas, gakveTilis sikarge, sxva
TvalsazrisiT, azrs kargavs. did Tu patara jgufSi an individualur saswavlo procesSi
moswavleTa CarTva davalebis SesrulebaSi swored yuradRebas ukavSirdeba, menejmentic
xom swored es aris. yuradReba swavlebis wina piroba, kurikulumis ganxorcielebis sine qua
non-ia.

yuradRebis aqtebis repertuari

daxelovnebuli pedagogebi garkveul aqtebs iyeneben moswavleTa yuradRebis samarTavad:
Tavidan mis misapyrobad, Semdeg SesanarCuneblad, xelaxla misapyrobad da a.S. es moqmedebaTa mTavari klasia, romelic yuradRebis parametriT moixsenieba. am mTavar klasSi SeiZleba
ganvasxvavoT maswavleblis qcevis xuTi kategoria. Sewyveta (desist), gafrTxileba (alerting),
Cabma (enlisting), Tanaziaroba (acknowledging), miRweva (winning). daxelovnebuli pedagogis mier
moswavleTa amocanis SesrulebaSi Cabmis repertuari moqmedebaTa yvela kategorias moicavs.

Sewyveta (Tavis danebeba)

Sewyvetis aqti Semdegs ityobineba: CaerTe am saqmeSi. is makoreqtirebeli da pirdapiria.
is moswavleebs atyobinebs, rom raRac iseTs akeTeben, rasac ar unda akeTebdnen da aniSnebs,
ra unda gaakeTon (daubrundnen saqmes). pedagogis mier Sewyvetis sxvadasxva moqmedebebs Soris individualuri moqmedebebi imis mixedviT gansxvavdeba makoreqtirebelia Tu pirdapiri.
zogi moqmedeba sxvaze ufro damajereblad da mtkiced arwmunebs moswavles, rom saqmeSi

25

Tavi 2

unda CaerTos. qvemoT mocemulia Sewyvetis moqmedebaTa sxvadasxva saxis nusxa yvelaze radikaluridan yvelaze loialuramde, Sesabamisi magaliTebiT.
1. dasja: kargi, Tu axla amas ver gaakeTeb, SesvenebiT ver isargebleb~.
2. ardaSveba: foster, gadi saklaso oTaxidan.
3. muqara: Sewyvite an gadi saklaso oTaxidan.
4. uxeSi sarkazmi: Tavi isev Sin dagrCa, grand?~1 msubuqi SeniSvna: ar SegiZlia, Sewyvito? meoTxeklaseliviT ratom iqcevi?
5. brZaneba: axlave daubrundi samuSaos. xelebi ukan gqondes, sanam darwmunebuli ar
iqnebi, rom ar apireb vinmes Seexo.
6. specifikuri verbaluri Sewyveta: pedagogi asaxelebs qcevas, romelic unda Sewyviton da moswavles Sesaferis Semcvlel qcevas usaxelebs: jim, Sewyvite kakuni da
Sens nawers daubrundi.
7. zogadi verbaluri Sewyveta: maswavlebeli orazrovnad awyvetinebs qcevas: hari,
morCi.
8. msubuqi sarkazmi: pedagogi mimarTavs moswavles, romelic eCurCuleba megobar gogonas, brendan, moxaruli var, rom axali megobari monaxe.
9. individualuri Sewyveta: specifikuri an zogadi, magram ise rbilad naTqvami, rom
mxolod is moswavle aqcevs yuardRebas, visac exeba.
10. jgufuri zemoqmedeba: fred, verc erTi Cvengani ver wava tanvarjiSze, sanam Sen aq
xar. klaselebi erTvebian: oh, fred, wamodi ra!
11. TanatolTa Sejibri: joni mzadaa, Sen beT?
12. adgilis Secvla: jim, gadadi meoTxe magidasTan, geTayva.
13. me-Setyobineba: klara, mwyins, roca bavSvebs im dros elaparakebi, roca vcdilob,
raRac vaswavlo. ase mgonia, am gakveTilis momzadebisTvis gaweuli mTeli Sroma wyalSi meyreba.
14. moqmedeba yuradRebis gaufantavad: mister gleidi midis kenTan, usityvod iRebs
saSlels, romliTac keni TamaSobs, idebs jibeSi, ganagrZobs magidebs Soris siaruls
da diskusias.
15. arCevanis SeTavazeba: mister gleidi xedavs, rom keni saSleliT TamaSobs da wynarad
eubneba: ken, SegiZlia gadado an momce.
16. waqezeba: jil, Caebmebi muSaobaSi? kargiT, dasxediT da usmineT yuradRebiT.
17. SeniSvna: ras unda akeTebde axla Seli?
18. pirferoba: Sen metad keTilsindisieri xar saimisod, rom ase gaflango dro. daubrundi samuSaos, Cemo kargo!
19. signali: zari irekeba, xeli iweva, fortepianos akordi da a.S.; saubris Seuwyvetlad
pedagogi xels maRla swevs, raTa JestiT aRniSnos, `SeCerdi~ im moswavles, romelic
saubris Sewyvetinebas cdilobs, xolo saxis gamometyvelebiT an moZraobiT aniSnebs
moicade erTi wuTiT da SenTan viqnebi.
20. pauza da mzera: pedagogi xangrZlivad uyurebs bavSvs.
21. saxelis CarTva: maswavlebeli saubarSi rTavs (magram ar mimarTavs) moswavlis saxels yuradRebis mipyrobis mizniT: axla ki, momdevno amocanas jesi romelTan Se1. miuxedavad Cveni rwmenisa, rom nebismieri moqmedeba konkretuli moswavlisa Tu situaciisaTvis SeiZleba Sesatyvisi iyos,
sarkazmze es ar vrceldeba. vTvliT, rom sarkazmi, sul cota, urTierTobis patara (xolo zogjer, arcTu patara) mkvlelia.
sarkazmsa da iumors Soris zRvris dasadebad lakmusis rolSi Semdeg kiTxvas viyenebT: nawyeni darCa Tu ara? Tu pasuxi
dadebiTia, saqme sarkazmTan gvaqvs, xolo uaryofiTis SemTxvevaSi _ iumorTan.

26

yuradReba

Widebasac vapirebT, zogierTi msgavsi elementi aqvs jesi magram ufro martivia.
22. daxmarebis SeTavazeba: Carli, rogor dagexmaro?~ `Carli, gWirdeba daxmareba?~
23. Sexeba: pedagogi moswavles mxarze exeba, rasac SesaZloa axldes (an ara) maswavleblis aqtivobis Sewyveta da moswavlisaTvis TvalebSi Caxedva.
24. siaxlove: yuradRebagafantul (an yuradRebis gafantvis kandidat) moswavlesTan
axlos dgoma.

gafrTxileba
gamafrTxilebeli moqmedebebi xSirad gamiznulia moswavleTa jgufisTvis da ara individebisTvis. mas yuradRebis SenarCunebis efeqti aqvs da minimumamde amcirebs yuradRebis
gafantvas. es moqmedeba pirdapir Setyobinebas ar Seicavs; is jgufis yuradRebisa da sifxizlis SenarCunebas emsaxureba. Sewyvetis moqmedebaTa msgavsad gafrTxilebis moqmedebebic
siZlieris xarisxiT gansxvavdeba. gafrTxilebis aqtebi aqac yvelaze radikaluridan yvelaze
loialuramde aris dalagebuli Sesabamisi magaliTebiT:
1. SiSi: pedagogi amCnevs, rom klass audiokasetis mosmenisas yuradReba efanteba. is
uecrad gamorTavs magnitofons da kiTxulobs: ratom varaudobT, rom jefersoni
swored amas ganicdida hamiltonis mimarT?
2. moswavlis saxelis gamoyeneba Sesaswavl magaliTSi: prezidenti jon lini dakavebulia, rogorc eWvmitanili da braldebuli. vin gaxdeba prezidenti? Cven vfiqrobT,
rom linis dros cxovreba Zneli iyo! axla vice-prezidenti qristian beikeri xdeba
prezidenti. droa, bargi CavalagoT da gadavideT kanadaSi.
3. pasuxis nawilobriv gameoreba: pedagogi pasuxis dasamTavreblad SekiTxvas sxva moswavles umeorebs.
4. winaswari gafrTxileba: sworia, holi, axla Semdegi scade. devid, Seamowme holi
da naxe, sworad gaigo Tu ara. axla es Semdegi scade, holi. devidi dagexmareba,
Tu gagiWirdeba (orive moqmedeba winaswar afrTxilebs devids, rom SeiZleba mas
mouwios pasuxis gacema. amgvarad SeiZleba erTi kiTxvis dasmiT ori moswavlis yuradRebis mipyroba.
5. unisoni: jein, 6X6 aris? sworia. axla ki yvelam erTad 8X8 aris!
6. uyurebs erTs, esaubreba meores: pedagogi uyurebs erT moswavles, magram esaubreba
sxva students (grZeldeba Zalian mcire drois ganmavlobaSi).
7. arasruli winadadebebi: `amrigad, rogorc yvelam viciT, winadadebis bolos vsvamT
. . .. pedagogma gaSlili xelebi, aweuli warbebi an xelis Jesti gamoiyenos moswavleTa pasuxis wasaxaliseblad.
8. Tanabari SesaZlebloba: pedagogi rwmundeba, rom yvela gamoZaxebuli Semowmebulia,
xolo moswavleebma gamocdilebiT ician, rom SeiZleba nebismier dros isev gamoiZaxon.
9. arCevanis SemTxveviToba: pedagogi moswavleebs maTi adgilis mixedviT iZaxebs, raTa
maT ver gaTvalon gamoZaxebis Tanamimdevroba.2 cirkulacia: pedagogi wriulad moZraobs saklaso oTaxSi.

2 gamokiTxvis SemTxveviTi Tanmimdevroba uaryofiT korelaciaSia dabali socialur-ekonomikuri statusis skolebis SedegebTan, magram ara maRali socialur-ekonomikuri statusis skolebis SedegebTan (BB
B rophy & Evertson, 1978). maTi azriT, aseTi
gamokiTxva garkveul mRelvarebas ukavSirdeba, rac SeusabamisobaSia dabali socialur-ekonomikuri statusis moswavleebTan, romlebsac SesaZloa, saswavlo garemoSi meti stabiluroba da daxmareba da naklebi gaurkvevloba sWirdebaT.

27

Tavi 2

10. lodinis dro: pedagogi akeTebs pauzas da Tu moswavle kiTxvas swrafad ver upasuxebs, mcire dayovnebis uflebas aZlevs. es moiTxovs nebisyofas, raTa moiTmino
uxerxuli xuTwamiani pauza, romlis ganmavlobaSic moswavlem SeiZleba SeZlos pasuxis Camoyalibeba ise, rom replikiT an daxmarebiT ar SevawyvetinoT. pauzis dros
danarCeni moswavleebi iZulebuli arian dafiqrdnen kiTxvaze, imis molodiniT, rom
SeiZleba maT mouwioT pasuxis gacema.
11. mxedvelobiTi kontaqti: pedagogi moswavleebTan mxedvelobiT kontaqts amyarebs.
12. yuradRebis vizualuri da smeniTi gafantvisgan Tavisufleba. maswavlebeli saklaso
oTaxs ise awyobs, rom moswavleTa patara jgufebi piriT kuTxisken arian ganlagebuli an moSorebuli oTaxis ZiriTadi vizualuri arisgan, anda acalkevebs erTmaneTisagan saswavlo, samuSao da xmaurian areebs. meore alternativaa, roca pedagogi
mimarTavs klass: daxuWeT Tvalebi da momismineT.

Cabma
yuradRebis mipyrobis nabijTa mesame kategorias Cabmas vuwodebT, radgan misi mizania,
nebayoflobiT Caaba calkeuli moswavle an mTeli klasi kurikulumiT gaTvaliswinebul aqtovobebSi. CarTvis moqmedebebi emsaxureba moswavlis moxibvlas da aRtacebas saswavlo aqtivobiT da am gziT mis dainteresebas. is moswavlis yuradRebas aqtivobis mimzidvel mxares
miapyrobs. Cabmis aqtebia:
1. xmis Secvla: pedagogi cvlis saubris tons, daZabulobas, simaRles an intonacias,
raTa xazi gausvas ZiriTads da gamoiwvios interesi.
2. Jesti: pedagogi iyenebs xelis an sxeulis moZraobebs, raTa xazi gausvas ZiriTads an
gaaZlieros interesi.
3. cnobismoyvareobis aRZvra: axla mainteresebs, ram gamoiwvia es?
4. molodini: moicadeT, vidre naxavT ra aris yuTSi!
5. gamowveva: es ki yovel Tqvengans gaabriyvebs.
6. moswavlis damxmared warmodgena: jim, SegiZlia es werilebi ise daiWiro, rom klasma
dainaxos~? (jims yuradReba efanteboda).
7. sayrdenebi: pedagogi iyenebs SinaarsTan dakavSirebul fizikur obieqtebs.
8. personificireba: axla biWebo da gogonebo, modiT vnaxoT, Tu SevZlebT kibis motyuebas da zeviT ise avalT, rom man ver gaigos. Tu mister N-i karSi swored axla
gamoCndeba, ra xmebi SeiZleba davaxvedroT, rom Tavi Sin igrZnos?
9. moswavlis fantaziebTan dakavSireba: milioni dolari rom gqondes, ramdeni asdolariani kupiura geqneba?

Tanaziaroba
zogjer moswavlis uyuradRebobis mizezi skolisa da pedagogis ostatobis miRmaa. mas
zogierTi gareSe movlena Trgunavs (an axalisebs). magaliTad:
yy diliT, avtobusSi mgzavrobisas, saukeTeso megobarma uari uTxra mis gverdiTdamjdariyo.
yy mSoblebi cota xnis winaT daSordnen erTmaneTs.
yy SuadRisTvis daniSnulia Cempionatis TamaSi, romelSic is monawileobs.

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yuradReba

aseT dros ubralod xmamaRla gamoxatviT, rom gesmiT, ra xdeba moswavlis Tavs, SeZlebT
misi yuradRebis `dapyrobas~. Zalze Znelia (da iSviaTi), marTla gaugo vinmes da, ubralod,
gaiziaro misi grZnobebi, Tumca, am gziT marTlac SeiZleba yuradRebis gaZliereba. magaliTad: vici, rom amaRam hokeis TamaSis gamo aRgznebuli xar, gansakuTrebiT imitom, rom masSi
Cveni sami kunTmagari biWi monawileobs. magram, gTxov, mag Sexvedraze fiqri cota xniT gadado, dRevandeli gameoreba Zalze mniSvnelovania~.
Svidi wlis jenifers kiTxvis dros yuradReba efanteba. man mzera ramdenjerme miapyro im
adgils, sadac klasSi Semosvlamde iyo (is ucxouri Tojinebis gamofenas awyobda). pedagogi
umal xvdeba, ra aRelvebs jenifers _ sadilis Semdeg, romelic kiTxvaSi mecadineobas mohyveba, veRar SeZlebs Tojinebis mowesrigebas (Svidi wlis bavSvs es Zalze Soreul perspeqtivad eCveneba). amrigad, pedagogi Tanaziarobis moqmedebas axorcielebs: jenifer, vici,
SenTvis raoden mniSvnelovania yvela Tojinis lamazad morTva. gpirdebi, rom sadilamde SeZleb saqmis dasrulebas, oRond, axla, CvenTan erTad unda waikiTxo, radgan amas Semdeg aRar
mivubrundebiT. gpirdebi, rom moaswreb. Tojinebis mowesrigeba, mozrdilis azriT, iqneb
umniSvneloa, magram aseTma, TiTqosda trivialurma saqmianobam SeiZleba mTlianad moicvas
bavSvi da dablokos misi CarTva, Tu pedagogi ugulisyurobas gamoiCens.
pedagogi amCnevs, rom meri Sewuxebulia da Tanaziarobis aqts mimarTavs: meri, geSinia,
rom mosasmen centrSi rigs gamotoveb? meri Tavs uqnevs. nu Cqarob da kargad gaakeTe savarjiSo. rogorc ki daamTavreb, rigSi Sens adgils daikaveb maSinac ki, Tu registraciis
furcelze xelmoweras gamovtovebT.
zogjer pedagogi mxolod ekiTxeba: brenda, ra mogdis? CvenTan ar xar. Semdgomma mondomebulma da aqtiurma mosmenam SesaZloa es dablokva an moxsnas an vera. asea Tu ise, maswavleblis mier moswavlis grZnobebis gacnobierebam, SesaZloa, gantvirTos da aqtivobaSi
Cabma gauadvilos.

miRweva
miRwevis aqtebi Cabmis aqtebs hgavs imiT, rom isinic dadebiTia da gulisxmobs saswavlo
procesisadmi moswavlis yuradRebis miqcevas da ara iZulebas. miuxedavad amisa, miRwevis
aqti Cabmis aqtisgan gansxvavdeba, radgan pirveli moswavlis yuradRebas pedagogze mimarTavs, xolo meore aqtivobaze. miRwevis aqtebi pedagogis pirovnul Tvisebebs emyareba, romelic miRwevis mediatorad gvevlineba. pedagogis mier ganxorcielebuli miRwevis aqtebi
moicavs:
1. gamxneveba: mimdinare samuSaos Sesrulebisas, pedagogi moswavles, Cveulebriv, xmis
intonaciiTa da saxis gamometyvelebiT amxnevebs.
2. enTuziazmi: bob, eg marTlac saintereso Temaa naSromisTvis!
3. Seqeba: oh, ra mSvenieri namuSevaria, anji.
4. iumori (sarkazmis gareSe): pedagogi xumrobs pozitiuri, mxardamWeri maneriT, rac
moswavleTaTvisac saxalisoa.
5. inscenireba: pedagogi Tavad warmoadgens gakveTilTan dakavSirebul masalas, anda
moswavlisgan moiTxovs inscenirebas. alternatiuli versia: pedagogi erTveba rolSi da Tundac erT winadadebas warmoTqvams im gmiris eniT, romelTanac Tavs aigivebs:
kargi, axla momRimar orpirTa kabinetSi mivdivar (pedagogma pirveli kabinetis sxdomaze mimavali axlad arCeuli prezidenti a. linkolni gaiTamaSa, romlis misamarTiT yvela moxele fiqrobs, rom masze ukeTesi prezidenti iqneboda da mis Tavidan
mocilebaze ocnebobs).

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Tavi 2

yuradRebis qcevis analizi

moqmedebaTa tipebi am xuTi kategoriidan uwyvet rigad SeiZleba ganlagdes: Zalauflebis
gamoyeneba da Zalauflebis gamouyenebloba an iZuleba da mimzidveloba (sqema 2.1). moqmedebebi da kategoriebi rigis zeda nawilSi pedagogis avtoritetsa da mbrZaneblur da mtkice
mimarTvas iyenebs. rigis qveda nawilSi ki avtoritetis komponenti sul ufro naklebdominanturia.
amrigad, yuradRebis parametri funqciuri maxasiaTeblebis gaswvriv mniSvnelobiT metnaklebad uwyvet skalas moicavs. funqciuri maxasiaTeblebi is moqmedebebia, romelTa Sedegad xdeba saswavlo procesSi moswavlis yuradRebis CarTva, SenarCuneba an xelaxla CarTva.
es is funqciuri orientaciaa, romelic xsnis Seqebis, enTuziazmisa da Jestis ufro did
parametrad gaerTianebas. Cven vaRiarebT, rom moswavlis yuradRebis mipyroba (gazrdili
warmodgena sakuTar Tavze? motivacia?) ar aris erTaderTi ram, rac Seqebasa an `enTuziazms mohyveba. aseve ar aris erTaderTi funqcia, romelTanac SesaZlebelia am qcevaTa dakavSireba. miuxedavad amisa, vfiqrobT, rom funqciuri TvalsazrisiT, es moqmedebebi, sul
cota, logikurad yuradRebis koncentracias axdenen da gvidastureben, rom yuradReba
logikuri da aucilebeli Suamavalia im Sedegebisa, romlebTanac es moqmedebebi asocirdeba (mag., miRweva, motivacia). amrigad, maTi dakavSireba yuradRebis Sesatyvisi parametris
sazRvrebSi swavlebis gasagebad, kargi saSualebaa.
Cveni varaudiT, pedagogebi yuradRebis rigs xSirad imeoreben da iyeneben swavlebis
procesSi. yuradRebis romel moqmedebas iyenebT? ramdens da romels iyenebT am xuTi kategoriidan? rogor aisaxeba Tqvens saqmianobaze yuradRebis aqtebis moqmedeba? zogi pedagogi yuradRebis aqtebis nimuSebis Tavmoyris mizniT kolegebis an skolis xelmZRvanelobis
dakvirvebis obieqti xdeba. Semdeg am Canawerebs iyenebs sakuTari saqmianobis Sesamowmeblad
da sasurveli gamocdilebis dasagroveblad. maswavleblis es Canawerebi an amgvari analizis
Sedegad gamovlenili yuradRebis aqtebis paternebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT imis Sesafaseblad, ramdenad Seesabameba pedagogis mier ganxorcielebuli yuradRebis aqti sasurvel
Sedegs.

Sesabamisoba yuradRebis parametrTan

yuradRebis rigi obieqturi nusxaa da ar SeiZleba msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, romelia
ukeTesi,zeda rigSi Tu qveda rigSi ganlagebuli moqmedebebi. vTvliT, rom yvela moqmedebas
aqvs Tavisi adgili da konkretul konteqstSi yoveli maTgani SeiZleba gamogvadges (Cveni
azriT, erTaderTi gamonaklisia sarkazmi, romelic mudam, sul cota, urTierTobis patara
mkvlelia).
gamocdili pedagogi am parametris mdidari repertuariT sxvadasxva moswavlis qcevas
sxvadasxvagvarad pasuxobs. qvemoT mocemuli magaliTebi gviCvenebs, ra ostaturad iyenebs
misis T yuradRebis aqtebs calkeuli moswavlis mimarT.
misis T-m icis, rom darili ZalauflebisTvis konfliqtis sababs eZebs da maswavlebels (an
sxva avtoritetul pirs) nebisyofis gamocdas uwyobs. rodesac maswavlebeli Sewyvetis moqmedebaTa TiTqmis mTel arsenals amowuravs, darili uaresad iqceva. magaliTad, specifikur
verbalur Sewyvetas gamowvevad iRebs, ufro xmamaRla akakunebs fanqars da akvirdeba, rogor gabrazdeba da ras moimoqmedebs misis T. pedagogma gafrTxilebisa da CarTvis moqmedebaTa gamoyeneba iswavla. Tu darili zRvars gadadis, pedagogi mtkice moqmedebebiT aCerebs.
Tumca, misis T gaurbis aseT simkacres da darilis yuradRebis mipyrobas `gamowvevis~ aqtiT
kiTxvis dasmiT, winaswari gafrTxilebiT~ an damxmared warmodgeniT cdilobs. magaliTad,

30

yuradReba

Sewyveta

ti
rite
avto

dasja
ardaSveba
muqara
uxeSi sarkazmi
msubuqi SeniSvna
brZaneba
specifikuri verbaluri Sewyveta
zogadi verbaluri Sewyveta
msubuqi sarkazmi
individualuri Sewyveta
jgufuri zemoqmedeba
TanatolTa Sejibri
adgilis Secvla
me-Setyobineba
moqmedeba yuradRebis gaufantavad
arCevanis SeTavazeba
waqezeba
SeniSvna
pirferoba
signali
pauza da mzera
saxelis CarTva
daxmarebis SeTavazeba
Sexeba
siaxlove

loba

idve

mimz

SiSi
moswavlis saxelis gamoyeneba
pasuxis nawilobriv gameoreba
winaswari gafrTxileba
unisoni
uyurebs erTs, esaubreba meores arasruli
CarTva
winadadebebi
Tanabari SesaZleblobebi
arCevanis SemTxveviToba
cirkulacia
lodinis dro
mxedvelobiTi kontaqti
yuradRebis mxedvelobiTi da smeniTi gafantvis Tavisufleba

xmis Secvla
Jesti
cnobismoyvareobis aRZvra
molodini
gamowveva
moswavlis damxmared warmodgena
sayrdenebi
personificireba
moswavlis fantaziebTan dakavSireba

Tanaziaroba
gamxneveba
enTuziazmi
Seqeba
iumori
inscenireba

dainterseba

Tanaziaroba

miRweva

sqema 2.1: yuradRebis kontiniumi

yuradRebis aqtebis es speqtri maswavlebels mdidar repertuars sTavazobs.

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Tavi 2

am ukanasknel moqmedebas maSin iyenebs, roca darili fanqars akakunebs: maS ase, iq marTlac iyo mefeebis oTxi piramida. daril, SegiZlia Semdeg kadrze gadaweva, rom me piramidis
win ganlagebuli sagnebis Cveneba SevZlo.
meore moswavle marSa, gansxvavebulia. miuxedavad imisa, xSirad is mecadineobaSi ar erTveba, `Cabmis~ moqmedebebi, rogorc Cans, Zlier stimuls aZlevs. es TiTqos Cabmisa da miRwevis aqtebs saTavisod `Targmnis~ _ TiTqos me veubnebi, rom masTan megobroba an masTan
TamaSi msurs. mas interaqtivoba itacebs da Cemze zedmetad koncentrirebuli xdeba, ase
xsnis mis saqciels maswavlebeli. vidre pedagogi sxvadasxva gzebsa da SesaZleblobebs eZebs,
raTa daakmayofilos marSas maswavlebelTan siaxlovis es moTxovnileba , is saSualo rangis
Sewyvetis moqmedebebs iyenebs marSas yuradRebis mosapoveblad, rasac warmateba moaqvs.
sxvadasxva moswavle sxvadasxva saWiroeba sxvadasxva moqmedeba: gamocdili maswavlebeli gaazrebulad usadagebs sakuTar moqmedebas moswavleebs.
zogi gamocdili pedagogi moswavleTa mimarT moqmedebebis diferencirebas intuiciiT
axdens. isini cnobili arian, rogorc saklaso oTaxis efeqturi menejerebi. SesaZloa, verc
maT da verc maTi saqmianobis Semfaseblebma ver agvixsnan warmatebis mizezi. ubralod, ician,
rom maT aTianSi moartyes. SesaZloa, qvecnobieri gamWriaxobis wyalobiT usadageben yuradRebis gansxvavebul aqtebs konkretul moswavleebs.
alRos miuxedavad, nebismieri CvenganisTvis sasargeblo iqneba moswavleTa uyuradRebobis paternebis gaazreba da sapasuxo moqmedebaTa nimuSebis morgeba. SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT, rom Cveni repertuaris nawils ugulebelvyofT, radgan Zalian gagvaRiziana luizam,
SesaZloa, TviT repertuars sWirdeba gamdidreba, an iqneb, ukeT SevarCevdiT moqmedebas, Tu
uyuradRebobis mizezis moZebnas SevecdebodiT. kolegasTan moswavleze (an klasze) saubari
yuradRebis parametrebis qcevaTa rigis gaTvaliswinebiT, Zalze sasargeblo saqmianobaa.

32

yuradReba_savarjiSo

gansazRvre WeSmaritia (W) Tu mcdaria (m) debuleba da daasabuTe arCevani.

1. yuradRebis moqmedebaTa gamoyeneba ufro efeqturia
miRwevis moqmedebaTa bolos.
2. uxeSi sarkazmi is moqmedebaa, romelsac wignis avtorebi ar iwoneben.
3. me-SetyobinebiT moswavleebs vagebinebT, ris gakeTebas moveliT maTgan.
4. daxmarebis SeTavazebis moqmedebas maSin avirCev,
roca msurs moswavleebi mSvidobianad miubrundnen
davalebis Sesrulebas.

5. gafrTxilebis moqmedebebi, ZiriTadad, moswavlis

yuradRebis SenarCunebis mizniT gamoiyeneba.

yuradRebis zogierTi moqmedeba Zalian hgavs erTmaneTs an orazrovania. testis

es nawili dagexmarebaT maT Soris gansxvavebis dadgenaSi. yovel kiTxvaSi moqmedebaTa Soris gansxvaveba unda axsnaT.
1. ra gansxvavebaa Sewyvetis moqmedebas _ pirferobasa _ da darwmunebis moqmedebas _ Seqebas _ Soris?

`yuradReba - savarjiSo

qvemoT mocemuli sakiTxebi saSualebas gaZlevT, gaimeoroT da gaixsenoT moswavleTa yuradRebis gamowvevis, SenarCunebisa da xelaxali gamowvevisTvis arsebuli
alternativebi.

2. ra gansxvavebaa Tanabar SesaZleblobasa da arCevanis SemTxveviTobas Soris?

orive gafrTxilebis moqmedebaa.
3. ra gansxvavebaa darwmunebis moqmedebas _ iumorsa da Sewyvetis moqmedebas _
msubuq sarkazms Soris?
4. ra gansxvavebaa CarTvis moqmedebas molodinsa da gamowvevas Soris?
5. ra gansxvavebaa Sewyvetis moqmedebas adgilis Secvlasa da ardaSvebas Soris?
6. ra gansxvavebaa Sewyvetis moqmedebas _ pauza da mzerasa da gafrTxilebis moqmedebas _ uyurebs erTs, esaubreba meores Soris?
7. ra gansxvavebaa Sewyvetis moqmedebas siaxlovesa da gafrTxilebis moqmedebas
cirkulacias Soris?
8. ra gansxvavebaa Sewyvetis moqmedebas _ saxelis CarTvasa da gafrTxilebis moqmedebas _ moswavlis saxelis gamoyenebas Soris?
9. ra gansxvavebaa Sewyvetis moqmedebebs zogad da specifikur verbalur Sewyvetasa da brZanebas Soris?

moiyvaneT am moqmedebaTa gamoyenebis magaliTebi.

1. moiyvaneT moswavlis damxmared warmodgenis gamoyenebis magaliTi.
2. klass axal informacias awvdiT. vesi samjer adga Tavisi fanqris gasaTlelad. Tqven

33

gadawyviteT, rom mas me-Setyobineba gaugzavnoT. daasabuTeT.

3. moiyvaneT magaliTi, rogor gamoiyenebdiT gakveTilSi sayrdenebs gakveTilis Sinaarsze moswavleTa yuradRebis misapyrobad.
4. moiyvaneT winaswari gafrTxilebis magaliTi.
5. rogor gamoiyenebdiT arCevanis SemTxveviTobasa da Tanabar SesaZleblobas moswavlis yuradRebis SesanarCuneblad?

ganixileT situacia da SeusabameT Tqveni pasuxi moswavles, situacias an mizans.

1. saSualo skolis maRal klasebSi maTematikis gansakuTrebiT rTul nawils aswavliT.
kiTxvebs calkeul moswavleebs usvamT da, amasTanave, klasis yuradRebis SenarCuneba gsurT. yuradRebis moqmedebis kargi arCevani iqneba:

lodinis dro

xmis Secvla

unisoni

cirkulacia

2. gansakuTrebulad mZime saswavlo dRis boloa. moswavleebma kargad imuSaves da daiRalnen. yuradRebis moqmedebis kargi arCevani iqneba:

SiSi

gamowveva

Tanaziaroba

waxaliseba

3. moswavleTaTvis SerCeuli moTxrobebis nakrebidan nawyvetis xmamaRla wasakiTxad

emzadebiT. yuradRebis moqmedebis kargi arCevani iqneba:

winaswari gafrTxileba

inscenireba

muqara

mxedvelobiTi kontaqti

4. gakveTilze Tqvens fanjrebTan sxva klasis moswavleebi TamaSoben. yuradRebis moqmedebaTa Soris kargi arCevani iqneba:

brZaneba
arasruli winadadebebi

Sexseneba
yuradRebis gafantvisgan dacva

5. moswavleebi mcire jgufebSi davalebis Sesrulebisas saubrobdnen. Tqven sxva davalebis dawyebamde mTeli jgufis yuradRebis mobilizacia gsurT. yuradRebis moqmedebis kargi arCevani iqneba:

34

xmis Secvla

signali

zogadi verbaluri Sewyvetis brZaneba

yuradReba

literatura
Bennett, N. `Recent Research on Teaching: A Dream, a Belief, and a Model. Journal of Education 160, no
3 (Aujust 1978).
Brophy, J.E. and C.M. Evertson, Learning From Teaching. Boston: Allyn& Bacon 1978.
Church, John and Joe Hasenstab. Teaching with T.E.A.C.H. Emerson, N.J.: Performance Learning Systems,
1985.
Martin, D.L. Your Praise Can Smother Learning. Learning (February 1977); 4351.
Mckenzie, R. and A.M. Schadler. Effects of Three Practice Modes on Attention, Test Anxiety, &
Achievement in a Classroom Association Learning Task. Paper presented at the American Educational Regional Association, , Boston, Mass., 1980.
Redl, F., and D. Wineman. Controls from Within. Glancoe III: Free Press, 1952.
Rosenshine B.V. Academic Engaged Time, Content Covered, and Direct Instruction. Joural of Education
160, no 3 (August 1978).
Rowe, M.B. Wait Time and Rewards as Instructional Variables: Their Influence on Language, Logic
and Fate Control. Paper presented at the National Association for Research on Science Teaching,
Chicago, III., April 1972.
Tanner, L. Classroom Discipline. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1978.

35

3
tempi
rogor SevinarCunoT movlenaTa
Tanabari, swrafi ganviTareba?
uzrunvelyofa
gadafarva
Semavseblebi
Careva
gakveTilis moqniloba
Setyobineba
qvedayofa
molodini

tempi

empis cneba saklaso oTaxSi movlenaTa Tanabar, uwyvet nakads gulisxmobs (Kounin
1970). swavleba uamrav maxes Seicavs tempisTvis, romlis Semcirebisas moswavleTa
koncentracia irRveva. maT yuradReba efantebaT da veRar axerxeben saswavlo aqtivobaSi Cabmas. dros uqmad atareben, elodebian momzadebas, dawyebas, organizebas. Tu tempi
klebulobs, moswavleebs bezrdebaT, saqmes eZeben, dro ocnebaSi gahyavT an destruqciulad
iqcevian. meore mxriv, Tu tempi SenarCunebulia, moswavleebi Tanabrad da swrafad gadadian
erTi moqmedebidan meoreze. moswavleTa da aRWurvilobis moZraoba Seferxebis, konfliqtis,
kamaTis an xelis kvris da mujlugunis gareSe xdeba. amgvar gakveTilze dakvirvebisas iseTi
gancda gveufleba, rom `saqme midis~. am TavSi ganvixilavT maswavleblis qcevas, romelic
gamiznulia tempis SesanarCuneblad da movlenaTa samarTavad.
zogadad, tempis cnebasTan mravali parametria dakavSirebuli. mag., yuradReba, radgan
misi saSualebiT xdeba moswavleTa interesis aRZvra da swavlaze fokusireba; rutina aumjobesebs rogorc procedurebis, ise garemos organizebulobas da aCqarebs ganviTarebas;
samuSaos mimarT molodinebi, radgan maswavleblis sijiute da sizuste moswavleebs samuSaos avtomaturad Sesrulebisa da erTi saqmianobidan meoreze gadasvlisas individualuri
warmatebis miRwevis saSualebas aZlevs.
tempis cnebas swavlebis sxva parametrebic moicavs. mag., pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba, romelic sZlevs moswavleTa winaaRmdegobas da destruqcias da yvelaferi maswavleblis Canafiqris mixedviT mimdinareobs; sivrce, radgan misi efeqtiani organizeba moswavleebs saWiro sagnebis moZebnasa da swavlebis procesSi Cabmas uadvilebs da yuradRebis
gafantvas amcirebs; aseTive parametria droc, radgan Sesabamisi ganrigi moswavleebis energiisa da yuradRebis SenarCunebas uzrunvelyofs da arakeTilgonivruli moTxovnebisagan
gvicavs.
metic, SegiZliaT Tvali gadaavloT miznebis, Sefasebisa da swavlis gamocdilebis kurikulumis parametrebs tempTan dakavSirebul aspeqtebTan mimarTebaSi: Seusabamo masala (Zalze rTuli an zedmetad martivi), masalis arasaTanado miwodeba, rasac Sedegad SeiZleba
moswavleTa Tavgabezreba da imedgacrueba mohyves da dairRves saklaso mecadineobis tempi.
ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT, SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT, rom Seusabamo kurikulumsa Tu swavlebas tempis darRveva SeuZlia. tempis ase farTod gamoyeneba niSnavs mTeli swavlebis erTi
qolgis qveS moqcevas. marTlac, swavlebis nebismier parametrs, qcevis ra pirvelad mizansac
unda iTvaliswinebdes, meoreuli gavlena aqvs tempze. darwmunebuli varT, rom saWiroa swavlebis im aspeqtebze fokusireba, romlebic, pirvel yovlisa, klasSi tempis SenarCunebas ukavSirdeba. Cven tempis gansazRvrebis rva ZiriTadi qveparametriT, anu maswavleblis qcevis
saxeebiT SemovifarglebiT, romlis ZiriTadi mizani movlenaTa Tanamimdevrobaa da, romelic
Seusabamo ganxorcielebisa Tu ugulebelyofis SemTxvevaSi, arRvevs movlenaTa Tanamimdevrobas.

39

Tavi 3

tempis kategoriebi
tempis rva kategoria ekleqtur jgufs warmoadgens, romlis punqtebic, iseve rogorc
menejmentis sxva parametrebi, swavlis procesSi moswavlis Cabmisa da misi yuradRebis SenarCunebis saSualebas iZleva. menejmentis sxva parametrebSi, qcevisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic
sxvadasxva misiasTan SeiZleba davakavSiroT, es rva kategoria arc erT sxva parametrs ar
esadageba da imTaviTve orientirebulia tempze. maTi saxelwodebebia: uzrunvelyofa, gadafarva, Semavseblebi, SeWra, gakveTilis moqniloba, Setyobineba, qvedayofa da molodinebi.

uzrunvelyofa
uzrunvelyofa niSnavs sivrcisa da masalebis momzadebas saqmianobisTvis. adekvaturi
uzrunvelyofis pirobebSi ver naxavT, rom maswavlebelma jer moswavleebs mouyaros Tavi,
xolo Semdeg ramdenime wuTiT datovos isini karadidan gakveTilisaTvis saWiro masalis gadmosaRebad. verc imis momswre gaxdebiT, rom moswavleebs aqtivobisaTvis saWiro masalebis
maragi amoewuroT da maswavlebels damatebiTi masalebi sTxovon. maswavlebelma gakveTilis dawyebamde unda Seamowmos saWiro masalis raodenoba, Tavi mouyaros mas da moamzados
sivrce; aseve unda moimaragos swavlebisaTvis is aucilebeli nivTebi, romlebic, savaraudod, dRis ganmavlobaSi dasWirdebaT moswavleebs.
uzrunvelyofa, kargi menejmentis msgavsad, TvalSi sacemi maSin xdeba, rodesac TiTqmis
ar arsebobs. aris kargi uzrunvelyofis bevri niSani. mag.: gakveTilisaTvis gankuTvnili audiovizualuri masala, winaswar momzadebuli cxrilebi an sademonstracio aRWurviloba;
maswavlebeli informacias dafaze amzadebs da saWiro dros gamoaCens; aseve mzadaa dasarigebeli savarjiSoebi (handouts). TviT oTaxSi savarjiSoebi, sxvadasxva kompleqti, TamaSebi, audiocentri, wignebi, samarTavi pulti da xmis misacemi baraTebi, moswavleebisaTvis TvalsaCinod aris dawyobili; optikuri wamkiTxavi kompiuteris gverdiT devs; iqve bloknotia,
romelSic mocemulia is sami kodi, romlis mixedviTac moswavleebma samuSao unda Seasrulon. garemos ostatur uzrunvelyofaze maswavlebels cota dro exarjeba, Sedegad ki,
maqsimalurad izrdeba moswavleebze daxarjul dro, da, Sesabamisad, Sedegic.

gadafarva
es termini kouninisagan (Kounin, 1970) visesxeT da miseuli gansazRvreba ganvavrceT: gadafarva aris ori paraleluri movlenis marTvis unari ise, rom orives erTdroulad mivaqcioT
yuradReba. `marTva~, am SemTxvevaSi, maswavleblis saqmianobis or aspeqts moicavs. pirvelia,
erTdrouli kavSiri yvelaferTan, rac ramdenime jgufSi, adgilas an aqtivobisas xdeba (maswavlebeli SeiZleba CarTuli iyos erT an or saqmianobaSi an klasSi siarulisas Tvalyurs
adevnebdes ramdenime maTgans); kavSiri niSnavs, rom maswavlebelma icis aqtivobis buneba, moswavleTa Sesabamisi qceva da maTi saqmianobis xarisxi. meore aris sirTuleebis gadalaxvaSi
moswavleebisTvis daxmarebis gaweva. sirTuleebi Semdegi mizeziT SeiZleba warmoiqmnas: moswavleebma ver gaig`yvelganmyofoba~ aucilebeli pirobaa.
es miTiTebebi, ar ician, ra gaakeTon Semdeg, ar SeswevT
interpersonaluri uTanxmoebebis mogvarebis unari (mag., masalebis gaziareba, jgufis winsvlisaTvis saWiro moqmedebebi), awydebian Seusabamod rTul masalas, efantebaT yuradReba
an daamTavres erTi savarjiSo da meoreze gadasasvlelad daxmareba sWirdebaT.
`yvelganmyofobaSi~ (withitness) igulisxmeba, rom maswavlebels `kefazec ki aqvs Tvalebi~,

40

tempi

xedavs mTel saklaso oTaxs da moswavleebs auwyebs, rom icis, Tu ra xdeba oTaxSi. yvelgan
yofna gadafarvis wina pirobaa (Kounin, 1970) da aucilebelia cudi yofaqcevis umal SesamCnevad da reagirebis mosaxdenad. amas garda, yvelgan yofna ramdenime erTroulad mimdinare
saswavlo procesis safuZvelia, radgan maswavlebels yvela movlenis mimdinareobasTan kontaqtis saSualebas aZlevs.
maswavleblebi yvelgan yofnis meoxebiT inarCuneben temps, rodesac saqmianobaSi arsebul
an potenciur dabrkolebas amCneven. qvemoT moyvanilia tempis SenarCunebis ramdenime magaliTi, roca maswavleblis moqmedeba moswavleebs dabrkolebis gadalaxvaSi an mis Tavidan
acilebaSi exmareba.
moswavles, romelic amTavrebs xelovnebis proeqtze muSaobas, maswavlebeli
ekiTxeba: `jim, sad unda dado namuSevari gasaSrobad?~ `sadurglo magidis qveS~,
pasuxobs jimi. `mSvenieria! Semdeg SegiZlia diliT dawyebuli wignis kiTxva ganagrZo~, ambobs maswavlebeli. maswavlebelma xazi gausva, romAsaqmianoba dasrulda da moswavle axal saqmes unda Seudges.
maswavlebeli SeniSnavs, rom moswavlem Tavi ver gaarTva laboratoriul eqsperiments da eubneba: `mark, Tu gagiWirda, jeins sTxove daxmareba~.
maswavlebeli xedavs, rom bavSvs saRebavi uTavdeba, is JestiT aniSnebs, momiaxlovdio da axsenebs, rom samuSaos dasrulebisas, qila saRebaviT Seavsos.
maswavlebeli xedavs, rom jgufi gadasaxadTan dakavSirebiT senatoris poziciaze kamaTobs da mimarTavs: `rogor SeZlebT informaciis dazustebas?~ es moswavleTa konstruqciul qcevaSi CarTvis gzaa.
gadafarvis mizania, rom maswavleblis yvela moqmedebiT SenarCundes jgufisa Tu
calkeuli individebis tempi maSin, rodesac maswavlebeli jgufs punqtuacias aswavlis,
amecadinebs kiTxvaSi, amowmebs moxsenebas laboratoriuli muSaobis Sesaxeb an sxva saqmianobas eweva. maswavlebeli marTavs qcevas ise, rom ar adunebs yuradRebas, ar awyvetinebs
da arc erTi wamiT ar Sordeba pirvelad mizans. es gadafarvis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis
saSualebaa, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac maswavlebeli aqtiurad monawileobs konkretul
saswavlo procesSi.

Semavseblebi
dRis ganmavlobaSi isec xdeba xolme, rom maswavlebeli mcire xniT (10-15 wuTi) yovndeba
moswavleTa jgufTan, rodesac araferi ar igegmeba. zogjer es mouxerxebel adgilebSi xdeba,
sadac xeli ar miuwvdebaT standartul saklaso resursebze xelmiuwvdom: mag., skolis Semdeg, bolo avtobusis molodinSi; holSi, kabinetidan (xatvis, musikis) meore cvlis gamosvlis molodinSi; klasSi, sadac bavSvebma es-es aris daasrules samuSao da sakmarisi dro aRar
rCeba imisTvis, rom sxva samuSao misce sadilis dawyebamde. ras akeTebs maswavlebeli aseT
situaciaSi tempis darRvevis Tavidan asacileblad?
zogierTi SeiZleba Semogvedvaos kidec, ra unda gaakeTos maswavlebelmao. maTi azriT,
moswavleebi ubralod unda isxdnen da elodnen, maT mocda unda icodnen, radgan aseT SemTxvevebs Tavidan ver aicileb. maswavlebeli ar aris valdebuli moswavleebi mudmivad gaarTos.
asea, vupasuxebdiT Cven. . . saqmis bolomde miyvana namdvilad sasurvelia, Tumca yovelTvis
rodi amarTlebs. imis molodini, rom rTuli klasebis moswavleebi moTminebiT isxdebian da
moicdian, arakeTilgonivrulia da mas Sedegad destruqcia mohyveba xolme. amis Tavidan

41

Tavi 3

asacileblad da ramdenime wuTis ganmavlobaSi klasis Tavmosayrelad, maswavlebelma, Semavsebeli unda gamoiyenos. ai, ramdenime magaliTi:
saaTis araswori Cvenebis gamo maswavlebeli pirvelklaselebTan erTad 5 wuTiT
adre midis fizkulturis darbazSi. saklaso oTaxSi dabrunebas azri ar aqvs.
is sTxovs bavSvebs, kedelTanAaxlos dasxdnen da ise SemWidrovdnen, rom yvelam
gaigonos da dainaxos, ras ityvis da gaakeTebs maswavlebeli. `sanam velodebiT,
sxva klasi rodis daamTavrebs gakveTils, aswieT xeli, Tu sityva `Tevzis~ riTmas moifiqrebT~. (is iZaxebs sam bavSvs, romlebic sxvadasxva sityvebs asaxeleben). `yoCaR! . . .axla moifiqreT sityva, romelic `naTuras~ eriTmeba (is kidev or
moswavles ekiTxeba).
meore magaliTi:
gasaocaria, magram 1-ma da me-4 magidebma 10 wuTiT adre daamTavres geologiuri
eqsperimenti, Seinaxes xelsawyoebi da nawerebi. maswavlebelma icis, rom danarCen moswavleebs maswavlebelTan SekiTxvebi eqnebaT. 1-li da me-4 magidebis moswavleTa drois flangvisa da celqobis Tavidan asacileblad, is swrafad wers
dafaze rva axal sityvas da Tavisufali magidebis moswavleebs 45 wamian ockiTxvian TamaSs awyebinebs da darCenil moswavleebs ubrundeba.
zogjer, Semavseblebi, zemoT mocemuli magaliTebis msgavsad, uSualod kurikulumis
Sesabamisi rodia. magaliTad, dawyebiTi klasebis maswavlebels SeuZlia bavSvebTan erTad
`gafuWebuli telefoni~ iTamaSos. mexuTeklaselebs maswavlebelma SeiZleba uTxras: `majis
saaTze dauxedavad scadeT gamoicnoT da xelis aweviT maniSnoT erTnaxevari wuTis gasvla~
(TamaSi `drois Semavsebeli~ kargia avtobusSi xmauris ramdenime wuTiT Sesawyvetad). ufrosi klasebis maswavlebelma, SeiZleba klasTan mimdinare problemebze an saskolo gundebze
saubari daiwyos. es sulac ar aris drois flangva, Tumca, saWiroa, erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT Semavseblebi, anu iseTebi, romlebsac `carieli~ dro gahyavT da romlebsac damatebiTi informacia SeaqvT mimdinare kurikulumSi.

Careva
maswavleblis dRe, SesaZloa, swavlebis momentebze aqcentirebul CarevaTa serias
hgavdes. aseTi Careva mravalgvaria: moswavleebi, romelTac davalebis gasworeba surT,
daxmareba, mimarTulebis micema an kamaTis gan
msjeli sWirdebaT; zrdasruli stumrebi, kurimaswavleblis dRe, SesaZloa, swavlebis
erebi, sajaro misamarTebis gamocxadeba. yoveli
momentebze aqcentirebul CarevaTa
Careva tempis Senelebis potenciuri matarebeserias hgavdes.
lia, magram maswavlebeli ise unda Caerios, rom
minimalurad Seamciros maTi gavlena swavlis
procesSi moswavlis CarTulobaze. arsebobs maswavleblis saqmianobis oTxi ZiriTadi done,
romelic CarevasTan gamklavebis unars aRwers:
1. Carevas tempis darRvevis saSualebas aZlevs.
2. Carevas unificirebulad umklavdeba: mag., maswavlebeli arasdros ar aZlevs sxva
klasis moswavleebs SekiTxvis dasmis uflebas (anu ar urigdeba aranair Carevas); Camrevebs daxmarebisTvis TanatolebTan gzavnis: acdevinebs Camrevebs, sanam ar dadgeba maTi daxmarebis Sesaferisi dro.
3. Carevas sxvadasxvagvarad umklavdeba; maswavlebeli sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva saSualebas iyenebs.

42

tempi

4. Carevaze reaqcias usadagebs moswavlis Taviseburebebs an konkretul situacias:

mag., maswavlebelma icis, rom jeins aramyari koncentraciis unari aqvs da CamrevisTvis Tundac dagvianebulad gacemuli pasuxi, mas yuradRebas moudunebs (SesaZloa
jeins samuSaoze misabruneblad 15 wuTic ki dasWirdes). zogjer maswavlebels Camrevis TaviseburebebTan uxdeba morgeba _ Carlis TanaklaselTan agzavnis daxmarebisaTvis, radgan misi imedi aqvs, jons ki aniSnebs, rom daxmarebisaTvis maswavlebels
daelodos, radgan icis, rom mas klaselisTvis daxmarebis Txovna ar SeuZlia. (SesaZloa, mogvianebiT romelime bavSvs sTxovos jonis daxmareba). mokled, maswavlebeli
ergeba moswavles an moswavleTa jgufs (Camrevsac da imasac, visac Camrevi xels uSlis).
5. zogjer maswavlebeli situaciaze morgebas ufro cdilobs, vidre moswavleze. mag.,
verbaluri TamaSi-varjiSis dros maswavlebeli SeiZleba saerTod ar Caerios, rom
TamaSis tempi ar daarRvios.
iseve, rogorc sxva yvelaferi, rasac am wignSi ganvixilavT, Carevac gvaxsenebs, rom rac
ufro ukeTesad movargebT Cven reaqciebs moswavleebsa Tu situacias, miT ufro warmatebulebi viqnebiT.

gakveTilis moqniloba
rogor iqceva maswavlebeli, rodesac gakveTilebi an dagegmili savarjiSoebi jerovnad
ver xorcieldeba? rogor akontrolebs igi temps? unda ganvasxvaoT maswavleblis saqmianobis oTxi done:
1. yvela SemTxvevaSi agrZelebs gakveTils.
2. anebebs Tavs gakveTils da sxva rameze erTveba.
3. mizans inarCunebs da cdilobs sxvagvarad aswavlos: cvlis gakveTilis formats.
4. axal formats jgufis saWiroebebs usadagebs da/an mas individebis Taviseburebebs
argebs
gTavazobT bolo punqtis magaliTs. moswavleTa jgufi fizikuri varjiSis Semdeg energiiT aris damuxtuli. maT uWirT abreviaturebis damoukideblad gaSifvra. maswavlebeli
grZnobs amas, dafaze bades xatavs, romelSic abreviaturebs aTavsebs da bavSvebs `koncentraciis modificirebul variants aTamaSebs, raSic isini aqtiurad erTvebian. maswavlebelma gakveTils moswavleebis imwuTieri saWiroebebis gaTvaliswinebiT axali formati moargo. tempi imiT SenarCunda, rom moswavleebs energiis produqtiulad daxarjvis saSualeba
miecaT.

Setyobineba
tempi SeiZleba dairRves, Tu moswavleebi tranziciisTvis ar arian momzadebulebi (Arlin
1979): Tu maT swrafad awyvetineben erT saqmianobas garkveuli damakmayofilebeli daskvnis miuRwevlad da meores awyebineben. gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac moswavleebi aqtiurad
arian Cabmuli saqmianobaSi, rogorc es xSirad SemoqmedebiTi wvis dros xdeba xolme. isini
gvewinaaRmdegebian, radgan saqmianobiT gatacebulebs gaCerebas vaiZulebT, iseve, rogorc
Rrmad mZinare ewinaaRmdegeba uxeSad gaRviZebas.
maswavleblebi grZnoben da arbileben am gadasvlas imiT, rom moswavleebs, momzadebis
mizniT, winaswar atyobineben momavali tranziciis Sesaxeb. winaswari Setyobinebis SemTxveva-

43

Tavi 3

Sic ki, zogierT moswavles uWirs Tavisi aqtiurobis iZulebiT Sewyveta. `kidev erTi raRac~...
`damamTavrebineT am gverdis xatva~... (skola ar aris erTaderTi adgili, sadac SeiZleba
amgvari situacia Segvxvdes). maswavlebelma, SeiZleba, ubralod miiyvanos moswavleebi am
wertilamde: me 5 wuTis win gagafrTxileT, rom mzad yofiliyaviT. axla ki droa~; an SeuZlia ama Tu im bavSvis winaaRmdegobis dasaZlevad sxvadasxva xerxi gamoiyenos. konkretul
saqmianobaze saWiro drois amowurvis Semdeg maswavlebelTa oTxgvar moqmedebas gamovyofT:
1. sxva gza ar aris: `laissez-faire~ (nebas rTavs moswavles TviTon moagvaros saqme) an aradamajereblad arwmunebs bavSvebs.
2. erTi gza: yovelTvis zemoqmedebs bavSvebze.
3. sxvadasxva viTarebaSi sxvadasxva xarisxis enTuziazmiT zemoqmedebs.
4. sxvadasxva moswavleze, misi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gansxvavebulad zemoqmedebs. mag., maswavlebeli eubneba jenis: `sanam samamde daviTvli, wigni Seinaxe da
karisken wadi~. maswavlebelma icis, rom jeni cdis mis Tanamimdevrulobas dominanturi Zalis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. noes ki, maswavlebelma SeiZleba ramdenime zedmeti wuTi dauTmos da mSvidad daexmaros nivTebis dalagebaSi, radgan kmayofilia
misi dilandeli muSaobiT da surs dadebiTi ganwyoba SeunarCunos.

qvedayofa
moswavleTa jgufebi erTi saqmianobidan meoreze an saqmianobis farglebSi sxvadasxva
fazaze gadasvlis dros saklaso oTaxSi siarulisas (mwkrivSi dgebian, iReben paltoebs,
midian biblioTekaSi, iReben mikroskopebs, arigeben furclebs) xSirad ferxdebian. amgvari
`sacobi~ ukmayofilebas, uares SemTxvevaSi ki, drois uqmad gacdenas iwvevs. qvedayofa (anu
fragmentacia, rogorc kunini uwodebs) niSnavs Seferxebis am drois winaswar ganWvretas da
misi Tavidan acilebis mizniT moqmedebas klasis mcire jgufebad (individebad, wyvilebad,
magidebad, gundebad, im bavSvebad, visac sportuli fexsacmeli acvia) dayofas. amasobaSi,
moZravi rigis gareT mdgomi bavSvebi dakavebulebi arian davalebis dasrulebiT, masalis
SenaxviT, an tranziciis sxva aspeqtebiT (magaliTad, SemavseblebiT).
zogierTi maswavlebeli qvedayofas saswavlo programis mimdinare sakiTxebis ganmtkicebisTvis iyenebs. mag., avtobusis gaCerebaze mdgom moswavleebs gamravlebis tabulaSi an
sityvebis marTlweraSi avarjiSebs. swori pasuxis SemTxvevaSi wasvlis nebas aZlevs. . . `ai,
Seni bileTi~, ambobs am dros maswavlebeli.
am saxis qvedayofa gansakuTrebiT dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebTan aris warmatebuli.
ufrosklaselebs, romelTac TavianTi ZalebiT SeuZliaT Tavi gaarTvan areul situacias,
ubralod TavianT nebaze miuSveben xolme. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba warmatebulad miviCnioT
maswavleblis qceva, rodesac igi moswavleebisgan moiTxovs, sxvebsac gadaawodon masala an
yvela moswavlisTvis xelmisawvdom adgilas Seinaxon; saqmianobaTa iseT Tanamimdevrobasa
da/an temps irCevs, rom moswavleTaAmcire jgufebs bunebrivad sxvadasxva dros dasWirdeT
masala. maswavlebeli iTvaliswinebs da Tavs aridebs saqmianobaTa gegmis Tanamimdevruli
bunebiT warmoqmnil `sacobebs~.

molodini
ganvixiloT aseTi SemTxveva: maswavlebeli winaswar atyobinebs klass, rom qveda sarTulze sasule sakravebis kvintetis koncertze Casasvlelad moemzadon. `mejavreba koncertebi~,
ambobs JorJeta. erTi wuTis Semdeg zogi bavSvi nivTebs alagebs. ori wuTis Semdeg ramden-

44

tempi

ime bavSvi karebTan ikribeba. JorJeta aravis

gamocdili maswavlebeli problemas moelis
uyurebs da gabutuli Cans. `JorJeta Caxval
da misi Tavidan acilebis mizniT moqmedebs.
darbazSi da naxav, aris Tu ara CvenTvis adgilebi?!~ sTxovs maswavlebeli. JorJeta midis.
klasi swrafad mwkrivdeba karTan da maswavlebelTan erTad qveviT Cadis. isini Sua gzaze
xvdebian JorJetas, romelic maswavlebels auwyebs, rom adgilebi aris da klass yovelgvari
protestis gareSe uerTdeba da maTTan erTad Sedis darbazSi.
gamocdili maswavlebeli aseT situacias yoveldRe awydeba. is moelis problemas, anu
SemTxvevas, romelmac SeiZleba tempi Seanelos da yvelafers akeTebs misi Tavidan acilebisTvis. zrunavs imisTvis, rom moswavleebi cdunebas ar ahyvnen, winaaRmdegobis gawevis unaris mqoneT ki Cixisgan Tavis daRwevis saSualebas ise aZlevs, rom maT damcirebulad ar
igrZnon Tavi, mosalodnel sirTuleebs SeZlebisdagvarad warmoqmnisTanave agvarebs. qvemoT
gTavazobT ramdenime situacias, romelTa dadebiTi Sedegebi maswavleblis mier molodinis
gamoyenebam ganapiroba.
klasSi moswavleebTan Sexvedramde, saklaso oTaxis dalagebisas, maswavlebeli moelis,
rom zogierTi bavSvi dalagebas sxvebze adre daamTavrebs da umiznod darCeba. (Sexvedra ar
daiwyeba, sanam yvela ar mogrovdeba). igive SeiZleba moxdes ufros klasebSi, rodesac moswavleebi zaris darekvamde Sedian saklaso oTaxSi yvelanairi wvrilmaniT xelSi. gakveTilis dawyebis win nivTebi mTel oTaxSia mimofantuli. orive SemTxvevaSi, Tu maswavlebeli
winaswar ganWvrets mosalodnels, is Sekrebis adgilze unda mivides da raime sainteresoTi
(gamocanebiT, zogadi saubriT, TamaSiT, TavsatexiT, dafaze sainteresos weriT) Seaqcios
bavSvebi. Tavis nebaze miSvebuli zogierTi klasi iWidavebs, ikamaTebs an tempis darRvevis
sxva xerxs mimarTavs. Tu maswavlebeli klasis potencials gamoicnobs, is amgvar periodebs
ganWvrets da maT saintereso saqmianobas SesTvazebs.
maswavlebeli xvdeba, rom moswavleTa mcire jgufs geometriaSi axali masalis asaTviseblad misi daxmareba da dro dasWirdeba, amitom, imgvarad warmarTavs saqmianobas, rom am
dros danarCenma moswavleebma is davaleba Seasrulon, romelsac damoukideblad arTmeven
Tavs proceduris/miTiTebebisa da Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT. sxvagvarad, man SeiZleba veRar
SeZlos yvela moswavlis mimarT yuradRebisa da daxmarebis moTxovnis dakmayofileba. Sedegad moswavleebi SeiZleba usaqmod aRmoCndnen da tempi Semcirdes. viTarebis Sesabamisad,
maswavlebeli klasis didi nawilis (rasac isini advilad gaarTmeven Tavs) mimarT zemoxsenebul gamocdilebas iSveliebs da axali cnebis 10 wuTiani ganxilvisTvis oTxi moswavle
gamohyavs dafasTan.
molodinis unaris dakvirveba rTulia, aseve Znelia maswavlebelma sakuTar saqmianobaSi SeamCnios am unaris gamoyeneba, radgan es spontanurad da intuiciiT ufro xdeba, vidre dagegmilad. is maswavlebeli, romelic sirTules awydeba molodinTan dakavSirebiT,
moigebs, Tu gonebaSi winaswar warmoidgens dagegmil dRes. gansakuTrebiT ki, Tu kolegas
gaumxels da tempTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gadaWraSi daixmars. erTad maT SeiZleba gamoavlinon potenciuri xelis SemSleli winaaRmdegobebi da garkveuli nabijebi gadadgan
maTi Tavidan acilebisTvis.
mkiTxveli SeiZleba daibnes Semavseblebisa da molodinis garCevisas. isini, marTlac
urTierTdakavSirebuli cnebebia. molodini gonebis Tvisebaa, romelic afrTxilebs maswavlebels, rom konkretul dros Semavseblis gareSe klasSi problemebi gaCndeba. magram Semavsebeli molodinze mimaniSnebeli erTi konkretuli reaqciaa. molodini gacilebiT ufro
farTo kategoriaa, vidre Semavseblebi. es azrovnebis stilia, Cveulebriv spontanuri da
xSirad nagulisxmevi, romelic gveubneba: `Tu amas ar gavakeTeb, SeiZleba tempi Seneldes~. es
`amas~ Semavseblis garda bevri ram SeiZleba iyos. mag., pirvelklaselebTan damSvidobebamde
maswavlebels maTi nawili Tixis saxelosnoSi mihyavs, nawili ki sxva kabinetebSi. ase imitom

45

Tavi 3

iqceva, rom icis, Tixaze muSaoba yvelaze popularuli da yvelasTvis sasurveli saqmianobaa. is moelis, rom Tu TixiT saqmianobas ar moagvarebs da bavSvebi guls ar ijereben, sxva
saqmianobaze gadarTvas ver moaxerxeben. amgvarad, Tanamimdevroba, romliTac is gegmavs aqtivobis punqtebs, asaxavs miseul molodins, ra SeiZleba moxdes, Tu jer Tixas `ar mixedavs~.
ganzogadebulad, molodini gonebis Tvisebaa, romelic am TavSi aRwerili yvela situaciisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli (Careva, Semavseblebi, Setyobineba, gakveTilis moqniloba,
gadafarva, uzrunvelyofa da qvedayofa). am Tvisebis mqone maswavlebeli zemoxsenebuli
Svidi situaciis garda mas bevr sxva faqiz situaciaSi iyenebs. ase rom, amgvari situaciebis
aRwerisaTvis maTi momcveli zogadi kategoria gvWirdeba.

tempis mimoxilva
rogorc vnaxeT, tempis parametri dakavSirebulia maswavleblis im qcevebTan, romelTa
Tavdapirveli mizani gakveTilis mimdinareobis SenarCunebaa. am rva qveparametris farglebSi maswavlebeli mTel rig saqmianobebs axorcielebs, romelTa mizania klasSi tempis
SenarCuneba. rac ufro ostaturad arCevs maswavlebeli tempis miseuli repertuaridan
moswavleTa saWiroebebis, Taviseburebebisa da situaciis Sesatyvis saqmianobas, miT ufro
umtkivneulo da warmatebulia erTi saqmianobidan meoreze gadasvla da miT ufro ukeT aris
SenarCunebuli tempi.

46

tempi - Sejameba
gaixseneT klasi, romelsac bolo dros aswavlidiT an akvirdebodiT. 1, 2, 3,
6, 7 da 8 punqtebi SemoxazeT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu: qceva saWiro dros ganxorcielda (diax); ar ganxorcielda, Tumca saWiro iyo (ara); ar miesadaga (a/m).
me-4 da me-5 punqtebSi SemoxazeT dakvirvebadi qceva.
a/m

ara

2. g
adafarva: Tvalyurs adevnebs ramdenime saqmianobas
da moswavleebs dabrkolebaTa gadalaxvaSi exmareba.
diax

a/m

ara

3. S
emavseblebi: konstruqciulad
iyenebs lodinis xanmokle periodebs.
diax

a/m

ara

a/m

ara

4. Careva:
tempis darRveva

Tavs arTmevs erTnairi meTodiT

Tavs arTmevs sxvadasxva meTodiT

usadagebs reaqcias

tempi - Sejameba

1. uzrunvelyofa: amzadebs sivrcesa da masalas.

diax

a/m

5. gakveTilis moqniloba:
aiZulebs gaagrZelon

wyvets da sxvaze erTveba

cvlis formats

usadagebs axal formats

a/m

6. S
etyobineba: winaswar atyobinebs erTi
saqmianobidan meoreze gadasvlis Sesaxeb.
diax
7. q
vedayofa: moZrav jgufs ufro mcire jgufebad yofs.
diax

a/m

ara

8. m
olodini: moelis da gverds uvlis tempis winaRobebs.
diax

a/m

ara

47

tempi - savarjiSo
1. Tqveni sityvebiT SeajameT tempis parametri.

a. uzrunvelyofa

a. `sxva gza scadeT~

b. gadafarva

b. yuradRebis gadatana Seferxebis dros

g. Semavseblebi

g. fizikuri `sacobebi~

d. Careva

d. ori jgufis erTdrouli marTva

e. gakveTilis moqniloba

e. `saimoni ambobs. . .~

v. Setyobineba
dini

v. erTi saqmianobidan meoreze gadasvlis molo-

z. qvedayofa

z. inventaris winaswar momzadeba

z. molodini

z. rTuli momentebis molodini

3. aRwereT magaliTebi:

uzrunvelyofis:

Semavseblebis:

SeWrasTan gamklavebis:

tempi - savarjiSo

2. miusadageT yoveli qveparametri im punqts, romelsac yvelaze ukeT esadageba.

4. aRwereT qvedayofis gzebi moswavleTa Semdegi saqmianobebis dros.

iReben masalebs magididan:

arigeben furclebs:

5. r
a agvacilebs Tavidan tempis dakargvas, rodesac ramdenime mcire jgufi muSaobs saklaso oTaxis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi?
6. d
aasruleT maswavleblis savaraudo komentari gadafarvis qvemoT mocemul
situaciebSi.

a. oTaxis meore boloSi mjdom moswavles davalebis Sesruleba gauWirda.

maswavlebeli ambobs:

b. moswavlem sxvebze adre daasrula testi marTlweraSi. maswavlebeli ambobs:

7. romeli qveparametris ilustracias axdens es scenebi?

a.

moswavleebi brundebian sportuli darbazidan TiTo-TiTod an or-orad

49

an ramdenime erTdroulad. maswavlebeli saklaso oTaxSia, mas xelSi

ramdenime axali sagani ukavia da saklaso oTaxSi dabrunebul moswavleebs
ekiTxeba, risTvis SeiZleba maTi gamoyeneba.
magaliTi warmoadgens:
b. maswavlebeli ambobs, `biWebo da gogonebo, xuT wuTSi sasadilod wavalT.
aalageTmagidebi da moamzadeT wignebi karadaSi Sesanaxad.
magaliTi warmoadgens:
g. moswavleTa jgufs aSkarad mobezrda gramatikis gakveTili. maswavlebeli,
Txrobas wyvets, Cerdeba da moswavleebs umzers. Semdeg sTxovs, dafasTan
gamovidnen da gaiTamaSon metyvelebis nawilebi da isaubron, `rogor iqcevian~ metyvelebis es nawilebi winadadebaSi.
magaliTi warmoadgens:
8. rogor aris tempi dakavSirebuli yuradRebis parametrTan?

50

tempi

literatura:
Arlin,M. Teacer Transitions Can Disrupt Time Flow in Classrooms. American Educational Research
Journal (Winter 1979): 42-56.
Doyle, W. Making Managerial Decisions in Classrooms. In Classroom Management, 78th Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, Daniel L. Duke (ed.) Chicago: Universuty of Chicago Press, 1979,
75-115.
Kounin, J. Discipline and Classroom Management. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1970.
Pierson, C., and J. Mansuggi, Creating & Using Learning Games. Palo Alto, Calif.: Learning Handbooks,
1975.

51

4
sivrce
rogor gamoviyenoT
zedmiwevniT efeqtianad
saklaso oTaxis sivrce da aveji?
sivrcis morgeba swavlisaTvis
sakuTreba da privatuloba
sivrcis gamoyenebis rekomendaciebi

sivrce

rqiteqtorebs, interieris dekoratorebs

sivrceSi sagnebis ganlageba ganapirobebs
da garemos dacvis specialistebs swamT,
adamianis funqcionirebas.
rom adamianebis gansxvavebul funqcionirebas sivrceSi sagnebis ganlageba (da TviT sivrce)
ganapirobebs. isini Tavs imiT irCenen, rom adamianebs efeqtiani funqcionirebisTvis fizikuri garemos saukeTeso gamoyenebas aswavlian. Cven maTi xedva imave _ komfortisa da
produqtiulobis mizniT ganaTlebaSi unda gamoviyenoT.
am TavSi, romelic swavlebis sivrcobriv parametrs eZRvneba, ganvixilavT, rogor unda
gamoiyenos maswavlebelma saklaso oTaxisa da skolis sivrce. warmogidgenT or msgavss
Sexedulebas imis Taobaze, rogor unda gamoiyenos maswavlebelma sivrce. man aveji, masala da
sivrce gakveTilis miznidan gamomdinare unda ganalagos. ra miznebs isaxavs gakveTili? rogori saswavlo garemo sWirdeba am miznebis ganxorcielebas? rogor Seuwyobs xels sivrcis
gamoyeneba gakveTils? savaraudoa, rom gakveTilis miznebis da formis cvlilebasTan erTad
Seicvleba farTobis ganawilebac. maswavlebels bevrnairad SeuZlia sivrcis gamoyeneba, rac
racionalurad unda pasuxobdes swavlebis aqtiur formebs.
sivrcisadmi damokidebulebis meore gza orientirebulia ara mis mravalferovan gamoyenebaze, aramed moswavleTa konkretul mudmiv sivrcesTan dakavSirebul interesebze: sakuTrebasa da privatulobaze. moswavleTa saWiroebebi gansxvavebulia da maswavlebels
SeuZlia garkveuli nabijebi gadadgas individualur moTxovnebze mosargebad. Cven sivrces
zemoT dasaxelebuli ori TvalsazrisiT ganvixilavT.

sivrcis morgeba swavlebisaTvis

maswavleblebisa da skolis xelmZRvanelis Sexvedra sxvadasxvagvarad mimdinareobs xolme. zogi xelmZRvaneli Tavis magidasTan zis da ise esaubreba maswavleblebs, zogi Tavisi
magidis gverdiT dgams maswavleblis skams, zogs magida kuTxeSi udgas piriT kedlisaken da
maswavlebelTan TaTbiris dros skams miabrunebs xolme, zogi patara magidis garSemo atarebs Sexvedras.
xelmZRvaneli Sexvedris TiToeuli formiT sxvadasxva Setyobinebas awvdis maswavleblebs da fizikur garemos sasurveli urTierTobis klimatisaTvis iyenebs. swored aseve, maswavleblis mier saklaso oTaxis sivrcis gamoyeneba metyvelebs moswavlis miseul warmodgenaze da swavlebis sasurvel formaze. jakob getcelsma (citirebulia Lewis 1979) oTxi
amgvari warmodgena saklaso oTaxis sivrcis oTx gansxvavebul models daukavSira:
1. carieli moswavlis~ imijs is marTkuTxa oTaxs ukavSirebs: `aseTi dizainis saklaso
oTaxSi, romelic standartuli iyo 1900-ian wlebSi da dResac gavrcelebulia, maswavleblis funqciaa moswavleTa `codniT avseba~. Sesabamisad, saklaso oTaxSi merxebi mwyobr rigebad dgas, mimarTulia oTaxis wina nawilisken, codnis wyaros, anu mas-

55

Tavi 4

wavleblisa da misi magidisken.

2. getcelsi `aqtiuri moswavlis~ imijs ukavSirebs kvadratul oTaxs: `amgvar oTaxSi
aveji moZravia, anturaJi icvleba, maswavleblis magida moswavleTa magidebis gverdiT idgmeba da moswavle mTavari figura xdeba~.
3. mesame modelia `socialuri moswavle~ da wriuli oTaxi: `swavlebis procesi interpersonaluri moqmedebebiTa da reaqciebiT mimdinareobs~. swored aseT formas iyenebs dRes warmatebuli saganmanaTleblo programebis umravlesoba. erT-erT komerciul saganmanaTleblo programaSi is `magiur wredac~ ki moixsenieba. bavSvebi
ecnobian sakuTar da sxvebis gancdebs, urTierTobis doneebsa da Sedegebs.
4. bolo modelia `stimulis maZiebeli moswavle~ da Ria saklaso oTaxi, sadac `saklaso
oTaxi, holi da skolis tradiciuli aveji saswavlo centrebiT, saerTo avejiT, personaluri saswavlo sivrciTa da saerTo areebiT aris Canacvlebuli. moswavle ganixileba, rogorc problemis aRmomCeni da stimulis maZiebeli arseba~.
rasakvirvelia, yvelaferi moswavleebzea damokidebuli, romlebic sxvadasxva rols asruleben: arian informaciis kargi `mimRebebi~, maswavleblis mier dagegmili davalebis aqtiuri Semswavlelebi, saklaso diskusiaSi aqtiurad Cabmulebi, sakuTari aqtivobis `Semqmnelebi~ (`stimulis maZiebeli~ moswavle) da a.S. upiratesi arc erTi zemoxsenebuli fizikuri
garemo ar aris; isini, ubralod, erTmaneTissivrcis modelebi xels uwyoben swavlis
gan gansxvavdebian da sxvadasxva mizans emsaxsxvadasxva formas.
urebian. maswavleblis mier saklaso oTaxis
sivrcis mravalgvar mowyobasa da gamoyenebas
vakvirdebiT ara mxolod mravalferovnebis, aramed sivrcis modelebis TvalsazrisiTac,
romlebic xels uwyoben konkretuli gakveTilis miznis Sesatyvis swavlis sxvadasxva formas.
maswavlebels sxvadasxva miznis misaRwevad SeuZlia sakmaod xSirad cvalos saswavlo
sivrce. saSualo skolis maswavlebels zemoxsenebuli oTxi modelis Sesabamisad, oTxi Tanamimdevruli periodi aqvs. cvlileba advilad da swrafad xdeba, radgan moswavleebi icnoben
swavlebis ZiriTad formats da merxebsa da magidebs ramdenime wuTSi, Cveulebriv, Sesvenebaze awyoben. maswavlebeli, saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi, garkveul dros uTmobs am formatebis
axsnas da moswavleebTan erTad cvlis garemos, rom Semdeg bavSvebma damoukideblad SeZlon
oTaxis mowyoba.
erTxel, mowmeni gavxdiT imisa, rogor daiwyo erT-erTma klasma (ufrosklaselebma) mecadineoba mwkrivebad dawyobili magidebiT. maT rusuli moTxrobebis citireba da prezentacia
evalebodaT. umcrosklaselebma ki swrafad daajgufes magidebi eqvs-eqvsad `sakomiteto samuSaosTvis~. es kooperaciuli gunduri samuSao iyo, romlis mizani amerikel dramaturgTa
sxvadasxva nawarmoebis analizis dagegmvasa da momzadebas moiTxovda. maswavlebelma oTaxSi
Semosvlisas acnoba moswavleebs gakveTilis formatis Sesaxeb da pirvelad Semosul ramdenime moswavles sTxova `komitetisTvis~ magidebis momzadeba. mesame klasis moswavleebi
maswavleblis signalis mixedviT dasxdnen oTaxis mTel perimetrze farTo wreSi dawyobil
magidebTan da moemzadnen diskusiisTvis, romelic mezobeli skolis dawyebiTi klasis bavSvebisTvis saskolo saxelmZRvanelos Seqmnis proeqts exeboda. isini proeqtis ganrigTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebis miRebasa da gegmis SemuSavebas apirebdnen. erT-erT klass momavali saxelmZRvanelos savarjiSoTa nimuSebi unda Seesrulebina da gaeanalizebina. maTi
magidebi ise iyo ganlagebuli, rom moswavleebi maswavlebels uyurebdnen.
merxebis zogierTi bazisuri wyoba xels uwyobs gakveTilis amgvar dinamikurobas. magaliTad, `batoni morisis mexuTeklaselebi oTaxis perimetris gaswvriv moTavsebul individualur magidebTan isxdnen [meore SesaZlo variantia, kedels uyurebdnen]. oTaxis centrSi
darCenil patara adgils, ZiriTadad, formaluri gakveTilisa da mcire jgufebis aqtivo-

56

sivrce

bisTvis iyenebdnen (Winne and Marx 1982, p.496). sivrcis amgvari dizaini moswavleebs ufro
meti privatulobiT uzrunvelyofs da individualuri muSaobis dros vizualuri stimuli
yuradRebas ar ufantavs. erToblivi muSaobisas, isini TavianT magidebs abruneben da, ai, ukve
wreSi arian... igive SeiZleba iTqvas mTliani jgufis instruqtirebazec. maT SeuZliaT SuaSi
moTavsebul magidebTan imuSaon mcire jgufebad, maswavlebelTan erTad an kooperaciul
jgufebad.
sivrcis Sefaseba saSualebas gvaZlevs, ganvsazRvroT misi racionaluri gamoyeneba. gaazrebulad davalageT Tu ara sagnebi im saxis instruqtirebisTvis, romlisTvisac moswavleebs
vamzadebT? Tu Cveni pasuxi dadebiTia, Semdegi kiTxva iqneba: vcvliT Tu ara dizains swavlebis stilis cvlilebis Sesabamisad? amgvarad, maswavleblis mier saklaso oTaxis gamoyeneba SeiZleba erT-erTi qvemoT moyvanili debulebis mixedviT klasificirdes:
yy sivrceze ar zemoqmedebs: mas ucvlelad iRebs (meurvis, wina periodis maswavleblebis mier damkvidrebuli tradiciisamebr);
yy sivrces tradiciuli dizainis mixedviT awyobs da Tanamimdevrulad da tradiciulad
yovelgvari variaciis gareSe iyenebs.
yy sivrces periodulad sacdelad cvlis, yovelgvari racionaluri safuZvlis gareSe,
mxolod mravalferovnebisTvis.
yy inarCunebs sivrcis mudmivobas, Tumca saswavlo procesis Sesabamisad.
yy sivrces sxvadasxva dros dinamikurad, gansxvavebuli saswavlo miznebisaTvis iyenebs
programis miznebis Sesabamisad.

sivrcis mocemuli dizainis dros, saswavlo masalis adgilmdebareoba swavlis miznisTvis

xelSemwyobi SeiZleba iyos. Cveulebriv, dawyebiTi klasebis maswavleblebi gansakuTrebiT
zrunaven xolme imisaTvis, rom nivTebs adgili SeurCion.

sakuTreba da privatuloba
luisi (Lewis 1979) saklaso oTaxSi an skolaSi moswavlisTvis gankuTvnili sivrcis sakiTxze
saubrobs. is Semdeg sias gvTavazobs:
magida

albaT, yvelaze faseuli da daculi sivrcea. zedmetad tradi

ciul klasSi is, SesaZloa, bavSvis erTaderTi personaluri ad
gili iyos. ufro Ria klasebSi ki SeiZleba saziaro iyos an avejis
nawilad aRarc ganixilebodes.

karada

xSirad saziaroa. gulisxmobs mosaxerxebel sivrces.

specialuri adgili

musikis, xelovnebis kabinetSi da biblioTekaSi Tu klasSi dgilebi

moniSnulia, maSin garkveuli xarisxis sakuTrebis gancda Cndeba.

skami

xSirad individebi Tu jgufebi individualur sakuTrebad mi

iCneven. robert someri (Robert Sommer 1969) aRniSnavs: adamianebs,
romlebic did dros atareben sajaro adgilebSi (yovelkvireul
konferenciaze, matarebelSi da a.S.), rogorc wesi TavianTi Cveuli
adgilebi aqvT xolme, rac saerTo qonebaze sakuTrebis uflebis
gancdas ayalibebs. maTi fizikuri aryofnisSemTxvevaSic ki, maT
uflebas konkretul sivrceze mezoblebi adastureben.

biWebis da gogonebis erTmniSvnelovnad bavSvis sivrcea. es aris privatuli TavSesa

saabazano
fari cremlebis, gabrazebis, Cxubis, saidumlos gandobis, Secdomis
daSvebis da ocnebis dros. zogierT skolaSi is axali ambebis cen-

57

Tavi 4
tri xdeba xolme moswavleTa sakomunikacio qselisTvis. zogierT
saSualo skolashi is SeiZleba moswavleTa jdufis sakuTreba gaxdes an SesaZloa skolis administracian daketos.
saTamaSo moedani

bavSvebis saerTo kuTvnileba, maTTvis RirsSesaniSNavi sivrcea, Tu

gaiTvaliswinebT Sesvenebisas gatarebul SedarebiT SezRudul
dros.

holi

bevr skolaSi saerTo sakuTreba, e.w. `saxalso moedania sakuTrebis

gancda mis mimarT zustad imis msgavsia, adamians mis saxlTan mdebare Cixis an quCis mimarT aqvs.

saklaso

oTaxi aris yvela SesaZlo gancdis farToasparezi. zogierTi saklaso oTaxis an misi romelime nawilis mimarT bavSvebs xSirad sakuTrebis grZnoba uCndebaT xolme. sxva oTaxebSi ki, SesaZloa, mxolod dafis mimarT hqondeT sakuTrebis gancda.

skolis Senoba

sakuTrebis gancda masSi gatarebuli wlebis kvalobaze izrdeba.

intensivobis variacia SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos skolis filosofiaze, Senobis zomaze da saskoloivobaSi bavSvebis Cabmulobis xarisxze (Lewis 1979, p.130).*

sakuTari adgili aris ara Calis kalaTa an safosto yuTi, aramed samuSao adgili, romelic
mudmivad moswavlisaa. bevr maTgans sivrceSi `sakuTari adgilis~ povnis mZafri moTxovnileba aqvs. erT-erTi praqtikosi ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelkvira uwevda konsultaciebs
skolas msgavsi `sakuTari~ sivrcis gareSe da Tavs mudmivad arakomfortulad grZnobda.
umcros Tu ufrosklaselebi klasSi yovelTvis erTi da imave adgilis dakavebas cdiloben. es maTi `adgili xdeba. kolejis studentebi da zrdasruli adamianebic aseve iqcevian.
sivrcis ganawilebis dagegmvisas, maswavlebelma aucileblad unda gauwios angariSi sivrcis mimarT moswavlis moTxovnilebas _ misTvis konkretuli sivrcis adekvaturad SerCevas.
yoveli individis survilebi da privatulobis moTxovnileba gansxvavebulia.
privatuli sivrce zRudavs mxedvelobis gafantvasa da xmaurs. amgvari adgilia wingTsacavis kabina an yvelaze metad privatuli, individualuri praqtikisTvis gamoyenebuli
oTaxi. bevri moswavle mxolod moigebs, Tu
masalis adgilmdebareobam SeiZleba saswavlo
amgvari adgili eqneba. gamocdili maswavlebeli
xvdeba, vin arian aseTi moswavleebi da sivrces
miznebis ganxorcielebas Seuwyos xeli.
maTi saWiroebis mixedviT anawilebs. saklaso
oTaxis da skolis sxva damxmare saTavsoebis (biblioTekas, mediacentrebs) Tvalierebisas,
maswavlebeli sakuTar Tavs ekiTxeba: eqnebaT Tu ara Sesaferisi privatuli adgili aseT moswavleebs?

sivrcis gamoyenebis rekomendaciebi

saskolo sivrcis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb literatura metad mwiria, gamokvlevebi _ kidev
ufro naklebi. erT dros Cven mier Catarebulma interviuTa seriam Semdegi aTi rekomendaciis
SemuSavebis saSualeba mogvca. es ar aris e.w. mecnierulad dasabuTebuli codna, es ubralod,
tradiciuli sibrZnea, romelic, sivrcis TvalsazrisiT, klasis Semowmebasa da daskvnis gamotanaSi dagvexmareba. amasTan, iseT sakiTxebs gvaxsenebs, romlebic ar unda dagvaviwydes.
1. saswavlo masala iseT adgilze unda SevinaxoT, rom bavSvma advilad dainaxos, aiRos
* ibeWdeba gamomcemlis nebarTviT wignidan Yamamoto, K.,ed.,Children in Time and Space.(New York: Teachers College Press,1977 by Teachers College, Columbia University. yvela ufleba daculia.) gv. 128-169.

58

sivrce

da Semdeg isev adgilze dados.

2. Tavi aarideT `mkvdar~ adgils, umizno sivrces, romelic SeiZleba moswavleebma
daufiqrebeli da akrZaluli saqmianobisTvis gamoiyenon.
3. zogierT viTarebaSi, usafrTxoebisa da kontrolis mizniT, SesaZloa, upriani iyos
farTobis ise gamoyeneba, rom maswavlebeli yvelafers xedavdes. (es moTxovna SeiZleba Seuferebeli aRmoCndes sxva situaciebSi, rodesac miznad ndobis mopovebas,
privatulobasa da damoukideblobis miRwevas visaxavT).
4. vertikaluri sivrce (kedlebi, Tejirebi, karadebi da gadasaadgilebeli kabinetis
karebi) racionalurad unda iyos gamoyenebuli, mag., gamofenis, saswavlo centrebisa Tu masalis Sesanaxad. kedelze dakidebulma an Werze Camokidebulma xelovnebis
nimuSebma an farTobis mravaldonianma gamoyenebam (mag., antresoli an sxva konstruqciebi) SeiZleba gaadidos oTaxis sivrce.
5. k
edlidan 90 gradusiT diagonalze moTavsebul Tejirebs SeuZliaT moswavleebis moqmedebisa da xedvis aris saintereso da winaswar dagegmili mimarTulebiT
warmarTva.
6. klasSi gamovyoT sagamofeno adgilebi, sadac SeiZleba gamovfinoT da davaTvalieroT moswavleTa SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Sedegebi.
7. SeZlebisdagvarad daaSoreT oTaxis aqtiuri moqmedebisa da fiqrisaTvis gankuTvnili adgilebi, raTaAminimumamde SeamciroT yuradRebis gafantva.
8. yuradRebis gafantvisa da xelis SeSlis Tavidan asacileblad aqtivobis momijnave
areebi daaSoriSoreT da SemosazRvreT.
9. moswavleTa gadaadgilebis dros, areulobis Tavidan asacileblad gaakeTeT gasasvlelebi, romlebic oTaxis funqciur nawilebs erTmaneTTan daakavSireben.
10. gamouyenebeli aveji energias STanTqavs. amitom, Tu moswavleTa raodenoba skamebis
raodenobaze naklebia, nu miscemT maT saSualebas mTel klasSi gafanton isini, xolo
Tqvensa da maT Soris sivrceSi skami Cadgan. SeamcireT zedmeti skamebis raodenoba,
an oTaxis ukana nawilSi daalageT skamebi ise, rom moswavleebs kontaqti hqondeT
TqvenTan da erTmaneTTan.
amgvarad, sivrcisa da saklaso oTaxis Sesaxeb literaturis gacnoba gvarwmunebs, rom
saWiroa misi gaazrebuli gamoyeneba. SegviZlia Cveni saswavlo sivrce ufro mimzidveli,
efeqtiani da dinamikuri gavxadoT; mokled, SegviZlia sivrce swavlebis xelSewyobis mizniT
vakontroloT da vcvaloT.

59

sivrce - Sejameba
aRniSneT is debuleba, romelic Tqvens saklaso oTaxSi sivrcis gamoyenebis
aspeqtebs asaxavs. a/m aRniSnavs `ar miesadageba~.
1. qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan romeli aRwers saklaso oTaxis organizacias:
tradiciuli
eqsperimentulad varirebadi
erTgvarovani, magram swavlebis procesisTvis xelSemwyobi
dinamikuri, swavlebis process misadagebuli
2. s
akuTrebis gancda da privatuloba Tu aris
uzrunvelyofili?

a/m

ara

diax

3. a ris Tu ara privatuli sivrce xelmisawvdomi im

moswavleebisTvis, romlebsac is sWirdebaT?

a/m

ara

diax

TvalsaCino da xelmisawvdomi maragi

a/m

ara

diax

arc erTi `mkvdari~ adgili

a/m

ara

diax

maswavleblisTvis arc erTi uxilavi adgili

a/m

ara

diax

vertikaluri sivrcis gamoyeneba

a/m

ara

diax

diagonaluri Tejirebi

a/m

ara

diax

sagamofeno adgili

a/m

ara

diax

aqtiuri adgilis mSvidi adgilisgan gamoyofa a/m

ara

diax

areebs Soris sazRvrebi

a/m

ara

diax

Tavisufali gasasvlelebi

a/m

ara

diax

gamouyenebeli avejis efeqtis minimumamde

Semcireba

a/m

ara

diax

4. iyenebT Tu ara qvemoT CamoTvlil parametrebs?

sivrce - Sejameba

maswavleblis zemoqmedebis gareSe

61

sivrce - savarjiSo

1. saSualo skolaSi maTematikas aswavliT da miznad isaxavT, rom moswavleebma warmatebiT SeZlon erTniSna da orniSna gantolebebis amoxsna. 50 wuTian
gakveTilze maT unda Seamowmon saSinao davaleba, moisminon axali masalis axsna da daiwyon varjiSi axali masalis Sesatyvisi saSinao davalebis Sesasruleblad. am dros Tqven saklaso oTaxSi moZraobT da daxmarebas uwevT maT, visac
sWirdeba.

2. meoreklaselebs aswavliT. gyavT 24 moswavle. gsurT, rom diliT 3 saaTis ganmavlobaSi Tqvenma moswavleebma: (a) erTad daiwyon dRe; (b) oTxkacian jgufebad
mimoixilon masala da ivarjiSon; (g) imuSaon axal davalebaze megobrebTad erTad; (d) mTelma jgufma miiRos instruqcia; (e) davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg
varjiSisaTvis saswavlo centrebs miakiTxon.

sivrce - savarjiSo

am aqtivobis mizania, dagexmaroT sivrcis ise mowyobaSi, rom Tqveni miznebisa da

maTi miRwevisaTvis dagegmili aqtivobebis Sesatyvisi gaxdes. waikiTxeT yoveli situacia da aRwereT an daxazeT, rogor moawyobdiT oTaxs da daasabuTeT. SesaZloa, erTi
gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi oTaxis ramdenimejer gadawyoba dagWirdeT.

3. me-7 da me-8 klaselebs sabunebismetyvelo sagnebs aswavliT. gaqvT didi oTaxi,

romlis ori mesamedi stacionarul laboratoriul magidebs ukavia. darCenil mesamedze ganlagebulia moswavleTa gadasaadgilebeli magidebi da dafebi. laboratoriuli magidebi da gadasaadgilebeli merxebi 24 moswavlisTvis
gaqvT. dRes laboratoriuli samuSao unda CaataroT gajerebul xsnarebze.
gsurT, rom SeamowmoT saSinao davaleba, moasmeninoT mokle mimoxilva gajerebul xsnarebze, laboratoriuli samuSaos mizansa da mimarTulebaze da imuSaon oTxkacian laboratoriul jgufebad da dagegmon xvalindeli davalebis
Sesruleba.

63

4. amerikis istorias 30 moswavles aswavliT. saklaso oTaxSi eqvsi magidaa. TiToeul

magidasTan 5 skami dgas. oTaxi sakmaod didia imisaTvis, rom kedelTan miswioT
magidebi da skamebi sxva konfiguraciiT daawyoT. am kviris 5 dRis ganmavlobaSi
Semdegi saqmianobebi gaqvT dagegmili: 1 dRe: leqcia da diskusia; 2 dRe: moswavleebTan individualuri Sexvedrebis Catareba semestruli kvleviTi namuSevrebis
Taobaze, sanam klasis danarCeni nawili Tematur jgufebad iyofa bibliografiaze,
gegmaze, ideebsa da problemebze samuSaod; 3 dRe: TiToeuli Tematuri jgufis
moxseneba, pirvel dRes Catarebuli leqciisa da masalebis mimoxilva da sakvanZo
sakiTxebis Semowmeba; 4 dRe: 20-wuTiani videoCveneba, TiToeuli moswavlis mier
videos centraluri Temis xuTwinadadebiani Sefaseba, samkacian jgufebad muSaoba Sefasebaze SeTanxmebis misaRwevad; 5 dRe: testireba. daxazeT xuTive dRisTvis
oTaxis konfiguracia, romelic yoveldRiuri aqtivobis/aqtivobaTa Sesatyvisi
iqneba.

1 dRe

2 dRe

3 dRe

4 dRe

5 dRe

5. meoTxeklaselebs aswavliT. wels 28 moswavle gyavT, Tumca oTaxSi komfortulad mxolod 26 eteva. gasul wels kooperaciuli swavlebis meTodi danergeT
da welsac gsurT gagrZeleba, risTvisac moswavleTa 2, 3 da 4-kacian kooperaciuli jgufebad dayofa aris saWiro. xSirad gsurT moswavleTa codnis Semowmeba. oTaxSi xuTi kompiuteri gaqvT da, Cveulebriv, oTx saswavlo centrs awyobT
xolme individualuri praqtikisTvis. mTeli jgufis instruqtireba gsurT, rasac mcire jgufebSi varjiSi mohyveba. Tqven merxebs Soris ivliT da daexmarebiT.
daxazeT oTaxis mowyobis ramdenime varianti Tqvens moTxovnebze mosargebad. Tu
fiqrobT, rom oTaxis konfiguracia yvela miznis Sesatyvisi ver iqneba, axseniT
mizezi.

64

sivrce

literatura:
Abramson,P. Schools for Early Childhood. New York: Educational Facilities Laboratory, 1970.
Gross,R., and J. Murphy, Educational Change
Educational Facilities Laboratory, 1968.

and

Architectural

Consequences.

New

York:

Kohn, J., The Early Learning Center. New York: Educational Facilities Laboratory, 1970.
Kritchevsky, S., E. Prescott, and I. Walling. Physical Space.Washington, D.C.: NAEYC, 1969.
Lewis, B. V. Time and Space in Schools. In Children in Time and Space, K.Yamamato (ed.), New
York: Teachers College Press, 1977, 128-169.
Marshall, K. Opening Your Class with Learning Stations. Palo Alto, Calif.: Learning Handbooks,
1976.
School Review. Learning Environments Whole Issue 82, no.4 (August 1974).

Winne, P. H., and R. W. Marx, Students and Teachers View of Thinking Process For Classroom
Learning. Elementary School Journal ( May 1982): 496.
Zefferblatt,S.M., Architecture and Human Behavior: Toward Increased Understanding of a
Functional Relationship. Educational Technology, (August 1972): 54-57.

65

5
dro
rogor davgegmoT movlenebi da
vareguliro cxrili, rom
moswavleebs swavlisTvis
yvelaze nayofieri dro
SevurCioT?

ganawileba
dro swavlisaTvis
dro instruqtirebisaTvis
pirveli da bolo wuTebi
tempi da ritmi

dro

ro sicocxlis valutaa da maswavleblebi dReSi daaxloebiT eqvsi saaTis ganmavlobaSi marTaven TavianTi moswavleebis sicocxlis banks _ es Zalze mniSvnelovani
Tanamdebobaa. isini banks `Tavisufali arCevanis drosac ki xelmZRvaneloben, sadac SesaZlo variantebi maswavleblis mier aris SeTavazebuli da nebadarTuli.
imas, TUu rodis ras akeTeben moswavleebi, ra TanamimdevrobiT da ra drois ganmavlobaSi,
ZiriTadad maswavlebeli akontrolebs; uaxlesi kvlevebidan viciT, rom drois kargad gakontrolebas didi gavlena aqvs moswavleTa swavlaze. aq igulisxmeba is droc,
dro sicocxlis valutaa da maswavleblebi TavianTi
romelsac moswavleebi saklaso oTaxis
moswavleebis sicocxlis banks marTaven.
gareT sxva iseT adgilebSi atareben,
rogoricaa kafeteria. skolis mier SeTavazebul yovel garemoSi moswavleebis mier gatarebuli droisa da misi xarisxis gakontroleba fakultetis wevrebis movaleobaa. es Tavi Seexeba imas, Tu SeZlebisdagvarad rogor
unda vmarToT gaazrebulad is, rom moswavleebma dro gamoiyenon kargad swavlis mizniT.
TavSi codnis am sferos mzardi baza gamoyenebulia, imisaTvis, rom Cveni moswavleebisTvis
drois ukeTesi menejerebi gavxdeT.
moswavleTa drois marTvis sakiTxebi Tavmoyrilia ganawilebis, efeqtianobisa da tempis
irgvliv.

ganawileba
moswavleebis mier drois gamoyenebis Taobaze kvlevis zedapirulma ganxilvam SeiZleba
adamians aTqmevinos: `aba, kidev ra aris axali?~ aSkaraa, rom Tu moswavleebi met dros dauTmoben maTematikas da nakleb dros gaatareben fuWad, maTematikas ukeTesad iswavlian! magram
yoveli CvenganisaTvis raRac axali da gasaocari aRmoCndeba xolme, Tu zust monacemebs vnaxavT imis Sesaxeb, Tu sinamdvileSi rogor atareben moswavleebi sagakveTilo dros. 1970-ian
wlebSi davalebebze daxarjuli drois kvlevam mogvca 5.1 sqemaze warmodgenili ufro daxvewili da damajerebeli koncefciebis seria.
`skolaSi gatarebuli drois~ wriT dawyebuli sqemis yoveli wre moicavs da aerTianebs
Sida wreebs.

skolaSi gatarebul dros axsna ar sWirdeba.

swavlisTvis ganawilebuli dro niSnavs mocemul

saganSi saswavlo samuSaosaTvis

gankuTvnil dros.

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skolaSi gatarebuli dro

swavlisTvis ganawilebuli dro

moswavleTa
CarTulobis dro
akademiuri
swavlis dro
interaqtiuri
instruqtireba

(maRali
warmatebis dro)
(muSaobis dro)

(saswavlo sagnebisTvis
gamoyofili dro)

sqema 5.1: davalebisTvis daxarjuli drois kvleva

am diagramaze yoveli koncefcia moicavs da aerTianebs qvedas da mis SigniT mdebares.

moswavleTa CarTulobis dro aris is wuTebi, rodesac moswavleebi namdvilad muSaoben an eswrebian swavlebas da ar ocneboben, flangaven dros an wesrigdebian.

akademiuri swavlis dro aris is dro, rodesac moswavleebi zrunaven warmatebis maRali maCveneblisTvis. warmatebis maRali maCvenebeli gansxvavdeba moswavleTa CarTulobis droisagan da CarTulobis drois qvejgufia.

interaqtiuri instruqtireba aris uSualod maswavlebelTan instruqtirebisas (in-

dividualurad, mcire jgufSi, an mTel klasTan erTad) gatarebuli dro. is marto

gatarebuli drois sapirispiroa, rodesac moswavle individualurad asrulebs samuSaos, muSaobs proeqtze an muSaobs jgufTan erTad, romelsac uSualo interaqcia
ar aqvs instruqtorTan.

skolaSi gatarebuli droidan nawili sagnebis swavlebas eTmoba.Kkvlevam skolebis Sedarebisas, skolaSi gatarebul droebs Soris mcire gansxvaveba aRmoaCina, samagierod Zalian
didi gansxvavebaa swavlisTvis ganawilebuli drois TvalsazrisiT rogorc skolebs, aseve
klasebs Soris. magaliTad, kaldvelisa da sxvaTa (Caldwell da sxvebi 1982) citirebisas, diSo
(Dishaw) wers:
uSualod mexuTe klasis maTematikisaTvis gamoyofili dro 18-dan 80 wuTamde
meryeobda; mexuTe klasSi kiTxvisaTvis gamoyofili dro _ 51-dan 195 wuTamde.

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drois ganawileba aseve SeiZleba icvlebodes konkretuli klasis farglebSic;

magaliTad, erT-erTi kvlevis Tanaxmad (Dishaw 1977) erTi mexuTe klaseli moswavle yoveldRe maTematikisTvis 39, xolo meore 75 wuTs xarjavda. realurad
gamoyofili drois es gansxvavebebi gviCvenebs, rom zogierT moswavles sxvebTan SedarebiT SeiZleba konkretuli saswavlo masalis swavlis orjer, samjer an
oTxjer meti SesaZlebloba hqondes.
sxvadasxva sagnisaTvis gamoyofili dro unda asaxavdes skolis farglebSi garkveul konsensuss imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra sagnebia mniSvnelovani da prioritetuli, radgan aseTi
sagnebi mravladaa. samarTliania Tu ara, rom dawyebiTi skolis konkretuli maswavleblis
niWierebisa da miswrafebebis gamo misi klasi kiTxvisa da weris saukeTeso programas gadis,
magram praqtikulad sxvas arafers? erT-erTi saWiroeba, romelsac drois parametri win wamoswevs is aris, rom moswavleTa saskolo gamocdileba grZelvadiani perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiT ganvixiloT. saskolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi romel sagans ra dro xmardeba? aris drois
aseT xarjvaSi garkveuli Tanamimdevruloba da logika? Tu ara, maSin Cven realurad ver
vakontrolebT im ganaTlebas, romelsac gadavcemT. Tu ara, maSin Cven isic ki ar viciT, ras
gadavcemT.
maSin, roca aseTma farTo variaciulobam SeiZleba saSualo skolaSi drois ganawilebis
analizisas ar iCinos Tavi, savaraudoa, rom Tavs iCens Semdeg kategoriasTan mimarTebaSi.
saSualod swavlisaTvis gamoyofili drois 75%-is ganmavlobaSi arian moswavleebi CarTulebi arian an eswrebian swavlebas. aq aseve Zalze farToa moswavleTa CarTulobis drois
diapazoni _ 50-dan 90 procentamde (Fisher da sxvebi, 1978). swored moswavleTa CarTulobisa
da ganawilebuli drois procentuli maCvenebelia mniSvnelovani da ara wuTebis absoluturi
raodenoba.
`ramdenime kvlevis mixedviT CarTulobis maCveneblebi mniSvnelovnadaa dakavSirebuli moswavleTa miRwevebTan (Anderson 1975; Fisher da sxvebi, 1978). ase rom,
gansxvavebebi CarTulobis maCveneblebSi winaswar gansazRvravs moswavlis miRwevas da xsnis miRwevaSi gansxvavebebis sam mexuTeds (Bloom 1974). sTolingzisa da kaskovicis monacemebis (Rim & Coller 1978) xelaxalma analizma aCvena, rom
klasebi, sadac meti dro eTmoboda kiTxvasa Tu maTematikas, rogorc wesi, met
miRwevebs aCvenebdnen am sagnebSi. Tumca,Mmoswavlis miRweva yovelTvis uSualod
CarTulobis drois mixedviT rodi icvleba. zogierTi klasisa da sagnisTvis moswavlis miRwevasa da CarTulobis dros Soris kavSiri Tanabrdeboda, xolo Semdeg uaryofiTi xdeboda, roca CarTulobis dro ufro didi iyo, vidre konkretuli sidide~ (Caldwell da sxvebi, 1982).
zemoxsenebuls azri aqvs, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom zogierTi moswavle axal masalas
Zalian swrafad iTvisebs. maTTvis CarTulobis drois nawili SeiZleba nacnob masalaSi
varjiSs moxmardes.
swavlebisTvis gamoyofili drois daaxloebiT 25 procenti, uciloblad menejmentis
amocanebsa (furclebis miReba, xelsawyoebis momzadeba) da moswavleTa yuradRebis mobilizacias xmardeba. saklaso oTaxis saukeTeso menejerebic ki, am maCveneblis mxolod 5 procentiT Semcirebas axerxeben, isic maSin, Tu yuradRebis mobilizaciisTvis nakleb dros daxarjaven. amrigad, 75%-iani CarTuloba karg maCveneblad iTvleba. Tu maCvenebeli daqveiTebas
iwyebs, maswavlebelma CarTulobis gasazrdelad menejmentis strategia unda gadasinjos.
Cven aseve gvWirdeba maswavleblis CarTulobis donis gadasinjva. gamoyofili drois ramdeni procentia maswavlebeli dakavebuli moswavleebiT, masalebis momzadebis, namuSevrebis
gasworebis an menejmentis sxva amocanebis gamoklebiT? kvlevis mixedviT es procentuli

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maCvenebeli maRali unda iyos (Stallings 1980). saSualo skolis maswavlebelTa kvleviT dasturdeba, rom CarTulobis saSualo maCvenebeli 73 procentia. moswavleebTan (gansakuTrebiT
dabali moswrebis moswavleebTan) interaqciis ufro dabali maCveneblis mqone maswavlebelTa klasebi miRwevis mniSvnelovnad mcire zrdiT (an aranairi zrdiT) gamoirCeoda. es asea
maSinac ki, Tu moswavleebi drois umetes nawils davalebis Sesrulebas axmaren. sTolingsi
(1980) xsnis, rom:
moswavleebi asruleben davalebas, magram maswavlebeli ar aswavlis. im kla
sebSi, sadac ar iyo zrda, moswavleebi drois 28%-s weriTi davalebebis Se
srulebisTvis iyenebdnen, 22%-s _ Cumad kiTxvisTvis, xolo maswavlebeli menejmentis sakiTxebs drois 27%-ze mets axmarda.
dabolos, moswavleebs warmatebis maRali maCvenebeli CarTulobis drois mxolod
nawilSi aqvT. am dros literaturaSi `akademiuri swavlis dro~ (ratom ar SeiZleba `didi
warmatebis dro~ vuwodoT?) da rogorc aqamde, misi xangrZlivoba, klasebis mixedviT varirebs _ magaliTad, ZiriTadi unarebis wvrTnaze saSualod dabali moswrebis klasebSi dReSi
16, xolo saSualod maRali moswrebis klasSi dReSi 111 wuTamde. sxvaTa Soris, saSualod
maRali da dabali moswavleTa SesaZleblobis doneze ar miuTiTebs. is ukavSirdeba maswavleblis mier moswavleebisaTvis akademiuri
swavlebisTvis gamoyofili drois daaxloebiT
swavlisTvis meti drois `gamonaxvis~ unars.
saSualoze maRali donis maswavleblebi `sa25 procenti, uciloblad menejmentis amocanebsa
Sualo klasebisaTvis orjer da kidev ufro
da moswavleTa yuradRebis mobilizacias xmardeba.
met dros akademiur swavlaze, xolo dabali
moswrebis klasebisaTvis eqvsjer da kidev ufro met dros~ uzrunvelyofen (Caldwell da sxvebi, 1982). es gamaognebeli cifrebi gvaiZulebs yuradRebiT davakvirdeT, rogor iyeneben
moswavleebi saskolo dros, radgan maRali warmatebis dro da miRweva mWidro korelaciaSia
da monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom maswavleblebs, romlebic TavianTi drois gamoyenebas swavloben, mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi SeaqvT moswavleTa ukeT swavlaSi (Stallings 1980).
Cven xuT mexuTe klasSi moswavleTa drois gamoyenebas vikvlevdiT engelisagan (Engel
1977) adaptirebuli teqnikiT. is klass xuTwuTiani intervalebiT akvirdeboda da yovel moswavleze Canawers akeTebda. CanawerSi aRniSnuli iyo, ras akeTebda moswavle da amasTanave
yuradRebisa da CarTulobis ra maCvenebli hqonda. am monacemebiT yoveli moswavlisaTvis
feradi Zeluri grafiki gakeTda, sadac ferebi aRniSnavda dRis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva saswavlo aqtivobebze daxarjul dros. ferad Zelze Savi jvari uyuradRebobisa da CaurTvelobis xarisxs aRniSnavda. yvela Zelis gaerTianebam erT grafikze, maswavlebels arsebiTi
monacemebi misca rogorc calkeul moswavleze, ise mTeli klasis modelze. erT-erTi maswavlebeli drois did nawils uTmobda klasis menejments _ furclebis darigebas, dagegmvas,
gakveTilidan gakveTilze gadasvlisTvis mzadebas, meores moswavleTa CarTulobis dabali
done hqonda mcire jgufebSi _ wynari, mokrZalebuli, magram mudmivi da muSaobisTvis xelis
SemSleli _ usagno saubrebis gamo hqonda. mesamem aRmoaCina, rom misi moswavleebi sakmaod
xSirad iyvnen CarTuli individualur davalebebsa da proeqtebSi da dRis ganmavlobaSi mxolod 5 wuTiT iRebdnen maswavleblis pirdapir instruqciebs. yvela maswavlebelma monacemTa naxvis Semdeg garkveuli cvlilebebi Seitana efeqtianobis gazrdis TvalsazrisiT. es cvlilebebi moicavda tempisadmi met yuradRebas, sivrcis axleburad mowyobas, instruqtirebis
drois axleburad dagegmvas da moswavleTa qcevisadmi maTi molodinebis garkvevas.A imis Tqma
gvsurs, rom maswavleblebma manamde ver SeZles realobis danaxva, vidre calkeuli moswavleebisa da mTeli klasis Sesaxeb obieqturi monacemebis pirispir ar aRmoCndnen. monacemebis
saSualebiT maT efeqtianobis amaRlebas miaRwies. akademiuri swavlis dro da interaqtiur
instruqtirebaze moswavleTa mier daxarjuli dro SeiZleba yvelasTvis naTeli iyos, magram
sakuTari klasis Sesaxeb konkretuli monacemebi axali prioritetebis aRmoCenis saSualebas
mogvcems.

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lainhardti da sxvebi (Leinhardt da sxvebi 1981) aseT komentars akeTeben: `maswavleblebi

fxizlad unda iyvnen warumatebeli bavSvebis mimarT. maSin, roca davalebaSi CaurTvelad
gatarebuli drois saSualo maCvenebeli 15% iyo, zogierTi moswavlisaTvis is 30%-s aRemateboda. maSin, roca maswavleblis mier instruqtirebis (kiTxvaSi) saSualo dro dReSi 16 wuTi
iyo, imave klasis farglebSi is dReSi 14-dan 35 wuTamde meryeobda. maSin, roca Cumad kiTxvaSi
gatarebuli saSualo dro dReSi 14 wuTi iyo, zogierTi moswavle arc erTi wuTi ar kiTxulobda Cumad. sabednierod, maswavleblebs SeuZliaT mniSvnelovnad Secvalon warumatebel
moswavleTa gamocdileba da saqmianoba ise, rom ucvleli datovon yvelaferi warmatebulebisTvis~. Tumca, pirvel yovlisa, maswavlebelma unda gaigos, vin arian es moswavleebi
da rogor ikargeba dro.

swavlis dro
benjamin blumis (Benjamin Bloom) naSromma `ostaturi swavla~ Cveni codnis baza drois Sesaxeb kidev erTi mniSvnelovani koncefciiT _ swavlis droiT _ gaamdidra. am koncefciis
mixedviT, moswavleebs SeuZliaT iswavlon nebismieri ram, Tu maT codnisa da unar-Cvevebis
Sesabamisi wina piroba da swavlisTvis adekvaturi dro aqvT. swavlisTvis adekvaturi dro
rodi niSnavs maTTvis masalis micemas da lodins, sanam aiTviseben; es niSnavs axali masalis
analizs, zust mimdinare Sefasebas da konkretuli Temebis ganmeorebiT swavlebas im moswavleebisTvis, visac sWirdeba da ara mxolod maTTvis.
`ostaturi swavlis~ mixedviT, dro moswavleebTan erTad pasuxs maswavlebelsac sTxovs.
cudi swavlisTvis mxolod moswavleebs ver davadanaSaulebT. Cven unda SevamowmoT sakuTari mizandasaxuloba da davrwmundeT, rom moswavleebs axali masalis Sesatyvis `porciebs~
vTavazobT; magaliTad, ar unda avuxsnaT saxelmZRvanelos meore Tavi, Tu pirveli Tavi jer
ar amouwuravT.
`ostaturi swavla~ instruqciis individualizebis formaa, magram individualizeba aq
ufro mets niSnavs, vidre sakuTar temps, vidre programuli masalis gavlas. es niSnavs porciebad dayofili instruqciis naTel da gasageb Tanamimdevrobas da am porciebis miwodebis
gzebis arCevans. pirvel yovlisa ki niSnavs moswavleTa codnis monitorings da ostatobis
kriteriumis miRwevamde ardanebebas.
dabolos, es niSnavs xelaxali swavlebis dagegmvasa1 da imavdroulad Temis gavrcobisaken mimarTul aqtivobebs im moswavleebisaTvis, romlebic pirvel jerze `Caswvdnen~. amgvari
`ormagi wre menejmentisa da dagegmvis sirTuleebs asaxavs, romelic mZime Sromaa ramdenime movlenis erTdoeulad marTvas miuCveveli maswavleblisaTvis. es swavlebis parametrTa
urTierTdamokidebulebis kargi magaliTicaa. swavlis drois mokle mimoxilvam migvabruna tempis, sivrcis, miznebis, saswavlo gamocdilebisa da saklaso oTaxis klimatis parametrebTan.

instruqtirebis dro
mecnierTAa sakvlevi kidev erTi sferoa is, Tu ra raodenobis interaqtiur instruqtirebas iReben moswavleebi, rac gulisxmobs maswavlebelTan erTad masalaze muSaobisas aqtiurad gatarebul dros da ara damoukideblad muSaobas, weriT davalebebs
an Cumad kiTxvas. interaqtiur instruqtirebasTan dakavSirebiT kvlevam gviCvena, rom
1 xelaxali swavlebis sistemisa da misi (rogorc faseuli movlenisa da ara romelime moswavlis siClungis dadasturebis)
saWiroebis Sesaxeb detaluri msjeloba ix. me-13 TavSi.)

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misi meti `raodenoba~ ukeTesi Sedegis wina pirobaa (Stallings & Kaskowitz 1974). saqme martivadaa: aRmoCena, rom rodesac maswavleblebi (da ara moswavlis sagakveTilo drois
didi nawilis momcveli samuSao rveulebi da sxva damoukidebeli davalebebi) aswavlian,
savaraudod, moswavleebi swavloben, arc ise gasakviria, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT maswavleblis ukukavSiris, Sedegebis codnis, xelmZRvanelobis xarisxisa da zemoT ganxiluli
swavlis sxva principebis mniSvnelobas. am aRmoCenam zogierTi miiyvana iqamde, rom mxari dauWira (Rosenshine 1981) mTeli klasis pirdapiri instruqtirebis modelis, rogorc swavlebis
yvelaze efeqtian formas, rac namdvilad gaugebaria. gamokvlevis mixedviT interaqtiuri
instruqtirebis wili mniSvnelovania, magram `pirdapiri instruqtirebis modeli misi miRwevis mxolod erTi gzaa da mxolod unarebis swavlebisTvis gamodgeba. me-10 TavSi ganxiluli swavlebis yvela modeli uzrunvelyofs interaqtiuri swavlebis dros. TanatolTa
swavlebas SeuZlia uzrunvelyos interaqtiuri swavlebis dro. mniSvnelovani interaqtiuri
instruqtirebis atributebi, Cveni azriT, moicavs gasageb axsnas, myisier ukukavSirs, Sedegebis codnas da Sesatyvis xelmZRvanelobas.
amas garda, garkveuli saxis swavlisTvis pirdapiri instruqtirebis modeli erTaderTi
an saukeTeso gza ar gaxlavT, magaliTad, moswavleebisTvis adgilmdebareobis swavlebisas
(ix. me-10 TavSi `sakanonmdeblo modeli~), mecnieruli meTodis swavlebisas (ix. me-10 TavSi
rodesac maswavleblebi aswavlian, savarau
`aRmoCenis modeli~). amrigad, mkiTxvelebs
dod, moswavleebi swavloben.
vurCevT, rom perspeqtivaSi hqondeT pirdapiri swavlebis Tanamedrove popularoba.
pirdapiri swavleba efeqtiania unar-Cvevebis swavlebisas da is interaqtiuri instruqtirebis
drois did nawils moicavs. Tumca unar-Cvevebis garda sxva zRva masalac arsebobs da uamravi
sxva modelic, romelic interaqtiur swavlebas uzrunvelyofs.
axla ki vkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs, swavlebis gamoyenebuli modelis miuxedavad sakmarisi
uSualo kontaqti gvaqvs Tu ara moswavleebTan. aq didi riskis qveSaa individualizebuli
programebi. maTi cudad organizebis SemTxvevaSi, moswavleebma, aqtiurobisa da CarTulobis miuxedavad, SeiZleba dReSi mxolod ramdenime wuTiT moaxerxon maswavlebelTan urTierToba, rac ar aris sakmarisi. aseT SemTxvevaSi maswavlebelma moswavleebs meti jgufuri
samuSao unda Seasrulebinos an ise marTos individualuri muSaoba, rom moswavleebi meti
ukukavSiriTa da xelmZRvanelobiT uzrunvelyos.
maswavlebelTan gatarebuli ramdeni droa sakmarisi? rozenSaini (1981) askvnis: `amJamad,
saklaso cxovrebis udavo faqtia, rom moswavleebs damoukideblad muSaobisTvis TavianTi
drois 60-dan 75%-mde sWirdebaT. SeiZleba Tu ara am procentuli maCveneblis Semcireba, an
swavlebis ise organizeba, rom moswavleebi damoukideblad muSaobisas ufro CarTuli iyvnen,
momavali kvlevis sakvanZo sakiTxebia~. amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Tu moswavle akademiuri drois 25-40% pirdapir aris CarTuli maswavlebelTan, kargi maCvenebelia. eWvgareSea, rom mravali klasis maCveneblebi Zalian Sors dgas am cifrebisagan.
Cven isic unda gvaxsovdes, rom interaqtiurma instruqtirebam SeiZleba moicvas an ar
moicvas kargi pirdapiri swavlebis atributebi. lainhardtma da sxvebma (1981) sanimuSo
klasebSi aRmoaCines, rom kiTxvaSi maswavleblis instruqciis 16 wuTidan 14 `zogad instruqciaze~ (prezentacia da miTiTebebis micema) modioda. danarCeni 2 wuTidan moswavleebi 1 wuTs
maswavleblis TandaswrebiT davalebis Sesrulebaze xarjavdnen, xolo 1 wuTs kiTxvis swori
elementebis modelirebis axsnaze. amrigad, pirdapiri swavlebis drosac ki, SesaZlebelia,
rom moswavleebma miiRon mcire pirdapiri ukukavSiri da axsna-ganmarteba.
ra udevs safuZvlad sxvadasxva klasSi CarTulobis drois, didi warmatebebis droisa da
interaqtiuri swavlebis drois gansxvavebebs? ras akeTeben saSualoze maRali donis maswavleblebi iseTs, rasac ar akeTeben sxvebi?

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unari menejmentis parametris (yuradReba, tempi, sivrce,) didi nawilia. kouninis (evertsonamde da brofamde) kvlevebi moswavlis miRwevas maswavleblis am unarebs ukavSirebs.
isini cdiloben gazardon moswavlis CarTulobis dro, xolo menejmentsa da disciplinaze
naklebi dro daxarjon. amrigad, uSualod swavlisTvis daTmobili drois gazrdiT testebSi
ukeTes Sedegebs unda velodoT. Tumca, sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom kargi menejerobis
miuxedavad, `auTvisebeli drois arseboba, rogorc Cans, gardauvalia. saSualod kiTxvisa da
maTematikisaTvis gamoyofili droidan moswavleebi saaTSi daaxloebiT 16 wuTi CarTulebi
ar arian; samma maRali donis maswavlebelma es raodenoba 12 wuTamde Seamcira. saSualo da
maRali donis maswavlebelTa klasebSi moswavleebi rvidan cxra wuTamde gakveTilebsa Soris
Sualedebsa da lodinSi xarjavdnen. ase rom, gansxvaveba akademiuri CarTulobis yvelaze
maRali maCveneblis (meti wuTis) mqone da da saSualo maswavleblebs Soris saaTSi daaxloebiT oTxi auTvisebeli wuTi iyo. didwilad Aam gansxvavebis mizezi iyo is, rom maRali donis
maswavleblebi davalebis gareSe gatarebul dros saaTSi daaxloebiT oTx wuTamde amcirebdnen~ (Rosenshine 1981). magram maRali donis maswavleblebi TviT sagansac met dros uTmobdnen. amrigad, menejmentis unarebis garda akademiurad CarTuli drois sxvadasxvaobis
mizezebis sias SegviZlia erTi mizezic davumatoT: drois ganawilebis prioritetebi mkafiod
unda iyos gamokveTili da maT frTxilad movekidoT.
didi warmatebis droSi gansxvavebebis mizezebs SeiZleba mivakvlioT davalebaTa SesatyvisobaSi, maswavleblis diagnostikur gamWriaxobaSi, damoukidebeli davalebis micemamde
instruqciisa da miTiTebebis adekvaturobaSi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, amis mizezia maswavleblis Semdegi unarebi: axsnis sicxade,
saswavlo gamocdilebis struqturireba da
is, rac gakveTilis pirvel da bolo wuTebSi
miznebis morgeba individebisa da jgufebixdeba, moswavles yvelaze ukeT amaxsovrdeba.
saTvis. Tumca am mizezebis dadgena didad ver
dagvexmareba, Tu dros parametrad ganvixilavT da gvainteresebs, konkretulad ra unarebia saWiro misi warmatebiT marTvisTvis. aqamde vambobdiT, rom drois kargi menejmenti sxva parametrebis kargad marTvas ukavSirdeba.
metwilad es asecaa. Tu moswavleebi davalebas asruleben, produqtiulebi da warmatebulebi
arian, es drois kargad marTvaze metia; es warmatebuli swavlebaa. farTo masStabiT moswavlis drois kargad gamoyeneba kargad swavlebis kriteriumia, igi Sedegia yvelafrisa, rasac
kargi ganaTleba gulisxmobs. Tumca, arsebobs ramdenime unari, romelic, udavod, TviT
drois efeqtiani menejmentis nawilia. modiT, drois parametris is aspeqtebi ganvixiloT,
romlebic mas maswavleblis unarTa sferoSi TavisTavads xdis.

pirveli da bolo wuTebi

Tanamimdevrobad wodebul swavlis principSi aRvniSneT, rom gakveTilis pirveli da bolo
wuTebi moswavles yvelaze ukeT amaxsovrdeba. amitom maswavlebelma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba drois swored am or monakveTs unda miaqcios. aq nagulisxmebia drois mokle monakveTebi, daaxloebiT, 5 wuTi. rogor unda gamoiyenos maswavlebelma es wuTebi?
pirvel yovlisa, es wuTebi ubralod ar unda gaflangos. Tuki SesaZlebelia, ar unda moaxmaroT organizebasa da menejments _ namuSevrebis Tavmoyras, avejis dalagebas, bavSvebis
adgilebze dasmas, dagvianebulTa lodins. ar daamTavroT gakveTili duned damoukideblad
momuSave moswavleebiT, romlebic saSinao davalebis Sesrulebas iwyeben, alageben an saubroben. dawyebuli samuSao gakveTilis bolo 5 wuTamde 5 wuTiT adre daamTavreT da es dro
moswavleebTan urTierTobisTvis gamoiyeneT: mouxmeT maT da sTxoveT, yuradReba gaamaxvilon Catarebuli gakveTilis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze. daavaleT, mimoixilon, Seajamon, an
raime mniSvnelovan saqmianobaSi CaerTon am bolo wuTebis ganmavlobaSi.

75

Tavi 5

tempis kargi unaris mqone maswavlebels yvelaze ukeT SeuZlia pirveli wuTebis upiratesobiT sargebloba. is maswavlebeli, romelic moswavleebTan erTad regularulad ajamebs
gakveTils, ufro bolo wuTebis upiratesobas gamoiyenebs. Tumca Sejameba bolo wuTebis
kargad gamoyenebis erTaderTi gza ar aris. swori gamoyenebis sxva magaliTebia: davalebis
yuradRebiT micema, moswavleTa dayeneba saintereso dilemis winaSe (`dasasruli daboloebis gareSe~), moswavleTa individualuri CarTva sakamaTo sakiTxebSi da sxv. mTavaria, rom
pirveli da bolo wuTebi ki ar gavflangoT aramed gamoviyenoT, saintereso da mizanmimarTuli gavxadoT.

tempi da ritmi
`morgeba~ mniSvnelovani sakiTxia yovel parametrTan mimarTebaSi. Cven wamovayeneT mosazreba, romlis mixedviT parametri Seicavs repertuars da maswavleblis ostatoba gamoisaxeba imiT, rom SeuZlia sxvadasxva variantebi moargos individebs, jgufsa da kurikulus. es
tempsa da dagegmvasac exeba. erTi da igive tempi yvela klasSi ver gamogvadgeba. karolin
evertsonma (Carolyn Evertson 1982) aRmoaCina, rom maswavleblis mier SerCeuli aqtivobebis
tempi, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda da Zlieri da susti jgufebis Sesatyvisi iyo. dabali
moswrebis moswavleebs monawileobaSi CarTvisa da misi mitovebis aSkara tendencia aqvT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac samuSaos Sesrulebisas, sxedan. zogi maTgani saerTod uars ambobs monawileobaze. evertsoni aRwers da komentars akeTebs maRali donis maswavleblis or
klasze, raTa aCvenos sxvadasxva tempis moqmedeba sust moswavleebze.* viwyebT `b~ maswavlebliT:
(maswavlebelma es-esaa dafaze dawera davaleba, romelic magidebTan msxdomma moswavleebma unda Searsulon). `me wigni ar maqvs!~ ambobs meri. `Sexede im
Taroebs~, upasuxebs maswavlebeli da uCvenebs. `isini Cveni araa~, uarobs meri.
`zogierTi Cvenia~, amSvidebs maswavlebeli. meri wigns iRebs. Ciko xels iwevs da
ambobs: `me daxmareba mWirdeba~. daaxloebiT xuTi moswavle maSinve iwyebs davalebis Sesrulebas. (gakveTils 12 moswavle eswreba). danarCenebi saubroben,
iweven xels an midian maswavleblis magidasTan. maswavlebeli rendis uxmobs:
`modi, rendi~. mas leric mihyveba. `leri, daanebe Tavi~, sTxovs maswavlebeli.
leri maswavleblis magidasTan dgeba. Ciko isev iwevs xels. `Ciko, ra gWirdeba?~
ekiTxeba maswavlebeli. `daxmareba~, upasuxebs Ciko. `kargi, erT wuTs moicade~,
sTxovs maswavlebeli.Lleri maswavleblis magidasTan jdeba da saubrisas uyurebs. Ciko yviris: `masw., damexmarebiT?~ `diax, Ciko, magram aq modi~, sTxovs
maswavlebeli. `auh, metismetad Sors xarT~. maswavlebeli yuradRebas ar aqcevs
da isic maswavleblis magidasTan midis. (am droisTvis maswavleblis magidasTan
xuTi moswavlea.)
situaciis aRwera sakmaod arsebiTad gviCvenebs im sirTules, romelic SeiZleba susti
klasis moswavleebs hqondeT aqtivobis dawyebasa da masSi warmatebiT monawileobasTan dakavSirebiT. erT momentSi maswavleblis magidasTan xuTi moswavle iyo da maTi umravlesoba
daxmarebas elodeboda. (am merxebTan Sesasrulebeli aqtivobis ganmavlobaSi maswavlebeli,
saboloo angariSSi, Tavis magidasTan cxra moswavles daexmara). amdeni moswavlis erTmaneTTan aseTi siaxlove xSirad problemebisa da usaqcielobis mizezi xdeboda, razec maswavlebeli iZulebuli iyo, epasuxa.
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Evertson, C. `Differences in Instractional Activities in Higher- and Lower Achieving Junior High English
and Math Classes.` Elementary School Journal 82/4 (1982): 329-350. 1982 University of Chicago Press. yvela ufleba daculia.

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es dialogi davalebaze cud orientaciasac asaxavs, rac, rogorc wesi, susti klasisTvis
aris damaxasiaTebeli. Cikos saqcieli tipobrivia bevri neli moswavlisTvis. is seriozulad
ar ekideboda akademiur aqtivobas, ar hqonda saswavlo amocanaze muSaobis dawyebis survili
da monawileobis interesi. davalebaze erTi moswavlis cudi orientacia SeiZleba sxvebis
usaqcielobis mizezi gaxdes, raSic Tavad davrwmundebiT:
maSin, roca maswavlebeli merisTan muSaobas cdilobs, meri Cikosgan iRebs magaliTs da maswavlebels aRizianebs. is xels stacebs furclebis asakinZs. `oh, oh,
modi aq, meri, xmamaRla ambobs maswavlebeli. mogvianebiT meri Tavis furcels
maswavlebels gamostacebs, WmuWnis da eubneba: `Tqven Cems furcelze dawereT.
Tqven ar unda daweroT Cems furcelze~ da jdeba. am dros bili lerisTan TamaSsa da saubars agrZelebs. `bili, modi aq!~ mkacrad ambobs maswavlebeli. `swored
amas ambobs maswi da es misTvisacaa~, xmamaRla ambobs leri. Semdeg bili Tavis
merxs ayiravebs, leri ki mReris: `waiyvane, waiyvane, waiyvane Seni merxi naviviT~.
rodesac maswavlebeli amden moswavles cal-calke aqcevs yuradRebas, is ver SeZlebs klasis efeqtian monitorings, xolo moswavleebs kidev ufro uWirT maswavleblis yuradRebis
mipyroba.
`qalbatono, me usasrulod ver davicdi~, yviris xelaweuli Ciko. `erTi wuTiT~,
pasuxobs maswavlebeli. `qalbatono!~ yviris marki xmamaRla. maswavlebeli yuradRebas ar aqcevs mas da meris daxmarebas agrZelebs. Semdeg is midis pemTan,
romelsac didi xania xeli aweuli aqvs. `me daxmareba mWirdeba~, yviris am dros
erTi gogona wina merxidan. mas xeli aweuli aqvs, magram mainc yviris. maswavlebeli Sexedavs mas da eubneba: `kargi, erT wuTSi mand viqnebi~.
unda aRiniSnos, rom moswavleebidan ori ubralod ki ar yviris, maT xelebic aweuli aqvT.
maT ician, rom ubralod xelis aweva iseTi efeqturi signali ar aris, rogorc yvirili. maswavlebeli am garemoebaSi Tanamimdevrulad ar iTxovda (arsebiTad, saerTod ar iTxovda),
rom daecvaT wesi da ar eyviraT.
`romeli saaTia?~ yviris Ciko. bili pasuxobs. maswavlebeli arc erTs ar aqcevs
yuradRebas. bili da Ciko iseT epiTetebs cvlian, rogoricaa `yeyeCi~. maswavlebeli, romelic wina merxTan mjdom gogonas exmareba, yuradRebas ar aqcevs
maT. Semdeg biWebs Sexedavs da ekiTxeba: `Ciko, kidev gWirdeba raimes gakeTeba?~
`ara~, upasuxebs Ciko. `maSin, wynarad iyavi~, ambobs maswavlebeli.
ZiriTadi konfliqti sust klasebSi maswavleblis or moTxovnas Soris arsebobda: moswavleebis daxmarebasa da Seusabamo, Semawuxebeli qcevis kontrols Soris. am magaliTSi
maswavlebels ar undoda Seewyvita informaciis miwodeba win mjdomi gogonebisTvis, Tumca,
sabolood, mainc iZulebuli gaxda ase moqceuliyo, roca davalebaSi CaurTvel moswavleTa
usaqcielobis safrTxe Seiqmna.
`v~ maswavleblis susti klasis SedarebiT maRali miRweva ki, ufro zedmiwevniTi ganxilvisken gvibiZgebs. man mniSvnelovnad meti dro dauTmo samuSaos Sesworebasa da ganxilvas
(13.7 wuTi) da masalis prezentacias _ leqcias an damoukidebeli samuSaos gacnobas (14.4
wuTi). mniSvnelovnad ufro naklebi dro bolo damoukidebel aqtivobas (22.5 wuTi), vidre es
zogadad damaxasiaTebeli iyo susti klasebisTvis. garda amisa, gansxvavebulad iyo struqturirebuli leqcia an damoukidebeli samuSaos Sesavali faza, intervalebSi ki xSirad gamoyenebuli iyo ori an meti Zalian xanmokle, Zalian fokusirebuli damoukidebeli aqtivoba.
am klasSi leqcia an saboloo jdomiTi aqtivobis gacnoba Cveulebisamebr Semdegi modeliT
mimdinareobda:

77

Tavi 5

`v~ maswavlebeli midis dafasTan, sadac weria 25 cifri da iwyebs pirvelis damrgvalebas. es samuSao moswavleebs furcelze unda gaakeTebinos. `minda, pirveli xuTi Tqven gaakeToT~, ambobs is. cifrebi mocemulia xuT svetad. `roca
daasrulebT, pastebi daawyveT~, agrZelebs is. moswavleebi cifrebs weren, maswavlebeli ki klasSi dadis. daaxloebiT 6 wuTis Semdeg klass aCerebs da devids pasuxebs ekiTxeba. devidi warbebs Wmuxnis da ambobs, rom ar gaukeTebia. `vis
SeuZlia daxmareba?~ _ kiTxulobs maswavlebeli. `me~, ambobs roberti. maswavlebeli Semdeg svetebze gadadis, xolo bolos `a~ svetze, romelic uaxloes
aseulamde unda damrgvaldes. bolo svetze muSaobisas kermiti yviris: `saSinao
davalebac gveqneba?~ `erT wuTSi mogcemT davalebas~, eubneba maswavlebeli.
`Tu am yvelafers gavakeTebT, davalebis mosacemad dro aRar dagvrCeba~, ambobs
kermiti. `yvelafris gakeTebas ar vapirebT~, upasuxebs maswavlebeli. Semdeg dafasTan midis, moswavleebs mimarTavs da meore svetis mimoxilvas iwyebs. is jeks
pirvelis damrgvalebaSi daxmarebas sTxovs, romelmac TQva, rom Sedegi ver miiRo. `me, ubralod, daxmareba gTxove~, eubneba maswavlebeli. jeki davalebis
Sesrulebas cdilobs. maswavlebeli exmareba. (gakveTilis bolomde darCenilia
daaxloebiT 10 wuTi, maswavlebeli damoukidebel davalebas aZlevs.)
Semdegi epizodi leqciis an diskusiis kidev erTi magaliTia, romelSic CarTulia mokle
damoukidebeli samuSaoebi.
[maswavlebeli] ambobs, rom aTwiladebis Sekrebaze isaubreben. arsebiTad, mTeli ricxvebis Sekrebisagan didad ar gansxvavdeba. maswavlebeli pirvel amocanas jons axsnevinebs. `miTxari, ra davwero~, eubneba mas. joni umatebs sams
da ors da ambobs, rom xuTia. Semdeg umatebs eqvss da cxras da ambobs, rom TxuTmetia; wers xuTs da imaxsovrebs erTs. `sad vwerT am erTians? aq?~ ekiTxeba
maswavlebeli. `ara, erTiani dawereT rvis maRla~, karnaxobs joni. Semdeg rvas
umatebs da iRebs cxras. maswavlebels eubneba, rom aTwiladi cxrasa da xuTs Soris daweros. `Zalian kargi!~ ambobs maswavlebeli dasrulebisas. Semdeg iwyebs
aTwiladebis gasameorebeli kiTxvebis dasmas. is svams kiTxvebs da axsenebs moswavleebs: `aswieT xeli da miTxariT, romel adgilzea aTwiladi~. meore magaliTis gasakeTeblad dafasTan greisis iZaxebs, romelic uars ambobs da amitom
maswavlebeli eduards mimarTavs. eduardi amocanas xsnis da kiTxulobs, `miTxariT, ra aris mcdari~. `ho, modi vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba mivxvdeT?~ eubneba
maswavlebeli. moswavleebi yvirian, rom SemowmebisTvis gayofa SeuZliaT. 9:28
saaTze maswavlebeli dafaze mesame magaliTs wers. klass avalebs, rom davaleba
TavianT furclebze Seasrulon, unda gaagrZelon da mesame nomeric gaakeTon
da darwmundnen, sworad gaakeTeben Tu ara. maswavlebeli klasSi siaruls iwyebs
da amowmebs, sworad xsnian Tu ara moswavleebi amocanas. oTaxSi Cumi saubaria,
maswavlebeli isev dadis. 9:41 saaTze maswavlebeli ambobs: `modiT, vnaxoT~. (is
dafaze xsnis amocanas, Semdeg kidev erT amocanas aZlevs damoukidebeli samuSaosTvis, isev dadis da amowmebs).
`v~ maswavlebeli sust klasebSi damoukidebeli samuSaos Sesrulebas Tavs arTmevs leqciaSi xanmokle segmentebad damoukidebel samuSaoTa (an am samuSaos gacnobis) CarTviT,
gakveTilis mimdinareobis SenarCunebisTvis pasuxismgeblobas ki drois mokle periodebSi moswavleebTan erTad inawilebs. gakveTilis am formatis upiratesobebi Zalze aSkaraa:
pirvel yovlisa, xangrZliv aqtivobasTan SedarebiT xanmokle damoukidebeli samuSaos Sesrulebisas, moswavleebi metad iqnebian orientirebuli davalebaze. leqciaSi CarTuli damoukidebeli samuSaoebi saleqcio gakveTilis mTlianobis SenarCunebis saSualebas iZleva,
rac Tavis mxriv, damoukidebel samuSaos Seuwyobs xels. meore: leqciaSi CarTuli es xan-

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mokle damoukidebeli aqtivobebi maswavlebels saSualebas aZlevs ufro swrafad uzrunvelyos informaciis miReba, vidre xangrZlivi damoukidebeli aqtivobebis dros. mas SeuZlia
moaxdinos leqciis ganmavlobaSi axsna-ganmartebebis saWiroebisamebr modificireba ise,
rom ar Sewyvitos xangrZlivi damoukidebeli aqtivoba, rogorc es xSirad xdeba xolme sust
klasebSi.
amrigad, `v~ maswavleblis susti klasi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba `b~ maswavleblis susti
klasisagan. `b~ maswavlebels bevrad ufro xangrZlivi damoukidebeli samuSaoebi da ufro
xanmokle Semowmebisa da saleqcio aqtivobebi hqonda, ramac SesaZloa gaurTula saqmianoba,
radgan damoukidebeli samuSaos Sesruleba xSirad problema xdeba sust klasSi. `v~ maswavlebelma minimumamde Seamcira es problema Tavis sust klasSi imiT, rom Seamcira damoukidebeli samuSaos xangrZlivoba, ramac xeli Seuwyo misi moswavleebis ufro maRal orientacias
davalebaze. Sedareba gviCvenebs, rom grZeli, xangrZlivi damoukidebeli samuSaoebi araefeqtiania, arTulebs menejmentis problemebs da minimumamde amcirebs sust klasebSi davalebaze orientacias.
bevr maswavlebels rogorc Zlieri, ise susti klasebi hyavs. SeuZliaT Tu ara maT zemoT
xsenebuli `v~ maswavlebeliviT Secvalon situacia da gansxvavebuli tempiT uxelmZRvanelon
sxvadasxva klass? swored amas vgulisxmobT am nawilis saTaurad gamotanil `tempsa da ritmSi~. SegviZlia vnaxoT, rogor axerxebs maswavlebeli drois struqturirebas calkeuli individebisTvis, rogorc es `v~ maswavlebelma gaakeTa mTeli klasisTvis. aseTi cvalebadobis
mizezebi udavod scildeba globalur sityvas `SesaZlebloba~. evertsonis kvlevaSi `SesaZlebloba~ gamosaSveb gamocdebze warmatebas niSnavda. gansxvaveba Zlier da sust klasebs
Soris gvqonda. sisustisa da siZlieris mravali mizezi arsebobs garda memkvidreobiT SesaZleblobisa, rac niWierebas gulisxmobs. Zalian unarianma, magram impulsurma an gonebagafantulma moswavleebma SeiZleba ukeT iswavlon, roca maTi tempi kargad fokusirebuli xanmokle aqtivobebiT regulirdeba. gamocdili maswavlebeli amgvari garemos Seqmnas cdilobs
maTTvis, visac es sWirdeba, klasis danarCeni nawili ki am dros gansxvavebuli tempiT muSaobs.
Cven unda SegveZlos ganvsazRvroT, rogor marTavs maswavlebeli temps da qvemoT
CamoTvlilidan romel models Seesabameba:
yy
yy
yy
yy
yy

tempis aranairi modeli

stabiluri rutina
saswavli momentebis variantebi
kurikulumis prioritetebis cvlilebis moqniloba
individebsa da jgufebze morgeba

79

1. Seesabameba Tu ara yovel saganze gamoyofili dro

maswavleblisa da skolis prioritetebs?

diax

ara

2. aris Tu ara moswavlis CarTulobis dro akademiuri

swavlisaTvis gamoyofili drois 75%-ze meti?

diax

ara

3. maswavleblis urTierToba moswavleebTan gamoyofili

akademiuri drois 75%-ia Tu meti (im sagakveTilo
droisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic saorganizacio da
menejmentis sakiTxebs xmardeba _ furclebis
gasworeba, masalebis momzadeba)?

diax

ara

4. aqvT Tu ara moswavleebs sakmarisi dro, saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi, xelaxali swavlebis sistemisTvis?

diax

ara

5. Seesatyviseba Tu ara maRali warmatebis dro moswavleebis

damoukidebel muSaobas?
diax

ara

6. aqvs Tu ara yovel moswavles maswavlebelTan interaqtiuri

instruqtirebis sakmarisi dro?
diax

ara

7. nayofierad gamoiyeneba Tu ara pirveli da bolo

wuTebi?

ara

diax

dro - Sejameba

dro - Sejameba

8. dagegmva da tempi gviCvenebs:

tempis aranair models

stabilur rutinas
saswavlo momentebis variantebs
kurikulumis prioritetebis cvlilebis moqnilobas
individebsa da jgufebze morgebas

diax

ara

diax

ara

diax

ara

diax

ara

diax

ara

81

skolaSi drois ganmsazRvreli koncefciebis mimoxilva

mokled gansazRvreT Semdegi koncefciebi:
1 swavlisTvis gamoyofili dro

2. moswavlis CarTulobis dro

3. akademiuri swavlis dro

4. interaqtiuli instruqtireba

82

dro - savarjiSo
SeamowmeT, rogor gaigeT skolaSi drois menejmentTan dakavSirebiT Catarebuli kvleva. dawereT `W~ - WeSmariti, xolo `m~ mcdari debulebebis win.

2. im drois raodenoba, romelsac moswavleebi xarjaven mniSvnelovan da

sworad SerCeul davalebebze, mniSvnelovnadaa dakavSirebuli miRwevasTan.
3. akademiuri swavlisTvis gamoyofili drois daaxloebiT 25 procenti,
rogorc Cans, saorganizacio da menejmentis sakiTxebs xmardeba.
4. roca maswavleblebi uSualod muSaoben moswavleebTan (masalebis momzadebis, nawerebis gasworebis an menejmentis sakiTxebis garda), izrdeba
moswavleTa miRwevebi.
5. maswavleblebs, romlebic swavloben gamoyenebul dros, SeuZliaT mniSvnelovani cvlilebis moxdena da moswavleTa swavlis gaumjobeseba.
6. roca maswavlebeli gamocdilia menejmentis parametrebSi (yuradReba,
tempi, sivrce, dro, rutina), moswavleTa miRwevebi izrdeba, radgan naklebi dro ikargeba menejmentsa da disciplinaze.

dro - savarjiSo

1. moswavleTa umralesobas SeuZlia iswavlos nebismieri ram, Tu maT aqvT

codnis wina piroba, unari da sakmarisi dro.

7. rogorc wesi, gakveTilis pirveli da bolo wuTebi yvelaze ukeT

amaxsovrdebaT moswavleebs.
8. gakveTilis iseTi tempis SerCeva, rom sust moswavleebs fokusirebul
aqtivobaTa mokle periodebi hqondeT, SeiZleba am moswavleebisTvis Sesatyvisi ritmi iyos, gansakuTrebiT heterogeniul klasebSi.
9. `maRali warmatebis dros~ moswavleTa miRwevebi matulobs.

83

drosTan dakavSirebuli problemebi

droze gavlenas axdens swavlebasTan dakavSirebuli codnis bazis mravali sfero _
tempi, rutina, molodini, disciplina, sicxade, yuradReba, sivrce da a. S. maswavlebels met produqtiuli dro misces an arsebulis nawili waarTvas. qvemoT moyvanili
aqtivobis mizania, aCvenos kavSiri swavlebis sxva parametrebsa da problemebs Soris, romlebic Tavs iCens sawyis etapze drois dakargvis an arasakmarisi drois saxiT.

dawereT, ra SeiZleba gaakeTos maswavlebelma qvemoT mocemul situaciebSi, raTa

ufro efeqtianad gamoiyenos dro.
1. g
akveTilis dasawyisSi maswavlebeli xuT wuTs xarjavs imisaTvis, rom Seamowmos
daswreba, esaubros, im moswavleebs, romlebic ar eswrebodnen wina dRes da dafaze daweros miznebi da gegma.

2. periodis bolos maswavlebeli 5 wuTs andomebs saSinao davalebis micemas, namuSevrebis Segrovebas da imas, rom moswavleebma gaasworon TavianTi skamebi.

3. yoveldRiurad maTematikis gakveTilze maswavlebeli xarjavs 15-20 wuTs imaze,

rom sxvadasxva moswavles dafaze awerinebs TiTo amocanas da klasis danarCen
nawils uxsnismaT amoxsnas.

4. yoveldRiurad klasSi instruqciis drois nawili ixarjeba moswavleebze,

romelTacara aqvT saweri kalami, daaviwydaT wigni an ar Seasrules saSinao davaleba.

5. maswavlebeli testisaTvis mimoxilvas mTeli klsisaTvis atarebs moswavleebis

gamoZaxebiT individualurad kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad. am aqtivobas testamde
sWirdeba mTeli dRe.

6. bunebismetyvelebis 50-wuTian gakveTilze maswavlebeli aCvenebs 30-wuTian videofilms vulkanebze. moswavleebi upasuxeben kiTxvebs mTlian jgufur ganxilvaSi 15 wuTis ganmavlobaSi videofilmis Semdeg, bolo 5 wuTs ki xarjaven dafidan
saSinao davalebis gadmoweraze.

7. baRis maswavlebeli gakveTilis drois 10 wuTs xarjavs imaSi, rom Tavis moswavleebs exmareba qurTukebis SekvraSi, qudebis daxurvaSi da SesvenebisTvis fexsacmelebis CacmaSi.

8. meSvide klasis cocxal mecnierebaTa salaboratorio samuSaosaTvis mosamzadeblad moswavleebi midian oTaxis wina nawilSi, raTa eqsperimentisaTvis saWiro

84

gamxsneli, saWreli iaraRebi, nimuSebi da rveulebi aiRon. 8 wuTis Semdeg yvela

moswavles isev dasWirda masalebi.

9. inglisuris gakveTilze maswavlebeli yovel moswavles 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi esaubreba, klasis danarCeni nawili ki damoukidebel samuSaos asrulebs. am process
ori gakveTili sWirdeba.

10. gansakuTrebuli ganaTlebis moswavleebisTvis gankuTvnil saswavlo centrSi

maswavlebels 5 moswavle hyavs. yvela maTgans aqvs ganaTlebis gansxvavebuli individualuri gegma. moswavleebTan individualurad muSaobisas, mas xSirad awyvetinebs danarCeni oTxi, romlebic damoukidebeli samuSaos Sesrulebas da
problemebis gadalaxvas cdiloben.

11. fizkulturis gakveTilze maswavlebeli xSirad kargavs 35-wuTiani periodis 5

wuTs klasis dagvianebis gamo.

12. moswavleebis mcire jgufTan muSaobisas, mexuTe klasis maswavlebels xSirad

uSlian xels is moswavleebi, romlebic damoukidebel samuSaos sxvebze adre amTavreben.

13. maswavlebeli diliT mexuTeklaselTa ramdenime literaturul jgufs xvdeba. mas

problemebi aqvs klasidan klasSi gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT da xSirad kargavs
dros.

14. maswavlebeli xSirad iwyebs gakveTils imiT, rom or-or moswavles adarebinebs saSinao davalebis pasuxebs. is moswavleebi, romlebic ar eswrebodnen, an ar aqvT
motanili saSinao davaleba, usaqmod arian. Tu momuSave wyvilSi maT mesame wevrad
Casvams,savaraudod, zogierTi maTgani xels SeuSlis.

15. susti moswavleebis am jgufs maswavlebeli dRis bolos xvdeba. isini daRlilebi
Canan da maswavleblis mier dagegmil miTiTebebsa da saleqcio formatze ar reagireben.

16. gundis gakveTilis pirveli wuTebi, roca moswavleebi alageben da awyoben TavianT instrumentebs, ikargeba. maswavleblis SeniSvnis pasuxad moswavleebi esaubrebian erTmaneTs an erTobian instrumentebiT.

17. meeqvse klasSi xelovnebis maswavlebels xSirad awyvetineben is moswavleebi, rom-

85

lebsac sxva klasebisTvis masalebis wasaRebad gzavnian. garda amisa, mas yoveldRiurad, xSirad sxvadasxva klasSi, xuTi gakveTili aqvs. yoveli gakveTilis win
is dros kargavs, roca masalebsa da gakveTilis gegmaze cdilobs. rogor SeiZleba
moswavleTa CarTulobis drois maqsimumamde gazrda?

18. am skolis maswavleblebi samidan ori dRis ganmavlobaSi yoveldRiuri 50-wuTiani

gakveTilebidan 80-wuTian gakveTilebze gadadian. maT aRelvebT, ras gaakeTeben
moswavleTa dasakaveblad 80 wuTis ganmavlobaSi da ras moimoqmedeben, Tu moswavle 2-3 dRe gaacdens.

19. saSualo skola moswavleTa sustebad, saSualoebad da Zlierebad dajgufebidan

yvela saganSi heterogeniulr dajgufebaze gadadis. maswavleblebs afiqrebT is,
Tu, ramdenad SeZleben yvela moswavlis moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebas.

20. aTletur gundebSi moTamaSe moswavleebi TamaSze misasvlelad xSirad acdenen

bolo gakveTils. maswavleblebi wuxan imis gamo, rom es moswavleebi SeiZleba
CamorCnen danarCen moswavleebs.

86

dro

literatura:
Anderson, L. W. Student Involvement in Learning and School Achievement. California Journal of Educational
Research 26 (March 1975): 53-62.
Bloom, B. S. Time and Learning. American Psychologist 29 (September 1974): 682-688.
Caldwell, J. H., W. G. Huitt, and A. O. Graeber, Time Spent in Learning. The Elementary School Journal 82/5
(1982): 371-480.
Dishaw, M. Descriptions of Allocated Time to Content Areas for the A-B Period. Beginning Teacher Evaluation Study Technical Note Series, Technical Note IV-2a. San Francisco: Far West Laboratory for Educational Research and Development, 1977.
Engel, B. S. Informal Evaluation. Grand Forks, N.D.: University of North Dakota Press, 1977.
Evertson, C. Differences in Instructional Activities in High and Low Achieving Junior High School Classes.
Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston, Mass.,
April 1980.
Evertson, C. Differences in Instructional Activities in Higher- and Lower-Achieving Junior High English and
Math Classes. Elementary School Journal 82/4 (1982): 329-350.
Fisher, C. W. et al. Teaching Behaviors, Academic Learning Time and Student Achievement: Final Report on
Phase IH-B, Beginning Teacher Evaluation Study. San Francisco: Far West Regional Laboratory, 1978.
Hillerich, R. L. Thats Teaching Spelling??? Educational Leadership (May 1982): 615-517.
Karweit, N., and R. E. Slavin, Measurement and Modelings Choices in Studies of Time and Learning. Educational Research Journal 18/2 (Summer 1981): 157-172.
Leinhardt, G., N. Zigmond, and W. M. Corley. Reading Instruction and Its Effects. American Educational
Research Journal 18/3 (Fall 1981): 343-361.
Powell, M., and M. Dishaw, A Realistic Picture of Reading Instructional Time. Reading Research Quarterly
(1981).
Rim, E., and A. Coller. Ln Search of Nonlinear Process-Product Functions in Existing Schooling Effects Data: A
Reanalysis of the First-Grade Reading and Mathematics Data from the Stallings and Kaskowitz Follow
Through Study. Philadelphia: Research for Better Schools, Inc., 1982.
Rosenshine, B. V. How Time is Spent in Elementary Classrooms. Journal of Classroom Interaction 17/1 (Winter 1981): 16-25.
Stallings, J. A. Allocated Academic Learning Time Revisited, or Beyond Time on Task. Educational Researcher
9/11 (December 1980).
Stallings, J. A., and D. H. Kaskowitz. FollowThrough Classroom Observation j Evaluation, 1972-1973. Menlo
Park, Calif.n: Stanford Research Institute, 1974.

87

6
rutina
romeli proceduruli rutinaa
mniSvnelovani, rogor miviRoT misgan
maqsimaluri sargebeli?
gasagebi komunikacia da standartebi
rogor SevusabamoT rutina miznebs

rutina

a iqneboda yoveldRiuri cxovreba iseTi rutinis gareSe, rogoricaa adgoma da

dRisaTvis momzadeba; saxlsa da samsaxurSi mniSvnelovani nivTebis povna da daxarisxeb; garkveuli ganmeorebiTi saqmeebis keTeba? sityvaSi `rutina~ vgulisxmobT
nebismier ganmeorebiT movlenas an situacias, romlisTvisac, SesaZloa, arsebobdes Cveuli
procedura.
cxadia, rom rutina mniSvnelovania Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. yvelas gvaqvs asobiT
rutinuli saqme, romelsac meqanikurad, gaucnobiereblad vasrulebT; es saqmeebi erTmaneTzea `akinZuli~, avtomaturad sruldeba da ufro gaazrebuli da saintereso proeqtebisaTvis gviTavisuflebs dros. igive iTqmis rutinis rolze klasis cxovrebis organizebaSi.
kargi rutina mniSvnelovania warmatebuli saklaso cxovrebisaTvis. roca rutina cudad aris
dagegmili, mas dezorganizacia, arasaxarbielo tempi da xSirad disciplinis problemebi mohyveba.
saklaso oTaxis rutina efeqtiani da gasagebi unda iyos. moswavleebma unda icodnen rutinis arsi da misi Sesruleba. winamdebare TavSi am or cnebasa da im mosazrebas SevexebiT,
rom rutinas SeuZlia swavlebis xelSewyoba. rutina Tavad SeiZleba gaxdes saswavlo gegma
misi konkretuli miznebisa da masSi moqceuli codnis wyalobiT.
rutinis parametri klasis rutinis mraval saxeobas moicavs. zogierTi meurneobas ukavSirdeba (mag., daswreba, lanCisa da rZis xarjebis daTvla, maragis SeZena da/an movla, fexsacmelebisa da pijakebis movla, dasufTaveba, wasaxemseblis ganawileba). zogi rutina klasis
biznesis marTvas ukavSirdeba (mag., gancxadebis
rutinas SeuZlia swavlebis xelSewyoba masSi
gakeTeba, xmauris donis kontroli, oTaxidan
moqceuli codnis wyalobiT.
gasvla, rigis dacva da rigSi mdgomTa raodenobis zRvrebi, gakveTilis pirvel 10 wuTSi Sesasrulebeli saqmianoba, skamebis, makratlebis, saweri kalmebisa da sxva sagnebis mowesrigeba).
zogi rutina ki SromiTs wes-Cveulebebsa da SromiTs procedurebs ukavSirdeba (mag., jdomis
wesi, sityvebis marTlweris swavla, laboratoriis danadgarebis, dafis gamoyenebis procedurebi, wignze moxsenebisTvis formis SerCeva, maswavleblis mier cxrilisa da movlenaTa
kalendris Semowmeba, roca moswavleebi amzadeben zepir moxsenebas an semestrul naSroms).
yvela am rutinis ostaturad Sesruleba klasis organizebisa da marTvis mniSvnelovani saSualebaa.

gasagebi komunikacia da standartebi

rutina rom maqsimalurad sargebliani iyos saWiroa maswavlebelma gasagebad asxnas misi
arsi. rutinis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT dasmuli SekiTxvebi, pirvel rigSi, molodins exeba: kargad ician Tu ara moswavleebma, ras moelian maTgan procedurebisa da rutinis TvalsazrisiT? ician Tu ara, ra unda gaakeTon? rutinis

gasagebad axsna moicavs Semdeg

91

Tavi 6

aspeqtebs:

pirdapiri: moswavleTa yuradRebis mipyroba uSualod rutinaze.

specifikuri: axsnilia yvela mniSvnelovani detali.
ganmeorebiTi: imaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom moswavleebma aiTvises.
gadacemulia dadebiTi molodiniT: `Tqven amas SeZlebT~ miniSnebiT.
modelirebuli.
daJinebuli im TvalsazrisiT, rom mudmivad (gonierebis farglebSi) mivmarTavT rutinas, sanam moswavleebi daostatdebian.

Tanmimdevruli: gansakuTrebiT im TvalsazrisiT, rom maswavlebeli reagirebs, roca

rutinis mimarT molodini ar marTldeba.

molodinis parametris Sesaxeb gamoyenebuli msjeloba rutinis ZiriTadi standartebis marTebulobisa da maTi individebisa Tu jgufebis Sesatyvisobis Sesamowmebladac
gamogvadgeba. amitom, molodinis standartebis msgavsad, rutinis standartebi SeiZleba qvemoT moyvanili skalis mixedviT ganvixiloT (detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. Tavi `molodini~):

ar arsebobs arc erTi.

ramdenime Tanamimdevruli standarti gamoiyeneba.
dabali: maswavlebeli imaze naklebs iTxovs moswavleebisagan, vidre maT SeuZliaT.
Zalze maRali: maswavlebeli metismetad bevrs iTxovs moswavleebisagan.
saSualo: standartebi Sesaferisia moswavleTa umravlesobisaTvis.
STamagonebel-bundovani: maswavlebeli axdens moswavleTa motivirebas, magram maTi
qcevis standartebi bundovania.

maRali, magram keTilgonivruli: standartebi Zalze maRalia, magram moswavleebs ZaluZT maTi miRweva.

akademiuri samuSaos msgavsad, maswavleblisa da moswavlisTvis mniSvnelovania, rom rutinis standartebi Seesabamebodes yoveli individisa da jgufis saWiroebebs. (ix. me-11 Tavi
standartebis morgebis sxvadasxva doneebis Sesaxeb msjelobisaTvis.)
am sakiTxebis amowurvis Semdeg, ukve mzad varT axal Temaze gadasasvlelad. kerZod, ra
aris TviT rutina? ratom aris is aseTi da rogor SeiZleba misgan maqsimaluri sargeblis
miReba?

rogor SevusabamoT rutina miznebs

saklaso oTaxis rutinis xasiaTi ganisazRvreba maswavleblis mier uaris TqmiT, molaparakebiT an pirdapir. SeiZleba gamovyoT maswavleblis mier rutinis gamoyenebis Svidi done:
1. a raviTari tradiciebi an procedurebi Sesabamisi movlenebisaTvis: maswavleblis myisieri reaqciebi.
2. daugegmavad Sesrulebuli ramdenime tradicia.
3. s
tabiluri rutina yvelaze Sesaferisi movlenebisaTvis, Cveulebriv, wvrTnis safuZvelze.
4. stabiluri da maRalefeqtiani rutina yvela Sesaferisi movlenisaTvis.
5. cvalebadi rutina: maswavlebeli cvlis, cdis, iyenebs alternatiul formebs.
6. rutina morgebulia jgufze.

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rutina

7. rutina Seesabameba individebis xasiaTs da dakavSirebulia maTs miznebTan.

es skala moicavs pasuxebis speqtrs kiTxvaze: ratom aris Cveni rutina swored aseTi? rutina SeiZleba efeqtianad da qmediTad emsaxurebodes zogad mizans _ SesZinos moswavleebs
usafrTxoebis grZnoba garkveuli ganmeorebadi movlenebis winaswar gansazRvrisas. SeiZleba
gansazRvros ufro specifikuri miznebi jgufebis an mTeli klasisTvis, rogoricaa moswavleebis mier wakiTxuli wignebis rutinulad Setana JurnalSi, raTa maT garkveuli pasuxismgebloba CamouyalibdeT Canawerebis warmoebis formaze da monawileoba miiRon wakiTxuli
wignebis saerTo anbanuri saZieblis SeqmnaSi; jgufebisTvis oTaxis nawilis dasufTavebis
davaleba, jgufuri pasuxismgeblobis Camoyalibebis mizniT, Sromis ganawilebis mogvareba
da im individebTan urTierToba, romlebic uars amboben samuSaos sakuTari wilis Sesrulebaze.
Mmaswavlebelma SeZleba Seiqmnas an moargos rutina konkretuli individebis miznebs. magaliTad, dawyebiT klasSi timma SeiZleba yoveli dRe ramdenime skamis CamoRebiT daiwyos da
Semdeg xeze an Tixaze muSaobas Seudges, rasac motoruli datvirTva eqneba. ufro maRal klasSi, roca moswavleebma rutinulad unda Seamowmon SeniSvnebis dafa dilis davalebebTan an
wina samuSaos SedegebTan dakavSirebiT, klaras SeiZleba individualurad `misalmeba~, SeniSvnebis dafasTan `eskorti~, an am informaciis Semcveli sakuTari saqaRalde sWirdebodes.
meaTeklasel margarets SeiZleba yuradRebis koncentraciis mizniT yoveli damoukidebeli
mecadineobis Semdeg, Sedegebis Sesaxeb Canaweris warmoeba movTxovoT. marvins, organizebulobisa da gakveTilze droulad misvlis Cvevis gamomuSavebis mizniT, SeiZleba gakveTilis
win jgufuri muSaobisaTvis avejis dalageba vTxovoT.
proceduruli rutinis es magaliTi sxvadasxva mizans isaxavs. zogierTi Rirebul mizans
_ efeqtianobas _ emsaxureba. zogi impulss ukavSirdeba; aq swored aseTi efeqtianoba igulisxmeba _ movlenebis efeqtiani dineba dayovnebis gareSe. gTavazobT erTi aseTi rutinis
magaliTs:
dasrulebul samuSaos vdeb Taroze `Semosulebi~; is rveulebi, romlebsac Semowmeba
sWirdeba, pirvel gverdze rCeba gadaSlili. es moxsnis problemas `ra unda vuyo am rveulebs?~
zogi rutina gamiznulia kognituri swavlis efeqtianobis asamaRleblad. magaliTad, akademiur swavlaze orientirebuli rutina:
sityvaTa banki da sityvaTa saqaRalde moicavs im sityvebs, romelTa marTlwerac moswavleebs uZneldebaT. moswavle poulobs sityvis swor marTlweras, wers
mas patara furcelze da amagrebs sityvaTa bankis kedelze dakidebul ocdaeqvsjibian (anbanis yoveli asosaTvis) nakrebSi. furclebi mogvianebiT sityvaTa
mudmiv saqaRaldeSi lagdeba, marTlweraSi Semdgomi davalebis Sesasruleblad.
rutinaTa mesame jgufi gviCvenebs, ra damatebiTi sargebeli SeiZleba mogvces rutinam
misi gonivruli da mizanmimarTuli gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi. aseTi rutina aaSkaravebs imas,
rasac bevri `SeniRbul saswavlo gegmas~ uworutiniT SeiZleba damatebiTi sargebeli _
debs: arapirdapiri pirovnuli da socialuri
`SeniRbuli saswavlo gegma~ miviRoT.
daswavla, romelsac moswavleebi ubralod
konkretul gakveTilze daswrebiT axorcieleben. `pirovnuli swavla~ gulisxmobs sakuTari Tavis an zogierTi unaris Sesaxeb raRacis
gagebas, rac ufro xasiaTis Camoyalibebis da ara unar-Cvevis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT
SeiZleba aRvweroT. `socialuri swavla~ migvaniSnebs moswavleebis mier sxva adamianebis,
jgufebis, an xalxis (TanamSromloba, gaziareba) Sesaxeb raRacis gagebas. aseTi rutinis magaliTia:

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Tavi 6

me pirvel moswavles viZaxeb wasakiTxad, is, Tavis mxriv, momdevno mkiTxvels iZaxebs. am gziT erTveba moswavleTa ufro didi procentuli raodenoba da wamoiWreba samarTlianobisa (biWebma mxolod biWebi ar unda gamoiZaxon) da kiTxvis
diferencialuri unarebis gaazrebis sakiTxebi.
Cveni azriT, maswavleblebs SeZlebisdagvarad gaazrebuli da gansazRvruli unda hqondeT TavianTi `SeniRbuli~ saswavlo gegma, raSic maT swored es parametri daexmarebaT. survilis SemTxvevaSi, maswavleblebi SeZleben, rom maTeuli rutina mravali miznis samsaxurSi
Caayenon.

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rutina - Sejameba

_ pirdapiri
_ specifikuri
_ ganmeorebiTi
_ dadebiTi molodiniT
_ modelirebuli
_ daJinebuli
_ Tanamimdevruli
2. SemoxazeT erTi Sesabamisi. standartebi, romlebsac rutina moicavs aris:

arc erTi

ramdenime Tanamimdevruli

dabali

metismetad maRali

saSualo

STamagonebel-bundovani

rutina - Sejameba

1. g
adaxedeT rutinis komunikaciis Tqvens mier gamoyenebul aspeqtebs. SegiZliaT
Tu ara iseTi SemTxvevis gaxseneba, romelic gaamyarebs Tqvens naTqvams an qmedebas.

maRali, magram misaRebi

3. Sesatyvisoba: SemoxazeT Sesrulebis Sesatyvisi done.

araviTari rutina
ramdenime daugegmavi rutina
stabiluri rutina
stabiluri da maRalefeqtiani rutina
cvalebadi rutina, alternativebi
jgufis Sesatyvisi rutina
individebis Sesatyvisi rutina

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rutina - savarjiSo

dDaxarisxebis Semdeg, dafiqrdiT Tqvens mier gamoyenebul rutinaze. tempTan

dakavSirebul ra rutinas iyenebT? romelia dakavSirebuli kognitur swavlebasTan? romeli uwyobs xels konkretul pirovnul an socialur swavlas? arsebobs Tu ara rutinis ufro efeqtianad gamoyenebis sxva saSualeba?
qvemoT gTavazobT maswavleblis mier mowodebul ramdenime realur rutinas.
(zogierT maTganze komentari frCxilebSi gavakeTeT). daaxarisxeT isini Semdegi
kategoriebis mixedviT:

tempi
akademiuri
pirovnuli an socialuri swavleba (SemoklebiT ps)
arCevanis gasaadvileblad hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs rutinis arsisa da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb. Tqveni azriT, am sami kategoriidan es mizani romels ufro
Seesabameba. SeiZleba zogierTi or kategoriasac Seesabamebodes. saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi, gadaxedeT teqstSi gamoyenebul magaliTebs. pasuxebi mocemulia
am nawilis boloSi.
1. `damatebiTi qula damatebiT namuSevarze: Tu moswavle adre daamTavrebs
maTematikis an kiTxvis davalebas, maqvs damatebiTi `saxaliso~ davalebebi, romelic Cvens mier naswavli koncefciis ganmtkicebas an ganvrcobas emsaxureba.
davalebebis nakrebs im moswavles vaZlev, romelmac pirvelma daasrula. Semdeg sxva moswavleebs veubnebi, rom damatebiTi davalebebis miReba am pirveli
moswavlisgan SeuZliaT, rac garkveul damatebiT pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs
pirvel moswavles da maTavisuflebs sxva jgufisTvis damatebiTi davalebebis
micemisgan~.

rutina - savarjiSo

maswavleblis repertuarSi arsebuli miznobrivi rutinis mravalferovnebis

sailustraciod mocemulia magaliTebi. daaxarisxeT yoveli rutina im zogadi miznis mixedviT, romelsac, Tqveni azriT, is emsaxureba: tempi; akademiuri;
pirovnuli da socialuri swavla. savarjiSo dagexmarebaT ganimtkicoT is
miznebi, romelic SesaZloa sxvadasxva rutinas edos safuZvlad.

2. `roca sadme mivdivarT, win mimaval moswavles vTxov karis daWeras, romelic
yvelas gaatarebs da rigis bolos dgeba. amiT gamovricxav pirvelobisTvis
`brZolas~, radgan vinc pirveli iyo, bolo aRmoCndeba. xSirad arc meoreobisTvis `ibrZvian~, radgan, Cveulebriv, ramdenime karebSi gavdivarT xolme~.
3. `yoveli Tvis dasawyisSi moswavleebs axal fanqars vaZlevT. gamonaklisis
garda, maT axali Semdeg Tvemde aRar eZlevaT (unda iTxovon an saxlidan moitanon). amiT Tavidan vicilebT fanqrebis daudevrad dayras~.
4. `moTxrobaTa saqaRaldeebi Seicavs moswavleTa namuSevrebis meoreul monaxazebs. yvela moswavles aqvs saSualeba gadaikiTxos Zveli naweri, SeamCnios
winsvla da ubralod siamovneba miiRos sakuTari namuSevriT. aseve sasargebloa es saqaRaldeebi konferenciebisTvis~.
5. `CemTan, rogorc specialistTan, mosul yovel moswavles aqvs saqaRalde,
romelSic inaxavs dasrulebul an dasamTavrebel namuSevrebs. es saqaRaldeebi
inaxeba rZis plastikur yuTSi TiToeuli jgufisaTvis muxis etiketis gamyofe-

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biT. gakveTilis win moswavleebi iReben masalebs yuTidan. saqaRaldeebTan erTad SeiZleba SevinaxoT sia, romelSic miTiTebulia wakiTxuli wignebi, gamoyenebuli masalebi, gakveTilebis cxrili da sxva saWiro informacia~.
6. `yovel paraskevs diliT, vjdebi moswavlesTan, romelsac winaswar virCev [savaraudod, yovel kvira sxvadasxvasTan]. Cven erTad vakeTebT [klasis] yovelkvireuli gazeTis samuSao variantis monaxazs. me vTavazob statiis monaxazs,
xolo moswavle gamarTavs teqsts. Semdeg gadawers mas originalze. es moswavlisaTvis weraSi dadebiT gamocdilebas uzrunvelyofs. aris patara teqnikuri
riski da ukukavSiri xels uwyobs weris sxva saxeebs~.
7. `es aseve uzrunvelyofs xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi periodul individualur muSaobas yovel moswavlesTan. akademiuri/saxaliso aqtivoba ki iZleva
moswavlesa da maswavlebels Soris urTierTobis damyarebis saSualebas, rac
mniSvnelovania kargad swavlebisTvis. is saklaso oTaxSi mcire sazogadoebis
Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobasac gvaZlevs; statiebi SeiZleba Seexebodes uSualod klass, mis wevrebs, maT mierve Seqmnil nivTebs, wina kviras gadamxdar ambebs. Aamrigad, gazeTi klasis garkveul istorias qmnis da SeiZleba wlis ganmavlobaSi iqmnebodes. Yyvela mouTmenlad elodeba mis gamosvlas _ is xom maT
Sesaxebaa!
8. `kidev erTi xerxi, romelic moswavleebs maTematikaSi dafaze muSaobisas exmareba. maTematikis dauxazav furclebze muSaobisas, muSaobis dawyebamde,
vuxsni qaRaldis dakecvas. ase iqmneba ujrebi amocanebisTvis, rac furclis
organizebaSi exmareba. es aris aseve gakveTili kvadratSi ayvanaSi~.
9. `zogierTi maswavlebeli amtkicebs, rom maTematikaSi muSaoba mxolod did
ujrebian qaRaldze SeiZleba, romelic moswavleebs svetebis organizebasa da
sworad ganlagebaSi exmareba. Semdeg isini amcireben ujrebis zomas da TandaTanobiT amcireben ujrebiani qaRaldis gamoyenebas. isini moiTxoven, rom
moswavleebma swor xazze da organizebulad imuSaon.
10. `dafaze grZelvadiani davalebebis gakvra Sesabamisi vadebiT, rac moswavleebisgan Tavisufal dros am davalebebze muSaobas moiTxovs, maT davalebis Sesrulebisas sakuTari drois organizebaze pasuxismgeblobas aswavlis. davalebaTa nusxis xSirad gadamowmeba maT mocemul droSi `Catevas~ aswavlis~.
11. `es rutina miznad isaxavs, rom moswavleebmaEE E E BMAE BMAE iswavlon E TavianTi drois ma
rTva _ proeqtebis dagegmva Semadgenel nawilebad da davalebebis dayofa
drois periodebis mixedviT, raTa maT SeZlon micemul droSi Cateva. SesaZloa
bavSvebma Tavidan ver SeZlon drois marTva da amitom procedurebma unda uzrunvelyos swavleba an Sesatyvisi strategiebi. strategiis pirveli nawili
aris vadiani davalebis micema, rac moswavles warmatebis miRwevis saSualebas
aZlevs da aseve aswavlis Rirseul damarcxebas. maswavlebelma SeiZleba dasvas
kiTxvebi: `rogor/ra iswavleT am gamocdilebiT? SeZlebT Tu ara da rogor moagvarebT momavalSi msgavs problemas?~ individebisTvis am kiTxvebis dasasmelad unda momzaddes pirobebi. zogierTi maswavlebeli drodadro amowmebs,
ra warmatebebs miaRwies moswavleebma grZelvadiani davalebis SesrulebaSi.
maT SeiZleba Semoinaxon garkveuli Tavisufali dro an gakveTilis dro, yovel moswavlesTan Sesaxvedrad da winsvlaze sasaubrod. es mokle Semowmebebi,
rogorc iTqva, emsaxureba informaciis miRebas mimdinare muSaobis Sesaxeb da
zogierTi zarmaci moswavlis motivirebas muSaobis dasawyebad. amave dros es
SeiZleba iyos kerZo swavlebis, axsnis an direqtivebis xelaxali micemis Ses-

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aZlebloba. drois marTvisa da organizebis swavlebisas Cndeba kiTxva: Tqveneuli procedurebis ra aspeqti exmareba moswavleebs swavlaSi, garda imisa,
rom maT akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas ubralod grZelvadian davalebebis SesrulebisTvis?]
12. `kviraSi samjer klass aqvs Cumad kiTxvis dro. isini survilisamebr kiTxuloben wignebs, statiebs da sxva masalebs. periodis bolos im dRes wakiTxuli masalis saTauri da TariRi SeaqvT nusxaSi, romelic maT saqaRaldeSi inaxeba. me
bavSvebs vawarmoebineb am Canawers da vagroveb furclebs, daaxloebiT, TveSi
erTxel. es mexmareba maT arCevanze dakvirvebaSi. Tavad bavSvebs ki, vfiqrob,
wakiTxulis raodenobis gacnobierebaSi exmareba. zogierTisTvis es namdvili
stimulia!~
13. `nusxaSi `dRevandeli samuSaoebi~ CamoTvlilia yoveldRiuri samuSaoebi [didi
plakati, moswavleebis saxelebi da gvarebi, samuSaos saxeebi Tavfurcelze.
moswavleebs SeuZliaT naxon TavianTi saxelisa da gvaris gaswavriv maTTvis
gankuTvnili davalebebi]. es cxrili yoveldRiuri davalebebis individualizaciis saSualebaa. moswavleebs yoveldRiurad Sesasrulebeli saqmianobisTvis pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs. isini aRniSnaven davalebebs maTi dasrulebis
Semdeg, rac maT TviTkontrolis unars uviTarebs~.
14. `xSirad Zalze efeqtiania ramdenime moswavlisTvis klasSi individualuri
muSaoba, cxrilis Sedgena. moswavles es cxrili mudam Tan aqvs da aRniSnavs
imas, rac Sesruldeba. maswavlebelTan molaparakebis Semdeg moswavles aseve
Seaqvs is aqtivobebi, romelTa keTebac gansakuTrebiT uyvars. cxrili SeiZleba moicavdes erTi dRidan erT kviramde periods.
15. `roca moswavleebs gakveTilze gamovarCev xolme raime gansakuTrebulis gasakeTeblad, magaliTad, ritmul instrumentze dasakravad, xSirad vcvli arCevanis rutinas. monawileTa gansazRvrisTvis: (1) rigidan nomrebis mixedviT
viZaxeb; (2) viwyeb klasis siis Tavidan an bolodan; (3) romlebmac ukve daukres,
vTxov miscen instrumenti `wynar~ moswavles, romelsac jer ar daukravs.
16. `yovelkvireuli dasufTaveba. paraskevs, SuadRisas, moswavleebs saklaso
oTaxis garkveuli nawilis dasufTavebas an mowesrigebas vavaleb. monacvleobiT vaZlev samuSaos, zogjer SeiZleba arc davavalo da am SemTxvevaSi isini
TavianT merxebs an rveulebs asworeben. Sedegad sufTa, dalagebul saklaso
oTaxs da TanamSromlobas viRebT~.
17. `mieciT moswavleebs axali sityvebis swavlis sami variantidan erT-erTis arCevani: baraTebi, sityvis dawera samjer Tavisi mniSvnelobiT an `gadasaxedi
furclis~ Seqmna Tavisi mniSvnelobiT sityvis saswavlad da warmosaTqmelad.
es exmareba moswavleebs, iswavlon damaxsovrebis alternatiuli gzebi da imedia, aRmoaCenen maTTvis ufro efeqtians.
18. `xSirad vamzadeb TvalsaCinoebebs drois organizebisTvis, roca moswavleebi
modian da emzadebian gakveTilisTvis. slaidi SeiZleba Seicavdes testebs unarebis gasaxseneblad, miTiTebebs aqtivobisTvis, romelSic SeiZleba CarTuli
iyos specialuri furclis momzadeba (e.i. mindvrebi, danomrva, a.S.) momavali
samuSaosaTvis, sityvebis sia, romelic unda gadaiweron rveulebSi, an miTiTebebi specifikuri jgufuri samuSaosTvis. slaidis zeda marjvena kuTxeSi vuTiTeb dros, roca zednadebi gamoirTveba. Mmoswavleebma ician, rom maTgan
moveli slaidze miTiTebuli samuSaos dasrulebas am droisTvis.

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19. aRmovaCine, rom es teqnika xels uwyobs gakveTilze droulad mosvlas, uzrunvelyofs moswavleTa yuradRebis koncentracias, xolo me saSualebas maZlevs
mivxedo rutinul sakiTxebs ise, rom moswavleebi ar gaerTon saubarSi an sxva
saqmianobiT da daviwyo gakveTili~.
20. `Cems magidaze maqvs dekoratiuli Tunuqis kolofi warweriT `SeniSvnebi saxlidan~. bavSvebma kolofSi unda Cadon saxlidan wamoRebuli SeniSvnebi. es saSualebas maZlevs, ar Sevwyvito saqmianoba yovel jerze, roca bavSvi SeniSvnis
furcliT modis, xolo bavSvebs saSualeba aqvT damoukideblad Cadon SeniSvna
yuTSi, Tu me dakavebuli var.
21. `zogierTi maswavlebeli klasSic iyenebs msgavs saSualebas maSin, roca moswavleebisTvis Znelia maswavleblis yuradRebis mipyroba an roca piradi Setyobineba aqvT, romlis dawera ufro eadvilebaT, vidre Tqma. am SemTxvevaSic
maswavlebels unda axsovdes, rom periodulad Caixedos SeniSvnebis kolofSi.
aseTi praqtikis regularulad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, moswavleebs ar eqnebaT dabrkoleba maswavlebelTan urTierTobisas.
22. `xelovnebis oTxTvalas yovelTvis feradi fanqrebis, pastebisa da markerebis
naxevari raodenoba `moaqvs~. aqtivobis mizani ganawileba da ormxrivi pasuxismgeblobaa.~
23. `Cven sagangebod `viwvevT~ deficits, rom moswavleebs masTan gamklaveba vaswavloT. aseTi deficiti maswavleblisganac moiTxovs kargi Suamavlobis unars. aq upriania aqtiuri mosmena _ glaseriseuli midgoma `ris gakeTebas apireb amasTan dakavSirebiT~ (ix. Tavi `disciplina~.
24. `roca erTi an ori moswavle samuSaos dasrulebis stadiaSia (es aris marTvadi, proeqtze orientirebuli klasi), xdeba axali gakveTilis gacnoba [yvelasaTvis; savaraudod maswavlebeli iTxovs yvelas yuradRebas da acnobs axal
proeqts]. axali masalebi magidazea ise, rom moswavleebs SeuZliaT axali proeqtis dawyeba damoukideblad, roca Zvelis dasrulebis Semdeg. dasrulebuli produqtebi ideba karadaSi. Semdeg im bavSvebs, romelTac daasrules,
dasrulebuli proeqtis momdevno logikur nabijs vuCveneb (gamdidreba).
vTavazob arCevans, daiwyon axali proeqti an erTi nabijiT win waiwion axlaxans dasrulebul proeqtSi. aTidan cxra SemTxvevaSi isini sakmaod motivirebulebi arian, rom gaagrZelon Zveli proeqti~.
25. `proeqtze an laboratoriul samuSaoze orientirebul kursebze procedura
klass aerTianebs, maSinac ki, roca moswavleebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli
tempiT muSaoben da maswavlebels saSualeba aqvs damatebiTi masala SesTavazos
maT, visac sWirdeba da amcirebs gakveTilidan gakveTilze gardamavali periodisTvis damaxasiaTebel areulobas.
26. `samuSao furclebs klasSi ori konkretuli moswavle arigebs. amiT Tavidan
vicilebT darigebisTvis drois dakargvas~. [SesaZloa es ori adamiani wreSi
maswavleblis sapirispiro mxares ijdes erTmaneTis gverdiT da furclebis
gadacema erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT daiwyon.
27. `davalebebi isea dagegmili, rom moswavleebs erTmaneTis daxmarebis saSualebac aqvT da imavdroulad individualuri pasuxic moeTxovebaT. es xels uwyobs moswavleebs, iswavlon erTmaneTisagan da kanoniers xdis axdens klasSi
Tanatolebis saubars, xdis ra mas samuSaosTan aris dakavSirebuli~.
28. `erToblivi swavlis sakiTxi, davalebaTa da samuSao garemos produqtiulad

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struqturireba ganxilulia me-15 TavSi.

29. `instrumentebi `musikamobilSi~ saamwyobo saxanZro brigadis stilSi rigdeba,
raTa yovel moswavles hqondes instrumenti. instrumentebis moZraobis dros
maswavlebels SeuZlia darCes klasis wina nawilSi da ar dakargos tempi~.
30. `es yovel moswavles garkveul rolsac aniWebs, Tumca, albaT, saWiroa varjiSi, gansakuTrebiT umcrosklaselebTan, raTa bavSvma, romelsac dauvardeba
instrumenti, ar gamoiwvios `sacobi.
31. `moswavleebs sworad moaqvT gakveTilze wignebi `wignebis cxrilis~ mixedviT.
mizani aris wignis daviwyebis gamo Tavis marTlebis Tavidan acileba.
32. `wignebis es cxrili SeiZleba gaikras karze an sxva TvalsaCino adgilas, rom
moswavleebma dainaxon Semdegi gakveTilisTvis saWiro wignebi.
33. `daCqarebis motivaciisa da imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom moswavleebma daasrulon gameorebis, aqtivobebi weriTi proeqtebisTvis gancxadebebis an saklaso
dafa dayaviT (damcavi an feradi lentiT) CarCoebis iseT seriad, rom saCveneblad gamoifinos moswavlis saboloo proeqti moswavlis saxelisa da gvaris
miTiTebiT. samuSaos daamTavrebisa da Semowmebis Semdeg moswavleebs ufleba
aqvT, gamofinon namuSevari maT pirad CarCoSi. es marTlac kargi ideaa! moswavleebs Zalian surT CarCoebis Sevseba~.
34. `ori gogona an biWi monacvleobiT aris pasuxismgebeli diliT daswrebis aRricxvaze. es aviTarebs pasuxismgeblobasa da TanamSromlobas, me ki diliT moswavleebTan araoficialuri saubris saSualebas maZlevs da SemiZlia gavigo
moswavlis cxovrebaSi bolo periodSi momxdari mniSvnelovani faqti~.
35. `aq mniSvnelovania maswavleblis mizani: saswavlo dRis pirveli 5-10 wuTi ar
dauTmos menejerul sakiTxebs da SeZlos individualuri kontaqtis damyareba moswavlesTan. am kontaqtis mizani SeiZleba iyos urTierTobis damyareba,
informaciis miReba an yuradRebis momTxovni moswavlis `winaswar~ dakmayofileba, rom mogvianebiT aRar dasWirdes yuradRebis mipyroba da ar Seaferxos
klasis ritmi.
36. `kviraSi an or kviraSi erTxel vatareb latareas da samuSaos vunawileb Cems moswavleebs. arCevanis mTeli procesi dakavSirebulia ariTmetikasTan, SansTan,
arCevanTan, kiTxvasTan da a.S.
37. `skolis an mSoblebisTvis gamarTuli musikaluri warmodgenisas sruldeba
Semdegi wesebi: (1) monawileebi midian erTi saaTiT adre da ikribebian erT
oTaxSi makiaJisa da kostiumis bolo StrixebisTvis; (2) warmodgenamde auditoriaSi uSveben mxolod scenis menejers, ganaTebisa da scenis specialistebs;
(3) roca yvela mzadaa, rolSi Sesasvlelad mRerian simRerebs warmodgenidan,
iwyeben solo simRerebs, magram ar amTavreben; (4) warmodgenis dros yvela, vinc
araa scenaze im wuTas, rCeba oTaxSi da ara scenis ukan an derefanSi; (5) yvela
cdilobs iyos wynarad da ar ixmauros; (6) yvela mTavari rolis Semsrulebeli
pasuxismgebelia sakuTari mxardamWeris gamo; (7) yoveli moswavle pasuxismgebelia sakuTar kostumze warmodgenis dawyebamde, misi damTavrebis Semdeg da
mis Semdeg.
38. am kriteriumebis Sesruleba maqsimalurad kargi warmodgenis garantiaa~.
39. `nebismieri statia adgilobrivi gazeTebidan, romelmac SeiZleba daainteresos moswavleebi an Seicavs maT saxelebsa da gvarebs, ikvreba gancxadebebis

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dafaze. me aseve vakrav lanCis yovelkvireul menius, bavSvebisTvis saintereso

sxvadasxva karikaturas, suraTs an leqss. bavSvebsac SeuZliaT moitanon samagrebi gasakvrelad. bavSvebs eamayebaT TavianTi saxelebisa da gvarebis danaxva dabeWdili saxiT. aqve SeiZleba gamovakraT maTi namuSevrebic~.
40. [bolo fraza _ `gamovakraT maTi namuSevrebic~ _ am proceduras kognitur
kategorias aniWebs. Tumca es yvelaferi SeiZleba saklaso oTaxSi sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiTac ganvixiloT. dafa karTan kidia, mas xSirad
xedaven da is saubris Temaa maSin, roca moswavleebi dgebian rigSi an ubralod
Semodian oTaxSi. is erTgvari saubris stimulatoria. es wamoWris zogadad
gamofenis sakiTxs da gvibiZgebs, miviRoT misgan maqsimaluri sargebeli, garda
unar-Cvevebis ganmtkicebisa da mimzidvelobisa.
41. `roca moswavleebi CarTuli arian sxvadasxva aqtivobaSi, vsargeblob momentiT, swrafad gadavxedav oTaxs da viniSnav [furcelze] sad da visTanaa TiToeuli bavSvi. amiT konkretul informacias viReb bavSvebis mier masalebisa da
megobrebis arCevis Sesaxeb. SemiZlia davinaxo, rogor formirdeba aqtivobis
modelebi. es aseve miRviZebs konstruqciuli winadadebebis alRos da zogad
aqtivobaSi da/an bavSvebTan gansxvavebuli koncefciis Setanis survils~.
42. `SeniSvnebis Casawerad da Canawerebis sawarmoeblad klasis doneebis mixedviT,
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT epizodebis rveulebi. am SemTxvevaSi maswavlebels ar
uwevs drois Semonaxva dRis bolos, raTa dajdes da Caiweros sxvadasxva epizodebTan dakavSirebuli SeniSvnebi yovel moswavleze. mimdinare TariRi ewereba
sias rveulSi da rCeba gadaSlili karadis, Taros an magidis Tavze. maswavleblebi weren sityvebs an frazebs moswavleebis saxelebisa da gvarebis gaswvriv. SeniSvnebi SeiZleba exebodes aqtivobebs, saqciels, unarebis saWiroebebs
an TiTqmis nebismieri saxis qmedebas. Tu guSindeli dRis siis ukana mxare
gamoiyeneba dRevandeli dRis gegmebis Casawerad an dasablokad, rveulis funqcia SeiZleba gaormagdes da gaxdes gegmebis wignic. SeniSvnebma moswavleTa
saxelebisa da gvarebis gaswvriv SeiZleba maswavlebels konkretul moswavlesTan dagegmili saqmianoba Seaxsenos. isini TariRebis mixedviT moswavlis
warmatebis mimdinare da Semajamebel Canawersac Seicavs. es aris monacemTa
mdidari baza, romlis miRebac Znelia nebismieri sxva gziT da Zalian sasargebloa Sexvedrebis dros.
43. `Tu oTxi wyvilis an sxvagvar cekvaSi CarTulia sapirispiro sqesis partniori,
vuxsni, rom: (1) biWebs TiToeul kvadratSi pirveli, meore, mesame da meoTxe adgilis Sevsebas vTxov; (2) Semdeg nomrebis mixedviT viZaxeb gogonebs da vTxov
konkretul kvadratSi dadgomas im biWTan, romelsac aqvs Sesabamisi cifri; (3)
yoveli cekvis Semdeg gogonebi gadadian sxva kvadratSi, magram inarCuneben
imave cifris pozicias; (4) aravis aqvs ufleba gaakeTos Seuracxmyofeli komentarebi Tavisi an sxvisi partnioris Sesaxeb; (5) aravis vaZaleb cekvas; (6) moswavleebs, romlebic ar monawileoben, varwmuneb, rom SeuZliaT Semdeg gamovidnen
da Tavad Seqmnan axali kvadrati an airCion partniori im wyvilidan, romelmac
ukve icekva. es procedurebi xels uwyobs erTmaneTisTvis angariSis gawevas,
gansakuTrebiT iseT situaciaSi, roca pirvelad cota uxerxulad grZnoben
Tavs sapirispiro sqesTan siaxlovis gamo~.

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kiTxvaris pasuxebi
1: tempi da akademiuri
2: tempi
3: ps
4: akademiuri swavleba
5: tempi
6: ps da akademiuri swavleba
7: akademiuri swavleba
8: ps
9: akademiuri swavleba
10: ps
11: tempi
12: ps
13: akademiuri swavleba
14: tempi
15: tempi
16: ps
17: tempi
18: tempi
19: ps
20: tempi
21: tempi
22: akademiuri swavleba da ps
23: ps da tempi
24: akademiuri swavleba
25: tempi
26: akademiuri swavleba da ps
27: tempi
28: ps da tempi

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Tavi 6

literatura:
Randolph, N., and W. Howe. Self-Enhancing Education. Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford Press, 1966.
Taylor, J. Organizing the Open Classroom A Teachers Guide to the Integrated Day. New York: Schocken
Books, 1972.

gansakuTrebuli SeniSvna
Cven vafasebT im maswavlebelTa wvlils, romelTac gamoiCines keTili neba da
gagviziares mosazreba zogierTi maTeuli rutinis Sesaxeb: nedain biSopi, stiv boberi, pegi baulbai, jef levini, en lindsei, barbara lifStadti, beti miurei, devid
negrini, loren robinsi, seli springeri, jin Stameli, bil teiti, alan tikocki da
jo volSi.

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7
disciplina
rogor mivudgeT Zalze jiut
moswavleebs?
mizezebi
molodinebi da Sedegebi
moswavleTaTvis kontrolisa da
pasuismgeblobis dakisreba
disciplinis eqvsi modeli
Sesabamisoba
reaqcia araswor saqcielze

disciplina

I nawiliM
Sesavali da mimoxilva
,,ra unda gavakeToT imisaTvis, rom moswavleebma imuSaon, dro ar flangon da xeli ar
SegviSalon?~ es disciplinis parametris yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxia da bevr maswavlebeli did energias xarjavs mis gadasaWrelad; zogi sulac Tavs anebebs swavlebas, roca aRmoaCens, rom Tavs ver arTmevs disciplinis sakiTxebs. udavoa, rom kargi disciplina kargi
ganaTlebis wina pirobaa; mTeli Cveni codna unda gamoviyenoT, rom udisciplinobis gamo
maswavleblisa da moswavlis energiis fuW xarjvas bolo movuRoT. codnac gvaqvs da unaric
Segvwevs, rom es sakiTxi movagvaroT da im sakiTxze gadavideT, romelic ufro metad ainteresebs maswavlebelTa umravlesobas: ,,rogor CamovayaliboT moswavleebSi TviTdisciplina da
pasuxismgebloba?~
am TavSi orive sakiTxs ganvixilavT, Tumca pirveliT daviwyebT. Tu moswavleebi uyuradRebod arian da xels gviSlian, amis mizezi qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan erTi an ramdenime
SeiZleba iyos:
1. cudi zogadi menejmenti (yuradReba, tempi, sivrce, dro, rutina, pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba);
2. Seusabamo samuSao _ metismetad Zneli, metismetad advili an moswavleTa swavlis
stilisaTvis Seusabamo (miznebi, swavlis gamocdileba);
3. mosawyeni swavleba (swavlis gamocdileba);
4. damabneveli swavleba (sicxade);
5. bundovani molodinebi da Sedegebi (molodini);
6. moswavlis mier umweobis SegrZneba;
7. fizikuri mizezebi;
8. mosalodneli qcevis Sesrulebis arcodna;
9. RirebulebaTa konfliqti;
10. moswavleTa Tanamdevi mZime emociuri tvirTi (mag., sxva adamiani arwmunebs, rom ver
miaRwevs warmatebas).
sqema 7.1 warmogvidgens am mizezebsa da zogierT indikators. modiT, swrafad gadavxedoT
10 mizezs, xolo ramdenime ufro mniSvnelovani detalurad ganvixiloT.

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pirveli oTxi mizezi dakavSirebulia sxva iseT parametrebTan, romelTagan zogierTi ukve
ganvixileT. klasis menejmentis ZiriTadi parametrebis (yuradReba, tempi, sivrce, dro, rutina, pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba) ugulebelyofas Sedegad disciplinis problemebi
mohyveba. es is parametrebia, romelTac pirvel rigSi unda mivaqcioT yuradReba klasSi disciplinis problemebis gaCenisas, radgan usaqmod darCenili bavSvebi yovelTvis pouloben
energiisa da SemoqmedebiTobis gamovlenis formebs da advili SesaZlebelia, es formebi miuRebeli aRmoCndes. (xangrZlivi mowyenilobis dros celqoba, albaT, gonebrivi sijansaRisa
da fizikuri sicocxlisunarianobis niSania normalur bavSvebSi). amrigad, sivrcis, drois,
tempisa da pirovnuli urTierTobis Camoyalibebis kompetenturi marTva kargi saqcielis
wina pirobas qmnis. da piriqiT, maTi umarTaoba gonebagafantulobis, fragmentaciis, usaqmurobisa da guliswyromis pirobaa.
am parametrebis kargad marTvis SemTxvevaSic ki, darwmunebuli unda viyoT, rom samuSao bavSvebis Sesatyvisia (miznebi). metismetad Zneli an metismetad advili samuSao imedgacruebis an mowyenilobis _ xelSemSleli qcevis wina pirobas safrTxes qmnis.
saklaso garemo SeiZleba calkeuli moswavlisaTvis Seusabamo iyos da misma mcire cvlilebam SeiZleba Seamciros an aRmofxvras maTi problemebi. yvelaze aSkara cvladi klasSi
struqturis xarisxia (Colarruso 1972). kargad struqturirebuli garemo moswavleebs nakleb
arCevans utovebs imis Taobaze, ra aqtivoba Seasrulon, rodis, visTan da romel oTaxSi. cudad struqturirebul garemoSi (romelic, yvelafris miuxedavad, SeiZleba kargad dagegmili da organizebuli iyos) moswavleTa meti moZraoba da meti moqnilobaa im TvalsazrisiT,
vin ras akeTebs da rodis. farTo arCevanis gamo moswavleebi ufro metad ageben pasuxs pirad
ganrigze. amis msgavsad, moswavleebs smeniTi da mxedvelobiTi stimulaciis xarisxis kontrolic SeuZliaT. ,,maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTnaSi~ tomas gordons (Thomas Gordon
1974) garemos modificirebis sxva gzebic aqvs warmodgenili (kategoriebSi `gamdidreba~, `gaRaribeba~, `SezRudva~, `gazrda~, `gadawyoba~, `gaadvileba~ da `sistematizacia~). moswavleTa
qcevis gaumjobesebis gzebis Ziebisas, unda gadavxedoT Cvens mier maTTvis Seqmnili garemos Sesabamisobasac. saWiroa, davfiqrdeT, xom ar uwyobs (SeSlis nacvlad) es garemo xels
problemebs. garemos Secvlis mizani misi imgvarad mowyobaa, rom gaviTvaliswinoT bavSvebis
sisusteebi da xeli SevuSaloT usaqcielobas.
dabolos, zogierT klasSi gakveTilis erTi da imave formatis an aqtivobaTa struqturebis (zedmeti swavleba, zedmeti davalebebi) yoveldRiuri gamoyenebac SeiZleba gaxdes
mowyenilobisa da arasasurveli qcevis mizezi. sirTuleebi kargi zogadi menejmentisa da
misaRebi sirTulis swavlebis SemTxvevaSic ki SeiZleba iyos.

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Seusabamo
samuSao (miznebi)

gonebagafantuli
damunjebuli,
gulgatexili
an mowyenili

ganawyeneba

eSmakuri
SekiTxvebi,
SeniSvnebi,
uyuradReboba, Secbuneba, yvirili
mowyenili

igiveoba

dabneuli

carieli
gamoxedva,
dumili,
uamravi
SekiTxva

damabneveli
swavleba
(sicxade)

damarcxebuli,
warumatebeli
daZabuloba
an sibraze

ganmartoebuli

gabrazebuli an
usamarTlobis
gancda

gulgatexili

mudmivad xelis
SemSleli
moswavle
gaugebroba,
konfliqtebi
maswavlebelsa da
moswavles Soris

avtoritarizmi

xSiri dasja

araTanamimdevruloba

mZime emociuri
tvirTi
(mag., dabali
TviTSefaseba)

fizikuri
mizezebi

RirebulebaTa
konfliqti

moswavlis
mier umweobis
gancda

mosalodneli
saqcielis
Sesrulebis
arcodna

bundovani
molodinebi
da Sedegebi

SesamCnevi
Sedegi

mousvenari

xelis SeSla,
celqoba,
adekvaturi
daxmarebis
ararseboba

drois
flangva

mosawyeni
aqtivobebi

mizezi

fuWad
gatarebuli dro,
dayovneba

cudad
Camoyalibebuli
pirovnuli
urTierToba

droisa da
sivrcis cudi
menejmenti

cudi tempi

disciplina

moswavlis
gancda

sqema 7.1: araswori qcevis mizezebi

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom pirveli oTxi mizezi dakavSirebulia wina TavebSi ganxilul sxva parametrebTan

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ufro seriozuli da ufro xSiri mizezia bundovani molodinebi da Sedegebi; maswavlebelsa da moswavleebs Soris SeiZleba mkafiod ar iyos gansazRvruli urTierTgagebis rTuli
qseli. TiTqmis yvela maswavlebels, romelsac disciplinis problemebi aqvs (da ara ubralod
erTi jiuti moswavle hyavs) daxmareba sWirdeba. meore nawilSi detalurad ganvixilavT am
qselis Camoyalibebis ZiriTad gzebs.
skolebi, rogorc institutebi armias, cixesa da saavadmyofos hgavs, radgan iq moswavleebi mudam umweod grZnoben Tavs. xSirad skola ewinaaRmdegeba ZiriTad adamianur moTxovnilebas, akontrolos sakuTari bed-iRbali, radgan umniSvnelo (zogjer ki araviTar) adgils
utovebs iniciativas, gadawyvetilebis miRebasa da liderobas. pasiurebisaTvis am uflebis
warTmeva diskomforts ar iwvevs, Tumca bavSvebis umravlesobaSi ukan daxevis survils aCens.
Tu Zalauflebas `ostaturad~ gamoviyenebT, aseTi moswavleebis gakontrolebasac SevZlebT, magram imavdroulad skolasac SevaZulebT da swavlasac. es ki Tavisufali skolis
umaRlesi mizani ar gaxlavT; swavla xSirad rTuli saqmea, is sxvebis mier micemuli davalebebis Sesrulebas moiTxovs, rac, bunebrivia, yovelTvis saxaliso ar aris. maswavlebskolebi, rogorc institutebi armias, cixesa
els maRali akademiuri standartebis erTi
da saavadmyofos hgavs, radgan iq moswavleebi
iotis daTmobis gareSec SeuZlia klasis ise
mudam umweod grZnoben Tavs.
struqturireba, rom moswavleebma mimdinare movlenebis garkveuli Tanamflobeloba
da Tanakontroli igrZnon. Tu moswavleebSi umweobis SegrZnebas yuradRebiT ganvixilavT,
vnaxavT, rom mis dasaZlevad gadadgmuli yoveli nabiji qcevis menejmentis sakiTxebsac
gvigvarebs, radgan bavSvebis energias swori gziT warvmarTavT. am Tavis III nawilSi warmogidgenT, rogor SeuZlia maswavlebels amis gakeTeba.
zogjer, erTi SexedviT uyuradRebo moswavleebs ubralod smenis problemebi aqvT
xolme. isini miTiTebebs imitom ki ar asruleben, rom ocneboben, an maswavleblis gabrazeba
surT, aramed, ubralod SecdomiT igeben sakvanZo sityvebs. iseTi `uyuradRebo~ moswavleebic viciT, romelTac smenis defeqtis diagnozi dawyebiT skolaSi swavlidan 2,5 wlis Semdeg
dausves da maTi qcevis modifikaciasa da sxva mniSvnelovan strategiebze didi dro da energia daixarja. amrigad, ubralod darwmunebulebi unda viyoT, rom bavSvebis usaqcielobasa
da sijiutes fizikuri mizezebi ar udevs safuZvlad. es mizezebia: mxedveloba, organuli
hiperaqtivoba, farisebri jirkvlis problemebi da sxv.
bavSvebs skolaSi manerebTan erTad sxvagan naswavli kognituri unar-Cvevebic moaqvT.
sirbilis gareSe mwkrivSi CadgomasTan, miTiTebebis mosmenasTan, xazis gaswvriv faqizad
werasTan an nivTebis mowesrigebasa da alagebasTan dakavSirebiT Cveni molodinebi SeiZleba
ubralod imitom ar marTldeba, rom bavSvebma ar ician, rogor gaakeTon es yvelaferi! faqtia, rom zogierTma skolamdelma konkretul situaciaSi ar icis, ratom unda iaros da ar
unda irbinos (sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, maT ar ician winaswar rogor gansazRvron Sedegebi,
akontrolon impulsebi an dagegmon fizikuri moZraobebi). isic faqtia, rom zogierTma mozardma ubralod ar icis, rogor daaxarisxos nivTebi, raTa daaCqaros alageba, kidev ufro
naklebad icis am dros droisa da moZraobebis dagegmva. aseT SemTxvevebSi qcevis nabij-nabij
swavleba xelis SemSleli saqcielis aRmofxvris saSualebaa. fuWia moswavleTa motivirebis
mcdeloba, gaakeTon iseTi ram, risi instrumentebic ara aqvT. Cveni vfiqrobT, rom maswavlebels SeiZleba ubralod gamorCes es detalebi. mas SeiZleba arasodes mouvides TavSi azrad,
rom TandaTan gamkacrebuli muqarisa da dasjis saTave, ubralod, ucodinarobaa. maswavleblebs vurCevT, rom kargad Seiswavlon moswavleebi. xSirad maswavleblebi iseT unarebs
varaudoben, romlebic ar aris moswavleTa qcevis repertuarSi. am SemTxvevaSi saWiroa sasurveli qcevis `Setana~ moswavleTa repertuarSi. amrigad, qcevis problemebis mqone klasTan an individTan urTierTobisas, pirvel yovlisa, pasuxi unda gaeces kiTxvas: `ician Tu ara

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maT, rogor gaakeTon is, ris gakeTebasac vTxovT?~

rezistentuli saqcielis safuZveli SesaZloa maswavleblebsa da moswavleebs Soris kulturuli gansxvavebebi iyos. es mizezi, iSviaTobis miuxedavad, realuria da unda gaviTvaliswinoT im klasebSi, sadac moswavleTa saojaxo cxovrebas mZlavri eTnikuri fesvebi aqvs
gadgmuli sxva kulturaSi.
zemoxsenebul kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis mcdelobis miuxedavad, yvelaze rTuli is gaxlavT, rom SesaZloa ramdenime moswavle uars ambobdes swavlaze da, ama Tu im mizeziT,
skolaSi ar asrulebdes Tavis funqcias. isini SeiZleba iyvnen pasiurebi da arakontaqturebi,
iqceodnen uxeSad da araTanamimdevrulad. am Tavis bolo nawilSi swored am problemur umciresobas ganvixilavT. rezistentul moswavleebTan urTierTobis sul mcire eqvsi ZiriTadi strategia arsebobs, romlebic, sworad misadagebis SemTxvevaSi efeqtiania. Cveni mizania
CavwvdeT maT arss, gavigoT, rogor unda gamoviyenoT da mivusadagoT es strategiebi konkretul bavSvs. Tqven mogecemaT saSualeba, gaifarTovoT rezistentul moswavleebTan urTierTobisaTvis saWiro codna; SegiZliaT aiTvisoT repertuari, romelsac gamoiyenebT rogorc
resurss. Tqven mogeTxovebaT, yuradRebiT SeiswavloT moswavleebi da gaxdeT praqtikosi
diagnostikosi, raTa sworad SearCioT reaqcia Tqveni repertuaridan. strategiebis moswavleebze morgebis utyuari formulebi ar arsebobs, magram arc eqsperimentsa da mcdelobaze
brmad damokidebuli varT. mdidari informacia gvaqvs konkretul bavSvTan muSaobis Taviseburebebze, magram es codna rom Tqvens moswavleebTan gamoiyenoT, bevri unda imuSaoT. Cven
eqvsive strategias ganvixilavT da vnaxavT, rogor SeiZleba maTi morgeba calkeul moswavleze.
es strategiebia: qcevis modifikacia, TviTanalizis wvrTna, pirovnuli gavlena, logikuri Sedegebi, realobiT Terapia da maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTna. yovel strategias
hyavs Tavisi inteleqtualuri `mSobeli~, centraluri figura, romelmac Tavi mouyara da
vrclad dawera mis Sesaxeb arsebuli informacia (garda qcevis modifikaciisa, romelsac imdeni mSobeli, deida, mamida, bicola, biZa da deidaSvil-mamidaSvili da biZaSvili hyavs, rom
erTis gamorCeva Znelia). yoveli strategia mkveTrad gansxvavebulia. TiToeul maTgans aqvs
maswavleblisTvis nabijebis konkretuli seria da xelis SemSleli moswavleebis saqcielze
reaqciis xerxi.
Cveni azriT, eqvsive strategia kargia sworad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi _ arc erTi ar aris
arsebiTad ukeTesi romelime sxvaze. metic, gvaqvs safuZveli virwmunoT, rom SegviZlia eqvsidan Sesatyvisi arCevanis gakeTeba, gansakuTrebulad rezistentuli moswavleebisTvis misi
morgeba eqsperimentebis gareSe. IV nawilSi, pirvel yovlisa, eqvsive strategiis bunebas gavaanalizebT, xolo Semdeg detalurad davamuSavebT TiToeulis komponentebs da Semdgomi
SeswavlisaTvis saWiro literaturul wyaroebs mogawvdiT. dabolos, logikurad davasabuTebT konkretuli moswavlisaTvis strategiis arCevis principebs.
axla ufro Rrmad SeviswavliT araswori qcevis 10 mizezidan ramdenimes. am Tavis II
nawilSi ganxilulia, Tu rogor Camoyalibda molodinebisa da Sedegebis efeqtiani sistema.
III nawilSi ganxilulia, rogor unda ganvuviTaroT moswavleebs saklaso cxovrebaSi Tanakontrolisa da Tanagavlenis gancda da Sedegad, bavSvebis skolaSi, rogorc sazogadoebaSi
monawileobis wvlilis gazrdiT, SevamciroT disciplinis problemebi. IV nawilSi aRwerilia
disciplinis eqvsi modeli ukiduresad rezistentuli moswavleebisaTvis da maTi sworad SeTanawyobis konkretuli SemTxvevebi.

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II nawili
molodinebisa da Sedegebis sistema
wesebi da maTi Sesabamisi qcevis Sedegebi sakmarisad mkafio da konkretulia Tu ara CemTvis da Cemi moswavleebisaTvis?
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis wina piroba is aris, rom moswavleebs naTeli da araorazrovani
warmodgena hqondeT imaze, Tu rogor saqciels moelian maTgan. am informaciis gadasacemad
uamravi gza arsebobs: pirdapir Tqma, cxrilis gakeTeba, moulodnelad problemis wamoWra
an klasis Sexvedris dros wesebze SeTanxmeba. xandaxan molodini sistemis saxiT oficialur
wesebad da saboloo formiT ar aris Camoyalibebuli, magram mas maswavleblis reaqciis
mixedviT Tanamimdevrulad ecnobian moswavleebi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, moswavleTaTvis
molodinis arsi naTeli da konkretuli unda iyos, raTa Tavidan aviciloT gaugebroba (an
kamaTi). SesaZloa, gancxadeba `Cumi kiTxvis droa~ ar kmarodes da klass siCumis ganmarteba
dasWirdes. siCume sruli siCumea, Tu CurCuli an wynari saubari? SeuZliaT moswavleebs am
gansxvavebaTa danaxva da qcevis kontroli? Tu `siCume~ sinamdvileSi `wynars~ niSnavs, maSin,
albaT, mas `siCume~ ar unda vuwodoT da, piriqiT. ras niSnavs gakveTilze droulad misvla?
ara umetes ori wuTiT dagvianebas, zaris dros oTaxSi yofnas, ubralod adgilze yofnas Tu
adgilze gakveTilisTvis mzadyofnas? sad aris gavlebuli es sazRvrebi ufro naklebmniSvnelovania, vidre maTi mkafiod Camoyalibeba. ar unda arsebobdes eWvi imasTan dakavSirebiT,
rodis dairRva wesi.
mendleri da kurvini (Mendler & Curwin 1983) aRweren wesebis dadgenaSi moswavleTa CarTvis
(e.w. `socialur kontraqtis~) mravalmxriv strategias, rac wesis raobasTan dakavSirebiT
nebismier eWvs ebrZvis. maswavleblis mier savaldebulod misaRebi wesebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg, moswavleebi mcire jgufebad muSaoben qcevis am wesebis Sedegebis ganxilvaze. (magaliTad, `wesi: maswavlebelma unda gamoiZaxos moswavle saxeliT. wesis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi: a)
maswavlebels axseneben wess, b) maswavlebeli ixdis bodiSs~. `wesi: maswavlebelma individualurad unda gaasworos moswavleTa namuSevrebi. wesis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi: maswavlebeli
moswavleebs waukiTxavs or Tavs im wignidan, romelsac amJamad kiTxulobs~). mendleri da
kurvini ganmartaven:
yvela wessa da mis Sedegs ganixilavs klasi, raTa uzrunvelyofili iyos maTi raobis swori gageba. rolebis Sesruleba xSirad sasargeblo strategiaa wesisa da Sedegis zusti mniSvnelobis sailustraciod. magaliTad, zogierT moswavles surs, rom
maswavlebelma ar iyviros. maswavleblisTvis mniSvnelovania, isaubros ufro da
ufro xmamaRla, sanam miiRweva SeTanxmeba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra aris yvirili
(Mendler and Curwin 1983, gv. 73).

Semdeg mimdinareobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis saguldagulo procesi, romlis drosac maswavlebeli da moswavleebi wyveten, SeTavazebuli wesebidan da Sedegebidan romeli
Seva kontraqtSi. (detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. mendleri da kurvini, gv. 73-74) dabolos,
moswavleebi abareben gamocdas kontraqtis codnaSi. klasSi privilegiis mopoveba testirebaSi 100 quliT xdeba! socialuri kontraqtis es axleburi procedura ramdenime mizans emsaxureba: pirveli, moswavleTa mier wesebis SemuSaveba sasargebloa maTi Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT; meore, kontraqtis codnis Sesamowmebeli testi da misi Sedegebis kavSiri klasSi
privilegiis mopovebasTan, xazs usvams kontraqtisa da wesebis mniSvnelobas.

gadavcemT Tu ara dadebiT molodins?

saWiroa molodini gavimeoroT, Tanac xSirad. aRmoCnda rom, zogierTi maswavlebeli, gansakuTrebiT saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi, xSirad umeorebs da axsenebs moswavleebs molodins,

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riTac Tavidan icilebs arasasurvel qcevas. magaliTad, `axla kabinetSi mivdivarT. Tqveni
azriT, ra gvelodeba iq? ra unda gavakeToT? ra unda gaviTvaliswinoT Cvens qcevaSi?~ an:
`kargiT, axla mzad varT sportul darbazSi wasasvlelad. raze vfiqrobT, roca darbazSi
varT? ratom?~

dadebiTi molodinis damokidebuleba maswavlebelma SeiZleba Yim sityvebiT gaamyaros,

romliTac moswavles mimarTavs. aseT pozitiur molodins ori aspeqti aqvs. pirvelSi SeniRbulia kiTxva, `ratom unda gaakeToT es aucileblad~, romelsac maswavlebeli pirdapir ar
ambobs, magram gadascems JestebiTa da damokidebulebiT. dadebiTi molodinis meore aspeqti
ki aris gamxneveba, rwmena, `vici, rom amis gakeTeba SegiZliaT~, rac, xSirad, ufro specifikuri saqcielis an kiTxvebis dadebiT debulebebTan (`ar dagaviwydeT xelis aweva~) asocirdeba da ara pirdapir akrZalvasTan (`SewyviteT wamoZaxeba!~).
dadebiTi molodinis gadacemis kidev erTi gza aris Tavdajerebuloba Sesatyvisi qcevis
moTxovnisas. Tavdajerebulobis efeqtisaTvis li kanteri (Lee Canter) gvirCevs: yuradRebis
oTxi moZraobis Sejerebas, rogoric aris TvaliT kontaqti, xelis Jesti, moswavlis saxelis
warmoTqma da Sexeba:
maswavlebelma SeamCnia, rom stivi uxeSad hkravda xels mwkrivSi mis gverdiT mdgom
bavSvebs. is stivTan mivida, TvalebSi Caxeda, mxarze xeli daado da uTxra: `stiv, xelebi gaaCere~ (da aCvena sasurveli mdgomareoba) (Canter 1977, gv. 75)*

Tu moswavleebi Tavis marTlebiT an sxva TavSesaqcevi moZraobebiT SegvekamaTebian, kanteri gvirCevs `gafuWebuli patefonis~ teqnikas:
maswavlebeli: `siu, minda, rom xeli aswio da daicado, sanam gamogiZaxeben~. (survilis
debuleba)
siu:
`ase arc erTi moswavle ar akeTebs~.
maswavlebeli: `amas mniSvneloba ar aqvs. minda, rom Sen xeli aswio~. (gafuWebuli patefoni)
siu:
`Tqven me arasodes miZaxebT~.
maswavlebeli: `amas mniSvneloba ar aqvs. me minda, rom Sen xeli aswio~. (gafuWebuli patefoni)
siu:
`kargiT, avwev~.
am dialogSi maswavlebeli ubralod imeorebda (gafuWebuli patefoni) imas, rasac bavSvisgan moiTxovda da sius pasuxebis gamo gzidan ar gadauxvevia. maswavlebelma SeinarCuna
bavSvTan urTierTobis kontroli.
gafuWebuli patefonis gamoyenebis dros, pirvel yovlisa, saWiroa gansazRvroT, ra
gsurT moswavlisgan (`minda, sium aswios xeli~. es xdeba Tqveni survilisa da Tqveni urTierTobis arsis gamoxatva. SegiZliaT Tqveni survilis debulebas win waumZRvaroT: `amas
mniSvneloba ar aqvs, magram me minda, rom Sen aswio xeli~, an `mesmis, magram minda, rom Sen aswio xeli~.) mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ra manipulaciur pasuxs warmoadgens moswavle, Tu Tqven
survilis debulebiT upasuxebT _ `mniSvneloba ara aqvs, minda, rom Sen~, an `mesmis, magram
minda, rom Sen~ _ riTac Tqveni debuleba ufro efeqturi gaxdeba (Canter, gv. 79-80).*

es teqnika SeiZleba saocrad efeqtiani iyos, gansakuTrebiT swavlis verbaluri stilis

mqone moswavleebTan. Tumca, misi gamoyenebisas unda gaxsovdeT, ra SedegisTvis (SedegTa
jaWvisTvis) unda iyoT mzad, arasasurveli saqcielis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi. amis gareSe
Tavdajerebuloba usafuZvlo iqneba. metic, molodinis samjer gameorebis Semdeg, umjobesia, maswavlebeli mzad iyos Sedegis gansaxorcieleblad.

* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Canter, L. (with M. Canter). Assertive Discipline. Santa Monica, Calif.: Canter and Associates, 1977).

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Sedegebi ufro logikuria Tu damsjeli?

rudolf dreikurss (Rudolph Dreikurs) esmoda, rom dasja gaRizianebas, gabrazebas iwvevs,
maSin, roca logikuri Sedegebi moswavleebs socialuri wesrigis realobas aswavlis. nebismieri dasja arasasurveli stimulia (mag., gawkepvla an asjer gadawera frazisa `qaRalds iatakze ar davagdeb~), romelic gamiznulia am saqcielis gameorebis aRsakveTad. savaraudod,
moswavle konkretul saqciels aRar gaimeorebs, radgan `dapirebuli~ usiamovno ram SeiZleba kvlavac daemarTos. meore mxriv, logikuri Sedegebi isea dakavSirebuli qcevasTan, rom
moswavle darRvevisaTvis samarTlianad damsaxurebul sasjels grZnobs. Tu is arRvevs wess,
romlis mixedviTac ar SeiZleba sxvisi saSinao davalebis gadawera, logikuri Sedegia, rom
mas davalebis xelaxla Sesruleba mouwevs meTvalyureobiT (da ara skolis Semdeg darCena,
rogorc sasjeli). Tu is anagvianebs iataks, logikuri Sedegia misi dasufTavebis moTxovna
Sesvenebis dros (da ara asjer gadawera frazisa `ar davanagvianeb~). Tu is vinmes awyeninebs
uxeSi SeniSvniT, logikuri Sedegi iqneba am vinmesTvis raime sasiamovnos gakeTebis moTxovna
(da ara skolis Semdeg darCena da skamze jdoma). (meti informacia logikur Sedegebze mocemuli iqneba am Tavis im nawilSi, romelic eZRvneba dreikursis models.)1

SedegTa diapazoni gvaqvs Tu erTi mkacri

pasuxi yvela usaqcielobaze?
Tu yovel wesTan erTi avtomaturi Sedegia mibmuli, SeiZleba kuTxeSi mimwyvdeuli aRmoCndeT, radgan yvela wesisTvis mxolod erTi Sedegi mcdari midgomaa. mendleri da kurvini
gviamboben erT maswavlebelze, romelic Seusrulebeli samuSaosTvis Sedegad gakveTilebis
Semdeg darCenasa da mis dasrulebas iyenebs. erT dRes misi saukeTeso moswavle ambobs: `vwuxvar, qalbatono martin, magram mamaCemi wuxel Zalian cudad iyo. bavSvis movla me momiwia da
dro ar mqonda saSinao davalebis Sesasruleblad~. maswavlebeli dilemis winaSea, civi da
mkacri iyos (`vwuxvar, magram Sen mainc unda darCe gakveTilebis Semdeg~), Tu Tavi daanebos
da bavSvebs aswavlos, rom Seusrulebeli samuSao SeiZleba `sapatio~ mizeziT gamarTldes. am
problemas Tavidan aicilebda, Tu maswavlebeli yoveli wesisaTvis Sesatyvis Sedegs airCevda
SedegTa diapazonidan. Seusrulebeli samuSaosTvis SedegTa diapazoni SeiZleba iyos:
Sexseneba;
gafrTxileba;
samuSaos Cabareba imave dRes gakveTilebis bolomde;
gakveTilebis Semdeg darCena mis dasasruleblad;
molaparakeba maswavlebels, moswavlesa da mSobels Soris gegmis Sesadgenad.
alternativaTa am diapazoniT, qalbatoni martini mSvidad SeZlebda Seexsenebina
suzanisTvis, rom saSinao davaleba droze unda Sesruldes, Semdeg ekiTxa mamamisis
mdgomareoba da a.S. am SemTxvevaSi is mimarTavda winaswar Camoyalibebuli

1 sainteresoa imis gadaxedva, rogor gamoiyeneba `gakveTilebis Semdeg datoveba~ logikuri Sedegebis Teoriis TvalsazrisiT.
zogjer gakveTilebis Semdeg datoveba SeiZleba marTlac iyos logikuri, roca moswavles ar Seusrulebia samuSao. magram
aseve SesaZlebelia gakveTilebis Semdeg datoveba iyos sasjeli da `ukuSedegiani~, roca, vTqvaT, merxze daweris an maswavlebelTan Selaparakebis Sedegad gamoiyeneba.)

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Sedegebidan erT-erTs da arc suzanTan iqneboda mkacri. is moswavle ki, romelmac

erT TveSi eqvsjer daagviana, SeiZleba gakveTilebis Semdeg datovos da samuSao
daasrulebinos (Mendler and Curwin 1983, gv. 119).
saWiro araa samarTlianoba yovelTvis Tanabari iyos.

varT Tu ara Sedegebis gamocxadebisas mtkice, Tanamimdevruli,

swrafi, realuri da mivaniSnebT Tu ara moswavlis arCevanze?
molodinis acdenisas, maswavlebelma yovel jerze Tanamimdevrulad unda gamoxatos
reaqcia (es `reaqciis erTnairad gamoxatvas~ ki ar niSnavs, aramed `reaqciis gamoxatvas yovel
jerze~). es ar niSnavs dasjas. reaqcia SeiZleba iyos nebismieri ram dawyebuli SexsenebiT
da damTavrebuli SedegebiT; raRac unda moxdes; maswavlebelma raRac unda gaakeTos; sxva
SemTxvevaSi moswavleebi _ gansakuTrebiT rezistentulni _ arad Caagdeben molodins (an
daibnevian). zogadad, darRvevis ignorireba ar SeiZleba. (zogjer maswavlebelma SeiZleba
arad Caagdos konkretuli saqcieli, roca is umniSvneloa da yuradRebis gamaxvileba mas
ubralod gaaZlierebs, an Seafasos is `ekonomiurad~ da
mokled). misi zogadi misiaa, moswavleebs Seatyobinos,
maswavleblebi mtkiceni unda iyvnen.
rom molodini namdvilad misi molodinia da swored
moswavleebi maqsimalurad scdian maT.
amas gulisxmobs. isini iReben am Setyobinebas, roca
darwmundebian, maswavlebeli maTgan konkretul qcevas
moiTxovs _ mtkiced da Tanamimdevrulad akeTebs raRacas amasTan dakavSirebiT. molodinebis komunikaciis dros `akeTebs raRacas amasTan dakavSirebiT~ xSirad yvelaze mniSvnelovan atributad moixsenieba (Rogers 1972; Canter 1977; Mendler
and Curwin 1983) da Cveulebriv, qcevisTvis Sedegis morgebas niSnavs. ubralo SeniSvna da sayveduri im qmedebis gareSe, romelic scildeba sityvebs, rogorc wesi, gzavnis Setyobinebas,
rom molodini sustia.
maswavleblebi unda iyvnen mtkiceni molodinis gancxadebisas da Tanamimdevrulad imoqmedon. calkeuli moswavleebi da zogjer mTeli klasi maqsimalurad scdian maswavleblebs simtkicesTan mimarTebaSi. maswavlebelma xeli ar unda Caiqnios, Tundac arasasurveli
saqcieli specifikuri molodinis Tanamimdevruli gancxadebis miuxedavad gagrZeldes. zogierTi Zalian rTuli moswavle mxolod imitom iqceva cudad, rom Seamowmos marTla zrunavs
Tu ara maswavlebeli masze. Tu reaqciebi araswor saqcielze gonivruli, Sesabamisi da samarTliania, simtkice gamarjvebas izeimebs.
li kanteri (1977) gviambobs Zalze agresiul mesameklasel karlze, romelic gamudmebiT
ayenebs sityvier da fizikurad Seuracxyofas sxva bavSvebs. ramdenjerme man klaselebs fulic gamosZala! bavSvis mSoblebTan, skolis direqtorTan da maswavleblebTan Sexvedraze
xeli moewera kontraqts, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom karli gairicxeba skolidan, Tu is bavSvebs
daemuqreba, Seaginebs, gamosZalavs fuls an fizikurad gauswordeba. mSoblebi Tanxmdebian
pirobebis Sesrulebaze.
meore dRes saklaso oTaxisaken mimavali karli sxva moswavles SeekamaTa da uxeSad
hkra xeli. maswavlebeli maSinve mivida karlTan da ubralod uTxra: `Sen xeli hkari
sols da amitom saxlSi wasvla airCie!~ maswavlebelma direqtors mimarTa, romelmac
karlis dedas daureka Svilis wasayvanad. karli saxlSi waiyvanes, sadac saskolo
dRis darCenili nawili Tavis oTaxSi gaatara da is samuSao daasrula, romelic
skolaSi unda gaekeTebina.

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meore dRes marTlweris davalebis Sesrulebisas, roca erT-erTma moswavlem karls
samuSaos gadaweraze uari uTxra, karli gabrazda. is Tanaklasels cemiT daemuqra.
maswavlebelma karli isev saxlSi gagzavna, sadac darCenili dRe Tavis oTaxSi
gaatara. momdevno ori dRe karli kargad iqceoda. mesame dRes Tavisufali arCevanis dros maswavlebelma SeamCnia, rom is gabrazebuli aginebda da uyviroda gogonas, romelmac saTamaSo asawyobi naxati ar aTxova, radgan TviTon TamaSobda. maswavlebelma isev mSvidad acnoba karls misive usaqcielobis Sesaxeb da isic, rom cudi
saqcieliT man saxlSi wasvla airCia. karli pirvelad daRonda, daiwyo tirili imis
gamo, rom ar undoda saxlSi wasvla. maswavlebelma isev mSvidad uTxra, rom `Tavad
gaakeTa arCevani~ da saxlSi unda wasuliyo.
rogorc ityvian, mesame da samarTalio _ maswavleblis Seupovrobam, moswavle daarwmuna, rom mis cud saqciels ar moiTmendnen. amgvarad, karlma airCia sakuTari Tavis
kontroli da sxva moswavleebTan kargad moqceva.

am TavSi es, albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovania. Sedegebis gatareba, roca saqcieli grZeldeba,
mizandasaxulobasa da simtkices moiTxovs. am simtkicis gareSe moswavleebi ar daijereben,
rom maswavlebeli seriozulad ekideba sakuTar molodins. kanteris azriT, wlis dasawyisSi
SemuSavebuli gegmebis Sesrulebas (im varaudiT, rom gyavT moswavle, romelsac aseTi mkacri
gegma sWirdeba) yuradRebiT daakvirdeba mTeli klasi da darwmundeba, rom rasac ambobT, imas
akeTebT. saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi araTanamimdevruloba da SemuSavebuli gegmis ugulebelyofa disciplinis problemebis xSiri mizezia.
bavSvebma SeiZleba ar idardon, Tu gakveTilebis Semdeg erTxel datovebT, xandaxan skolaSi ar miuSvebT an iSviaTad kuTxeSi daayenebT. magram cotaa iseTi moswavle, romelic ar inaRvlebs Tu ecodineba, rom, cudi saqcielis arCevis SemTxvevaSi,
gakveTilebis Semdeg darCena yoveldRe (Tundac mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi) mouwevs; romelic ar inaRvlebs, Tu ecodineba, rom cudad moqcevis SemTxvevaSi skolaSi
ar miuSveben, Tundac es skolaSi ardaSvebis sam dRes niSnavdes; romelic ar inaRvlebs, Tu ecodineba, rom cudi saqcielis gamo kuTxeSi daayeneben yovel jerze, Tundac dReSi xuTjer.
amrigad, Tu TqvenTvis es namdvilad mniSvnelovania, bavSvebisTvisac namdvilad
mniSvnelovani iqneba. Tu mzad xarT gamoiyenoT nebismieri saWiro da Sesaferisi saSualeba bavSvebze gavlenis mosaxdenad da araswori saqcielis aRmosafxvrelad, isini igrZnoben Tqvens mizandasaxulobas da izruneben im Sedegebis Tavidan acilebisTvis, romelTa winaSec mudam aRmoCndebian, Tu arasworad moqcevas airCeven (Canter
1977, gv. 109-110).

Cven SegviZlia mivaRwioT TiTqmis nebismier saqciels, romlis miRwevac namdvilad gvsurs, Tu mizandasaxulebi viqnebiT, radgan Cven Zalaufleba gvaqvs.
niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom Tu gamudmebiT vaxorcielebT Sedegebs, saqcieli ueWvelad
Seicvleba? pirveli, SesaZlebelia Sedegi Tanamimdevrulad da gamudmebiT ganvaxorcieloT
da aranairi Sedegi ar gvqondes. es maSin xdeba, roca Sedegs sakmarisi gavlena ar aqvs an rogorRac jildod iqceva bavSvisTvis. igive SeiZleba moxdes, Tu saqcieli gamowveulia fizikuri mizeziT, ucodinrobiT an RirebulebaTa konfliqtiT. meore, kanteriseul scenarSi
Sedegis ganxorcieleba bevradaa dakavSirebuli mis warmatebasTan. maswavlebelma moswavle
ar daadanaSaula, ar gaakritika an ar daamcira; is mSvidad (magram swrafad) mivida masTan,
miuTiTa saqcielze (`Sen xeli hkari sols~) da ganaxorciela Sedegi (`Sen airCie saxlSi wasvla~). man aRniSna, rom saxlSi wasvla iyo bavSvis arCevani am SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan man winaswar
icoda, rom solisaTvis xelis kvras es Sedegi mohyveboda. amrigad, maswavleblis reaqcia
brazi ki ar aris, aramed faqtebze damyarebuli simSvide. aseTi reagireba ufro advilia,

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roca zustad ici, ris gakeTebas apireb. amis codna (da ara bavSvis mier umweobis SegrZneba,
romelic Tqvens kontrols scildeba) maswavlebels TavdajerebulobasTan erTad simSvides
aniWebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, saRi gansjis saSualebas aZlevs. ase rom, SedegebTan dakavSirebiT
simtkicec SeiZleba warumatebeli iyos, Tu Sedegi sworad ar xorcieldeba.
kanteris scenarSi aRwerili konkretuli teqnika SeiZleba Zalian efeqturi iyos _ moswavlis sistematuri `CamoSoreba~ gansakuTrebiT xelis SemSleli da jiuti saqcielis
aRmosafxvrelad. seimur sarasoni (Seymour Sarason) aRwers `CamoSorebis~ kidev erT Zlier
teqnikas, romelic warmatebulia mSoblebisa da kontraqtebis gareSe. is emyareba meore
maswavlebelTan TanamSromlobas, romlis oTaxSic igzavneba bavSvi `CamoSorebis~ mizniT.
maspinZel maswavlebels aqvs specialuri adgili, sadac moswavle arasaxaliso samuSaos asrulebs. detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. sarasoni (1971), gv. 136-139.

vamCnevT da vajildoebT Tu ara pasuxismgeblur saqciels

efeqtianad?
dadebiT Sedegebze msjelobis gareSe Sedegebis ganxilva sruli ar iqneboda _ rogori
reaqcia gvaqvs im moswavleebis mimarT, romlebic Cvens molodinebs amarTleben. iseTi situacia unda Seiqmnas, rom karg saqciels jildo ar sWirdebodes; is mosalodneli, norma unda
iyos; mis SenarCunebas dajildoebis sistema ar unda sWirdebodes. Tumca, konkretul, disciplinis problemebis mqone klasebSi dajildoebis martivma sistemam SeiZleba dadebiTi roli
Seasrulos (saubari mxolod dawyebiT klasebze rodia).
dajildoebis martivi sistemebi, rogoricaa kanteriseuli SuSis burTulebi qilaSi2 da
mravali sxva, romlebic aRwerilia CLAIM-Si (ix. IV nawili), moswavleTa dadebiTi qcevis aRiarebis mizniT Seiqmna. mendlerisa da kurvinis (1983) midgoma, ZiriTadad, socialur Seqebas
(moswavlis mimarT individualurad gamoxatul) amyareba, romlis mixedviT maswavlebeli
rogorc dadebiT, ise uaryofiT Sedegebs mSvidad da individualurad acnobs moswavles. ase
rom, roca is konkretuli moswavlisken raRacis saTqmelad ixreba, danarCenebma ar ician, ras
etyvis: `amxanagTan saubari ori gafrTxilebis miuxedavad gaagrZele, amitom gakveTilebis
Semdeg darCena da am saqcielis Tavidan asacileblad gegmis SemuSaveba mogviwevs~ Tu `samuSaoze iyavi koncentrirebuli da ori soneti dawere. swored amas vuwodeb produqtiulobas!~

saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi sakmaris drosa da energias vxarjavT Tu

ara molodinis Camosayalibeblad?
Cveni nacnobi dawyebiTi klasebis erT-erTi maswavlebeli seqtembris pirveli ori kviris
ganmavlobaSi moswavleebs Sromis, xatvisa da sxva araZiriTad gakveTilebze ar uSvebs, raTa
maT kargad Seiswavlon maswavleblis molodinebi, CamouyalibdeT rutina da daiwyon klasis, rogorc erTobis Seqmna. araZiriTad gakveTilebze uaris Tqma SeiZleba ar iyos saWiro,
molodinze yuradRebis gamaxvileba ki namdvilad saWiroa. es periodi (ori kvira) sasargebloa moswavleTa swavlebisa da wvrTnis TvalsazrisiT. wvrTnisTvis saWiroa varjiSi; Tu
sportuli darbazidan klasamde gzaSi moswavleebi xmauroben da sxvebs xels uSlian, SegviZlia vTqvaT: `vxedav, derefanSi siarulis wesebis saswavlad meti varjiSi gvWirdeba~. da
marTlac gaviyvanoT moswavleebi `gasavarjiSeblad~. es qmedeba iqneba ara damsjeli, aramed
2 li kanteri (1977, gv. 140) emxroba SuSis burTulebis Cayras qilaSi jildos saxiT. burTulis Cavardnis xma gamoiyeneba,
rogorc yvelasTvis gasagoni imwamieri signali, rom isini sworad iqcevian. qilis gavsebis Semdeg klasi iRebs raime winaswar
gansazRvrul jildos, rogoricaa wveuleba an damatebiTi Sesveneba.)

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logikuri Sedegi. (mendleri da kurvini (1983) saubroben skolaze, sadac tardeba klasgareSe
gakveTili kafeteriaSi moqcevaze, varjiSisa da gamocdis CaTvliT im bavSvebisTvis, romlebic lanCze cudad iqceodnen. gamocdis warmatebiT Casabareblad moswavleebma 100 procenti
unda moagrovon.)

gvaqvs Tu ara sakmarisad maRali molodini miuxedavad bavSvebis

warsulisa?
maswavlebels moswavleebis gakontroleba Seusabamo molodinebis SemTxvevaSic ki SeuZlia mxolod ZalauflebiTa da SiSiT. Tumca, kontrolis arseboba arafers gveubneba maswavleblis molodinis Sesatyvisobaze. qcevis am standartebis gansjas bundovan, magram
mniSvnelovan sferomde mivyavarT. Tu moswavleebisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi Seusabamoa,
disciplinis problemebis axsnas didi dro dasWirdeba. Cven SegviZlia maswavleblis standartebisTvis Semdegi aRmavali skala SevqmnaT:

ar arsebobs cxadi molodini: garkveulwilad, laissez-faire (frang. Caurevloba. mTargmn.

Sen.) damokidebuleba.

ramdenime Tanamimdevruli cxadi molodini.

dabal molodinTa erTgvari nakrebi: anu moswavleTa SesaZleblobebis mimarT metismetad advili, damTmobi, aramomTxovni, asakisa da Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT.

molodinTa erTgvari nakrebi, romelic miuReblad maRalia an asaks (an sxva mxriv) ar
Seesabameba.

erTgvari da saSualo molodinebi.

erTgvari da maRali molodinebi: momTxovni, magram mainc gonivruli.
Cven SegviZlia vcadoT am skalaze sakuTari adgilis moZebna, Tumca standartebis erTi
mniSvnelovani aspeqti mainc gansaxilveli gvrCeba. Tu sakuTar molodinebze, rogorc standartebze zogadi warmodgena gveqneba, SevZlebT mis miRmac gavixedoT da vikiTxoT, rogor
vaxdenT am standartebis diferencirebas jgufebisa da individebis mixedviT. ganisazRvra
maswavlebelTa saqmianobis oTxi calkeuli da logikuri done, imis mixedviT, rogor iyeneben
isini TavianT standartebs sxvadasxva moswavlis mimarT. es doneebi SegviZlia Semdegi debulebebiT warmovadginoT:
1. yvelasaTvis erTnairi molodini maqvs.
2. sxvadasxva bavSvisTvis gansxvavebuli molodini maqvs, rac imas niSnavs, rom zogierTisgan ufro metad moveli cud saqcielsa da nakleb TviTkontrols. es SeiZleba
niSnavdes (an ar niSnavdes), rom ufro tolerantuli var, mesmis an viReb maT am araswor saqciels; magram mainc ar viTxov maTgan im standartebis Sesrulebas, romelTac
sxvebisgan viTxov da moveli.
3. sxvadasxva macdunebel an sxva maRali riskis situaciaSi qcevis TvalsazrisiT,
calkeuli bavSvis SesaZleblobebis mimarT gansxvavebuli molodini maqvs. vici maTi
sisusteebi da safrTxis Semcveli situaciebi. aseT situaciaTa gansazRvras winaswar
vcdilob.
4. maRali riskis Semcvel, rTul situaciaSi bavSvebis qcevis gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebi kargad mesmis da maTTvis garkveul cvlilebebsa da daTmobebs viTvaliswineb, Tumca Cemi Tavdapirveli molodini maTi saqcielis mimarT iseTive maRali
rCeba, rogorc sxva bavSvebis mimarT da amas Riad vucxadeb. me maTTan erTad vibrZvi
maRali standartebisTvis. maTi cudi saqcieli ar mikvirs da, raRac gagebiT, dro-

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dadro `moveli~ kidec mas; Tumca cud saqciels ar viReb da aqtiurad vmuSaob mis
Sesacvlelad.
sakuTari saqmianobis analizisa da klasSi saqcielis kontrolis mcdelobisas, sasargeblo iqneba am oTxi debulebis gadaxedva. mesame da meoTxe mkveTrad gansxvavdeba pirveli
orisgan; isini maswavleblis gansxvavebul saqcielSi vlindeba da mkveTri gavlena aqvs zogad
disciplinaze.
gansxvaveba imaSia, maswavleblis azriT ras gaakeTebs moswavle (maT SeiZleba `cvalebadi
molodinebi~ hqondeT) da ra unda maswavlebels, rom moswavlem gaakeTos an miaRwios (maT
SeiZleba gansxvavebuli `standartebi~ hqondeT).
yovel wels sul mcire erT an or saukeTeso maswavlebelTan vmuSaobT, niWier da mzrunvel adamianebTan, romelTa efeqtianoba mcirdeba molodinebis mimarT maTi araTanamimdevrulobis gamo. isini ar arian darwmunebuli imaSi, ramdenad gonivrulia bavSvebis mimarT
maTi molodini ufro pasuxismgebluri da yuradRebiani saqcielisken gakveTilze. isini xedaven ukontrolo, ojaxuri da sxva problemebis mqone moswavleTa upasuxismgeblo, `giJur~
saqciels da grZnoben, rom daTmobebze unda wavidnen. amgvarad, isini arasaTanadod afaseben bavSvebis SesaZleblobebs da maTi saqcielis miznebs. vin Tqva, rom pirvelklaselebs ar
SeuZliaT wreSi wynarad jdoma da erTmaneTis mosmena 15 wuTian Sekrebaze? vin Tqva, rom
mecxreklaselebs ar SeuZliaT iswavlon TviTorganizebul samuSao jgufebSi muSaoba proeqtis dasagegmad da gansaxorcieleblad?
magaliTebma dagvarwmuna, rom sakmarisi Zalisxmevis, simtkicis, mizandasaxulobisa da
rwmenis (rom es Tqveni moswavleebisaTvis swori saqcielia, romlis miRwevac maT SeuZliaT
da gsurT aswavloT is unar-Cvevebi, rac SeiZleba im konkretul doneze samuSaod dasWirdeT) pirobebSi sasurveli saqcielis miRweva SesaZlebelia. (ra Tqma unda, Tqveni `survili~
SeiZleba aragonivruli iyos da asaks ar Seesabamebodes. am SemTxvevaSi imas miiRebT, rasac
imsaxurebT!) es mosazreba WeSmaritia zogierT rTul moswavlesTan mimarTebaSic _ miuxedavad maTze daxarjuli gacilebiT meti energiisa, Cvens saqmianobas SeiZleba garkveuli koreqtireba sWirdebodes, rasac mniSvnelovnad meti dro unda movaxmaroT. saWiroze naklebi
samsaxuri samsaxuri ar aris.
Tu naTeli warmodgena gaqvT imaze, ra gsurT da ras moeliT moswavleebisagan, Tu es
molodini maTTvisac naTelia, Tu molodini ar gamarTlebs Sesabamisi Sedegebi gaqvT `ratom~ kiTxvaze ganmartebebiT da SeZlebisdagvarad, bevri sikeTe da racionaluroba, Tqven
sasurvel Sedegs miaRwevT; es auxdeneli ocneba ar gaxlavT. magram, pirvel yovlisa, amis
gakeTeba unda gadawyvitoT.

III nawili
TviTdisciplinisa da pasuxismgeblobis Camoyalibeba
vuyalibebT Tu ara bavSvebs klasis cxovrebaSi kontrolis, gavlenis, pasuxismgeblobisa da Zalauflebis namdvil da kanonier gancdas?
am Tavis SesavalSi vamtkicebdiT, rom maswavlebels SeuZlia klasis imgvarad struqturireba, rom moswavleebma momxdarze garkveuli Tanaziaroba da kontroli igrZnon da amis
safuZvelze Semcirdes disciplinis problemebi. Tumca, unda gvaxsovdes, rom es ver Secvlis mkafio molodinsa da Sedegebs. isini upirvelesia. Cven vicnobT damwyeb maswavlebels,
romelsac gonebaSi arasdros ar dauxarisxebia molodinebi da Sedegebi, magram swavlis indi-

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vidualizebuli sakontraqto sistemiT Tavi gaarTva swavlebas. moswavleebma mxari aubes da

is energia, romelic maswavlebelTan brZolaSi unda daxarjuliyo saswavlo miznebis Tanxvedras moxmarda. Tumca is weli mainc rTuli iyo. molodini wlis dasawyisSive rom Camoyalibebuliyo, misi sakontraqto sistema am konkretul klass swor gzaze daayenebda.
klasis cxovrebaSi moswavleTaTvis Tanamflobelobis grZnobis Camoyalibebis sami SesaniSnavi midgoma aseTia: molaparakeba mendlerisa da kurvinis `socialur kontraqtze~, swavlis principis gamoyeneba, romelsac `miznis dasaxva~ hqvia (ix. me-9 Tavi) da swavlebis xuTi
kooperaciuli modelidan erT-erTis gamoyeneba (ix. me-15 Tavi).
sicxadis parametris kursis Seswavlis dros inglisuris erT-erTma maswavlebelma gaacnobiera, rom mis mier dasmuli SekiTxvebi TamaSs _ `mixvdi ras gulisxmobs maswavlebeli~
_ hgavda. meore dRes es aRmoCena Tavis moswavleebs gauziara da hkiTxa, Tanaxma iyvnen Tu
ara eTanamSromlaT da aseTi kiTxvebis Tavidan acilebis gegma SeemuSavebinaT. diskusiaze
gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis safuZvelze isini aseT proceduraze SeTanxmdnen: Tu moswavleebi
mixvdebian, rom aseTi SekiTxva dausves, SeuZliaT pirdapir miuTiTon maswavlebels da sTxovon SekiTxvis xelaxla Camoyalibeba; Tu moswavle ver gascems pasuxs SekiTxvaze, SeuZlia
igive SekiTxva Tanaklasels dausvas; maswavlebeli klass dausvams Semajamebel SekiTxvebs
saSinao davalebis teqstTan dakavSirebiT da Tu romelime moswavle ver dascems pasuxs an
arasworad upasuxebs, imave SekiTxvas sxva moswavles usvams. Tu zedized sami moswavle ver
upasuxebs, maswavlebeli xvdeba, rom SekiTxva arasworad iyo dasmuli da xelaxla ayalibebs
mas. dabali moswrebis moswavleebisaTvis am aqtivobis saboloo Sedegi gakveTilze ufro
aqtiuri monawileoba da akademiuri warmatebebis zrda iyo. Tumca, Cveni azriT, am konkretul klasSi maswavlebeli gacilebiT met muSaobas eweoda. upirveles yovlisa, maswavlebeli samarTlianobasa da bunebriobas amJRavnebda (pirovnuli urTierTobis Camoyalibeba)
imis aRiarebiT, rom SeiZleboda is yofiliyo moswavleTaTvis Seqmnili problemis mizezi da
problemebis mogvarebas Riad cdilobda. meore, es teqnika moswavleebs azris gamoTqmis saSualebas aZlevda klasSi TamaSis wesebis gansazRvrisa da movlenebis gakontrolebis dros.
meore maswavlebeli, saSinao davalebis kargad Sesasruleblis mizniT moswavleTa motivaciis amaRlebas cdilobda. mas praqtikaSi hqonda moswavleTaTvis saxlSi sakiTxavi masalis
mixedviT agebuli yoveldRiuri testebi mieca. erT dRes maswavlebelma gamoucxada, rom Tu
oTxjer zedized 100 qulas miiRebdnen, Tavisufal 100 qulas moipovebdnen, romlis `daxarjvasac~ nebismieri momavali testirebisas TavianTi survilisamebr SeZlebdnen. aRmoCnda,
rom moswavleTa (maT Soris warmatebulTa) Zalisxmeva saSinao davalebisa da testebis SesrulebisTvis mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. Cveni azriT, am teqnikis siZliere is iyo, rom moswavleebs garkveuli kontrolis, kerZod, mopovebuli qulebis gamoyenebis, uflebas aZlevda.
maTi neba iyo moipovebdnen Tu ara qulebs da mopovebis SemTxvevaSi rogor `daxarjavdnen~.
(warmatebuli moswavleebisaTvis ki es teqnika erTgvari sadazRvevo polisi iyo momavali
warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi.)
es teqnika sxva maswavleblebmac gadaiRes, magram ugulebelyves oTxjer zedized 100
qulis miRebis moTxovna; ubralod, oTxi 100 qulis miReba gvaZlevs 100 qulas bonusad. am
maswavlebelTa martivma eqsperimentma gvafiqrebina, rom klasis cxovrebaSi yovelTvis SeiZleba movZebnoT moswavleTaTvis meti kanonieri kontrolis miniWebis gzebi.

sworad vayalibebT Tu ara saklaso sazogadoebas (erTmaneTis Sesaxeb codna, erTmaneTis dafaseba da erTmaneTTan TanamSromloba)?
uiliam glaseris saklaso Sexvedrebi (Glasser 1969), jin stenfordis aqtivobaTa wre `efeqtiani klasebis Camoyalibeba~ (Stanford 1977), urTierTobis Camoyalibebis aqtivobebi (Wilt &

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disciplina
Watson 1978), kooperaciuli swavla (Dishon & OLeary 1984) specifikuri (magram ara martivi)

strategiebia klasSi iseTi kavSirisa da harmoniis dasamyareblad, romelic Tavidan agvacilebs disciplinis problemebs.
disciplinaze zrunvis gareSec, oTxive naSromi TavisTavad Rirebulia, magram roca urTierTobebi klasis wevrebs Soris daZabulia an ganxeTqilebisken midis (an orive), am strategiebs SeuZliaT daZabulobis Semcireba da erTmaneTTan brZolisaTvis gamiznuli energiis
produqtiulad gamoyeneba.
strategiebis aRweramde, mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom strategiis gacnoba (iseve,
rogorc `swavlebis modelis~ SemTxvevaSi) sakmarisi rodia misi warmatebiT ganxorcielebisaTvis. es arc yuradRebis aqtebia da arc sicxadis, romelTa gagebac da mosinjvac advilia.
isini ufro rTuli modelebia da maTi warmatebisaTvis, mniSvnelovania maT miRma arsebuli
rwmenisa da suliskveTebis gacnobiereba. amrigad, adamianma unda (1) daxarjos dro strategiebis swavlaze; (2) surdes maTze muSaobis gagrZeleba sawyisi mcdelobebis fonze; da (3)
albaT, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, ar imuSaos damoukideblad (martom). gWirdebaT kolega,
romelic TqvensaviT gamoscdis am strategiebs, raTa masTan gadaamowmoT, ukukavSiri gqondeT da erTad gadaWraT problemebi. aseve fasdaudebeli iqneba mwvrTneli an strategiis
mcodne adgilobrivi kadri. orive erTad kidev ufro ukeTesi.
bolo 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi saklaso Sexvedrebis praqtika sakuTar klasebTanac gamoviyeneT da rogorc kadrebis marTvis specialistebi, sxvebsac vexmarebodiT, rom saklaso Sexvedrebi saklaso cxovrebis damaxasiaTebeli niSani gamxdariyo. TiTqmis ar Segvxvedria sxva
ufro sasargeblo praqtika klasSi erTobis zogadi gancdis Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiT da
iseT problemebTan sabrZolvelad, rogoricaa ciliswameba, bulingi da `kutokebi~.
wignSi `skola marcxis gareSe~ uiliam glaseri detalurad aRwers `saklaso Sexvedrebis~
Catarebas. is wers: `ar Semxvedria bavSvi, romelsac ar SeuZlia fiqri da garkveul doneze
skolis marTvaSi monawileobis miReba, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gavagebinebT, rom vafasebT mis
wvlils~ (gv 97). es Sexeduleba umTavresia maswavleblisTvis, romelsac surs, rom klasis
Sexvedrebi Sedegiani iyos, radgan gansjis gareSe moswavleTa wvlilis aRiareba, saklaso
Sexvedrebis gaZRolis ZiriTadi unaria. Sexvedrebis saSualebiT moswavleebi swavloben rogorc monawileobas, aRiarebasa da dafasebas, ise raRac realuris nawilad yofnas. klasis
krebebs regularulad (sul mcire yovelkvireulad da umjobesia kviraSi ramdenjerme) atareben wreSi mWidrod msxdomi moswavleebi da maswavlebeli. maswavlebeli gansjis gareSe
moswavleebTan erTad ganixilavs maTTvis mniSvnelovan da aqtualur sakiTxebs. SexvedraTa
sami saxeoba arsebobs: Tavisufali (droSi SeuzRudavi) Sexvedrebi, Sexvedrebi socialuri
problemebis gadaWris mizniT da saganmanaTleblo-diagnostikuri Sexvedrebi.
Tavisufal Sexvedraze gansaxilveli Tema maswavlebels an moswavles Semoaqvs. maswavleblis erT-erTi rolia sakiTxis garSemo moswavleTaTvis saintereso sakiTxebze yuradRebis
gasamaxvilebeli SekiTxvebis Camoyalibeba. erT-erTi Sexvedris dros, roca moswavleebma
disneilendze saubris survili gamoTqves, maswavlebelma ikiTxa: `isurvebdiT disneilendSi wasvlas?~ TiTqmis yvela moswavlem dadebiTad upasuxa. `warmoidgineT, rom viRacam disneilendis ori bileTi momca da miTxra, rom isini Cemi ori moswavlisTvis mimeca. vis unda
mivce bileTebi?~ Ria Temebis fokusirebul diskusiebad gadaqcevis garda, maswavleblebi
iyeneben aqtiuri mosmenisa da Sejamebis unar-Cvevebs.
Tavisufali Sexvedrebi moswavleebs Tanaziarobis gancdas uyalibebs da safuZvels uyris
saswavlo saqmianobaSi mniSvnelovan investiciebsa da ufro rTul sferos _ socialuri
problemebis gadaWras. glaseris wignis me-10, me-11 da me-12 Tavebi kargi saxelmZRvaneloa
am Sexvedrebis Sesaswavlad da Casatareblad, ase rom, aq sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT. Tumca, gvsurs SemogTavazoT socialuri problemebis gadaWris mizniT Catarebuli erT-erTi

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Sekrebis detaluri aRwera, rom naTeli warmodgena SegiqmnaT, Tu rogor SeiZleba klasis
Sekrebis gamoyeneba xelis SemSleli qcevis mqone bavSvis `gadmosabireblad~.
meore Sexvedris Tema maiki iyo. fizikurad Warbwoniani biWi arc ise sufTad icvamda,
Tma Tvalebs ufaravda, xma ki Zalian maRali da arasasiamovno hqonda. mis yvela maisurs nakbenis, dagrexvisa da daReWvis gamo naxvretebi hqonda. misi yureba namdvilad
ar iyo sasiamovno! maikma ganacxada, rom ar uyvarda klasi, radganac klaselebs ar
uyvardaT is. kiTxvaze, misi azriT, ratom ar uyvardaT, Tqva, amis mizezi Cemi simsuqneao. bavSvebi kategoriulad ar daeTanxmnen da Tqves, rom simsuqne arafer SuaSi iyo. maiks mizezis gageba surda. mas SesaZlebloba misces, azri im bavSvebisTvis
ekiTxa, romlebic auxsnidnen, ra iyo masSi usiamovno. erTis azriT, amis mizezi misi
sasacilo qudebi iyo, pilotis Cafxutis msgavsi, romelic wina dRes exura. (sxvaTa
Soris, maiks es qudi aRar dauxuravs.) meoris azriT, is CafarTxunebul tanisamoss
icvamda. martinis azriT, maiki iseT raRacebs ambobda, rac adamianebs guls stkenda.
magaliTad, roca martini evropidan dabrunda da klaselebs saCuqrebad Camotanili
ramdenime Zvirfasi nivTi aCvena, maikma ganacxada, rom es nivTebi sulac ar aris parizidan Camotanili da martinma adgilobriv maRaziaSi iyida. martins es naTqvami ewyina. devidma Tqva, rom roca is klaselebs nivTebs unawilebda, maikma msgavsi Seuracxmyofeli SeniSvnebi wamoroSa. (sxvaTa Soris, maiki am `senisagan~ jer kidev ar
gankurnebula.) jonma, romelic bevrad ufro introspeqtuli da gamWriaxi gaxda,
Tqva, rom amis mizezi maikis sasacilo saxe da adamianebTan saubrisas Werisken mimarTuli zizRiani mzera iyo. swored aseTi saxe hqonda maiks jonis azris mosmenisas,
ris gamoc jonma daamata: `xedav, maik, axlac swored ase akeTeb da verc ki xvdebi~.
maiks hkiTxes, misi azriT, vinme Tu cdilobda kargad mohqceoda. maikma upasuxa, rom
ase mxolod alisa iqceoda, romelic mas moswonda. yvelam CaixiTxiTa. alisam Tqva,
rom mas ar enaRvleboda, Tu vinme dascinebda, mas moswonda maiki da ar rcxvenoda
masTan megobroba. mas moswonda maikTan yofna. jgufma isaubra sul mcire erTi megobris yolis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. sxvebma aRmoaCines, rom sinamdvileSi aravin
cdilobda maikisTvis xeli Seewyo, rom misi megobari gamxdariyo. momavali kviridan
yoveli maTgani Seecdeboda raime iseTi gaekeTebina, rom maikTan megobrobis survili gamoexata. maT marTlac daiwyes am survilis gamomJRavneba, Tumca maleve
daiviwyes da isev TavianTi gulgriloba aCvenes. miuxedavad amisa, maikis mimarT uxamsobas aRar iCendnen, rac ukve cvlileba iyo. alisa agrZelebda maikTan megobrobas,
xolo bavSvebma Sewyvites misi dacinva amasTan dakavSirebiT. harietma, romelic erTerTi maTgani iyo, vinc alisas dascinoda, bodiSi mouxada klasis Sexvedraze. man
gaixsena, rom erTxel mas iseT bavSvTan megobrobis gamo dascines, romelsac sxva
megobrebi ar hyavda da mas gambedaoba dasWirda, rom megobroba gaegrZelebina. man
aRiara, rom miuxedavad maSindeli wyenisa, daiviwya da Tavadac cudad moeqca alisas.
Tqva, rom swuxda da namdvilad SeeZlo gageba, Tu ras grZnobda alisa. am semestrSi
maiki Zalian Seicvala. man swavlasa da garegnobaze zrunva daiwyo, ufro wynarad
saubrobs, metad akontrolebs sakuTar Tavs, ufro samarTlianad TamaSobs ezoSi,
sxvebs ukeT ewyoba da ufro meti megobari hyavs (Glasser 1968, gv. 152-153)*

am nawyvetis wakiTxvam maswavleblebi SeaSina. zogierTs is Wrilobis gaxsnis tolfasad

moeCvena, zogs ki iseTi procesis dasawyisad, romelic SeiZleba ukontrolo gaxdes. Cvens
msmenel or maswavlebels, romelTac rTuli klasebi hyavdaT, eqvsi Tve dasWirdaT gambedaobis mosakrebad da sakuTar klasebSi msgavsi praqtikis dasanergad. samagierod, axla saklaso
krebebs TavianTi karieris erT-erT umniSvnelovanes miRwevad miiCneven. moxarulebi varT,
rom gambedaoba moikrifes da usafrTxo Temebis gaZRolis unar-Cvevebic daxvewes. isini
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Glasser, W. Schools Without Failure, New York: Harper and Row, 1968. 1968 Harper Collins Publishers,
Inc. yvela ufleba daculia.)

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klasSi sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis jin stenfordiseul mraval strategiasac iyenebdnen

(rasac mokled aRvwerT). saqme is aris, rom aseTi sakiTxebi wamlavs, tkivils ayenebs da
asustebs im moswavleTa energiasac, romelTac ar exebaT; ostaturi xelmZRvanelobiT am
sakiTxebze Ria msjelobam SeiZleba arsebiTi cvlilebebi moaxdinos klasis klimatze. arc
maswavlebeli glaseris nawyvetidan da arc isini, visTanac Cven vmuSaobdiT, specialurad
ar momzadebulan ganxilvaTa teqnikaSi. isini Cveulebrivi maswavleblebi iyvnen, romelTac
gambedaoba da Tavdadeba gamoiCines da klasSi mtkice sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis mizniT
moswavleTa daxmareba scades. maT icodnen, rom akademiuri winsvlisaken ZalisxmevaSic
did dividendebs debdnen.
gvsurs ramdenime SeniSvna gagiziaroT glaseris naSromidan nawyvetTan dakavSirebiT: 1) iseTi fraza, rogoricaa `mas SesaZlebloba misces, azri im bavSvebisTvis ekiTxa,
romlebic...~ niRbavs lideri maswavleblis ZiriTad gadawyvetilebebs. sinamdvileSi, maswavlebelma gadawyvita, rom maikisaTvis sasargeblo iqneboda konkretuli magaliTebis
mosmena imis Taobaze, Tu ratom iwvevda misi saqcieli sxvebSi antipaTias. metic, maswavlebelma gadawyvita, rom maiki metad CaerTveboda (da misTvis ufro usafrTxo iqneboda),
Tu Tavad gamoiZaxebda bavSvebs. 2) fraza _ `maiks hkiTxes, misi azriT, vinme Tu cdilobda,
kargad mohqceoda~ _ maswavlebliseulia, roca man igrZno, rom diskusiis Semobrunebisa
da dadebiTze yuradRebis gamaxvilebisTvis Sesabamisi momenti dadga. 3) fraza `jgufma
isaubra sul mcire erTi megobris yolis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb~. maswavlebelma ramdenime
sakvanZo kiTxva dasva, raTa diskusia am gziT waeyvana. es TavisTavad ar momxdara. (pirveli
ori magaliTi, gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa efeqtian komunikaciaSi pasiuri xmis macduri
bunebis sailustraciod.)
aseTi sakvanZo momentebisa da SesaZleblobebis amocnobis unari socialuri problemis
gadaWris mizniT, klasis Sekrebebis Catarebis unar-CvevebSi Sedis. misi swavla pirvelive
dRes SeuZlebelia, Tumca misi daufleba maswavlebelTa umravlesobas ZaluZs. amrigad,
regularulad gamarTuli saklaso Sexvedrebi umniSvnelovanesia warmatebuli swavlisTvis
klimatis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT.
saSualo skolaSi inglisuris swavlebisas jin stenfordi amave daskvnamde mivida da
SeimuSava aqtivobaTa seria erT weliwadSi klasis erTobis Camoyalibebis mizniT. naSromSi
`efeqtiani klasebis Camoyalibeba~ (1975) is aqtivobaTa organizacias asakobrivi principis
mixedviT axdens. erTmaneTis dafasebamde da Tanaziarobamde moswavleebs erTmaneTis Sesaxeb garkveuli informacia unda hqondeT, ase rom, I etapi orientaciaa. II etapis aqtivobebi
uSualod jgufuri pasuxismgeblobis (sxvebis Secnobis swavlebiT), gulisxmierebis (rac
gulisxmobs kargi mosmenis unar-Cvevebs), kooperaciuli unar-Cvevebis, SeTanxmebiT gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da socialuri problemis gadaWrisTvis saWiro unar-CvevaTa normebs
aviTarebs. III etapi konfliqtisTvis Tavis garTmevas exeba; IV etapi _ produqtiulobas;
xolo V etapi _ Sejamebas, rac gulisxmobs saswavlo wlis dasasruls, jgufis cxovrebis
dasasrulsa da amasTan dakavSirebiT adamianTa gancdebs. yovelive es integrirebulia saswavlo programasTan da aqcenti keTdeba weraze.
kooperaciuli swavlis ramdenime konkretuli modeli SemuSavda, romlebic imgvarad
axdenen akademiuri amocanebis struqturirebas, rom moswavleebs urTierTkavSiris,
urTierTgagebisa da klasis erTobis gancda uyalibdebaT. (sxvaTa Soris, arsebobs myari
safuZveli vifiqroT, rom isini Tanabrad efeqturia akademiuri swavlisaTvisac. mravali
mkvlevari _ slavini, jonsoni da jonsoni da Sarami _ amtkicebs, rom isini ukeTesic kia.)
swavlis kooperaciuli modelis mixedviT moswavleebi, rogorc wesi, jgufebad muSaoben.
skolaSi mimdinare `jgufuri~ muSaobis umravles formaTagan gansxvavebiT aqtivoba isea
struqturirebuli, rom davalebis dasruleba an jildo (an orive) damokidebulia yvelas
monawileobaze. jgufebi arc zanti moswavleebis gamo isjebian da arc `saukeTesoTa~ gamo
jildovdebian. diSonsa da olears (Dishon & OLeary 1984) SesaniSnavad aqvT Sejamebuli am

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teqnikebis ganxorcieleba. kooperaciuli modelebis damatebiTi nimuSebi aRwerilia TavSi

`swavlis gamocdileba~.
disciplinis parametris am nawilis mizania erTmaneTs daukavSiros kargi disciplina,
ufro konkretulad ki, xelSemSleli da rezistentuli qcevis ararseboba da klasSi erTobis gancdis Camoyalibeba. Cveni azriT, erTobis Seqmna TavisTavad Rirebulia; magram ver
uarvyofT misi, rogorc disciplinis problemebis Tavidan acilebis instrumentis rolsac. imavdroulad, is araCveulebrivi resursia iseTi garemos Sesaqmnelad, romelic xels
uwyobs akademiuri swavlis maRal donesac.
axla ki droa, davubrundeT yvelaze rezistentul moswavleebs, jgufs, romelic bolosTvis SemovinaxeT, jgufs, romelic agrZelebs winaaRmdegobis gawevasa da xelis SeSlas cxadi
molodinebisa da Sedegebis gacnobisa da Cveni Tavdauzogavi mcdelobis miuxedavad, SevqmnaT Tanaziaroba da CamovayaliboT saklaso erToba. eseni yvelaze rTuli bavSvebi arian,
romelTac yovel diliT mZime emociuri tvirTi moaqvT da TavianT saWiroebebs standartuli sazomebis sawinaaRmdego xelis SemSleli
qceviT gamoxataven. sabednierod, isini bevrni
saklaso erTobis Camoyalibeba mZlavri preven
ar arian. Tavdapirvelad, am kategoriaSi moxveciuli Zalaa disciplinis problemebis winaaR
dril moswavleTa umravlesobas molodinebsa
mdeg.
da SedegebTan dakavSirebiT maswavleblisagan
ubralod meti sicxade, darwmuneba da simtkice
sWirdeba. Tu axla aseT moswavleze fiqrobT, garwmunebT, rom Tqven namdvilad gadalaxeT
standartuli sazomebis sazRvari. dRes Cveulebrivi movlenaa klasSi, sul mcire, erTi aseTi
moswavle; swored es erTi axerxebs mTeli klasis yuradRebis gafantvas da gvanatrebinebs
saswavlo wlis dasrulebas. Semdegi nawilSi ganxilulia aseT moswavleebTan urTierTobis
eqvsi modeli.

IV nawili
disciplinis eqvsi modeli
am nawilSi mocemulia disciplinis eqvsi modelis funqcionireba da eqvsi strategiis
mokle aRwera.

qcevis modifikacia Zalze mowesrigebuli midgomaa, romelic efuZneba varauds, rom

konkretuli adamianis garemosa da jildos analiziTa da kontroliT SeiZleba araproduqtiuli qcevis aRmofxvra da produqtiuliT Canacvleba. qcevis modifikacia sistematurad:
(1) `CamoarTmevs~ jildoebs araproduqtiuli saqcielisaTvis; (2) gansazRvravs substitutsa
da ufro produqtiul qcevas; (3) am axal qcevebs moswavlesTan erTad detalurad aanalizebs; da (4) iwyebs maT dajildoebas ganrigis mixedviT, romelic dasawyisSi Tanamimdevruli
da xSiria, TandaTanobiT ki cvalebadi da ufro dabali sixSiris.
TviTanalizis swavleba moswavleebs sakuTari signalebis wakiTxvas aswavlis im mizniT,
rom gaacnobieron sakuTari brazi, SiSi, imedgacrueba an sxva nebismieri emocia, romelsac
Sedegad afeTqeba an sxva araproduqtiuli qceva mohyveba. moswavleebs SeuZliaT iswavlon
sakuTari Tavis marTvis strategiaTa nakrebi, romelTa amuSaveba rTul situaciebSi sxvisi
daxmarebiT, xolo Semdeg damoukidebladac SeeZlebaT. dasawyisSi maswavlebeli aqtiuri,
verbaluri mxardamWeris rols asrulebs, romelic sistemaSi moswavlis avtonomiis mopovebis kvalobaze TandaTan mcirdeba.
pirovnuli gavlena maswavleblisa da moswavlis myar urTierTobebs efuZneba. maswavlebeli konkretuli specifikuri saSualebebiT Zalisxmevas ar iSurebs am urTierTobis Camo-

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sayalibeblad. is Tavis moswavleebs uambobs, Tu rogor cxovrobs da ra warmatebebs aRwevs

skolis gareT, raTa maTi pativiscema moipovos, rogorc erTgvarad saintereso da mniSvnelovanma pirovnebam, saklaso oTaxs miRma arsebuli samyaros wevrma. maswavlebeli am urTierTobas bankSi arsebuli fulis msgavsad iyenebs da sakmao simkacres iCens xelis SemSleli
moswavleebis mimarT. is ise gamoxatavs wyenasa da nerviulobas, rom kontrols ar kargavs da
swrafad da gadaWriT iyenebs xelis SemSleli saqcielis Sedegebs.

logikuri Sedegebi (xelSemSleli qcevis) maswavleblis afeqtis dabal donesa da SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas emyareba, raTa moswavleebma ara mxolod sasjeli, aramed TavinT qcevasTan logikurad dakavSirebuli Sedegebic gaacnobieron. maswavlebeli aanalizebs moswavlis
motivacias, romelsac misive dasaxmareblad _ TviTSecnobisTvis iyenebs. moswavleebi socialuri wesrigis realobas Sesabamisi logikuri SedegebiT swavloben da ara moralis Sesaxeb leqciebiT. demokratiul azrovnebaze mZlavri orientaciis gziT klasi Tavdauzogavad
cdilobs Caswvdes socialuri SeTanxmebis arss.
realobiT Terapiis saSualebiT moswavleebi sakuTar qcevas acnobiereben da aRiareben.
maswavlebeli ar gansjis, Tumca mudam CarTulia da moswavleebs afasebinebs, ra gaakeTes
sakuTari ZiriTadi saWiroebebisTvis. moswavleebi alternativebsa da sakuTari moqmedebis
kursze valdebulebis aRebas swavloben. acnobiereben sakuTar qcevasa da am qcevis sxvebTan
urTierTobaze gavlenas. es strategia maswavleblis CarTulobas, Tanamimdevrul daxmarebasa da simtkices efuZneba. es aris pasuxismgeblobisa da sakuTari Rirsebis SegrZnebis ganviTarebis strategia im adamianis daxmarebiT, romelsac konkretuli moswavlisadmi rwmena
ar daukargavs.
maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTnaSi maswavleblebi da moswavleebi arkveven, sinamdvileSi vis aqvs problema, iyeneben Sesabamis unar-Cvevebs da ormxrivi problemis SemTxvevaSi
problemis udanakargod gadaWrisTvis Tanamimdevrul moqmedebaTa gzas iyeneben. es gulisxmobs rogorc maswavleblis, ise moswavlis interesebis gaTvaliswinebas. moswavlis realuri
moTxovnebis, zogjer ki realuri problemis gasarkvevad saWiroa `aqtiuri mosmenisa~ da `meSetyobinebis~ gagzavnis kargi unar-Cveva, raTa moswavleebs sakuTari moTxovnebi gavagebinoT. aseve aucilebelia urTierTobis unar-Cvevebi, ris safuZvelzec problemis gadaWris
procesis kvalobaze ormxrivi pativiscema izrdeba.
am strategiaTa ganxorcieleba arc ise rTulia, magram TiToeuls kargad Seswavla da
varjiSi sWirdeba, radgan maswavleblis mier gadadgmuli nabijebis mixedviT isini mkveTrad
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. es qmedebebi da unar-Cvevebi, albaT, mkiTxvelTa umravlesobis
repertuarSi arsebobs da odesRac gamogiyenebiaT kidec. dro maTi Tanamimdevrobisa da gamoyenebis Seswavlas sWirdeba; da gverwmuneT, Citi brdRvnad Rirs.
aravin ifiqros, rom am Tavis darCenili nawilis ubralod wakiTxviT adamiani konkretuli
strategiis ganxorcielebas SeZlebs. am gafrTxilebis mizania, Tavidan aviciloT strategiis ucodinarobiT gamowveuli marcxi da aravis vaTqmevinoT: `oh, es CemTvis ar gamodgeba!~ strategia nebismieri adamianisTvis Sedegiania, Tu viciT misi gamoyeneba da Sesatyvis
dros viyenebT. rogor da rodis unda gamoviyenoT strategia, ai, amis codna gvWirdeba. Sesabamisobis ara mxolod am Tavis, aramed TviT swavlebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da rTuli
sakiTxia. am eqvsi strategiis Sesabamisobaze arsebuli informaciis ganxilvamde, saWirod
vTvliT, TiToeulis ufro detalur ganxilvas, raTa mkiTxvels Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb ufro
meti konteqsti SevTavazoT. amrigad, yovel strategiaze eqvs qveTavs SemogTavazebT, Semdeg
ki saboloo da umniSvnelovanes V nawilze _ Sesabamisobaze gadavalT im moswavleTa mokle
daxasiaTebiT, romelTaTvisac Sesaferisia mocemuli strategia.
Semdegi eqvsi qveTavis mizania zemoxsenebuli eqvsi strategiis ufro naTeli da sruli

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aRwera da maTi gansxvavebisa da moqmedebis TaviseburebaTa Cveneba. misi wakiTxvis Semdeg

dainteresebul mkiTxvels SeuZlia gadaxedos volfgangisa da glikmanis SesaniSnav naSroms
`disciplinis problemebis gadaWra~ (Wolfgang & Glickman 1980), sadac mTliani Tavebi eZRvneba
eqvsidan oTx models, strategiis moqmedebis scenarebis ganxilviT. garda amisa, mkiTxvels
SeuZlia gaecnos Tavis bolos mocemuli literaturisac, raTa ufro zedmiwevniT daiwyos
unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibeba. (SesaZloa zogierTma mkiTxvelma jer me-5 nawilis wakiTxva moisurvos da Semdeg daubrundes eqvsi calkeuli strategiis Sesaxeb qveTavs.)
modiT, eqvsi strategiis ganxilva yvelaze struqturirebulis, qcevis modifikaciiT,
daviwyoT. mas maswavleblebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT kargad konstruirebuli `SefuTviT~,
e.w. `klasisa da aRzrdis menejmentiT _ kdam~-iT warmogidgenT. am da sxva strategiaTa
analizisTvis gamoviyenebT struqturas, romelic joisisa da veilis (Joyce & Weil 1972) mier
swavlebis modelis analizisas gamoyenebuli kategoriebis modificirebasa da ganvrcobas
axdens. es kategoriebia: (1) gansazRvrebebi; (2) varaudebi; (3) Rirebulebebi; (4) miznebi; (5)
mizezebi; (6) principebi (an nabijebi); (7) maswavleblis reaqciis principebi; (8) mxardaWeris
sistema; (9) socialuri sistema; (10) efeqtebi; (11) Sedegebi.

qcevis modifikacia kdam-is gamoyenebiT

disciplina, rogorc qcevis gamomuSaveba
qcevis modifikaciis principebs mravali adamiani iyenebs klasis menejmentSi. azrovnebis
am skolis nimuSad Cven kdam-i avirCieT, ukvdavi wigni CEMREL-isagan, romelic specialurad maswavleblebisTvis daiwera am principebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. yvela vinc
klasSi qcevis modifikacias emxroba, SeiZleba kdam-is zogierT Rirebulebas, varaudsa da
mizans ar iziarebdes. amas dasawyisSive vityviT, am skolis mxardamWerebisTvis gaugebrobis
Tavidan acilebis mizniT. Semdeg gavaanalizebT konkretul gamoyenebiT sistemaSi qcevis
modifikaciis principebis erT konkretul interpretacias. kdam-i qcevis modifikaciis Sesaxeb dawerili mravali naSromisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom is ufro srulyofili `modelia~,
an rogorc maswavleblebisgan gvsmenia, `is ufro praqtikulia~, anu `is kargi Teoriaa~.

gansazRvrebebi
Semdegi gansazRvrebebi aRebulia kdam-Si arsebuli terminebis mixedviT da SesaZloa ar
emTxveodes qcevis modifikaciis Sesaxeb sxva literaturaSi (ix. gansakuTrebiT modelireba)
imave terminTa gansazRvrebebs.
1. ganmtkiceba: nebismieri ram, rac mocemuli qcevis sixSires zrdis.
2. sasjeli: nebismieri ram, rac mocemuli qcevis sixSires amcirebs.
3. reJimi: ganmtkicebis kavSiri gamoxatul qcevasTan droSi. uwyveti ganmtkiceba aris
yovel jerze sasurveli qcevis ganmtkiceba. wyvetili ganmtkiceba aris daugegmavad
sasurveli saqcielis ganmtkiceba.
4. Caqroba: qcevis aRmofxvra, rogorc wesi, ganmtkicebis aRmofxvris gziT, xandaxan
sasjelTan SewyvilebiT (uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba, usiamovno Sedegebi).
5. pasuxis safasuri: jarimebi, Cveulebisamebr Jetonebis (simboluri jildoebis) an
sxva saxis jildoebis CamorTmeviT gamoixateba.
6. baza: mocemuli qcevis sixSiris Sesaxeb Canaweri droSi SerCeviTi ganmtkicebis da/an
Caqrobis procedurebis dawyebamde.

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7. Semobruneba: qcevis aRdgena mis sabaziso doneze, an masTan axlos, roca wydeba SerCeviTi ganmtkicebis reJimi.
8. Camoyalibeba: qcevis TandaTanobiTi cvlileba, romelic miiRweva sasurvel qcevasTan Tanamimdevruli miaxloebis ganmtkicebiT.
9. miniSneba: saWiro qaragmebi an miniSnebebi, raTa subieqtma SeZlos sasurveli reaqcia
Sesabamisi stimulis pirobebSi.
10. samizne qceva: sasurveli qceva, romelic qcevis modifikaciis principebis gamoyenebiT miiRweva.
11. pirobiToba: moswavlis reaqcia an qceva, romelic saWiroa ganmtkicebis Seqmnis an
mopovebisTvis; samuSao, romelsac anazRaureben.
12. waSla: erTi ganmamtkiceblis TandaTanobiTi aRmofxvra da misi Canacvleba sxva ganmamtkicebliT, rogorc saqcielis SemanarCunebliT.
13. modelireba: sxvaTa qcevis imitacia, romelic qmnis ganmtkicebas am sxvebisaTvis.
mravali termini qcevis modifikaciidan aq ubralod imitom ar aris gansazRvruli, rom
isini kdam-is leqsikonSi ar Sedis (mag: operantuli ganpirobeba, stimulis ganzogadeba, moyirWeba).

varaudebi
1. yvela qceva naswavlia.
2. maswavlebels ar SeuZlia saklaso oTaxs miRma moswavlis problemebis gamklaveba
(mag.: saxlis garemoSi).
3. Tu uweso saqcieli arsebobs da grZeldeba, maswavlebelia pasuxismgebeli.

Rirebulebebi
qmediToba da efeqtianoba

miznebi
1. ukanono qcevis sixSire Semcirdeba da mas Caenacvleba kanonieri qceva.
2. miiRweva yoveli moswavlisTvis SesaZlebeli maqsimaluri akademiuri progresi.

principebi
jildoebis sistematuri analizi da ganmtkicebis Teoriis sistematuri gamoyeneba moswavleTa qcevaSi, uzrunvelyofs swavlaSi maqsimaluri progresisTvis aucilebel garemos.
yvela qcevas, miuRebelsac ki, Tavisi sazRauri aqvs. Tu maswavlebels SeuZlia sazRauris
gansazRvra, arasasurveli qceva aRmoifxvreba. Tu maswavlebeli jildos akontrolebs da
sasurveli (kanonieri) saqcielisaTvis imetebs, swored kanonieri saqcieli gamyardeba.
araswori saqcielis Semcireba gzas uxsnis efeqtian swavlas. saswavlo amocanebSi ganmtkicebis amave principebis gamoyenebiT SevZlebT calkeul moswavleTa efeqtian motivacias.

nabijebi
1. miuTiTeT samizne qcevaze qcevaze, romelic gsurT, rom ganxorcieldes.
2. aRniSneT gadaxra samizne qcevidan.
3. sistematurad gaakeTeT sabazo normidan gadaxrebis Sefaseba drois garkveul periodebSi (xSirad kvirebSi).
4. gaaanalizeT, ra aris ganmtkiceba gadaxrisaTvis, ra jildos iRebs bavSvi.

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5. gansazRvreT potenciuri ganmamtkiceblebi, romelTa micemac maswavlebels SeuZlia samizne qcevisTvis.

6. SearCieT ganmamtkicebeli, romelic savaraudod, bavSvs moewoneba.
7. SeqmeniT bavSvisTvis ganmtkicebis progresia da Tanamimdevroba: ganmtkicebis
miseuli reJimi, miuxedavad imisa, gamoyenebuli iqneba Tu ara qcevis Camoyalibeba,
qcevis cvlilebis specifikuri zrda, romelic Camoyalibebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi ganmtkicdeba.
8. acnobeT moswavles samizne qceva.
9. SeimuSaveT meTodi qcevis sixSiris aRsaniSnad da Casawerad.
10. gamoiyeneT ganmtkiceba.
11. CaiwereT qcevebi.

maswavleblis reaqciis principebi

1. ganmtkiceba myisieri unda iyos.
2. uwyveti ganmtkicebis reJimiT dawyebuli ganmtkiceba unda gaxdes wyvetili, raTa
samizne saqcieli Caqrobis mimarT mtkiced rezistentuli gaxdes.
3. arasasurveli qcevis aRmosafxvrelad gamoiyeneT ignorireba, jarimebi, ganmtkicebaze periodulad uaris Tqma da ubralo usiamovno sasjeli.
4. Tqveni programis warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi, xelaxla SeafaseT Tqveni ganmamtkiceblebi, raTa darwmundeT maTs qmediTobaSi da kidev erTxel gaaanalizeT, ra
jildos iRebda (iRebs) moswavle arasasurveli (normidan gadaxrili) qcevisTvis.
SesaZlebelia ZaRlis Tavi iq iyos damarxuli.
5. daukavSireT socialuri ganmamtkiceblebi sxva kategoriis ganmamtkiceblebs (sakvebi, aqtivoba, materialuri).
6. SeecadeT SeasustoT socialuri ganmamtkiceblebi.
kdam-i emxroba Sexedulebas, rom saswavlo aqtivobebis (mag., kiTxvis) Sesrulebis Sedegad
kmayofileba ver gaizrdeba, sanam es aqtivoba bavSvis reaqciaTa repertuaris nawili ar gaxdeba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu moswavlem kiTxva ar icis, arc is ecodineba, rom kiTxva
SeiZleba saxaliso iyos. amrigad, qcevis modifikacia, SeiZleba erTgvar gardamaval teqnikad
ganvixiloT, romlis saSualebiTac bavSvis garkveul donemde miyvanis Semdeg, arsebul ganmamtkiceblebs ekisrebaT pasuxismgebloba.
socialuri qcevis sferos msgavsad moswavlem SeiZleba ar icodes rogor miiqcios yuradReba socialurad misaRebi gzebiT. qcevis modifikacias SeuZlia misi miyvana saqmianobis im
donemde, sadac is pirvelad naxavs, rom interaqciis sxva formebic uzrunvelyofs sasurvel
yuradRebas. Tu misaRebi socialuri qceva ubralod ar aris naswavl qceviT repertuarSi,
moswavle verc ki mixvdeba, rom is SeiZleba ganmamtkicebeli iyos.
ase rom kdam-Si Cadebuli strategiuli mizania, TandaTan mospos materialuri, sakvebi da
aqtivobiTi ganmamtkiceblebi da gaaZlieros socialuri da Tandayolili ganmamtkiceblebi.

mxardaWeris sistema
1. arCeul kategoriebSi unda arsebobdes Sesatyvisi ganmamtkiceblebi (e.i. aqtivobis,
materialur, sakveb an socialur kategoriebSi).
2. ganmamtkiceblis `moqmedebisTanave~ xelmisawvdomi unda iyos dro da personali dakvirvebis Casatareblad, monacemebis Casawerad da bazebis Sesaqmnelad.

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socialuri sistema
1. maswavlebeli aris ganmamtkiceblis ganmsazRvravi, avtori, `mmarTveli~ da `Camqrobi~.
2. Zalaufleba: is erTmniSvnelovnad maswavleblis xelSia.
3. normebi: dgindeba maswavleblis mier, ecnobeba moswavleebs; mtkicdeba normebisadmi Sesatyvisoba.

efeqtebi
1. qcevis medifikaciis kdam-iseuli interpretaciis pirdapiri efeqti unda iyos
moswavleebis mier im samizne qcevis miRweva, romelsac maswavlebeli SearCevs.
mcirdeba klasis masStabiT qcevis normidan gadaxra; maqsimaluri xdeba swavlis
dro. swavla efeqturad da nayofierad mimdinareobs.
2. pasiuri moswavlisaTvis, romelic SemuSavebul ganmamtkicebelze SemuSavebuli
gziT reagirebas aris miCveuli, unda gakeTdes SefarviTi efeqtebi. gare orientacia, rogor wesi, ,,jildos mentalitets aviTarebs, Tumca, ,,kdam-i cdilobs am
tendenciis CaxSobas socialuri da Tandayolili ganmamtkiceblis CaqrobiT.
sxvebma qcevis sistematuri menejmentis garemoSi cxovrebis SemoqmedebiTobasa da iniciativaze gavlenis sakiTxi wamoWres.

TviTanalizi
disciplina, rogorc TviTkontroli
TviTanalizis models ramdenime forma aqvs, romlebic am nawilSi iqneba warmodgenili.
eqimebi, maswavleblebi da mSoblebi am strategiebs warmatebiT iyeneben yvela asakis bavSvebTan da kontrolis problemebis mqone mozrdilTa problemebis mosagvareblad. Sinagani
metyvelebis gziT TviTstimulirebuli relaqsaciis wvrTnisa da TviTkontrolis mniSvnelobis gagebiT SeiZleba bolos da bolos gavacnobieroT, rom sakuTar TavTan mosaubre
adamianebi sulac ar arian giJebi!

varaudebi
1. moswavleebma SeiZleba ver gaacnobieron sakuTari qcevis tipi, simwvave an sixSire.
2. moswavleebma SeiZleba ver gaacnobieron, an arasworad gaacnobieron sakuTari
grZnobebi, Sinagani mdgomareoba.

Rirebulebebi
es modeli afasebs moswavleTa fsiqikur janmrTelobas. mniSvnelovania, rom moswavleebi
swavloben TavianT grZnobebsa da qmedebebs maTTan gamklavebis mizniT; amgvarad isini TviTcodnis simptomebis _ impulsurobis, afeTqebis, ganmartoebisa da sxva eqscentruli qcevis
_ winaswar gansazRvrasa da gakontrolebas swavloben.

miznebi
am modelis mizania moswavleebs aswavlos sakuTari signalebis wakiTxva da Tavis garTmevis strategiebis CarTva maSin, roca signalebi mianiSneben, rom isini sadacaa `afeTqdebian~
an gamoiyeneben maTTvis damaxasiaTebel sxva romelime disfunqciur models.

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principebi
Sinagani me-sgan izolirebul moswavleebs daxmareba sWirdebaT imis gacnobierebaSi, Tu
ras warmoadgens sinamdvileSi maTi qmedebebi. impulsurma mozardma SeiZleba verc gaiazros, rom fexze wamoxta, magididan wigni gadmoagdo, karisken gaqcevisas or bavSvs daejaxa
da molbertis gadaadgilebisas naxats daabija. gaucnobiereblad man mxolod is icis, rom
`wasvlis droa~. ufrosklaselma SeiZleba ver gaacnobieros, rom ufro da ufro ucruvdeba
imedi, roca ar iwveven instruqciul jgufSi, rom TiTebs nerviulad aTamaSebs da muStebs
ZarRvebis dabervamde kumSavs. orive moswavles sWirdeba am situaciaTa cnoba da sakuTari
fiqrebisa da grZnobebis Sinagani miniSnebebis wakiTxva. moqmedebis dawyebamde maT unda
icodnen, rom es feTqebadi situaciebia da rom maT Tavs raRac xdeba. es modeli pirdapir
mianiSnebs moswavleebs, romelia maTTvis gamomwvevi situaciebi, xolo Semdeg situaciis
ganviTarebis kvaldakval aswavlis sakuTari reaqciebis gacnobierebas. am reaqciebis, rogorc problemis miniSnebebis wakiTxvis Seswavlis Semdeg maT unda icodnen, rogor moiqcnen.
TviTanalizis strategiebi maT mraval teqnikas sTavazobs, romlebic SeuZliaT iswavlon,
ivarjiSon da Semdeg gamoiyenon stresis dros dasamSvideblad, TviTkontrolisa da skolaSi
efeqtiani funqcionirebis gasagrZeleblad. es strategiebia: (1) qcevis ubralod daTvla an
mis mixedviT grafikis ageba; (2) relaqsacia; (3) TviTwvrTna Sinagani metyvelebiT (kognituri
qcevis modifikacia).

nabijebi
ubralod daTvla
ana-maria klasSi yovelTvis yviris da sxvebs awyvetinebs. es misi impulsurobaa da maswavlebeli gadawyvets gamoiyenos ubralo daTvla, raTa xazi gausvas am qcevas da miapyros
ana-marias yuradReba. erT dRes gakveTilebis Semdeg maswavlebeli ambobs: `ana-maria, ici,
rom xels ar iwev da Zalian bevrs yviri? es xelsac miSlis da usamarTlobaa im moswavleebis
mimarT, visac saubari surs~. `vwuxvar! gavCerdebi, gpirdebiT!~ (aseTi dialogi adrec gamarTula). `namdvilad Tanaxma xar amaze vimuSaoT? minda, dagexmaro. rogor fiqrob, ramdenjer wamoiyvireb xolme?~ `ar vici SeiZleba, xuTjer?~ (wamoyvirebis raodenoba 25-mdea.)
`kargi, xval vnaxoT. majaze webovan Tasmas gavikeTeb da yovel wamoyvirebas masze aRvniSnav,
SeniSvnis an gakveTilis Sewyvetis gareSe, magram Sen dainaxav da mixvdebi ras niSnavs. kargi?~
`kargiT!~.
es teqnika SeiZleba Zalze efeqtiani iyos Cveulebrivi an impulsuri gamaRizianebeli
qcevis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT, roca yuradRebis miqcevisa da impulsurobis garda ufro
seriozuli aspeqtebi ar aris `CaTreuli~. imis danaxva, rom maswavlebeli lentze niSans
akeTebs, moswavles mizans wamoZaxilis Semcirebas _ axsenebs. `ui~, ambobs ana-maria, roca
kidev erTi niSnis dasmas xedavs. sakmaod male is wamoZaxebamde niSnis winaswar ganWvretas
swavlobs da wamoZaxilis Sekavebas iwyebs. Semdeg maswavlebelsa da ana-marias SeuZliaT
Seajamon wamoZaxilebi da meore dRes miznad am jamis Semcireba daisaxon. erTi kvira SeiZleba savsebiT sakmarisi iyos TviTSekavebis swavlisTvis, rac ana-marias wamoZaxebis gasakontroleblad sWirdeba.
am teqnikiTa da specifikuri Tvlisa da saqcielis Sesaxeb Canawerebis warmoebis sxva
formebiT moswavleebi ukeT igeben sakuTar qmedebas da maswavleblisa da moswavlis miznad
aqceven arasasurveli qcevis Semcirebas. daTvla moswavleebisTvis aris informacia maTi
winsvlis Sesaxeb; is unda iyos swrafi, sruli da xSiri (Van Houton). teqnikis warmatebisTvis moswavleebi mis mosinjvaze Tanaxma unda iyvnen. xandaxan mawavlebeli qcevis daTvliT

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moswavleebs monacemTa winaSe ayenebs. araswori qcevis `raodenobis~ gamo gakvirvebis Soki
SeiZleba maTi motivirebis safuZveli gaxdes. maswavlebels SeuZlia am teqnikis gamoyeneba
rogorc mTeli klasis masStabiT, ise individualurad. mizania klasis mier wamoZaxilebisa
da sxva araswori qcevis saerTo raodenobis Semcireba.

relaqsacia
bruno-goldenma (Bruno-Golden 1976) da koepenma (Koeppen 1974) maswavleblebisTvis (da ara
marto maTTvis) Seqmnes savarjiSoTa nakrebi moswavleTa kunTebis mzardi relaqsaciisTvis.
masSi Sedis moswavleTa mier komfortuli mdgomareobis miReba da sistematuri TanamimdevrobiT kunTebis sxvadasxva jgufis monacvleobiT daWimva da moduneba. es nebismieri maswavleblisTvis kargi teqnikaa. vis ar unatria raRac momentSi raime mowyobiloba hiperaqtiuri
klasis dasawynareblad?
Tumca, zogierTi moswavlisTvis dasvenebis codna SeiZleba stresis daZlevis strategia iyos. maswavlebels SeuZlia individualurad an mcire jgufebs aswavlos es teqnika da
TandaTanobiT Seamciros wvrTna, roca moswavle TviTinstruqtaJs SeZlebs maswavleblis
minimaluri xelmZRvanelobiT. SeiZleba im donis miRwevac, roca maswavlebeli mxolod mianiSnebs dawyebas da moswavle damoukideblad Seasrulebs varjiSs: `robi, Senc da mec vamCnevT,
rom am dReebSi Tavs Zlivs akontroleb, xom marTalia? ici, iseTi raRac minda gaswavlo, rac
dagexmareba. Tanaxma xar?~
wvrTnasTan erTad maswavlebelma da moswavlem rTuli situaciebi unda ganixilon, scadon
im garemos da pirobebis winaswar gansazRvra da ganWvreta, romlebic moswavlis afeTqebis
mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes. maT aseve sWirdebaT moswavlis Sinagan gancdebsa da im aSkara simptomebze saubari, romelTa SemCnevac orives SeuZlia, roca moswavlis daZabuloba izrdeba.
maswavlebels im moswavleebTan erTad, romlebic ar icnoben sakuTar `me~-s da Zalze uWirT
Sinagan grZnobebze saubari, SeiZleba ukeT gamouvides mizanze, movlenis SesamCnev Tvisebebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba: `es Cveulebrivi ambavia mcire jgufebSi. Tqven muStebs kravT da
TiTebi giTeTrdebaT~. saboloo mizania, rom kontrolis dakargvamde moswavleebma sakuTari
signalebis wakiTxva da Tavis garTmevis meqnizmis amuSaveba SeZlon. am gzaze maT SeiZleba
maswavleblis daxmareba dasWirdeT miniSnebaTa amosacnobad. SeiZleba moswavleebma koduri
sityva Seqmnan an maswavlebeli Caerios da mianiSnos volfgangiseuli (Wolfgang 1977) erT-erTi
saSualebiT imisda mixedviT, ramdenad Semawuxebeli xdeba qceva da rogor akontrolebs moswavle sakuTar Tavs:

siaxlove yureba;
`vxedav, rogor TandaTan kargav kontrols~.
`kontroli gekargeba. dagexmarebi~.
fizikuri Careva moswavlis qmedebis sityviT gamoxatva moswavlis Sekaveba: `saSualebas ar mogcem, rame itkino an sxvebs atkino~. (umcrosklaselebisTvis).

naklebad problemuri bavSvebisTvis SeiZleba Tavis garTmevis mizniT relaqsaciaze ufro

martivi strategiebi CavrToT. moswavleebs SeuZliaT gaiseirnon derefanSi dasamSvideblad
an oTaxis gancalkevebul kuTxeSi dasxdnen. orive strategiaSi maswavlebeli da moswavleebi
Tanamzraxvelebi arian. mxolod maT unda icodnen miniSnebaTa sistema da Tavis garTmevis
strategiebi. moswavleebisaTvis maswavlebeli is adamiania, romelic TavSekavebulobis swavlaSi exmareba. maswavlebeli cdilobs minimumamde Seamciros Tavisi aqtiuri roli, romelic
saWiroa moswavlis qmediTobis SesanarCuneblad. saWiro mxardaWeras sTavazobs, magram cdilobs moswavleTa masze damokidebulebis Semcirebas.

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aseTma strategiebma, SesaZloa, didi daxmareba gauwios feTqebad mozardebs, romlebic

ar icnoben sakuTar grZnobebs, Tumca SeiZleba damatebiTi Terapiac dasWirdeT.

TviTinstruqtaJi Sinagani metyvelebis saSualebiT

(kognituri qcevis modifikacia)
TviTinstruqtaJis dros moswavleebs aswavlian Sinagani metyvelebis gamoyenebas rTul
situaciebSi sakuTar TavTan saubris mizniT, rTulSi, radgan isini ibrZvian impulsebis Sesakaveblad, kontrolis SesanarCuneblad da alternatiuli strategiebis gamosayeneblad.
moswavlisTvis Sinagani dialogis Secvlis swavlebas `warmmarTveli gavlena eqneba imaze: (a)
ras aqcevs yuradRebas individi garemoSi; (b) rogor afasebs sxvadasxva mastimulirebel movlenas; (g) ras miawers sakuTar saqciels; da (d) miseul molodinze, ramdenad SeuZlia stresul movlenasTan gamklaveba~ (Meichenbaum 1977, gv. 206).
erTi aseTi midgoma xmamaRla fiqris teqnikaa. maixenbaumi aRwers beSisa da kempis (Bash
& Camp) mier Catarebul programas, romelSic Tormeti agresiuli meoreklaseli biWi iyo
CarTuli mcire jgufebSi:
programa daiwyo TamaSiT ,,mimbaZveli, romelic bavSvs sakuTari TavisTvis Semdegi
oTxi ZiriTadi kiTxvis dasmas aswavlida: ra aris Cemi problema? rogoria Cemi gegma? viyeneb Tu ara mas? rogor viyeneb? Semdeg Semoitanes palkesisa (Palkes) da sxvaTa
msgavsi miniSnebaTa baraTebi, raTa bavSvisTvis miecaT TviTverbalizaciis signali.
kursis ganmavlobaSi kogniturad momTxovni davalebebi Surisa da spivakiseuli
(Shure & Spivak) stilis interpersonaluri davalebebiT icvleboda. kempisa da sxvaTa
kvlevis pirveli Sedegebi sakmaod imedis momcemi iyo. Sedegebi klasis masStabiT ganzogadda. `ifiqre xmamaRla~ programis Sedegebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens
kempis aRmoCeniT, rom agresiuli da normaluri biWebis verbaluri instrumentebi
sxvadasxva davalebis Sesrulebis dros msgavsi iyo, magram agresiuli biWebi ver iyenebdnen fiqrisa da problemis gadaWris gzebis dagegmvis SesaZleblobebs. beSi da
kempi weren:
,,maSinac ki, roca TamaSis wesebi pirveli stimulirebuli reaqciis dablokvas
iTxovs, agresiul bavSvebs ufro uWirT Sekaveba (mag.: `saimoni ambobs~ TamaSis dros).
maTi bunebrivi midrekileba swrafi reaqciaa, magram Tu specialurad uTiTeben, rom
reaqciamde sajarod moaxdinon verbalizeba, maT, SeiZleba, normalurebze ufro
swrafad Seikavon~.
TviTinstruqtaJis programam `ifiqre xmamaRla~ warmatebiT aswavla aseTi TviTverbalizaciis unar-Cvevebi (Meichenbaum 1977, gv. 42)*

TviTinstruqtaJis am strategiaTa swavlebisas, saWiroa moswavleebTan individualuri an

mcire jgufebSi muSaoba. swavleba iwyeba moswavlisaTvis rTuli situaciis ganxilviT, magaliTad, saklaso oTaxidan oTaxSi gadasvliT, sadac amocanaa mwkrivad dgoma da sasadiloSi
wasasvlelad momzadeba. am Tavis dasawyisSi aRvwereT moswavle, romelic fexze xteboda,
wigns magididan agdebda, daejaxa or bavSvs karisaken gaqcevis dros da molbertis gadaadgilebisas naxats daabija. Sinagani dialogi, romelic gvsurs, rom moswavlem sakuTar TavTan
gamarTos, savaraudod aseTi SeiZleba iyos:

*ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Meichenbaum, D. Cognitive Behavior Modification. New York: Plenum Press, 1977.)

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problemis gansazRvra

`vnaxoT, ra aris Cemi amocana! mwkrivTan

misvla ise, rom aravis davejaxo~.

yuradRebis fokusireba
imaze, Tu ra unda gavakeTo

,,ra unda gavakeTo iq misasvlelad? daviwyo

nela siaruli viyuro, sad mivdivar~.
`sworia! metismetad swrafad ara~.

TviTSefaseba, monitoringi

`yuradReba miaqcie molbertis fexs~. ,,xom

ar waiqca? kargad momyveba~.

TviTganmtkiceba

`vaSa! gamomivida!~

rogor unda vaswavloT moswavles amis gakeTeba? TandaTanobiT. Tavdapirvelad maswavlebeli Tavad asrulebs moZraobebs, ayurebinebs moswavles da xmamaRla axdens zemoT moyvanili dialogis verbalizacias. Semdeg moswavles moZraobebis gameorebas sTxovs da Tan kvlav
dialogis xmamaRla verbalizacias axdens. Tanamimdevroba Semdegi eqvsi fazis mixedviT mimdinareobs:

maswavlebeli

moswavle

1. xmamaRali TviTinstruqtaJi,
asrulebs moZraobebs

uyurebs

2. xmamaRali TviTinstruqtaJi

asrulebs moZraobebs

3. CurCulebs instruqciebs

xmamaRali TviTinstruqtaJi, asrulebs

moZraobebs

4. mxolod tuCebs amoZravebs

CurCulebs TviTinstruqtaJs,
asrulebs moZraobebs

5. uyurebs

mxolod tuCebs amoZravebs, asrulebs

moZraobebs

6. uyurebs

Sinagani saubari TviTinstruqtaJisTvis;

asrulebs moZraobebs

am strategiis sxvadasxva saxeliT (mag: `stresze acra~) cnobili saxesxvaobebi, ufrosklaselebTan da mozrdilebTanac gamoiyeneba, Tumca principebi igive rCeba. moswavleebs aswavlian maTTvis stresuli situaciis amocnobas, raTa maT erT-erTi strategiiT (relaqsaciiT, TviTinstruqtirebiT) Tavis garTmeva SeZlon. maT stresis maTeuli signalebis
amocnobasac aswavlian, raTa moumzadeblobis SemTxvevaSi, SeZlon ufskrulis piras yofnis
gansazRvra da spontanurad gamoiyenon erT-erTi strategia.

socialuri sistema
am modelSi maswavlebeli damxmarea. saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba Tavis
garTmevis strategiebis gamoyenebis Taobaze moswavlis xelSia, miuxedavad imisa, rom maswavlebeli ndobiT aRWurvili Tanamzraxvelia da misi saqmea moswavlisaTvis kontrolis dakargvis miniSnebis gagzavna.

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maswavleblis reaqciis principebi

roca moswavle kargavs kontrols, maswavlebeli saWiro (da ara zedmeti) doziT Caereva;
saboloo mizania, moswavleTa TviTkontrolis unaris Camoyalibeba. aq lozungia sifxizle,
miniSneba da minimaluri reaqcia usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad.

mxardaWeris sistema
sagakveTilo drois garda maswavleblebs sWirdebaT dro da moswavleebTan urTierTobis
kerZo garemos Seqmnis SesaZlebloba. saWiroa, maswavlebelma winaswar gansazRvros zogierTi rTuli situacia da masze moswavlesTan erTad imuSaos.

efeqtebi
am modelis warmatebuli ganxorcieleba amcirebs afeTqebebsa da xelis SemSlel konfliqtebs impulsuri da umarTavi moswavleebisTvis. aseve uyalibebs maT Tavdajerebulobasa da miRwevis SegrZnebas. Sedegad ki, maTTvis sxva moswavleebTan ufro nayofieri urTierTobis kari iReba, romlebic maT, albaT, ar CaTvlian `giJebad~, ar gabrazdebian da ar
umtroben.
monaTesave models `problemis interpersonaluri kognituri gadawyveta~ ewodeba. es
modeli mozardebs aswavlis azrovnebas _ `alternativa-Sedegebi~. is, ZiriTadad, gamiznulia
umcrosklaselebisTvis da maT problemis gadaWris iseT strategiebs aswavlis, romlebiTac
Cxubis, kinklaobis da konfliqtebis Zalismieri mogvarebis Canacvleba SeuZliaT. Surisa da
spivakis (1978) naSromidan es nawyveti amis dadasturebaa. maswavlebeli avalebs bavSvebs maTi
moqmedebebisa da am moqmedebaTa Sedegebis ganxilvas, Semdeg ki maTi moTxovnebis Sesatyvis
alternatiul moqmedebebs asrulebinebs.
maswavlebeli:

doroTi, am amocanebze Sen muSaobdi?

bavSvi:

braienic muSaobda.

maswavlebeli: Sen da braieni erTad muSaobdiT? (maswavlebeli agrovebs situaciis faqtebs).

bavSvi:

diax.

maswavlebeli: braienis mimarT samarTliani iqneba, rom Tavad akrifos, xolo Sens
mimarT, rom ar akrifo?
bavSvi

ara.

maswavlebeli: Sens mimarT samarTliani iqneba, rom Sen akrifo da ara braienma?
bavSvi:

ara.

maswavlebeli: ra iqneba samarTliani? (maswavlebeli cdilobs problema orive

bavSvis TvalsazrisiT daanaxos.)
bavSvi:

braieni ar mexmareba.

maswavlebeli: SegiZlia raime moifiqro, rom braieni mogexmaros amocanebis akrefaSi? (cdilobs bavSvs problemis gadaWris gza moafiqrebinos).

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disciplina
bavSvi:

SemeZlo meTxova misTvis.

maswavlebeli: es erT-erTi azria. ra SeiZleba am SemTxvevaSi moxdes?

(maswavlebeli mizez-Sedegobriv azrovnebas marTavs).
bavSvi:

is ar damexmareboda.

maswavlebeli: es SeiZleba moxdes. kidev ra SeiZleba gaakeTo misi uaris SemTxvevaSi?
bavSvi:

davartyam.

maswavlebeli:

SeiZleba daartya. maSin ra SeiZleba moxdes?

bavSvi:

viCxubebT.

maswavlebeli: SeiZleba iCxuboT. SegiZlia mesame, gansxvavebuli idea moifiqro?

bavSvi:

Tqven uTxariT mas.

maswavlebeli: me SemiZlia vuTxra, magram ras izam maSin, roca me aq ar viqnebi?
(maswavlebeli isev cdilobs bavSvi problemis gadaWris gzaze
daafiqros.)
bavSvi:

SemiZlia vuTxra, rom masTan aRar viTamaSeb.

maswavlebeli:

es kargi azria?

bavSvi:

diax.

maswavlebeli:

ratom?

bavSvi:

imitom, rom damexmareba.

maswavlebeli: SeiZleba. naxe, ra SeiZleba gaakeTo, rom dagexmaros. (Suri da spivaki 1978, gv. 146-147)*

zemoT motanil dialogs avtorebi ase ajameben:

1. daadgineT bavSviseuli Sexeduleba problemaze ise, rom ar daadanaSauloT magaliTad: `ra moxda?~ `ra gaakeTa an giTxra?~ `ratom moiqca ase?~ `rogor ginda rom
moiqces?~ `saidan ici, rom amas ar gaakeTebs?~
2. saqmianad daadgineT misi moqmedebis mizezi. `ratom uwode regveni?~ `ratom moginda
pirvels dagertya?~
3. ecadeT, bavSvi daafiqroT imaze, Tu ras grZnobda (grZnobs) da, misi azriT, sxvebi
ras grZnobdnen (an SeiZleba grZnoben). magaliTad, SegiZliaT hkiTxoT: `ras fiqrob,
ra igrZno man, roca ase moeqeci?~ `Sen ra igrZeni, roca man es gaakeTa?~
4. dasviT kiTxva, rogor SeiZleba adamianma daadginos, ras fiqrobs an ras grZnobs sxva
bavSvi. `rogor gaarkvev, moswons Tu ara mas Seni azri?~ `rogor mixvdebi is bednieria
Tu ara?~
5. sTxoveT bavSvs, gamoxatos sakuTari mosazreba problemis gadaWris gzasTan dakavSirebiT. `ras gaakeTeb imisaTvis, rom man amis gakeTebis (raRaca gqondes, masTan iTamaSo, aRar dagartyas) ufleba mogces?~
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Shure, Myrna, and George Spivack. Problem-Solving Techniques in Childrearing. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass,
1978. (c) 1978 Jossey-Bass, Inc. Publishers. yvela ufleba daculia.)

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6. sTxoveT bavSvs ifiqros imaze, ra SeiZleba moxdes Semdeg. `Tu Sen ase moiqcevi, ra
SeiZleba gaakeTos an Tqvas Senma dam?~ `Tu Sen isev Seawuxeb, ra SeiZleba moxdes?~
7. ecadeT, moswavlem Seafasos sakuTari idea Sedegebis TvalsazrisiT. `dartyma kargi
azria Tu ara?~ `vaWroba kargi azria Tu ara?~
8. waaxaliseT moswavle, dafiqrdes problemis mogvarebis gansxvavebul gzaze. `SegiZlia moifiqro gansxvavebuli gza, rom man dagiTmos, roca Seni jeri iqneba (ufleba
mogces maTTan iTamaSo)?~ `Tu axla TamaSi ar ginda, SegiZlia moifiqro, risi gakeTeba gagaxalisebda?~ (Shure & Spivack 1978, gv. 157, 229-230)
bavSvebis pasuxebi gviCvenebs, rom isini sakuTari da ara ufrosis mier SeTavazebuli an
moTxovnili ideis mixedviT ufro imoqmedeben. miuxedavad imisa, rom bavSvebs xandaxan marTlac sWirdebaT ufrosis rCeva, gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom roca bavSvi problemis gadaWris
sasurvel gzas ipovnis, is misi azrovnebisa da moqmedebebis bunebrivi kavSiris safuZvelze
spontanuri motivaciiT moqmedebaze gadadis. Tu misi idea warumatebelia, is fiqrs agrZelebs da impulsur da imedgacruebul moqmedebamde SeiZleba mogvarebis sxva gzac mosinjos.
is problemis gadaWrisaken mimarTul azrovnebas swavlobs.

pirovnuli gavlena
pirovnuli pativiscemis gziT damyarebuli disciplina
pirovnuli gavlenis modelSi, maswavlebeli mWidro urTierTobas amyarebs moswavleebTan da mas gonivruli saqcielisaTvis moswavleTa motivaciis mizniT iyenebs. is cdilobs
gazardos sakuTari pirovnuli mniSvneloba moswavleebisTvis da maT pativiscemas, dafasebasa da siaxloves qcevis Sesacvlelad iyenebs. maswavlebeli siyvarulsa da Tavdadebas amJRavnebs; moswavleebi grZnoben, rom maTi urTierToba sayvarel maswavlebelTan ormxrivia.
SesaZloa, mravali mkiTxvelisTvis es nacnobi WeSmaritebaa, magram am modelis yuradRebiT
wakiTxva mraval siaxles gagacnobT.

varaudebi
moswavleebi ufro motivirebuli arian, rom kargad moiqcnen da imuSaon, Tu maT maswavlebeli uyvarT da afaseben.

Rirebulebebi
am modelSi mniSvnelovania moswavlis warmodgena sakuTar Tavze da klasSi wesrigi. maTTvis mniSvnelovan mozrdilTan urTierToba moswavleebs Tavdajerebulobas uviTarebs.
modelSi asaxulia valdebuleba klasSi wesrigisa da xelis SeSlis dros mtkice nabijebis
gadadgmisTvis.

miznebi
modelis upirvelesi mizania maswavlebelsa da rezistentul moswavleebs Soris urTierTobis damyareba, raTa am ukanasknelebze gaizardos maswavleblis piradi gavlena. meore
mizania qcevisadmi mkafio molodinis Camoyalibeba da araswori saqcielisTvis swrafi da
Tanamimdevruli Sedegebi.

principebi
maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierToba sabanko angariSs hgavs: misi wyalobiT moswav-

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le Tavs ufro komfortulad, usafrTxod da daculad grZnobs. mas investirebis da zrdis,

usafrTxo bazidan muSaobis, keTilganwyobis gamoxatvisa da siaxlis mosinjvis saSualeba
aqvs. saWiroebis dros ki es urTierToba dasayrdenia rogorc maswavleblisTvis, ise moswavlisTvis. kargi urTierToba mosawon da pativsacem maswavlebelTan moswavleTa motivirebas axdens da isini ufro bejiT muSaobasa da ukeT moqcevas cdiloben. aseTi maswavleblis
sayveduric mravlis mTqmelia! am modelSi maswavleblebi wyenis gamoxatvisas ar kargaven
kontrols da ar yvirian, Tumca gabrazebas, imedgacruebas, gulgatexilobas amJRavneben. es
ki moswavlisTvis mniSvnelovania, Tu maswavlebeli misTvis avtoritetia. moswavleebi Tavs
arideben upasuxismgeblo saqciels, roca maswavlebelTan urTierToba maTTvis mniSvnelovania. maswavlebeli am urTierTobas borotad ar iyenebs _ ar imuqreba an dasjis dros siaxloveze uars ar ambobs. sayvedurisa Tu sxva usiamovno SemTxvevebis (klasidan gaZeveba) Semdeg maswavlebeli cdilobs, uaxloesi xelsayreli
SemTxveva gamoiyenos, sxva konteqstSi aRadginos
maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierToba
moswavlesTan urTierToba. miuxedavad imisa, rom
sabanko angariSs hgavs.
maswavlebeli siyvarulis dakargvis muqaras ar iyenebs rogorc xelkets, es urTierToba moswavlis
xelis SemSleli saqcielis jansaRi Semakaveblis funqcias asrulebs. survili, gonivruli
moqceviT vasiamovnoT CvenTvis mniSvnelovan adamianebs, marTlac jansaRia. es ar gaxlavT
moraluri msjelobis yvelaze progresuli forma, Tumca martosuli da dabneuli moswavlisTvis SeiZleba gansazRvruli win gadadgmuli nabiji iyos.
am urTierTobis wyalobiT moswavleebs SeuZliaT Tavdajerebulobis mopoveba, ufro
muyaiTi mcdeloba da meti warmatebis miRweva. maswavlebelTan stabiluri urTierTobis
`sangridan~ maT SeuZliaT keTilganwyobis gamomJRavneba da kontrolirebul garemoSi (mag.,
kooperaciul proeqtebSi) sxva moswavleebTan urTierTobis damyareba, riTac afarToeben
warmatebuli urTierTobis wres da Tavs ufro Rirebulad grZnoben. roca isini sxvebTan
urTierTobaSi warmatebas aRweven, Sesatyvisi qceviT am urTierTobis SenarCunebis SesaZlebloba da survili izrdeba.

nabijebi
1. pozitiuri, megobruli, individualuri interaqciis momentebis ZiebiTa da xelsayreli SemTxvevis gamoyenebiT daamyareT megobruli urTierToba calkeul moswavleebTan, romlis mizani siaxlove da Ria komunikaciaa.
a) gakveTilebamde ramdenime wuTiT;
b) ramdenime wuTiT gakveTilebis Semdeg;
g) xandaxan moswavlesTan erTad sadilobiT;
d) skolis Semodgomi proeqtebiT.
2. gamoiyeneT ,,aqtiuri mosmena da pirovnuli urTierTobis Camoyalibebis parametrSi
detalurad axsnili sxva qceva.
3. gauziareT moswavleebs saintereso informacia Tqvens Sesaxeb: mogzauroba, gamocdileba, gansakuTrebiT, nebismieri miRweva an codna (rogoricaa instrumentze dakvra an raime xeloba), rac maT Tqvenze ara gazviadebul, aramed realur warmodgenas
Seuqmnis. rogorc wesi, moyolis nacvlad ukeTesia TviT am unarebis Cveneba.
4. ecadeT, moswavleebs usafrTxo da struqturirebuli urTierTobebi hqondeT. magaliTad, aswavleT umcrosklasels raime TamaSi da Semdeg waaxaliseT, rom saswavlo dRis pirveli aTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi (rogorc wesi, yvelaze rTuli periodi)
es TamaSi or sxva moswavles aswavlos. ufrosklaselebs daarigebineT masalebi an
sTxoveT jgufur proeqtSi gankuTvnili funqciis Sesruleba.
5. rezistentul moswavleebs individualuri interaqciis dros, zustad auxseniT
Tqveni molodini (ix. molodinis parametri). Sexedulebisamebr, SeqmeniT qcevis kon-

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traqtebi da SedegTa grafiki, rom daexmaroT maTs saWiroebebze fokusirebasa da

winsvlis Sesaxeb informaciis uzrunvelyofaSi.
6. roca moswavle xels giSliT, swarafad moaxdineT reagireba SedegebiT (romelSic
xSirad CarTuli iqneba gaZeveba an sxva saxis izolireba).
7. moswavles yovelTvis mogvianebiT, mSvidad, magram garkveuli emociiT elaparakeT.
gaaanalizebineT, ra Secdoma dauSva da risi gakeTebaa saWiro.
8. eZebeT pozitiuri saubrisTvis uaxloesi xelsayreli SemTxveva rezistentul moswavlesTan usiamovno epizodis Semdeg. magaliTad, gamogadgebaT fraza _ `ra mSvenieri namuSevaria, jim~ gansakuTrebiT, Tu Zalian mkacri iyaviT mis mimarT. mizania
komunikaciis aRdgena da imis damtkiceba, rom Tqveni urTierToba jer kidev cocxalia. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom ar moxdes gadaWarbeba _ moswavle ar mixvdes, rom
jildo (mag.: skolis Semdgomi proeqti) yvelaze seriozul xelis SeSlas mohyveba.
TavSekavebulad gaagrZeleT urTierTobis aRdgena, zustad im zomiT, rac Tavidan
gasaxsnelad da gasamxneveblad aris saWiro.
9. gqondeT xSiri da uSualo kontaqti mSoblebTan, raTa SeZlebisdagvarad uzrunvelyoT maTi CarTuloba.

maswavleblis reaqciis principebi

1. aqtiuri mosmena urTierTobis Camoyalibebis dros.
2. dauTmeT, raTa ipovoT an SeqmnaT xelsayreli SemTxvevebi urTierTobis Camosayalibeblad.
3. gamoamJRavneT nerviuloba disciplinis damyarebis dros.
4. iyaviT ufro mSvidi da ufro analitikuri moswavleebTan ganxilvebis dros.
5. TavSekavebulad aRadgineT urTierToba yvelaze rTuli epizodebis Semdeg.

mxardaWeris sistema
am modelis mixedviT urTierTobis Camosayalibeblad maswavlebels moswavleebTan sakmaod axlo da xSiri kontaqti sWirdeba. maswavlebeli unda iyos Tanamimdevruli SedegebTan
da Semdgom urTierTobasTan mimarTebaSi. modularuli reJimiT limitirebis SemTxvevaSi
skolam unda gaiTvaliswinos klasis ufro Caketili garemo, an sul mcire maswavlebelTa
ufro iSviaTi cvla am moswavlisTvis. maswavlebels winaswar unda hqondes gansazRvruli
SedegTa nakrebi moswavlisTvis (da albaT Sedegebic, Tu pirovnuli gavlenis es strategia
Sewyvilebulia qcevis kontraqtTan). amisaTvis SeiZleba saWiro iyos sxva maswavleblebTan
da skolis administratorTan TanamSromloba da SeTanxmeba (Semdeg nawilSi ixileT seimur
sarasonis Sedegebis forma). imis Tqma gvsurs, rom sruli mzadyofna gqondeT. icodeT, ris
gakeTebas apirebT, roca moswavlis saqcieli dasaSveb zRvars scildeba da metismetad xelis SemSleli xdeba swavlebis gasagrZeleblad. rogorc wesi, es gaZevebis garkveuli formaa
damSvidebis oTaxSi an sxva adgilas, magram unda icodeT, sad.

socialuri sistema
maswavlebeli avtoritetia, romelic qcevis normebs awesebs. zogadad, moswavleebi SeiZleba CarTuli iyvnen wesebis SeqmnaSi. magram maSinac ki, roca demokratia klasis cxovrebis
nawili da qcevis normebis gansazRvris saSualebaa, pirovnuli gavlenis mizani ar aris, iyos
demokratiuli modeli. Tu moswavles es modeli sWirdeba, demokratia mis `avadmyofobas~
ver gankurnavs.

efeqtebi
pirdapiri:

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devianturi qceva mcirdeba.

disciplina

aRmzrdelobiTi:

1. maswavlebeli uzrunvelyofs zrunvisa da pasuxismgeblobis

rolis models, romelTanac moswavle iwyebs mijaWvas.
2. moswavle iwyebs sxva moswavleebTan dadebiTi urTierTobis
Camoyalibebas.

am modelze saubris dasrulebamde gvsurs masze misadagebuli erTi ufro specifikuri

strategiis CarTva: seimur sarasonisa da misi kolegebis mier SemuSavebuli izolirebis
(CaurTvelobis) uCveulo, kargad mofiqrebuli da maRalefeqtiani forma xelis SemSleli
moswavleebisTvis. is Setanilia wignSi, romelic Sors dgas disciplinisagan: `skolis kultura da cvlilebaTa sirTule~ (Sarason 1971). es aris xelis SeSlaze pasuxis gacemis forma,
romlis gamoyenebis Sesaferisi SemTxveva SeiZleba Zalze advilad ipovoT da romelic logikuri Sedegebis models Seesabameba.
sarasonis strategia guldasmiT SemuSavebuli nabijebis Tanamimdevrobaa mtruli
daumorCileblobis dramatuli aRkveTis Tavidan asacileblad. misi arsia ori maswavleblis
dawyvileba da daumorCilebeli moswavlis gadayvana erTi maswavleblis oTaxidan meorisaSi.
izolirebis warmateba damokidebulia personalis momzadebaze, maT dawyvilebaze da skolis
direqtoris mxardaWeraze.
izolirebuli moswavle maspinZeli maswavleblis oTaxSi saaTnaxevari rCeba, jdeba sul
bolo magidasTan da akldeba maspinZeli klasis aqtivobebSi nebismieri formiT monawileobasa da moswavleebTan interaqcias. Tu moswavle (dasaSvebia meore klasamde bavSvebisTvis)
uars ambobs oTaxidan gasvlaze, maswavleblebis wyvils is gareT gahyavs. ufrosklaselebs,
romlebic uars amboben klasidan gasvlaze, eubnebian, rom mSoblebs daurekaven, Tu ar wavlen. sarasoni wers, rom arasodes Seswrebia, rom bavSvi SewinaaRmdegeboda am zemoqmedebas
an izolirebul bavSvs maspinZeli klasisTvis mcire problema mainc Seeqmnas.
sarasoni strategiis efeqtianobas Tavxeduri saqcielis myisieri aRmofxvrisa da im sazRvrebis xazgasmis unars miawers, romlis farglebs moswavle ar unda gascdes.
procedura erTdroulad unda SevitanoT klasSi, ara rogorc dasjis, aramed moswavleTaTvis imis damaxsovrebis saSualeba, rom daicvan wesebi, romlebic maT saSualebas aZlevs
siamovneba miiRon swavliT. `bavSvebs ramdenjerme unda avuxsnaT, rom imis gamo ki ar vaZevebT,
rom arasasurvelia an ar gviyvars, aramed imitom, rom saklaso oTaxis im wesebze dafiqrebis
dro da saSualeba mivceT, romelic daarRvia~ (Sarason 1971, gv. 137).
maswavlebelma xelSemSlel moswavles erTi individualuri gafrTxileba unda misces,
romelic arasasurvel (da mis Camnacvlebel) qcevas gausvams xazs, Tu izolirebis Tavidan acileba surs. amave dros, man unda scados auxsnas, riT gamoixateba klasisTvis xelis
SeSla. moswavlis izolirebis SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebeli bavSvis TandaswrebiT mTels klass
ganumartavs am nabijis aucileblobas.
saklaso oTaxSi dabrunebis Semdeg, maswavlebelma klasTan erTad unda mimoixilos situacia, Sesabamisi wesebis SemoRebis mizezebi, izolirebuli bavSvis alternatiuli qceva da Tu
SesaZlebelia, mokled ganixilos, rogor SeuZlia klass momavalSi misi daxmareba.
gakveTilebis Semdeg maswavlebeli mokled unda gaesaubros izolirebul bavSvs da auxsnas, rogor daexmareba izolireba klasis wesebis damaxsovrebaSi. sarasoni xazs usvams am
gasaubrebis mniSvnelobas da aRniSnavs, rom TviTon `izolirebis Sesaxeb bavSvi iRebs gadawyvetilebas da ara maswavlebeli~ (Sarason 1971, gv. 138).
sarasonma es strategia meoTxeklaselebTan gamoiyena. Cveni azriT misi warmatebiT gamoyeneba maRal klasebSic SeiZleba.
gTavazobT am strategiis ZiriTadi punqtebis Sejamebas:

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1. gacnoba
a) gaacaniT mTel klass izolirebis arsi Tavisi mizezebiTa da SedegebiT.
b) gaxsovdeT im wesebis Sesruleba, romlebic moswavleebs swavliT siamovnebis mi
Rebis saSualebas aZlevs.
2. ganxorcieleba
a) mieciT erTi individualuri gafrTxileba qcevis dakonkretebiT.
b) sajarod axseniT bavSvis izolirebis mizezi.
g) bavSvi nebayoflobiT an, Tu aucilebelia, ZaliT gaaZeveT, an daurekeT mSobels.
d) izolirebuli gyavdeT saaTnaxevris ganmavlobaSi.
e) bavSvi ar monawileobs maspinZeli klasis aqtivobebSi.
v) situacia klasTan ganixileT. yuradReba miaqcieT Semdeg sakiTxebs:
_ izolirebuli bavSvis SesaZlo alternatiul qcevas.
_ wesis mizezebs.
_ wesebis SesrulebaSi daxmarebis gzebs.

3. gakveTilebis Semdeg gasaubreba

a) motivi aris daxmareba da ara Sercxvena.
b) maswavlebels imedi aqvs, rom gafrTxileba momavlisTvisac sakmarisi iqneba.
g) maswavlebeli xsnis, rom swored moswavle wyvets Tavisi qceviT izolirebas.
d) gamoxateT siyvaruli da pativiscema.

rudolf dreikursis logikuri Sedegebi

disciplina, rogorc socialuri kontraqti
rudolf dreikursi cdilobs aRmofxvras mSoblebisa da maswavleblebis mier Zalauflebis avtoritaruli gamoyeneba, romelsac demokratiul saukuneSi axalgazrdebisa da
mozrdilebis urTierTobisTvis miuReblad miiCnevs. is adleris fsiqologiisa da axali
teqnikis kombinirebas axdens araswor saqcielze reaqciisaTvis da mas `logikur Sedegebs~
uwodebs. logikuri SedegebiT reagireba disciplinas Camoacilebs bavSvisa da mozrdilis
ZalauflebisaTvis brZoliT gamowveul RvarZlianobas, ris Sedegadac ormxrivi pativiscema
gaizrdeba.

gansazRvrebebi
1. bunebrivi Sedegi: bavSvis qcevis aversiuli Sedegi, romelic TavisTavad, bunebrivad,
adamianis Zalisxmevis gareSe Cndeba (mag.: skamze qanaobis Sedegad bolos da bolos
bavSvi ecema).
2. logikuri Sedegi: bavSvis qceviT Seqmnili aversiuli Sedegi, romelic logikurad
ukavSirdeba am qcevas.

varaudebi
1. Tanasworoba erTaderTi bazisia, romelic disciplinis problemebis gadaWras SegvaZlebinebs.
2. mikuTvnebuloba adamianis fundamenturi saWiroebaa da Tavi rom Rirebulad igrZnos, jgufSi da jgufTan erTad funqcionirebisTvis iswrafvis.
3. yvela saqcieli miznobrivia. damoukidebeli xelmZRvanelobis mizania bavSvis qcevis
motivireba.

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miznebi
gamoiyeneT es Rirebulebebi bavSvebTan urTierTobisas, raTa:
1. bolo moeRos `aSkara oms~, romelsac dreikursi kanondamrRvevebsa da sazogadoebas, ajanyebul axalgazrdebs, mSoblebsa da maswavleblebs Soris xedavs.
2. gamoyenebul iqnes adleris pirveli socialuri kanoni Tanasworobis kanoni,
socialuri cxovrebis logika, romelic `yvela adamianis Tanasworad aRiarebas
moiTxovs~ (Dreikurs & Grey 1968, gv. 8).
3. uzrunvelyofili iyos is gzebi, romliTac moswavle Tavisufal garemoSi Sesatyvis
funqcionirebas SeZlebs (`Sesatyvisi~ am SemTxvevaSi `pasuxismgeblurs~ niSnavs da
ara `nebadarTuls~).
4. aRmoifxvras disciplinis avtokratiuli meTodebi.
5. aRmoifxvras saSualo amerikeli bavSvis autaneli saqcieli, romelic `eCxubeba Tavis da-Zmebs, uars ambobs nivTebis alagebaze, saSinao davalebis Sesrulebaze da saojaxo saqmeebSi daxmarebaze~ (Dreikurs & Grey 1968, gv. 10).
6. xeli Seewyos bavSvebsa da mozrdilebs Soris urTierTpativiscemaze agebul urTierTobebs.

principebi
mizans SeiZleba mivaRwioT, Tu moswavleTa saqcielis mizezebs CavwvdebiT da uars vityviT urTierTobis avtokratiul meTodebze. Cveni reaqcia maT qcevaze TvalnaTliv unda
aCvenebdes socialuri wesrigis realobas maTive qmedebebze pasuxismgeblobis (da logikuri
Sedegebis) dakisrebis saSualebiT. roca maswavlebeli/mSobeli araswor saqcielze reaqcias socialuri realobis am sistemis mixedviT amJRavnebs, moswavleebi aRar brazdebian,
ar janydebian arc iTrgunebian, radgan mozrdilTa reaqcia pirovnuli avtoritetidan aRar
momdinareobs.
metic, roca calkeuli moswavlisTvis umarTebulo saqcielis mizezebi naTelia, SegviZlia misi (moswavlis) moTxovnebis Sesatyvis moqmedebaTa pozitiur biliks gavyveT. amrigad,
demokratiul Teoriasa da moqmedebis pozitiur programebze agebuli axleburi reaqcia
araswor saqcielze, romelic regularulad araswori qcevis mqone bavSvis moTxovnebs Seesabameba, dreikursis Sexedulebis ori mxarea.
klasSi adgilis povnisTvis saWiro qcevis Sesaxeb koncefciebs moswavleebi swavlis
yvela araswori qceva imis Sedegia, rom
gziT aviTareben. maTi azriT, aseTi koncefdaTrgunuli moswavles mcdari varaudi aqvs
ciebi SeiZleba iyos TanamSromloba an yursakuTari adgilis povnisa da statusis mopo
adRebis centrSi yofna. nebismieri araswori
vebis Taobaze.
saqcielis miRma SeiZleba imwuTieri miznebi
aRmovaCinoT. yvela araswori qceva imis Sedegia, rom daTrgunul moswavles mcdari varaudi aqvs sakuTari adgilis povnisa da statusis
mopovebis Taobaze. (ix. glaseris Sexeduleba deviantur qcevaze, rogorc cud arCevanze).
logikuri Sedegebi moswavleze STabeWdilebas axdens realobis moTxovnebiT da ara
ufrosis ZalauflebiT. erTmaneTTan, rogorc TanasworebTan, urTierTobis princips Sedegad ormxriv pativiscemaze agebuli urTierToba mohyveba. moswavleebi Cveni Tanasworebi
xdebian ara ZalauflebiT an sxeulis sididiT, aramed gadawyvetilebis damoukideblad
miRebis uflebiTa da SesaZleblobiT. maSin, roca dasja pirovnuli avtoritetis Zalauflebis maCvenebelia, logikuri Sedegebi, rogorc socialuri wesrigis realobis asaxva, obieqtur (upirovno) doneze moqmedebs. dasjis qveteqstia: `Sen cudi xar~, logikuri Sedegebis
ki _ `Seni saqcieli am Sedegs moitans~. ar xdeba `Seni~, rogorc pirovnebis, gankiTxva.

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sintaqsi
1. detalurad daakvirdiT moswavlis saqciels.
2. frTxilad gamoxateT sakuTari reaqcia moswavlis qcevaze.

Tu Tqveni reaqcia aris:

gaRizianeba
daSineba
gulistkena
umweoba

moswavlis mizani SeiZleba iyos:

yuradRebis mipyroba
Zalaufleba
SurisZieba
araadekvaturobis gamovlineba

3. uzrunvelyaviT moswavle `makoreqtirebeli ukukavSiriT~. moswavles aCerebT, SeniSvnas aZlevT da akvirdebiT mis reaqcias. Tu is Cerdeba, qcevis mizani SeiZleba
ubralod yuradRebis mipyrobis mcdeloba iyos. Tu araswori qceva izrdeba, misi mizani SeiZleba SurisZieba iyos.
4. konfliqtidan garkveuli periodis (damSvidebis) Semdeg, am oTxi kiTxvidan erTis an
ramdenimes TanamimdevrobiT dasmiT moswavlis winaSe oTxi mizani dasaxeT.
`iqneb Cemi yuradRebis mipyroba gsurs?~ (yuradRebis mipyroba).
a) `iqneb ginda maCveno, rom SegiZlia gaakeTo is, risi gakeTebac ginda da veravin
SegaCerebs?~ (Zalaufleba).
b) ,,iqneb ginda, rom me da klaselebs guli gvatkino, rom bari-barSi viyoT?~ (SurisZieba).
g) `iqneb martooba gsurs?~ (araadekvaturoba).
5. yuradReba miaqcieT amocnobis refleqss, anu am oTxi SekiTxvidan romels eTanxmeba
moswavle verbalurad an sxeulis eniT.
6. moswavlis miznis mixedviT gamoiyeneT Sesabamisi makoreqtirebeli procedurebi 7.2
sqemis Sesabamisad.

gaaanalizeT mizezi

gaaaqtiureT amocnobis refleqsi

`Semobruneba~
arCevani

makoreqtirebeli ukukavSiri

logikuri Sedegi

demokratiuli jgufis
zewola

sakuTari recepti araviTari arCevani moyirWeba

pozitiuri negatiuri

myisieri

siurprizi

sqema 7.2: logikuri Sedegis tipebi

dreikursi ar aRwers logikuri Sedegis qvekategoriebs, magram isini miRebulia miseuli magaliTebis ganxilvis
Sedegad.

logikuri Sedegis gamoyenebisas SearCieT Sesabamisi tipi. 7.2 sqemaze naCvenebia logikuri
Sedegis ramdenime tipi, romelTaganac unda gakeTdes arCevani.
logikuri Sedegis arCevanis tipis mixedviT moswavles SeuZlia Tavi aaridos logikur
Sedegs, Tu sakuTari qcevis Secvlas airCevs. pozitiuri arCevani Tomas gordonis `prob-

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lemis qonas~ hgavs (ix. Semdegi qveTavi `maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTna~). Tu moswavles
gaWianurebuli Cacmisa da sauzmis gamo skolaSi agviandeba, Tqven mas ubralod sakuTari
problemis mogvarebis saSualebas aZlevT. Tqven SegiZliaT moswavles miseul arCevanze
miuTiToT, magram mieciT Sedegis marTvaze pozitiuri kontrolis saSualeba. mozrdili am
SemTxvevaSi umoqmedoa.
negatiur arCevanSi maswavlebeli/mSobeli aRniSnavs, arasaTanado qcevis SemTxvevaSi
ra logikuri Sedegi daugrovdeba moswavles. davalebuli samuSaos Seusruleblobas is mohyveba, rom mis dasamTavreblad darCena mouwevs. davalebis mogvianebiT Sesrulebis valdebuleba misi droulad Seusruleblobis logikuri Sedegia. ai, rogor xdeba es: skolis Semdeg
darCena dasjad ar miiCneva, es ubralod im adamianebs exeba, vinc ar asrulebs Tavis samuSaos. maswavlebelic rCeba Tavisi samuSaos dasasruleblad. es `socialuri realobaa~. aseTi
logikuri Sedegi aq uaryofiT arCevanad miiCneva, radgan moswavlis winaSea arCevani: `Tu
X-s gaakeTeb maSin Y moxdeba~. Y ki bavSvisTvis aversiuli Sedegia.
logikuri Sedegis forma sakuTari recepti moswavlisTvis misive qcevis `dabrunebas~
niSnavs. awyvetinebT mas, vinc gawyvetinebT; gausaZlisad uwesrigo garemos uqmniT daudevar
moswavles. faqtobrivad, cdilobT moswavles sarkeSi daanaxvoT sakuTari qceva. am teqnikis
gamoyenebisas aucilebelia zomieri iumori da racionaluri sazRvrebi da ara SurisZieba.
araviTari arCevanis logikuri Sedegebis dros araswor saqciels maSinve mohyveba
Sedegi. dreikursis TqmiT, es qcevasa da Sedegs Soris im logikuri kavSiriT gansxvavdeba,
romelic maswavlebelma moswavlis gonebaSi mainc unda daamyaros. (TiTqos, dreikursisTvis
gansxvaveba sasjelsa da araviTari arCevanis logikur Sedegebs Soris sinamdvileSi arc
ise didia, magram es erTgvari fandia _ davarwmunoT moswavle logikuri kavSiris arsebobaSi, miuxedavad imisa, sinamdvileSi arsebobs Tu ara igi da, amgvarad, ufrosi realurad arc
axorcielebs dasjas.) araviTari arCevanis logikuri Sedegebi SeiZleba iyos ubralod
myisieri (mag., ori moCxubari bavSvis gayvana beisbolis TamaSidan dasasveneblad) an siur
prizi, romelic Seicavs siaxlisa da originalurobis garkveul elements (mag., maswavlebels
hyavs qvebis msrolelebi saTamaSo moedanze, romlebic erT adgilze agroveben napovn qvebs.
Semdeg ki am qvebs moednis gareT miwaze ayrevinebs, saTamaSo moednis usafrTxoebis mizniT).
zogjer maswavleblis reaqciis mizani moswavlis Sercxvenaa. magaliTad, erT dilas meSvideklasels, romelic gamudmebiT gamaRizianeblad akakunebs fanqars, fanqris nacvlad maswavlebeli pastels aZlevs da eubneba: `raki fanqris sworad gamoyeneba ar SegiZlia, amiT wera
mogiwevs~.
moyirWeba dreikursisaTvis igivea, rac qcevis modifikacia CvenTvis. SeasrulebineT
moswavles araswori qceva manam, sanam ar mobezrdeba. nerwyviT damrgvalebuli qaRaldis
burTulebis msrolels mTeli dila asrolineT isini yuTSi; moxetiale mTeli dRe atareT
oTaxSi.
dreikursis bolo naSromSi vkiTxulobT, rom logikuri Sedegebi yvelaze sasargebloa
pirveli miznis _ yuradRebis mipyrobis _ dros. Zalauflebis an SurisZiebis SemTxvevaSi,
logikurma Sedegebma SeiZleba ukuSedegi moitanos da amitom ar unda gamoviyenoT. bunebrivi
Sedegebis gamoyeneba nebismier dros upriania, garda meoTxe miznis araadekvaturobis SegrZnebis dros.

maswavleblis reaqciis principebi

1. gadaamowmeT Sedegis logikuri kavSiri araswor qcevasTan.
2. waradgineT Sedegi uemociod, rogorc sacialuri wesrigis realobis gamoxatuleba,
da ara rogorc pirovnuli Zalaufleba.
3. nu gansjiT qcevas an moswavles.

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4. iyaviT keTili da megobruli; arasodes imoqmedoT gabrazebulma.

5. iyaviT mtkice. araviTari arCevanis logikur SedegSi marTlac ar aris araviTari
arCevani. moswavlem `es~ airCia da `es~ unda ganxorcieldes. ar gadaifiqroT; ar
danebdeT; ar gadauxvioT Tqvens mier gamocxadebul proceduras.
6. imoqmedeT; ar ilaparakoT. zedmeti saubari (muqara, gafrTxileba, axsna-ganmarteba,
darwmuneba) kargi disciplinis marcxia.
7. inerviuleT awmyoze da ara warsulze. araswor saqcielze maswavlebliseul TvalsazrisSi ar unda iyos `codvis~ elementi an warsulSi Cadenili danaSaulisTvis SurisZebis raime elementi.
8. arasodes CaebaT moswavlesTan ZalauflebisTvis brZolaSi. Tqven yovelTvis
damarcxdebiT. nebis araviTari Sejibri. (`ar gavakeTeb~. `gaakeTeb, jimi preston, da
axlave!~) ubralod uari TqviT aseT konfliqtSi CarTvaze. gverdi auareT mas.

pozitiuri programa:
brZolaze uaris Tqmisas gaigeT konfliqtis mizezi. roca Tqveni diagnoziT mizezi `Zalauflebis Cvenebisa da damtkicebis moTxovnilebaa~, eZebeT xelsayreli SemTxvevebi, rom
bavSvma miRweuliT iamayos. ecadeT Zalauflebis gamoxatvis es moTxovnileba dadebiTad
warmarToT. Tu mizezi yuradRebis moTxovnilebaa, eZebeT xelsayreli SemTxvevebi bavSvis
miRwevaTa Sesaqebad da ugulebelyaviT yuradRebis miqcevis mizniT ganxorcielebuli devianturi qceva. Tu araswori qcevis mizezi savaraudo unarSezRudulobaa, gaamxneveT bavSvi;
daexmareT warmatebis miRwevaSi; daakisreT pasuxismgebloba, frTxilad SerCeuli, magram sajarod SesamCnevi. Tu mizezi SurisZiebaa, maSin grZeli gzisTvis gamZleobas mouxmeT. agrZnobineT moswavles, rom giyvarT. dreikursi saubrobs jgufur ganxilvaze da am konteqstSi
miRebaze.
popularul da arapopularul, gaxsnil da
Caketil moswavleebze monacemebis Sesagroveblad gamoiyeneT sociogramebi, gveubneba is.
gamoiyeneT es monacemebi klasSi adgilebis ganawilebisa da dajgufebebis dros, raTa izolirebulebma socializaciis axali unar-Cvevebi
SeiZinon, xolo vinc erTmaneTs eTavseba, erTad dasvaT.

imoqmedeT; ar ilaparakoT. zedmeti saubari

kargi disciplinis marcxia.

kviraSi erTxel regularulad CaatareT problemebis saklaso ganxilva. waaxaliseT moswavleebi, iswavlon mosmena, erTmaneTis gageba da daxmareba.
pozitiur programas aqvs oTxi ZiriTadi sayrdeni, romelTagan TiToeuli dreikursis mier aRwerili araswori qcevis oTxi mizezidan erT-erTs Seesabameba. magram araswor
saqcielze pirdapiri reaqciisgan gansxvavebiT pozitiuri programa maswavleblis reaqciis zogadi principebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic tradiciuli wesiT unda gamoviyenoT da ara
specifikuri qmedebebis dros. araswori saqcielis mizezebis Sesaxeb saubrisas dreikursi
kidev erT gzas aRniSnavs _ oTxi mizezis miCnevas moswavlis miznebad. am SemTxvevaSi pozitiuri programa araswori qcevis gverdis avliT eZebs moswavlis miznebTan Sesatyvisobis gzebs.
waxaliseba am pozitiur programaSi oTxi mizezidan sam SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba. dreikursis mTeli wigni am sakiTxs eZRvneba.

mxardaWeris sistema
amtkiceben, rom dreikursis modeli yvelaze warmatebulia dawyebiTi klasebis bavSvebTan. mogvianebiT mozardobis asakTan erTad am oTx ZiriTad mizezs ufro rTuli da Sorsmimavali motivebi emateba.

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logikuri Sedegis ganxorcielebisTvis maswavlebelma unda gamoiCinos simtkice da zogierT SemTxvevaSi, axleburi da originaluri azrovnebis unari (logikuri Sedegis siurpri
zis tipi). logikuri Sedegis tipebis _ araviTari arCevani, myisieri _ gasatareblad,
maswavlebels is Tavdajerebuloba da swrafi reaqcia sWirdeba, romelic wlebis da gamocdilebis safuZvelze dagrovil reaqciaTa farTo repertuars moaqvs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, axalbeda maswavlebelma unda SeZlos swrafi fiqri, im situaciaSi reaqciis principebis
gamoyeneba da araswori saqcielisaTvis logikuri Sedegis SemuSaveba.
maswavlebelma unda `gamorTos~ Tavisi ego, SeinarCunos miukerZoebloba, rac mas bavSvebTan ZalauflebisTvis konfliqtis (kidev erTi sirTule, gansakuTrebiT axalbeda maswavleblisTvis, romelic Zalauneburad, garkveul doneze, did dros uTmobs sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gamomJRavnebas) Tavidan acilebis saSualebas aZlevs. maswavleblis mier
egosadmi es miukerZoebloba moswavles uflebas miscems, sakuTari problema arCevanis
pozitiur kategoriaSi marTos. metic, cudi yofaqcevis moswavlis darwmuneba, rom is gviyvars, arasayvareli bavSvis siyvaruls niSnavs, rac yvelaze Tavdajerebul, Tbil da Tanaziar
maswavlebels SeuZlia.
dreikursis meTodi araswori qcevis daZlevisas, moswavleebTan mtkice, mSvid, usayveduro saubars, araswor saqcielze jgufis Sexedulebis gamoxatvasa da struqturirebis teqnikas moiTxovs.
SeiZleba movifiqroT konkretuli SedegebisaTvis saWiro sivrce da dro. (iqneba Tu ara
vinme gakveTilebis Semdeg, rom meTvalyureoba gauwios samuSaos dasrulebas? qaRaldis
burTulebis yuTSi srola metismetad xelSemSleli da xmauriani xom ar iqneba sxva moswavleebisTvis?)

socialuri sistema
maswavleblis, rogorc avtokratis roli, am modelis samizanea. CamosviT maswavlebli
Zalauflebis kvarcxlbekidan, ambobs dreikursi; ar daikavoT wesebis Semqmnelisa da gamtareblis pozicia. da mainc, maswavlebeli mis sistemaSi wesebis gamtarebelia; ubralod, wesebi ganixileba ara rogorc maswavleblidan, aramed saganTa bunebidan, socialuri realobidan gamomdinare. swored maswavlebeli igonebs araswori saqcielisaTvis logikur Sedegs
da swored is uzrunvelyofs logikuri Sedegis gamoyenebas. Tu Sedegi damoukidebelia, is
`bunebrivi~ Sedegia. logikuri Sedegebis gansaxorcieleblad saWiroa adamianis Careva.
wesebis Seqmna ufro demokratiulia. moswavleebi CarTuli arian konstituciur procesSi.
magram, roca yvelaferi naTqvami da gakeTebulia, logikuri Sedegebis sistemaSi maswavlebels aqvs Zalaufleba da Riad iyenebs mas. Zalauflebis aseTi gamoyeneba SeniRbuli da
Sesustebulia; sxva SemTxvevaSi warmoqmnili aRSfoTeba Semcirebulia imiT, rom maswavlebeli Tavs aridebs ZalauflebisTvis aSkara brZolas, miukerZoebeli damokidebulebiT niRbavs
Sedegs da logikiT ukavSirebs mas (Sedegs umarTebulo qcevas). saqme is rodia, rom Zalaufleba SecdomaSi Seyvanis mizniT gamoiyeneba, mcdaria TviT fiqri, rom sistema gvaridebs
Zalauflebis gamoyenebas. logikuri Sedegebi maswavleblebsa da bavSvebs Zalauflebisadmi
damokidebulebis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. is cdilobs, rom Zalaufleba socialur realobas daukavSiros da ara pirovnul konfrontacias; magram is ar amcirebs an ar aRmofxvris
mis gamoyenebas.
dreikursis bolo naSromSi (perl kaselTan TanaavtorobiT, `disciplina ucremlebod~,
1974) damatebiTi SeniSvnaa logikuri Sedegebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT, rac zemoxsenebul daskvnebs srulyofs. am wignSi logikuri Sedegebis gamoyeneba daSvebulia mxolod
pirveli miznis yuradRebis mipyrobisTvis, maSin roca wina naSromebSi aseTi SezRudva ar

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iyo. maswavlebeli ar iyenebs logikur Sedegebs, roca moswavlis mizania Zalaufleba, SurisZieba an araadekvaturobis gamoxatva. vfiqrobT, rom es dreikursis adrindeli Sexedulebebis cvlilebaa. erTi SexedviT, es axali pozicia dreikursis models Zalauflebaze naklebad, xolo waxalisebasa da sociometriuli monacemebis gamoyenebaze metad damokidebuls
xdis. am axal wignSi aris Tavi, romelic skolis situaciaSi konkurenciis arasaxarbielo
Sedegebs exeba, rac dreikursisaTvis axali Temaa. aseve calke Tavi eZRvneba demokratiuli
saklaso diskusiebis Catarebas, rac avtorisTvis Zveli Temaa. uiliam glaseris ramdenime
citata gvafiqrebinebs, rom am aqcentis safuZveli SeiZleba veZeboT glaseris wignSi `skola
marcxis gareSe~ (1968), sadac konkurenciis Temaze iseTive argumentebia, romelsac dreikursi iyenebs da sadac klasis Sekreba ufro detaluradaa ganxiluli.

efeqtebi
pirdapiri:

mcirdeba devianturi qceva.

aRmzrdelobiTi:

maswavleblebsa da moswavleebs erTmaneTTan ZalauflebisTvis

brZolis barieris gareSeurTierToba SeuZliaT. viTardeba urTi
erTpativiscema da savaraudoa, rom demokratiuli gamocdileba
klasis cxovrebis nawili, ufro ganuyofeli nawili gaxdes. moswavleebs ufro realisturi Sexeduleba uyalibdebaT samyaroze
da ukeT igeben TanamSromlobis socialur Rirebulebas.

axla, modiT, gadavxedoT saklaso oTaxis disciplinis models, sadac Tavidan aris acilebuli maswavleblis mier sanqciebis gatareba. daviwyebT adamianiT, romelmac, rogorc Cans,
dreikursze misi cxovrebis bolos moaxdina gavlena. es gaxlavT uiliam glaseri.

uiliam glaseris `realobiT Terapia~ da `skola marcxis gareSe~

disciplina, rogorc CarTuloba
uiliam glasers `realobiT Terapiis~ principebi nabijebis (sintaqsis) seriebSi gadaaqvs,
rom maswavleblebma araswor saqcielze reaqciisTvis gamoiyenon. am nabijebis gamoyenebiT
maT SeuZliaT moswavleebs sakuTar qcevaze da mis Secvlaze pasuxismgebloba akisrebinon,
im SemTxvevaSi Tu es qceva maTive Rirsebas laxavs an pativs ar scems sxvebis uflebebs. amis
Sedegia urTierTpativiscemis, mzrunvelobisa da problemis kooperaciuli gadaWrisaTvis
xelsayreli skolis klimati.

gansazRvrebebi
glaseri Tavis ZiriTad gansazRvrebebs `realobiT TerapiaSi~ (1965) ayalibebs. zogierTi
gansxvavebulad aris warmodgenili wignSi `skola marcxis gareSe~ (1968), magram mniSvnelobebi igive rCeba. rT `realobiT Terapiis~ abreviaturaa, xolo smg wignisa `skola marcxis
gareSe~.
1. pativiscema: sakuTari Tavis pativiscema, sakuTari Rirsebis grZnoba. (smg)
2. sakuTari Tavis Rirseba: sakuTari Tavisa da sxvebis mimarT Rirsebis grZnoba; gancda, rom adamiani aris Rirebuli pirovneba. (rT da smg)
3. naTesaoba: sxva adamianebTan kavSiri an mzrunveli CarTuloba. (rT)
4. CarTuloba: urTierToba pirovnebasTan an pirovnebebTan, viszec zrunavT da vinc
Tqvenze zrunaven. (rT da smg)

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5. siyvaruli: CarTuloba. (smg)

6. pasuxismgebloba: sakuTari moTxovnilebebis ise dakmayofilebis unari, rom sxvebs
ar wavarTvaT maTi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis unari. pasuxismgeblobis mqone
adamiani akeTebs imas, rac aniWebs sakuTari Rirsebis gancdas da gancdas, rom Rirebulia sxvebisTvis. (rT)
7. realisturi: moqmedebas SeiZleba ewodos realisturi mxolod maSin, roca misi
Soreuli da myisieri Sedegebi gaTvaliswinebuli, awon-dawonili da Sedarebulia.
(rT)
8. identoba: mdgomareoba, romelic aris Sedegi da miiRweva, roca adamiani grZnobs
siyvarulsa da sakuTar Tavi Rirsebas. smg-Si glaseri sakuTari Tavis Rirsebas miawers skolaSi sakuTar codnasa da SesaZleblobebSi Tavdajerebulobas. siyvaruli
skolis konteqstSi niSnavs socialur pasuxismgeblobas, urTierTzrunvas, urTierTdaxmarebas. siyvaruli miCneulia, rogorc martosulobisa da warumateblobis
gancdis opoziti da aRmomfxvreli. (smg)
9. warmateba: Camoyalibebuli identoba; mdgomareoba, roca dakmayofilebulia adamianis dakavSirebulobisa da pativiscemis (an CarTulobisa da sakuTari Tavis Rirsebis) ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebi. (smg)
10. marcxi: mdgomareoba, roca daukmayofilebelia adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebi.
glaseris modelis gasagebad arsebiTia davimaxsovroT sityvebis _ CarTuloba, pasuxismgebloba, realisturi, warmateba da marcxi miseuli gansazRvrebebis sruli
da gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba.

varaudebi
1. yvela adamianis ZiriTadi adamianuri moTxovnilebebia:
a) dakavSirebuloba (CarTuloba)
b) pativiscema (sakuTari Tavis Rirseba)
2. yvela adamiani pasuxismgebelia sakuTar qmedebebze.
3. yvela adamians aqvs gonivrulad moqmedebis unari, miuxedavad codnisa, warsuli gamocdilebisa an amJamindeli garemosi.
4. qcevis Secvla gamoiwvevs damokidebulebis Secvlas.
5. skolis pirveli xuTi weli gadamWrelia pasuxismgeblobis ganviTarebisa da
warmatebis miRwevis unaris ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT.

Rirebulebebi
1. erTmaneTze zrunva, siyvaruli.
2. sakuTari problemebis gadaWris mcdelobis gambedaoba.
3. swavlaSi azrovneba gazepirebis winaaRmdeg.
4. relevanturoba im sakiTxebisa, romelTa winaSec dganan bavSvebi cxovrebaSi da romlebic Setanilia saswavlo programis SinaarsSi.

miznebi
1. individebis mier piradi warmatebis miRweva (rac gansazRvrulia rogorc ori ZiriTadi moTxovnilebis _ CarTulobisa da sakuTari Tavis Rirsebis _ dakmayofileba).
2. socialuri klimatis miRweva, romelic gamoxatavs urTierTpativiscemas, zrunvasa
da problemis racionalur, patiosan, kooperaciul gadawyvetas.
3. skolebSi siyvarulis gamoxatvis struqturireba; misTvis formis Seqmna da misi

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gamoxatvis institucionalizacia. misi qceva miznis aRiarebul nawilad da saskolo

cxovrebis aqtivobaSi Setana.

principebi
warmateba, rogorc zemoT ganvsazRvreT, modis realisturobis (rogorc ukve ganvsazRvreT), pasuxismgeblobisa (rogorc ukve ganisazRvra) da samarTlianobis (rac niSnavs aRiarebuli moraluri standartebis mixedviT moqmedebas) gancdiT.
es SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT: CarTulobisa da sakuTari Tavis Rirsebis grZnobis
ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebi SeiZleba dakmayofildes sakuTari qmedebebis grZelvadiani Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sxvaTa moTxovnilebebis Tanmxvedri moqmedebiT, da zneobrivi standartebis mixedviT moqmedebiT.
am saxis warmatebis misaRwevad, aTvlis wertilad CarTuloba gvWirdeba; cxovrebaSi
`vinme mniSvnelovani~ gvWirdeba, viszec vizrunebT da vinc siyvaruls dagvibrunebs. aseT
pirobebSi SegviZlia uari vTqvaT siamovnebis principze agebul moqmedebaze, anu myisier
kmayofilebaze. Tumca, mxolod CarTuloba sakmarisi rodia. kidev raRac gvWirdeba sakuTari Tavis Rirsebis grZnobis gasaZliereblad. sakuTari mniSvnelobis gancda mxolod maSin
gveufleba, roca qcevis damakmayofilebel standarts vinarCunebT.
damakmayofilebeli qcevis SesanarCuneblad TviTSefaseba unda ganviviTaroT; Cveni qceva
unda ganvixiloT da ganvsajoT, pasuxismgebluria Tu ara (Seesabameba Tu ara Cvens orive
moTxovnilebas) da arTmevs Tu ara sxvebs maTi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobas.
devianturi qceva ararealisturi da upasuxismgebloa. is gviCvenebs, rom bavSvma araswori
arCevani gaakeTa sakuTari moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis gzis Taobaze. mas ar SeuZlia
ukeTesi arCevanis gakeTeba, Tu CarTuli ar iqneba maTTan, visac es SeuZlia.
disciplina, anu is, rasac is adamianebi gvaZleven, visac vuyvarvarT, ararealistur da
upasuxismgeblo saqcielze migviTiTebs da gvexmareba gavxdeT realistebi da pasuxismgeblianebi.

nabijebi
1. `daumegobrdiT~, eubneba glaseri maswavlebels. `gaxdiT CarTulni~, eubneba Terapevts. `daamyareT urTierToba siyvarulis ormxrivi rwmeniTa da gamoxatviT~, eubneba is orives
2. cudad moqcevisas moswavles hkiTxeT: `ras akeTeb?~ es aris qcevis realobis danaxva, identificireba da verbalizacia. zogierTi moswavlisaTvis es realuri nabijia,
roca qcevas ver acnobierebs da verc damoukideblad svams kiTxvas am qcevis Sesaxeb.
3. hkiTxeT: `es gexmareba?~ SeafaseT. gansajeT saqcieli. am kiTxvaSi SeniRbulia azri,
rom saqcieli ar exmareba bavSvs ori ZiriTadi moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebaSi. magram maswavlebeli aSkarad ar saubrobs am ori moTxovnilebis Sesaxeb. is ubralod
kiTxviT cdilobs saqcielis Sefasebas: `es gexmareba?~
 eore da mesame kiTxvebiT SeiZleba ar mivmarToT moswavleebs, Tu CarTuloba ar arsebobs
m
da maT ar ician, rom araviTari sasjeli ar iqneba.
4. ar dasajoT.
5. SeadgineT gegma. maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavles, Seadginos gegma qcevis Tavidan
asacileblad, an qcevis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi masTan gasamklaveblad. kargia,
TuUmaswavlebeli SesTavazebs rCevas (ix. Tomas gordonis sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba).

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gegma moswavlisaTvis realuri unda iyos, rom misi Sesruleba SeZlos.

6. daadebineT moswavles piroba, rom gegmas ganaxorcielebs. piroba SeiZleba iyos zepiri an werilobiTi.
7. araviTari Tavis marTleba da kiTxvaze `rodis daasruleb?~ pasuxis lodini. miuRebelia Tavis gamarTleba pirobis Seusruleblobis gamo. miuxedavad dasjis ararsebobisa, maswavlebeli asrulebinebs moswavles danapirebs, xolo Tu moswavle ar
asrulebs pirobas, sTxovs gadaafasos gegma, Seqmnas axali an ganaaxlos dapireba.
SeiZleba saWiro iyos procesis ramdenjerme gameoreba. CarTuli maswavlebeli
Tanaxmaa, mravaljer gaimeoros. yovelTvis aris molodini da rwmena, rom moswavle
bolos da bolos gaamarTlebs. maswavlebeli mudam moelis. Tumca, is arasodes patiobs, ar Tmobs da cdilobs moswavleebs dapireba Seasrulebinos.
8. klasis Sexvedrebi araswor qcevasTan dakavSirebiT maswavleblis reaqciaTa si
stemis regularuli nawilia (aseve aucilebeli CarTulobis damyarebis formati).
klasis Sexvedrebis detaluri ganxilva SegiZliaT ixiloT momdeno qveTavSi _ maswavleblis reaqciis principebi.

maswavleblis reaqciis principebi

1. miuTiTeT situaciis, qcevis realobaze.
2. arasodes SeurigdeT upasuxismgeblobas.
3. yuradReba gaamaxvileT awmyoze da ara warsulze.
4. ar gamoiyenoT sasjeli, sarkazmi, dacinva. sarkazmi da dacinva bolos uRebs siyvaruls, siaxloves, urTierTobas, CarTulobas.
5. ar aaridoT Tavi pirvel pirSi saubars. nacvlad frazebisa `Cven unda~, an `Sen unda~,
TqviT `me minda, rom Sen~.
6. ar unda moxdes garemoTi manipulireba, raTa moswavle ar daitanjos Tavisi qcevis
gonivruli SedegebiT.
7. klasis problemebi klasis Sekrebebze moagvareT.
arsebobs klasis Sekrebebis sami saxe:
socialuri problemebis gadaWris mizniT, Tavisufali (droSi SeuzRudavi), da saganmanaTleblo-diagnostikuri.
socialuri problemis gadaWris mizniT Sekreba gamoiyeneba jgufis an individis problemis gadasaWrelad. es iseTi
Sekrebaa, romelic araswor qcevaze reaqciis sintaqss Seesatyviseba. Tavisufali Sexvedrebi bavSvebis cxovrebis saintereso da aqtualur sakiTxebs ganixilavs. garda imisa, rom am
Sexvedrebze yuradReba maxvildeba moswavleebisTvis aqtualur sakiTxebze, is xels uwyobs
maswavlebelsa da moswavles da TviT moswavleebs Soris CarTulobis damyarebasac. saganma
naTleblo-diagnostikuri Sexvedrebi gamoiyeneba imis dasadgenad, ramdenad kargad esmiT
moswavleebs saswavlo programis aspeqtebi momavali nabijebis dasagegmad.
maswavlebeli garkveuli principebis Sesabamisad marTavs socialuri problemis
gadaWrisTvis gamiznuli Sexvedras:
a) diskusiis sagani problemis gadawyvetaa da ara damnaSavis Zieba an dasja.
b) maswavlebeli miukerZoebelia Tavis komentarebSi, Tumca, igives moswavleebisgan
ar unda velodeT (TanatolebTan ukukavSiris gamocdileba bavSvis upasuxism
geblo
qcevis erT-erTi `gonivruli Sedegia~.)
g) g. CaatareT Sekrebebi viwro wreSi.
d) d. Sekrebebi xanmokle unda iyos.
e) e. metismetad bevrs nu ilaparakebT mxolod erT problemur moswavleze (sami
diskusia klasis CxubisTavze metismetia).

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v) v. klasis SekrebaTa umravlesoba ori kategoriis mixedviT (Ria dasasruliT da

saganmanaTleblo-diagnostikuri) CaatareT.
z) z. klasis Sekrebebi standartuli saswavlo programis SeZlebisdagvarad ukeT
swavlebisaTvis gamoiyeneT.

mxardaWeris sistema
1. heterogenuli, sakuTar klasze agebuli gakveTilebi. klasma, rogorc socialurma
erTeulma, dRis umetesi nawili erTad unda gaataros, raTa ganviTardes erTmaneTTan da maswavleblebTan CarTulobis SegrZneba.
2. araviTari `ABCDF~ tipis Sefaseba. (araviTari `warumateblis~ iarliyi).
3. saswavlo programa orientirebuli unda iyos `azrovnebaze~, raTa...
4. saswavlo programa moswavleTa cxovrebiseuli sakiTxebis relevanturi unda iyos.
5. warmateba kiTxvaSi. glaseri am miRwevas imdenad Tvlis skolasTan dakavSirebuli
socialuri molodinis nawilad da, faqtobrivad, imdenad saWirod miiCnevs skolaSi
warmatebis SegrZnebebis miRwevisTvis, rom mas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces saswavlo programis Seqmnisas. amisaTvis is klasis dayofasac ki gvTavazobs
kiTxvis gakveTilze.
6. albaT, umniSvnelovanesia, maswavlebeli iyos is adamiani, romelsac endomeba TviTSewirva da TviTinvestireba Tavis moswavleebTan `CarTulobis~ misaRwevad.

socialuri sistema
1. aradamsjeli.
2. moswavleebi monawileoben wesebis SeqmnaSi.
3. rwmena da mcdeloba. maswavleblis mudmivi survili, rom Tavidan daiwyos im moswavlesTan erTad, romelmac ver Seasrula piroba, gamoxatavs rwmenasa da ndobas
moswavlisadmi, rom is warmatebas miaRwevs. (aseve gamoxatavs maswavleblis CarTulobis siRrmes.)
4. maswavleblis roli aris pasuxismgeblobis modeli.
5. maswavlebels aqvs keTilganwyobili despotis rolic, ara damsjelis, aramed wesebis
gamtareblisa da damcvelis da bavSvebisTvis dadebuli pirobis Sesrulebis meTvalyurisa.
6. gonivruli wesebi. moswavleebis monawileoba konstituciur procesSi mimarTulia wesebis gonivrulobaze. Tumca glaseri acnobierebs da iwonebs im faqts, rom
ufrosebi asruleben im principebis ZiriTadi wyaros rols, saidanac modis wesebi.
es aris praqtikuli realoba. glaseris debuleba, rom wesebi `unda iyos gonivruli~,
maswavleblebisa da administratorebis misamarTiT aris naTqvami, radgan maT unda
hqondeT mTavari saTqmeli. (glaseri samerhileli ar aris. [samerhili (Summerhill) er
Toblivi swavlebis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili pedocentristuli skola qveyanaSi,
romelic sufolkis sagrafoSi mdebareobs. mTargmn. Sen.]
7. moswavleebi pasuxs ageben sakuTar qcevaze da yovelTvis Tavisufali arian qcevis
arCevanSi. maTi pasuxismgebloba vrceldeba ara mxolod TviT maTze, an maswavlebelze, aramed, yvela sxva moswavlezec.

efeqtebi
pirdapiri:

150

Riad xdeba muSaoba socialur problemebze, orientacia keTdeba

mogvarebaze da ara dadanaSaulebaze.

disciplina

saswavlo programaSi xazi esmeba relevanturobas (Sesabamisobas).

aRmzrdelobiTi:

maswavlebelsa da moswavleebs da TviT moswavleebs Soris siTbo da

siyvaruli izrdeba.

viTardeba erTmaneTis moTxovnilebebisa da uflebebis mimarT pativiscema.

moswavleTa moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisa da pasuxismge

blobis ganviTarebasTan erTad viTardeba empaTia.

Semdegi modeli, Tomas gordonis `maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTna~ (mew) misive wignis `mSobelTa efeqtianobis wvrTnis~ principebzea agebuli da gamoiyeneba skolebisaTvis
rogorc kvalifikaciis asamaRlebeli kursi mTeli qveynis masStabiT.

Tomas gordonis `maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTna~

disciplina, rogorc komunikacia
mew modelSi gordoni komunikaciis unar-Cvevebis swavlebiT cdilobs im konfliqtebisa
da gaugebrobebis aRmofxvras, romlebic auareseben maswavleblisa da moswavleebis urTierTobebs. mew-is komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi moswavleebsa da maswavleblebs Zalauflebis
alternativas sTavazoben moTxovnilebaTa konfliqtis gadaWrisas. maswavlebels aRar
sWirdeba moswavlis moTxovnilebaTa xarjze gamarjveba (I meTodi) an, piriqiT, moswavles
maswavleblis xarjze (II meTodi). III meTodi _ `yaimiT~ (no-lose), romelic mew-Si iswavleba,
moswavleebsa da maswavleblebs moTxovnilebaTa Tanxvedris saSualebas aZlevs.

gansazRvrebebi
1. aqtiuri mosmena: mosaubris SeniSvnaSi emociuri Sinaarsis (daSifruli Setyobinebis)
daWera da mosaubrisadmi emociuri gamoxmaureba.
2. `me~-Setyobineba: sxvisi qcevis miukerZoebeli aRwera, am qcevis xelSesaxebi gavlenis danaxva da qceviT gamowveuli emociebis gadmocema. nebismieri TanamimdevrobiT
dalagebuli am sami elementisagan Sedgeba `me~-Setyobineba.
3. qmedebis Secvla: `me~-Setyobinebis gagzavnis Semdeg aqtiur mosmenaze gadasvla.

varaudebi
4. roca adamians viRebT, mas cvlilebisa da zrdis saSualebas vaZlevT. Tu adamiani
grZnobs, rom is `kargia~ rogorc pirovneba, miRebulia iseTad, rogoric aris, is
mgrZnobiare xdeba sakuTari qcevis cvlilebis mimarT. garda cvlilebis xelSewyobisa miReba misTvis sine qua non-ia. rodesac adamiani grZnobs miuReblobas cvlilebis
agentisagan, is winaaRmdegobas uwevs cvlilebas. aq aSkaraa, rom gordoni maslousa
da rojerss eyrdnoba.
5. gordonis sistemas mxedvelobaSi fsiqikurad SedarebiT jansaRi bavSvebi hyavs; is
emociurad agznebuli bavSvebisaTvis ar aris Seqmnili.
6. maswavlebelica da moswavlec afasebs maT Soris arsebul urTierTobas. sistema
mxolod maSin gamoiyeneba, roca maswavlebels `sjera urTierTobis~, afasebs da
nerviulobs masze. (gasakviri araa, rom gordoni da glaseri amJamad erTad atareben
treiningebs.) adamiani ar iqneba motivirebuli, gaiaros aqtiuri mosmenisa da sxva
nabijebi sintaqsSi, Tu mas ar anaRvlebs meore mxare.
7. moswavleebs SeuZliaT ikisron pasuxismgebloba da gadaWran sakuTari problemebi.

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Rirebulebebi
gordoni komunikaciaSi gulwrfelobasa da pirdapirobas afasebs. pirdapirobas sakuTari
da sxvebis moTxovnilebebis aRiarebasa da pativiscemaSi; miukerZoebel komunikacias, rogorc adamianis miRebis gamoxatvas; mniSvnelovani urTierTobebis pativiscemas, roca adamianebi erTmaneTze zrunvisas, erTmaneTis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas cdiloben. da
bolos, is afasebs qcevas, romelic xels uwyobs sxvebis pirovnul zrdas. es Rirebulebebi
pirdapiraa gadatanili gordoniseul miznebSi.

miznebi
1. moswavlesa da maswavlebels Soris iseTi urTierToba CamoayalibeT, romlis Sedegad swavleba ufro efeqtiani gaxdeba.
2. akisrebineT moswavleebs pasuxismgebloba TavianTi saqcielisTvis.
3. gazardeT uproblemoDare (ix. qvemoT principebi) da amgvarad gazardeT dro swavleba-swavlisTvis.

principebi
maswavleblisaTvis moswavlis nebismieri saqcieli an misaRebia an miuRebeli. qvemoT
mocemuli `marTkuTxedi~ gviCvenebs qcevis am samyaros. yvelaferi gadamkveTi xazis zemoT
misaRebia, xolo xazis qvemoT _ miuRebeli. xazis mdebareoba (da Sesabamisad areTa zoma)
icvleba pirovnebasTan erTad da pirovnebis SigniT drois, ganwyobis, pirobebis da garemos
mixedviT. klaselTan gadaCurCuleba maswavleblisaTvis SeiZleba erT dRes misaRebi iyos,
xolo meore dRes miuRebeli, rac damokidebulia mis cxovrebaSi sxvadasxva faqtorebze (mag.:
skolis direqtorma es-esaa usayvedura).

misaRebi

miuRebeli

moswavlis qcevis samyaros danaxvis kidev erTi gzaa `problemis mesakuTris~ gansazRvra.
moswavlis qceva an maswavlebels uqmnis problemas, an moswavles (xandaxan orives), an aravis
(mag., maTematikur amocanebze muSaoba, an fanqris gaTla misaRebi formiT). am uproblemo
ares swavleba-swavlis are ewodeba.

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disciplina

moswavles aqvs
problem

swavlebaswavlis are

maswavlebels
aqvs problema

araswori qcevis (qceva problemis areSi) mizezia moswavlisa da maswavleblis Seusabamo

moTxovnilebebi. am moTxovnilebaTa gansazRvrisa da dakmayofilebis nacvlad maswavleblebi xSirad Zalauflebas iyeneben, rasac Sedegad moswavleebTan urTierTobis gauareseba
mohyveba; cudi urTierToba komunikacias amwvavebs da iqmneba Caketili wre. komunikaciis
unar-Cvevebis gamoyeneba maswavleblisa da moswavlis moTxovnilebebis identificirebisa da
dakmayofilebisaTvis Zalauflebis gamouyeneblad araswori saqcielis Semcirebis gordoniseuli strategiaa.

Nnabijebi
1. gansazRvreT, arsebobs Tu ara problema.
2. gansazRvreT, visia problema. amis Tqma ufro advilia, vidre gakeTeba. maswavlebels
mxolod maSin aqvs problema, Tu mas xelSesaxebi gavlena aqvs masze. Cven (mozrdilebs, mSoblebs, maswavleblebs) xSirad iseTi problema `gvaqvs~ da masze pasuxismgeblobasac vkisrulobT, romelic realurad Cveni ar aris. magaliTad, marji diliT
zozinobs da sauzmis dawyebas agvianebs. dedas, romelic mudam nerviulobs, rom
droze miiyvanos skolaSi, arafris Tavi aRar aqvs im droisTvis, roca marji skolis
avtobusSi adis. visia es problema? dedam is Tavisad aqcia. magram sinamdvileSi vis
aqvs problema? marjis. deda yovelTvis marjis nacvlad agvarebs problemas. Tu marjis saSualebas miscems, Tavisi problema Tavadve hqondes, maSin gogonas Sedegebis
mogvareba mouwevs (fexiT wasvla skolaSi, dagvianeba, dacda, sanam mama wava samsaxurSi da gaiyolebs da isev dagvianeba). Tu virCevT, rom vikisroT pasuxismgebloba im
problemaze, romelic sinamdvileSi Cveni araa, aman SeiZleba garkveuli xelSesaxebi
Sedegebi mogvitanos (mag., deda aSkarad nervebmoSlilia). magram Tu problemas mis
namdvil mflobels davutovebT, Sedegebsac mxolod mflobeli iwvnevs.
3. Tu meore klasis maswavlebeli yovel saRamos saRebavis Ria qilebs saxuravebs
afarebs da moswavleTa upasuxismgeblobis gamo burtyunebs, visi problemaa saRebavis qilebi? Tu maswavlebeli saSualebas miscems bavSvebs, sakuTar Tavs Tavad
mixedon, saRebavis qilebi TavRia datovon da meore dRes qilaSi Camxmari saRebaviT
`daxaton~, visi iqneba problema?
Tu bavSvebi produqtiulad, magram xmauriT muSaoben im saklaso oTaxSi, romelic
direqtoris kabinetis gverdiT mdebareobs da maswavlebels eSinia, rom skolis di-

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Tavi 7

reqtors mcdari warmodgena Seeqmneba masze da cud Sefasebas miscems, visi problemaa es?
aqtiuri mosmena. aqtiuri mosmena, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Sinaarsis emociuri
mosmenaa daSifruli Setyobinebis gasagebad da am emociis dabruneba mosaubrisaTvis. (magaliTad, gogonas mier mamisaTvis dasmuli kiTxvis _ `mama, yvelaze metad ras afaseb gogonaSi?~ _ namdvili Sinaarsi aqtiuri mosmeniT mamam ase unda
`gadaTargmnos~ `ainteresebs, ra unda gaakeTos, rom biWebs moewonos.~) aqtiuri
mosmena problemis saTavemde misvlas cdilobs, romelic SeiZleba emociaTa ramdenime wyebis qveS imalebodes da Tavdapirvelad misi mxolod zeda nawili Candes.
aqtiuri mosmenisas mosaubris SeniSvnebidan faqtebs, mniSvnelobasa da emociur
Sinaarss vigebT. Cven miCveuli varT faqtebisa da mniSvnelobis mosmenas, magram ar
varT miCveuli maT miRma mniSvnelovani emociuri Sinaarsis wvdomas. Tu Cven sqemaze problemis areSi varT, swored es daSifruli emocia SeiZleba iyos problemis
mizezi, romelic daukmayofilebel moTxovnilebas asaxavs. Tu moswavliseul problemas vagvarebT, `aqtiuri mosmeniT~ SeiZleba mas sakuTari problemis mogvarebisaken gzis gakvlevaSi davexmaroT.
3a. maswavlebels ekuTvnis problema. gamoiyeneba `me~-Setyobinebebi. magaliTad:
vTqvaT, moswavleTa xmauri maswavleblisTvis Zalze Zneli asatania da ar Seesatyviseba swavlisTvis xelsayreli xmauris miseul warmodgenas, Tumca moswavleebs
xmauri xels ar uSlis. maswavlebeli gzavnis zemoT aRwerili elementebis matarebel `me~-Setyobinebas (miukerZoebeli, qcevis aRmweri, masze gavlenisa da aRZruli
emociebis aRmweri). `xmauri am oTaxSi Tavs matkiebs!~ (aRwera_efeqti.) `simSvide da
siwynare menatreba.~ (gancda.)
4. qmedebis Secvla. `me~-Setyobinebam SeiZleba Tavadve moagvaros problema. Tu moswavleebi pativs scemen maswavlebels da kargi urTierToba aqvT masTan, SeiZleba
sakuTari qcevis Secvlis motivaciac hqondeT. magram Tu maT daukmayofilebeli
moTxovnileba aqvT, maSin Cvens winaSe moTxovnilebaTa konfliqti Cndeba. am SemTxvevaSi, moswavleTa moTxovnilebebis gansazRvris mizniT, maswavlebeli `me~-Setyobinebis gagzavnis Semdeg aqtiur mosmenaze unda gadaerTos. garkveuli drois Semdeg, man SeiZleba Tavidan Camoayalibos `me~-Setyobineba. Tu problema aqvs rogorc
maswavlebels, ise moswavleebs, SeiZleba saWiro iyos III meTodis gamoyeneba.
5. III meTodi. I meTodi maswavleblis Zalauflebaa: maswavlebeli imarjvebs, moswavleebi marcxdebian. II meTodi bavSvebis Zalauflebaa: moswavleebi imarjveben, maswavlebeli marcxdeba. III meTodi yaimiT mogvarebaa, romelic Semdegi nabijebisgan Sedgeba:
a) gansazRvreT problema moTxovnilebebis TvalsazrisiT.
b) moswavleebi da maswavlebeli erTad fiqroben problemis gadaWris gzebze.
g) isini erTad afaseben gadaWris gzebs.
d) isini erTad irCeven erT misaReb gadawyvetilebas.
e) isini gansazRvraven, rogor da rodis ganaxorcielon miRebuli gadawyvetileba.
v) isini mogvianebiT niSnaven Sexvedris TariRs gadaWris gzis xelaxla Sesafaseblad.
III meTodi mxolod maSin gamoiyeneba, Tu is winaswar aris axsnili moswavleebisTvis.
6. garemos modificireba. aq maswavlebeli iCens garemos gamdidrebis, gaRaribebis,
SezRudvis, gadidebis, xelaxla mowyobis, gamartivebis, sistematizebis an dagegmvis
iniciativas, magram ara moswavleTa xarjze (ise, rom isini ar iyvnen damarcxebuli).

154

disciplina

socialuri sistema
moswavleebica da maswavlebelic moTxovnilebebis mqone individebi arian, romelTac pativi unda vceT da davakmayofiloT. visic unda iyos problema, iCens iniciativas, rom `me~Setyobineba gagzavnos im pirovnebasTan an pirovnebebTan, romelTa qcevas xelSesaxebi gavlena aqvs. Tu moswavleebi sakmarisad daxelovnebuli ar arian `me~-Setyobinebis gagzavnaSi,
maswavlebeli gulisyuriT cdilobs maTi moTxovnilebebis gagebas da amisTvis aqtiur mosmenas iyenebs. moTxovnilebaTa konfliqti III meTodis modificirebuli molaparakebis teqnikiT
gvardeba an maswavlebeli iCens garemos ise modificirebis iniciativas, rom qceva sqemaze
asaxul uproblemo areSi gadavides. gadawyvetilebebze molaparakeba mxolod moTxovnilebaTa konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi mimdinareobs. uproblemo areSi moqmedebisas, maswavlebels
araferi uSlis xels iniciativis gamoCenasa da swavlebis sxva modelebze agebuli instruqciuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi.

maswavleblis reaqciis principebi

uproblemo areSi maswavlebels sasurveli reaqciis gamoxatva SeuZlia. misaRebia TviT
binZuri Tormetic3 ki! magram problema gvaqvs, sintaqsi konkretul nabijebs gvTavazobs,
dawyebuli problemisa da misi mflobelis gansazRvridan. yovel nabijs safuZvlad udevs
ormxrivi pativiscema da sxvisi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis survili.
maswavleblis reaqciis principebia TanagrZnoba, gancalkevebuloba, xelSewyoba, sakuTari Tavis pativiscema da molaparakeba.

TanagrZnoba gamoixateba aqtiuri mosmeniT.

gancalkevebuloba niSnavs sxvebisTvis sakuTari

problemis `mixedvis~ saSualebis

micemas. Cveni Tavi ar unda gavaigivoT sxvebis problemasTan, arc sxvis magivrad vikisroT pasuxismgebloba _ adamianebs sakuTar problemaze pasuxismgeblobis saSualeba
unda mivceT.

xelSewyoba niSnavs, rom gancalkevebulobiT adamiani sxvebs problemis gadaWris sakuTari gzis povnaSi exmareba; xels uwyobs maT winsvlas.

sakuTari Tavis pativiscema aq niSnavs sakuTari Tavis dacvas, sakuTari moTxovnile-

bebis aRiarebas da ara damalvas, maT gacxadebas, maTi dakmayofilebis Riad mcdelobas
da imavdroulad sxvebis daxmarebasac.

molaparakeba safuZvlad udevs III meTodiT problemis gadaWras. mas moTxovnilebaTa

konfliqtis dros viyenebT.

mxardaWeris sistema
1. aqtiuri mosmena msmenelisgan moiTxovs:
a) moswavlis SesaZleblobebis rwmenas, rom is gadaWris sakuTar problemas.
b) sxvisi emociebis gulwrfel miRebas.
g) emociaTa warmavlobis gagebas. (frazis _ `mZulxar!~ _ mTqmels SeiZleba marTla
sZuls im wuTas, magram, albaT, xuTi wuTis Semdeg ukve aRar.)
d) moswavlis daxmarebis namdvil survils.
e) gancalkevebulobas _ unars, fsiqologiurad gamoacalkevo sakuTari Tavi sxvisi
problemisgan, gaigivebisgan da sxvis nacvlad pasuxismgeblobis kisrebisgan, magram
imavdroulad daexmaro.
3 r
K Cevis micema, brZaneba, TanagrZnoba, damuqreba, moralis wakiTxva, leqciis wakiTxva, gankiTxva, dacinva, gaanalizeba, dakiTxva, CixSi mimwyvdeva da Seqeba.)

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v) imis gagebas, rom moswavleebi iSviaTad gviziareben realur problemas, romelic

SeiZleba emociaTa wyebis qveS imalebodes.
z) sxvebis privatulobis pativiscemas, romelTac SeiZleba ar undodeT TqvenTvis
garkveuli emociebis gamxela, an roca undaT, mxolod TqvenTvis undaT.
T) dros _ sakmaris dros procesis gasavlelad (romelic ver geqnebaT derefanSi 30
bavSviT garSemortymuls an sasadilosken mimavals.)
2. me~-Setyobineba gamgzavnisagan moiTxovs:
a) gulwrfelobas emociebis gamoxatvisas.
b) risks: bolos da bolos, grZnobas sxvas umxelT.
3. `me~-Setyobinebidan aqtiur mosmenaze dabrunebas egos warmatebuli kontroli
sWirdeba. `me~-SetyobinebiT gamoxatuli sakuTari moTxovnilebiT, Tqven uceb sxva
pirovnebis moTxovnilebaze gadarTva da misi aqtiurad mosmena giwevT. (Cveni azriT,
es gordonis sistemaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani da arasaTanadod Sefasebuli aspeqtia.)
4. III meTodi moiTxovs, rom:
a) moswavleebs esmodeT misi arsi.
b) moswavleebs sjerodeT, rom Zalisxmevas ar daiSurebT da Zalauflebas ar
gamoiyenebT.
g) gqondeT dro yvela safexuris gasavlelad.
rogorc xedavT, mxardaWeris sistemis elementebi maswavleblis damokidebulebasa
da rwmenas ukavSirdeba da ara fizikur mxardaWeras. maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTnis
warmatebisTvis is garkveuli tipis pirovneba unda iyos, garkveuli gagebiTa da rwmeniT da
hqondes mocemul situaciaSi sistemis ganxorcielebis dro. amgvarad, mTlianad ,,winaTgrZnobis kategoriis nawilad SegviZlia mxardaWeris am elementebis klasificireba.

efqtebi
pirdapiri:

aRmzrdelobiTi:

156

sistemis pirdapiri efeqtebi, gordonis mixedviT, aris is, rom ,,maswavleblebs uyvarT bavSvebi da bavSvebs uyvarT maswavleblebi
anu, ukeTesi urTierTobebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, komunikaciis gaumjobesebuli unar-Cvevebis Sedegia. amgvarad, `marTkuTxedSi~ (ix.
principebi) uproblemo are farTovdeba da meti dro rCeba swavleba-swavlisTvis. swavleba ufro efeqtiani xdeba.
sainteresoa, rom am humanisturi midgomis Sedegi dakavSirebulia
ufro efeqtian swavlebasTan, magram gordons `efeqtianobis~ gansakuTrebuli gageba aqvs.
Tu gavixsenebT, rom is iSveliebs maslousa da rojerss da
yuradRebiT wavikiTxavT mis komentarebs aqtiuri mosmenisa da
sxva meTodebis upiratesobaze, aSkara gaxdeba, rom gordonisaTvis `efeqtianoba~ pirovnuli zrdis xelSewyobas niSnavs; swored
es xdis adamians `efeqtians~. mew-is komunikaciis axali unarCvevebi maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierTobas aumjobesebs,
rac naTlad vlindeba swavlis garemos saxecvlilebaSi, romelic
aRsavsea siTboTi, pasuxismgeblobiT, urTierTpativiscemiTa da
mimReblobiT. swavlis axali garemo xels uwyobs pirovnul zrdas
da imavdroulad akademiur swavlas.

disciplina
sxva aRmzrdelobiTi efeqtebia moswavleTa mier aqtiuri mosmenis, `me~Setyobinebisa da III meTodis teqnikis modelireba.

mew-is komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi

maswavleblisa da moswavlis gaumjobesebuli urTierTobebi

mimRebi garemo

pirovnuli zrda

da

akademiuri winsvla

V nawili
Sesabamisoba
dreikursis erT-erTi debuleba yovelTvis mniSvnelovnad gveCveneboda: `yvela qceva
miznobrivia~. Tu misi oTxi `mizani~ (yuradReba, Zalaufleba, umweoba, SurisZieba) mTlianad
ar moicavs araswori qcevis miRma arsebul motivebs, erTi ram arsebiTia adamianebi yovlTvis garkveuli mizniT moqmedeben. maT SeiZleba gacnobierebuli ar hqondeT mizani, magram
is yovelTvis arsebobs. SegviZlia vaRiaroT, rom moswavlis araswori saqcielis yvela zemoxsenebuli paternis miRma aris moTxovnilebebi, gancdili fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi,
romelTa dakmayofilebasac moswavle konkretuli qceviT cdilobs. amis aRiarebiT sentimentaluri, metismetad `gamgebi~ an damTmobi rodi gavxdebiT; ubralod, `mivxvdebiT, sinamdvileSi ris miRebas cdilobs moswavle konkretuli qceviT da gavigebT, rogori reaqcia unda
gvqondes~. moswavle SeiZleba cdilobdes daukmayofilebeli moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas, kerZod:
usafrTxoeba

`sakmarisi ndoba maqvs. sul mcire

usafrTxoeba. vici ra moxdeba Semdeg~.

minimaluri

sakuTari Tavis kontroli

`me SemiZlia sakuTari Tavis kontroli. ar meSinia, rom

guls vzatken sakuTar Tavs an sxvebs~.

siyvaruli

`viRac CemTvis mniSvnelovani Cemze zrunavs~.

CarTuloba

,,me miRebuli var am jgufSi~.

kontroli, rogorc Zalaufleba

sakuTar bed-iRbals garkveulwilad vakontroleb~.

sakuTari Tavis pativiscema

`me Rirseuli pirovneba var~.

aRiareba

`adamianebi afaseben imas, rac gavakeTe, vinc var~.

TviTaqtualizacia

`me vaxden sakuTari potencialis realizebas~.

gaxsovdeT, rom araswor qcevaTa umravlesobis kvals SeiZleba daukmayofilebel fsiqologiur moTxovnilebamde ar mivyavdeT. SeiZleba bavSvebi wamoZaxiliT, baraTebis gadawodebiT

157

Tavi 7

an sxva araswori qceviT, ubralod scdidnen maswavlebels. isini cdiloben gaigon, ramdens
apatieben (mouTmenen). Tumca, axla TiTo-orola metismetad rezistentul moswavleze vsaubrobT, romlebic gamudmebiT arasworad iqcevian miuxedavad molodinisa da menejmentis sxva
parametrebis saSualebiT swori mopyrobisa.
zemoT CamoTvlili fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi, yvelaze fundamenturidan dawyebuli, TanamimdevrobiT aris dalagebuli. Cven vaviTarebT hipoTezas (ix. striqonebis gaswvriv
Canawerebi), rom moswavlis qcevis mamoZravebel fsiqologiur moTxovnilebebsa da reaqciis
yvelaze swor strategiebs Soris kavSiri arsebobs:

fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi,
romlebic SeiZleba amoZravebs rezi
stentul moswavleebs

reaqciis strategiebi

TviTaqtualizacia
aRiareba

maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTna

sakuTari Tavis pativiscema

realobiT Terapia

kontroli

logikuri Sedegebi

CarTuloba

pirovnuli zegavlena

siyvaruli

TviTSecnobis wvrTna

usafrTxoeba/ndoba

qcevis modifikacia

es eqvsi strategia aRmavali wesiT aris dalagebuli _ yvelaze dablidan yvelaze maRlisaken, dawyebuli im strategiiT, romelic moswavlisgan nakleb simwifesa da kompetencias
moiTxovs da damTavrebuli imiT, romelic yvelaze mets moiTxovs. mimdevrobis qveda nawilSi
`myofi~ daukmayofilebeli moTxovnilebebis mqone moswavleebi emociurad naklebmomwifebulni Canan da am rigis qveda nawilSi arsebuli strategiebi (qcevis modifikacia, TviTSecnobis
wvrTna) sWirdebaT. maT, visac iseTi moTxovnilebebi amoZravebT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, kontroli, ufro momwifebuli strategiebi (logikuri Sedegebi, realobiT Terapia) miesadagebaT.
drois xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi konkretul moswavlesTan mimdevrobis qveda
nawilidan zeda nawilSi asvla unda vcadoT _ unda daviwyoT moswavlis mimdinare moTxovnilebebis Sesatyvisi strategiebiT da davexmaroT pirovnul zrdasa da ufro rTul strategiebze
gadasvlaSi. am gziT moswavleebi gazrdili TviTdisciplinisken migvyavs maSinac ki, Tu maTTvis TviT am disciplinis `gakeTeba~ (qcevis modifikacia) gviwevs. maTi fsiqikuri sijansaRisa da emociuri momwifebulobis zrda ubralod paralelurad ki ar mimdinareobs, aramed
xeli ewyoba, rom Cveni unariT droTa ganmavlobaSi movaxdinoT strategiebis koreqtireba.
geTanxmebiT, rom seriozuli moTxovnaa maswavleblisaTvis, daiswavlos da praqtikaSi sworad
gamoiyenos disciplinis eqvsi sxvadasxva strategia. kolejSi amas ar aswavlian. Tumca qcevis gasagebad am sqemis gamoyenebasa da reaqciebis morgebas eqspertoba ar sWirdeba. faqtia,
rom klasSi moswavleebi gvyavs da saidanRac unda daviwyoT. sxvadasxva strategiis gacnobasa
da mosinjvas dro da varjiSi sWirdeba da ukeT mimdinareobs, sul mcire, ori maswavleblis
erTdrouli muSaobisas. magram maTi swavla savsebiT SesaZlebelia da did samsaxurs gauwevs
im moswavleebs, visac cxovrebaSi skolisa da maswavleblis garda sxva stabiluri dasayrdeni
ar egulebaT. magram, modiT, ukan davbrundeT. rogor miviReT fsiqologiur moTxovnilebaTa
zemoxsenebuli CamonaTvali?

158

disciplina

TviTaqtualizacia

pativiscema,
aRiareba
sazogadoebis
wevroba
daculoba
da usafrTxoeba
fiziologiuri

bevrma avtorma, rogoricaa maslou (Maslow 1962), Tavis naSromSi Seitana garkveulwilad
universaluri, yvela adamianisTvis saerTo fsiqologiur moTxovnilebaTa cneba. zogierTi
avtori maT ierarqiulad alagebs:
`ierarqiulad~ maslousaTvis niSnavs, rom dabali moTxovnilebebis (mag.: fiziologiuri)
dakmayofileba yvelaze arsebiTia. magaliTad, Tu gSia, sazogadoebis aRiarebaze didad ar
dardob. fiziologiuri da usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis Semdeg sazogadoebis wevrobis moTxovnileba iwevs wina planze. adamiani am moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas
cdilobs, rac safuZvlad edeba mis mraval qcevas. Tumca, imave adamians pativiscemisa da aRiarebis moTxovnilebebi SeiZleba ar amoZravebdes; yovel SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebis wevrobis
moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebamde, is ar iqneboda qcevis miRma arsebuli dominanturi Zala.
maslou da sxvebi ar miiCneven am moTxovnilebebs evoluciur nabijebad, romlebsac erTxel gadalaxvis Semdeg xelaxla damuSaveba aRar sWirdeba. arsebuli garemoebebis Sesabamisad, adamiani kibeze adis da Cadis: samsaxuris dakargvisas kibeze ori-sami safexuriT qvemoT
CamovdivarT da moqmedebas daculobisa da usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare viwyebT. igive ram SeiZleba moxdes moswavlis mSoblebis gayris SemTxvevaSic.
7.3 sqemaze warmodgenilia avtorTa mier aRwerili ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri moTxov
nilebebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom yoveli avtori moTxovnilebaTa aRniSvnisaTvis gansxvavebul
terminebs iyenebs da moTxovnilebaTa sxvadasxva raodenobas gamoyofs, arsebiTi damTxvevaa,
rom isini yvelgan rva ZiriTad moTxovnilebamde daiyvaneba.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom CamonaTvalSi Setanilia eriqsonis rva fsiqologiuri stadiac,
an fsiqologiuri krizisi. eriqsoni evolucionistia, is ar ganixilavs am krizisebs rogorc
stadiebs, romlebic unda gadailaxos skalaze momdevno safexurebis gasavlelad. rogorc
wesi, erTxel gadalaxuli krizisebi ar meordeba, Tumca, adamiani (da bavSvi) SeiZleba gadaulaxavi krizisis gamo skalis dabal doneze Seferxdes, rac xels SeuSlis maT winsvlas jansaRi
emociuri ganviTarebis Semdgomi stadiebisken. aq marTebulia eriqsonis nebismieri kavSiri
erTi stadiis warmatebul marTvasa da fsiqologiur moTxovnilebas Soris. rogorc Cans,
paralelebi arsebobs, rasac eriqsoni xedavs magaliTad, krizisis dros `iniciativa an danaSaulis grZnoba~ da rasac Sutci kontrolis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebad
miiCnevs.
es avtorebi ramdenime mkafio Setyobinebas gvigzavnian: (1) adamianebs garkveuli saerTo
fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi aqvT; (2) moTxovnilebebi dakavSirebulia standartulad
(SeiZleba ierarqiulad); (3) moTxovnilebebi amoZravebs qcevas. roca ZiriTadi moTxovnileba
ar kmayofildeba, is im dakvirvebadi qcevis motivirebas axdens da misi axsnis saSualebas
gvaZlevs.

159

160
yuradReba
siyvaruli

sazogadoebis
wevroba

daculoba/
usafrTxoeba/ndoba

(umweoba)/
kompetenturoba
Zalaufleba

dreikursi

pativiscema,
aRiareba

TviTaqtualizacia

maslou

CarTuloba

kontroli

Sutci

dakavSirebuloba

pativiscema

glaseri

ndoba da undobloba

avtonomia da sircxvili

gulmodgineba da
arasrulfasovneba
iniciativa an danaSaulis
grZnoba

TviTaqtualizacia

erTianoba an
sasowarkveTileba;
generatiuloba an
unayofoba;
siaxlove an izolacia;
identoba an identobis
miuRwevloba

daculoba/
usafrTxoeba/ndoba

TviTkontroli

siyvaruli

CarTuloba

kontroli

TviTSefaseba

aRiareba

Sejameba

eriqsoni

Tavi 7

sqema 7.3: ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi

disciplina

rogor SegviZlia gamoviyenoT es mosazrebebi, rom rezistentul moswavleebs SevusabamoT

eqvsi strategia? ra kavSiria maswavleblis mier arCeul strategiasa da moswavlis qcevis
mamoZravebel moTxovnilebas Soris?
am kiTxvebze sapasuxod ramdenime instruqcias gTavazobT, magram Semdegi gafrTxileba
aucilebelia. Cven ar varT fsiqologebi da ar vcdilobT maswavleblebi vaqcioT fsiqologebad. gvsurs, maT moswavlis fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebis gansazRvra da `mkurnalobis~
dawyeba vaswavloT. sakiTxi Zalze bundovania. TviT fsiqikuri janmrTelobis specialistebi
diagnozs metismetad naCqarevad svamen. danamdvilebiT ver gvecodineba, ra xdeba sxva adamianis TavSi da ra aris misi qcevis mizezi; magram SegviZlia gvjerodes, rom arsebobs mizani, maSinac ki, Tu is CvenTvis (da maTTvis) bundovania. ar arsebobs Sesatyvisi reaqciis strategiis
arCevis sxva gza garda imisa, rom vcadoT logikurad SevusabamoT moswavlis savaraudo moTxovnileba Sesatyvis strategias. ar dasvaT diagnozi; mosinjeT, magram ecadeT gamoiyenoT
qceva moTxovnilebis Sesaxeb miniSnebebisTvis da daukavSiroT is strategiebs. es ukeTesi
iqneba, vidre yvela moswavlesTan erTi da igive strategiis gamoyeneba (TiTqos disciplinis
meTodi iyos), vidre strategiebis SemTxveviTi, ekleqtikuri cvla.

eqvsi tipobrivi daxasiaTeba

qcevis modifikacia strategiebidan yvelaze kontrolirebadia; erTi ram, rac danamdvilebiT viciT mis Sesaxeb is aris, rom namdvilad qmediTia. misi kargad warmarTvis SemTxvevaSi moswavles, ufrosklaselsac ki, nebismier saqmianobas SeasrulebinebT. ratom SeiZleba
maswavlebels aseTi xarisxis kontroli surdes? erTi mizezi SeiZleba iyos sasowarkveTa:
klasi (an moswavle) iseTi xelis SemSlelia, rom sxva gza ar aris! iqneb moswavleebs ubralod
ar aqvT qcevis repertuarSi sworad funqcionirebisTvis saWiro qceva: ar ician rogor aiRon
da Seinaxon nivTebi, rogor gaakeTon davalebebi TanamimdevrobiT; rogor daasrulon davaleba droulad; rogor moagvaron kamaTi muStebis gareSe. qcevis modifikacia moswavleebs
qcevis mosinjvisa (rasac damoukideblad arasodes gaakeTebdnen) da moqmedebis sxva gzebis
aRmoCenis saSualebas aZlevs. daucvelobisa da mRelvarebis ukiduresi Sinagani mdgomareobis mqone moswavleebs SegviZlia qcevis modifikaciis programis struqturis gamoyenebiT
davexmaroT yoveldRiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaSi. arsebiTad, Cven mxars vuWerT
maT sisustisa da dabneulobis momentebSi. am pirobebSi qcevis modifikacia kontrolis nacvlad mxardamWerisa da damcvelis funqcias asrulebs. is aCerebs negatiur qcevas, romelic
zians ayenebs moswavlis urTierTobas sxvebTan da umyarebs sakuTar sicudeze warmodgenas.
is moswavlisTvis maSveli rgolia, sanam sakuTari Tavis kontrols SeZlebs da Cveni mizanic
xom es gaxlavT _ TviTkontroli, TviTdisciplina.
Cven yovelTvis vcdilobT, rom moswavleebs moTxovnilebaTa CamonaTvalis zeda safexurisken, ufro srulyofili strategiebisaken `gadaadgilebaSi~ mivexmaroT, radgan adamiani,
romelic realobiT Terapiis midgomas pasuxobs, emociurad ufro momwifebulia, vidre is,
romelsac gamudmebiT sWirdeba qcevis modifikacia. nebismier konkretul saswavlo wels,
SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom jimisTan muSaobas piradi gavleniT iwyebT, magram wlis bolosTvis realobiT Terapiaze gadadixarT. strategiebs Soris mravali kavSiri da gadasvla SesaZlebelia, magram maswavlebeli yovelTvis cdilobs moswavlesTan erTad CamonaTvalis zeda
safexurze asvlas. ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi sajaro skolaSi Cven mowmeni viyaviT, rogor
SeZles gamocdilma maswavleblebma, rom moswavle pirvel da meore klasSi qcevis modifikaciidan mexuTe klasisaTvis mew-mde ganviTarebuliyo. moswavlis aseT seriozul pirovnul
zrdas maswavleblis kontrolis garda sxva faqtorebmac unda Seuwyos xeli, magram gvjera,

161

Tavi 7

rom Tanamoazre maswavlebelTa gundis gareSe, romlebic erTad gegmavdnen moswavlis daxmarebas, araferi moxdeboda.

TviTSecnobis strategiebi Sesaferisia myife emociuri mdgomareobis moswavleebisTvisac. am moswavleebma SeiZleba icodnen gansxvaveba produqtiul da araproduqtiul qcevas
Soris, magram ar SeeZloT sakuTari Tavis kontroli. maTi temperamenti xSirad kontrols ar
eqvemdebareba; maT ar sjeraT sakuTari Tavis da uWirT damegobreba. isini SeiZleba ganmartovdnen, bevri dro gaataron xatvaSi, kiTxvaSi an romelime obieqtur aqtivobaSi. Tu mecnierebis an xelovnebisaken midrekileba aqvT, SeiZleba Seqmnan zRapruli proeqtebi da faqtobrivad, mxolod am proeqtebiT daamyaron zedapiruli urTierToba sxvebTan. maT sZulT
sakuTar grZnobebze saubari, faqtobrivad, arc SeuZliaT, eSiniaT da daZalebis SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba uari Tqvan. maT mier sakuTar Tavze saubari ukavSirdeba movlenebsa, nivTebs, da
ara adamianebs an SegrZnebebs. mcire asakis bavSvebisTvis am mdgomareobaSi zedgamoWrilia
volfgangisa (Wolfgang 1977) da ledermanis (Lederman 1969) strategiebi, mozardebisTvis ki
maixenbaumis (Meichenbaum) TviTinstruqciuli strategiebi ufro Sesatyvisia, Tumca, maTi
zogierTi forma dawyebiT klaselebsac gamoadgebaT (mag.: `kus teqnika~).
moswavleebi, romlebic ergebian pirovnuli gavlenis models, CvenSi xSirad siyvarulisa
da siZulvilis grZnobebs warmoSoben. maT aqvT mosawoni, momxiblavi, sayvareli Tvisebebic
ki. erT wuTSi giCndebaT survili, gulSi CaikraT isini, meore wuTSi ki _ kedels mianarcxoT.
individualuri urTierTobis dros isini araCveulebrivebi arian; jgufSi ki SeuZliaT CxubisTavebi, wamqezeblebi, poziorebi iyvnen. gasakviria, magram isini xSirad wynarebi arian
did jgufebSi, sadac aris meti TviTmmarTveloba, magram gamousworeblebi patara jgufebSi,
sadac socialuri daZabuloba TviTdamkvidrebis gamo Zalze didia. diliT klasSi Semosvlisas, maT SeiZleba iaron oTaxSi, Seamowmon moswavleTa saqmianoba, gadavidnen nivTidan nivTze da ver ipovon adgili. maT namdvilad aqvT im siyvarulisa da CarTulobis moTxovnileba,
romelic akliaT cxovrebaSi. dilaobiT, aseTi `seirnobis~ dros, isini sakuTar adgils eZeben, surT gaigon, sad SeuZliaT CarTva da kargad arc ki ician, rogor daamyaron urTierToba. reputaciisa da sxva moswavleebTan urTierTobebis gamo, uWirT arastruqturirebul
situaciebSi adgilis povna. maT enatrebaT megobrebi, sxva moswavleebTan da maswavlebelTan
siaxlove, magram maTi qceva antagonizms iwvevs. pirovnuli gavlenis modelis struqtura,
moTxovnebi, siTbo da urTierTobis Camoyalibeba maT cxovrebis rTuli periodis gadalaxvaSi exmareba.
ufro mcire asakis bavSvebTan maswavlebelma SeiZleba qcevis modifikacia gamoiyenos maT
mier sakuTari yvelaze xelis SemSleli qcevis ukeT Sesacnobad da gasakontroleblad.
xandaxan iseT moswavleebs vxvdebiT, romlebic `aras~ amboben, gvewinaaRmdegebian da Riad
gviwveven TavianTi qceviT. es moswavleebi SeiZleba logikuri Sedegebis modelis kandidatebi iyvnen. isini uars amboben samuSaos Sesrulebaze an mas mxolod survilis SemTxvevaSi asruleben. isini eZeben Zalauflebis konfliqtebs ufrosebTan, faqtobrivad, iwveven maT. ra
Tqma unda, iseTi moswavleebic gvxvdebian, romlebic xSirad, Tumca ara ganzrax, erTvebian
kamaTSi TanatolebTan da maswavleblebTan; im moswavleebis mier ufrosebis gamowvevisa
da maTTan kamaTis dawyeba, romlebzec vsaubrobT, rogorc wesi, `Cemeburad keTebas~ ukavSirdeba. aseTi moswavleebi SeiZleba sxvebTan TamaSis dros xSirad tiranebi, CxubisTavebi
iyvnen, daundoblad hkran xeli sxva moswavleebs da maswavlebelsac. maT qcevas kontrolis
fsiqologiuri moTxovnileba amoZravebs. rogorc dreikursi ityoda, maTi azriT, samyaroSi
adgilis damkvidrebis erTaderTi gza Zalauflebis Cveneba, sxvebis gakontrolebaa. swored
ase unda moiqcnen, rom pativsacemi da Rirseuli adamianebi gaxdnen sxvis TvalSi. es mcdari
rwmena, maTi qceva unda Seicvalos, unda Seicvalos nebismieri gziT, garda droebiTisa.

162

disciplina

dreikursis meTodi Tavs aridebs Zalauflebis konfliqtebs da cdilobs socialuri wesrigis realoba logikuri Sedegebis gamoyenebiT aswavlos. es Sedegebi aris ara maswavleblis
mier Tavsmoxveuli Zalaufleba, aramed samyaros realoba. ase rom, moswavleebi ver gabrazdebian maswavlebelze, ver daubrundebian TavianT Zvel araproduqtiul `Zalauflebis TamaSs~. isini qcevis ganxilvas maTTvis Sedegebis TvalsazrisiT iwyeben _ gana imitom, rom
ufrosebi `ar maZleven uflebas~, aramed qceva araTavsebadia socialur wesrigTan. maT warmodgena uyalibdebaT socialuri kontraqtis Sesaxeb. maT iseT mdgomareobaSi vayenebT, rom
dainaxon, raoden saWiroa sakuTari qceva sazogadoebis, klasis funqcionirebisTvis. TviT
jgufi ki klasis Sekrebebze am mesijis gasaZliereblad gamoiyeneba, rasac glaseris realobiT Terapiamde da klasis Sekrebis modelamde mivyavarT, sadac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania
da daxvewili jgufis rolis gamoyeneba.
realobiT Terapiis kandidatebi upasuxismgeblo moswavleebi arian, romelTac yovelTvis aviwydebaT wignebi, agviandebaT, ar asruleben samuSaos, acdenen daniSnul Sexvedrebsa
da ar asruleben valdebulebebs, adanaSauleben sxvebs da ver acnobiereben, an ar aRiareben
konfliqtSi TavianT rols. es moswavleebi SeiZleba Zalze xelis SemSlelad iqceodnen _
gadmoyaron sxvebis wignebi, daartyan derefanSi moswavleebs, gadaayiraon skamebi. Tumca,
yuradRebis maZieblis msgavsad, maT es qmedebebi winaswar dagegmili an ganzraxuli ara aqvT.
rogorc Cans, isini ubralod aseT mdgomareobaSi vardebian. isini emociur mawanwalebs hgvanan, romlebic advilad ebmebian cud saqmeebsa da kampaniaSi. kiTxvaze, ratom daejaxnen moswavles, savaraudod, `ar vici~-s pasuxoben da mxrebs iCeCaven. sasjelisa da SeniSvnis Semdeg,
isini ar kamaToben, ar Tmoben da ar icvlebian.
realobiT TerapiaSi moswavleebs agebineben maTi saqcielis Sedegebs sxva adamianebTan maTi
urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT. es ufro pirovnuli Tvlasazrisia, vidre dreikursis modeli,
sadac swavlebis mizania: `es qceva araqmediTia samyaroSi~. glaseris swavlebis arsia: `is araqmediTia CemTvis, ra gavakeTo amasTan dakavSirebiT?~ es kiTxva simwifis skalis zeda nawilis
eqvs models Seesatyviseba, radganac saqcielis danaxvis, Sefasebisa da Secvlis pasuxismgebloba akisria moswavles, Tumca, maswavleblis CarTva aucilebelia, raTa xeli Seuwyos moswavleTa yovel safexurze gadasvlas. glasers, romelic didad ar amaxvilebs yuradRebas
araswori saqcielis mizezebze, uyvars `aq da axla~ mogvareba. misi azriT, Seusabamo qcevis
mqone mraval adamians, SeuZlia gadawyvitos, rom ar moiqces Seusabamod. maT aqvT saamiso
Sinagani kontroli, maT SeuZliaT gaiaron realobiT Terapiis safexurebi da gadawyviton,
rom Rirs amis gakeTeba, oRond maT gverdSi unda hyavdeT iseTi CarTuli adamiani, romelic
maTTan erTad gaivlis am gzas da xels ar Caiqnevs maTze. amrigad, glaseri SeiZleba ixrebodes
realobiT Terapiis misadagebisaken im moswavleebisaTvis, romlebic skalis sakmaod dabal
dones Seesatyvisebian.
klasis Sekrebebi `CarTulobis~ gancdas uRrmavebs maswavlebelsa da moswavleebs. es Sexvedrebi moswavleebs im adgiliT uzrunvelyofs, sadac erTmaneTTan gulaxdilad saubars SeZleben. rezistentuli moswavleebi igeben sxvebis azrs maT Sesaxeb, sxvebs ki problemis gadamWrel
garemoSi am azris gaziarebis saSualeba eZlevaT.
maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTnis (mew) kargi kandidati is aRSfoTebuli moswavlea,
romelic skolaSi gatarebul dros patimrobis vadasaviT ixdis, xan meamboxea, xan brZeni, magram, rogorc wesi, qmediTi. mis mier Sesrulebuli samuSao SeiZleba iyos damakmayofilebeli
an cudi. es moswavleebi, albaT, grZnoben, rom maswavlebeli maT TiTqmis arasodes usmens, maswavlebeli ki, albaT, Tvlis, rom moswavleebs ar esmiT da pativs ar scemen zogadad skolas. maswavlebelsa da moswavles Soris cudi komunikaciaa da orive xvdeba, rom maTi moTxovnilebebi
ar Tanxvdeba. miuxedavad iSviaTi Ria konfliqtisa, orive ukmayofiloa klasSi urTierTobiT.

163

Tavi 7

rogorc wesi, aseT moswavles mzardi mtruli ganwyoba aqvs da mzad aris es ganwyoba
yvela maswavleblis mimarT gamoamJRavnos, Tu isini sxvagvarad ar daamtkiceben sakuTar
SesaZleblobebs. sxva moswavleebTan urTierTobebi xSirad damakmayofilebelia. moswavle
ufrosebTan iwyebs im mosazrebis ganzogadebas, rom `maTi (ufrosebis) mTeli saqmianoba
brZanebebis gacemaa, imis Tqma, ra gavakeTo. isini arasodes ismenen~. amitom moswavle wyvets
Setyobinebebis gagzavnas sakuTari ukmayofilebis Sesaxeb.
mew-i SeiZleba problemis mqone moswavlisTvis iyos gamiznuli, roca gamocdili maswavlebeli aqtiuri mosmeniT mas problemis gadaWris sakuTari gzis povnaSi exmareba.
mew-i sxva modelis msgavsad konkretul fsiqologiur moTxovnilebebs rodi pasuxobs.
is yvelaze maRali donis modelia, radgan moswavlisagan Tanaziarobas an, sul mcire, maswavleblis `me~-Setyobinebis gagebas da imis survils moiTxovs, rom problema `yaimiT~ an
(`gamarjvebuli-gamarjvebuli~) molaparakebiT mogvardes. TviT III meTodiT problemis mogvareba moiTxovs orive mxaris mier mosmenisa da SetyobinebaTa gagzavnis unar-Cvevebs, rac
gansakuTrebiT problemur moswavleebs uWirT. gordoni Tvlis, rom mew-i ar aris Seqmnili
problemuri moswavleebisTvis. Tumca, gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom aqtiuri mosmena da `me~Setyobinebebi TavisTavad arsebiTi unar-Cvevebia maSinac ki, roca mew-is mTlian models ar
viyenebT. aqtiuri mosmena Zalian sasargebloa, TiTqmis aucilebeli, TviTanalizis modelSi,
xolo `me~-Setyobinebebi mSvenivrad avsebs pirovnuli gavlenis models. aqtiuri mosmena ki,
ra Tqma unda, ZiriTadi unar-Cvevaa moswavlis aRSfoTebis ganmuxtvisaTvis.
amrigad, am eqvsi strategiidan TiToeuli moswavlis konkretul tips Seesatyviseba. Cven
eqvsives tipobrivi daxasiaTeba SemogTavazeT, rogorc zogadi instruqcia maTi morgebisTvis da SevexeT fsiqologiur moTxovnilebebs. strategiis arCevisas maswavlebelma TviT
moswavlis qceviT unda daiwyos. unda Caiweros ra qceva, rodis, visTan erTad, ramdenjer da
sad moxda. Tumca, mxolod qcevisa da garemoebebis aRricxva ar kmara. mniSvnelovania, rogor
ganxorcielda qceva (rogor aRwers damkvirvebeli), radgan es motivis gagebis saSualebas
gvaZlevs: Carlim gavlisas SemTxveviT gadmoyara wignebi Tu ara (realobiT Terapiis kandidati)? merxebs Soris gavlisas, Tavxeduri mzeriT gamiznulad gadmoyara wignebi Tu ara (logikuri Sedegebis kandidati)? am saqcieliT mTeli dilis dagubebuli sibraze xom ar gamoxata
(mew-is kandidati)? iqneb impulsurad daejaxa Tavisi magidisken gaqceuli (TviTanalizis
kandidati)? kidev ra qceviT davaxasiaTebdiT Carlis? Carlis daxasiaTebisas SeiZleba davadginoT misi amJamindeli `me~ da ufro naTlad davinaxoT savaraudo strategia, romelic
mas warmatebiT funqcionirebasa da emociur zrdaSi daexmareba.
sainteresoa, rogor icvleba maswavleblis roli sxvadasxva modelSi (ix. sqema 7.4). mew-Si
maswavlebeli moswavlis Tanasworad miiCneva: orives TavianTi moTxovnilebebi da uflebebi
aqvT da orive monawileobs problemis yaimiT mogvarebis gzebis ZiebaSi, romelSic orives
Sexeduleba iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli. realobiT TerapiaSi maswavlebeli Terapevtis funqcias asrulebs; miuxedavad imisa, rom CarTulia da exmareba moswavles, isini Tanasworni aRar
arian: maswavlebeli damxmarea, romelsac regularulad da pirdapir Camohyavs moswavle
dedamiwaze da mas faqtebis winaSe ayenebs. logikur SedegebSi kidev ufro meti gaucxoebaa,
maswavlebeli sazogadoebas warmoadgens. maswavlebeli, romelic pirovnul gavlenas iyenebs,
moswavleebisTvis avtoriteti xdeba. TviTanalizis wvrTnaSi maswavlebeli mwvrTnelad da
sistemebis Semqmnelad gvevlineba. misi roli didad ar gansxvavdeba qcevis modifikaciaSi
rolisagan, sadac is sistemaTa Semqmnelis garda manqanis operatoricaa.
CamonaTvalis qveda nawilSi moswavlis roli mcirdeba, xolo maswavleblis xelmZRvan-

164

disciplina

eloba, pasuxismgebloba, kontroli da statusi izrdeba. CamonaTvalis zeda nawilSi ki maswavleblis mniSvneloba mcirdeba, xolo moswavlisa _ izrdeba, rogorc srulad funqcionirebadi, socialurad gaTviTcnobierebuli pirovnebisa, romelsac cxovrebasTan warmatebiT
gamklaveba SeuZlia. sxvadasxva modelSi maswavleblisa da moswavlis rolebis gagebiT, Cven
modelTa urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb codnis gaRrmaveba da ganviTarebaSi maTi mniSvnelobis
xazgasma SegviZlia. es Tvalsazrisi ubralod gveubneba: xeli mohkideT moswavleebs iq, sadac
arian da daexmareT maT pirovnul zrdaSi.

qcevis maxasiaTeblebi

modeli

maswavleblis roli

aRSfoTeba

mew-i

Tanaswori adamiani

upasuxismgebloba

realobiT Terapia

Terapevti

daumorCilebloba da yuradRebis
Zieba

logikuri Sedegebi

sazogadoebis warmomadgeneli

martooba da yuradRebis
Zieba

pirovnuli
gavlena

mniSvnelovani sxva

impulsuroba

TviTanalizi

mwvrTneli da Tanamzraxveli

ucodinroba an kontrolis
nakleboba

qcevis modifikacia

sistemis operatori

sqema 7.4: maswavleblis rolis cvlileba sxvadasxva modelSi.

CamonaTvalis zeda nawilSi moswavlis roli izrdeba, xolo maswavleblis xelmZRvaneloba, statusi da

kontroli mcirdeba.

isrebi 7.4 sqemaze zogierT saerTo tendencias aRniSnavs, romlis SemCneva SesaZlebelia,
roca moswavle sul ufro da ufro rTul strategiebs pasuxobs. qcevis modifikacias SeuZleba moswavles im kontrolis mopovebaSi daexmaros (sakmarisad daamSvidos), rom TviTanalizis wvrTnaze gadavides, an im maswavleblis Sesatyvisi gaxdes, romelic pirovnul gavlenas iyenebs. pirovnuli gavlena da logikuri Sedegebi SeiZleba erTgvari tramplini iyos
realobiT Terapiisa da saklaso SekrebebisaTvis. aucilebeli an swori ar gaxlavT eqvsive
strategiis gavla nebismier erT moswavlesTan. konkretuli moswavlisTvis pirovnuli gavlenis Semdeg yvelaze bunebrivi nabiji SeiZleba realobiT Terapia iyos. konkretul dros
moswavles SeiZleba ar sWirdebodes maswavlebeli moqmedi, rogorc misi cnobieri me da
pirdapir sakuTari qcevis Sefasebaze gadasvla SeZlos.

165

166

(haimesi)
(voleni da voleni)
(gordoni)

bavSvebisTvis TavianTi
Setyobinebebis aSkarad
danaxvis,
sxvaTa Setyobinebebis
yuradRebiT mosmenisa da
problemis gadaWris gzebze
molaparakebis swavleba.
aqtiuri mosmena
`me~-Setyobinebebi
qmedebis gadarTva
III meTodi

problemis gadaWra
(mew-i)

SemoqmedebiTi da relevanturi
logikuri Sedegebi
araviTari `brZola~
socialuri wesrigis realoba da
ara dasja
(dreikursi)

pirovnul urTierTobis
Camoyalibeba
mniSvnelovani sxvis naTeli
molodini
pirdapiri
konkretuli
ganmeorebiTi
pozitiuri molodini `amis
gakeTeba SegiZlia~
daJineba
Tanamimdevruli reaqciebi
yuradRebis gamaxvileba
maswavleblis Zlieri gavlena

pirovnuli gavlena

maswavlebelTa dawyvileba
sazRvrebi
gafrTxilebebi
gaTavisufleba
klasis darwmuneba
(sarasoni)

Sedegebi

(glaseri)

ras akeTeb?
es gexmareba?
(ras apireb amasTan
dakavSirebiT?)
CarTuloba
iumori, araviTari Tavis
gamarTleba, simtkice;
sakuTari Tavis rogorc
Rirseulis da sxvebTan
dakavSirebulis danaxva

pasuxismgeblobis aReba
(realobiT Terapia)

qcevis modifikacia
samizne qcevis gansazRvra
bavSvisaTvis Tqma/miznis dasaxva
ganmamtkiceblis Semcireba.
daTvla
miaxloebis ganmtkiceba
progresis aRniSvna bavSvTan
(bakholti da sxvebi)

(maixenbaumi)
(volfgangi)

dakvirveba
`vxedav, Tavs veRar
akontroleb~.
`Tavs veRar akontroleb. me
dagexmarebi~.
Careva/sakuTari qmedebis
aRwera
Sekaveba
bavSvebisTvis sakuTari
signalebis wakiTxvis,
maTi qmedebebisa da grZnobebis
gacnobierebis swavleba

TviTanalizi
(qcevis kognituri modifikacia)

(Suri da spivaki)

qcevis alternativebze
Sedegebze, impulsis
kontrolze fiqris
swavleba

axali qcevis Canacvleba da swavleba

Tavi 7

sqema 7.5: rezistentuli moswavlis qcevaze reaqciaTa eqvsi jgufi

disciplina

VI nawili
reaqcia akrZalul qcevaze
qcevaze reaqciisTvis saWiroa am qcevis danaxva (an gagoneba, an `misi grZnoba~) an nebismieri sxva gziT misi aRqma. kaunini (Kaunin) gvTavazobs termins `yvelganmyofoba~ (withitness)
gansakuTrebiT daxelovnebuli maswavleblebis misamarTiT: isini TiTqos imasac xedaven,
rac maT zurgs ukan xdeba (TiTqos Tvalebi kefazec aqvT) da ara marto ician, rodis iqcevian moswavleebi arasworad, aramed garkveul nabijebsac dgamen imisTvis, rom moswavleebma
Seityon, rom maT ician. `qalbaton dulisTan araferi gagiva!~
qcevis aRqmis Semdeg Cndeba kiTxva: rogori reaqcia aqvs maswavlebels? Cven reaqciaTa
oTx dones gamovyofT:

araviTari yvelganmyofoba (araviTari reaqcia).

reaqciis erTi saerTo modeli.
reaqciis erTze meti saerTo modeli (variaciuloba); sxvadasxva modeli (strategia)
sxvadasxva dros.

calkeuli moswavlis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT SerCeuli (Sesatyvisi)

reaq-

ciis modelebi.

calkeul moswavleTaTvis Sesatyvis mravalferovan modelebs Soris ganirCeva situaciisa da jgufisTvis Sesatyvisi modelebic.
Cven vicnobT maswavlebels, romelic klasSi disciplinis erT ZiriTad models iyenebs:
pirdapiri Sewyveta da logikuri Sedegebi. Tumca, saTamaSo moedanze bavSvebis Cxubisas
(roca pirdapir safrTxes ar uqmnian mas an misi klasis molodins), is sxva models iyenebs. es
glaseris modelia. sxva viTarebaSi, roca ar xdeba cxadi molodinis aSkara dapirispireba, is
im meTodebs gamoiyenebs, romlebic mis Zalauflebas ar emyareba (mag.: kafeteriaSi bavSvebis
kamaTis dros da sxv.).
amrigad, Tu Cveni yuradRebis centri mxolod saklaso oTaxia, maSin es maswavlebeli mxolod erT meTods iyenebs. mTeli skolis garemos TvalsazrisiT is mravalferovan modelebs
iyenebs. Tu yuradRebas mxolod saTamaSo moedanze gavamaxvilebT, SeiZleba davinaxoT Zalauflebis `moZraoba~ garkveul akrZalul saqcielze reaqciisas (mag.: zozini karebSi gasasvlelad mwkrivSi Cadgomis dros), xolo CxubSi Carevisas glaseris modeli. ase rom, Cvens
winaSea `akrZaluli qcevis~ qveklasebad dayofa: (a) qceva, romelic SeiZleba avxsnaT, rogorc
maswavleblis Semowmeba _ bavSvebi cdiloben gaigon, `gauvaT~ Tu ara; da (b) qceva, romelic
maswavlebelis Semowmebaze ar aris mimarTuli (Cxubi, araswori qceva sasadiloSi, sxva maswavleblis klasSi).
sakmaod variaciulia maswavlebeli, Tu nebismier garemoSi moqmedebis mxolod erTi gza
aqvs, magram gansxvavebulad moqmedebs konkretul garemoSi, magram ar hgavs im maswavleblis
moqmedebas, romelic orive garemoSi axdens mravalferovnebis demonstrirebas. amrigad,
`akrZalul qcevaze reaqcia~ ase SegviZlia SevajamoT:

araviTari yvelganmyofoba.
yvelganmyofoba da pasuxis erTi modeli.
sul mcire erTi modeli mainc or sxvadasxva garemoSi an erTze meti modeli yovel
garemoSi.

bavSvebis Sesatyvisi modelebi.

pozitiuri programa

167

Tavi 7

msjelobisas gamovtoveT disciplinis pozitiuri mxaris nebismieri detaluri ganxilva,

iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa TviTdisciplina, rac `yovelives mizania~; moswavleTa Soris erTobisa da pativiscemis Camoyalibeba gaazrebuli aqtivobebiT; moswavleTaTvis, rogorc
jgufis wevrebisaTvis, kooperaciuli da efeqtiani muSaobis swavleba; erTmaneTis mosmenis
swavleba; saintereso da relevanturi saswavlo programis Sedgena; saklaso cxovrebis gademokratiuleba, raTa moswavleebs hqondeT mniSvnelovani wvlili da saTqmeli wesrigisa da
zrdilobis sakiTxebSi erTmaneTTan da maswavlebelTan urTierTobisas. am sakiTxebs ufro
detalurad me-13 TavSi ganvixilavT.
Tavis bolos naxavT zogierTi Cveni moswavlis daxasiaTebas. gvsurs, waikiTxoT da gansajoT, Tqveni azriT, disciplinis eqvsi modelidan romeli iqneboda Sesatyvisi. rogor daasabuTebT Tqvens arCevans? (es savarjiSo gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa, roca kolegebTan erTad
sruldeba.)

168

disciplinis problemebis gageba:

21 kiTxva
1. samuSao metismetad Znelia Tu metismetad advili?
2. karg pirovnul urTierTobas vamyareb Tu ara moswavleebTan?
4. kargad vmarTav Tu ara drosa da sivrces?
5. yuradRebis Sesatyvis nabijebs mivmarTav Tu ara da rogori tempiT?
6. abnevs Tu ara Cemi instruqcia zogierT moswavles?
7. vcvli Tu ara instruqciis formatsa da masalebs, rom moswavleebs ar mobezrdeT?
8. wesebi da Sedegebi naTeli da konkretulia Tu ara CemTvis da Cemi moswavlee
bisTvis?
9. Cems mier molodinis Setyobineba aris Tu ara:

pirdapiri
konkretuli
ganmeorebiTi
pozitiuri molodinis maCvenebeli (rogorc `Sen SegiZlia~, aseve `Sen gaakeTeb~)

10. Sedegebi logikuri ufroa Tu damsjeli?

11. SedegTa mTeli speqtri maqvs Tu erTi reaqcia yoveli usaqcielobisTvis?
12. aris Tu ara Sedegebi:

disciplina-Sejameba

3. gakveTilebze karg temps vinarCuneb Tu ara?

Tanamimdevruli da mtkice
swrafi
uemocio
moswavlis arCevanis maCvenebeli
13. sakmaris drosa da Zalisxmevas vaxmar Tu ara saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi yovelive
zemoxsenebuls?
14. sakmarisad maRali molodini maqvs Tu ara qcevis mimarT, miuxedavad moswavlis mo
nacemebisa?
15. uarvyof Tu ara Tavis gamarTlebas?
16. vuyalibeb Tu ara moswavleebs klasis cxovrebaSi kontrolis, gavlenis, pasuxismgeblobis, Zalauflebis realur da legitimur gancdas?
17. gonivrul qcevas efeqtianad vaRiareb da vajildoeb Tu ara?
18. cxadad vayalibeb Tu ara klasSi erTobas (erTmaneTis Sesaxeb codna, erTmaneTis
dafaseba, erTmaneTTan TanamSromloba?)
19. aqvs Tu ara qcevas fizikuri mizezebi (smenis/mxedvelobis dakargva,
ganuli hiperaqtiuroba)?

or-

20. qcevis miRma dgas Tu ara maswavlebelsa da moswavleebs Soris (an moswavleebs
Soris) RirebulebaTa an kulturaTa konfliqti?

169

Tavi 7

21. ician Tu ara moswavleebma, rogor gaakeTon is, rasac maTgan moveli?

dagegmva metismetad rezistentuli moswavleebisaTvis

1. sakmarisi obieqturi monacemebi Sevagrove Tu ara moswavlis qcevis Sesaxeb?
2. gavacani Tu ara is klass damatebiTi informaciisa da SekiTxvebis misaRebad?
3. kargad ganvsazRvreT Tu ara `fsiqologiuri moTxovnileba~?
4. SevarCieT Tu ara reaqciis Sesatyvisi modeli?
5. SevimuSaveT Tu ara koordinirebuli gegma am moswavlis yvela maswavleblisTvis?
6. CavrTeT Tu ara gegmaSi moswavlis ojaxi?
7. uzrunvelvyaviT Tu ara gegmis perioduli gadaxedva da modifikacia?

170

savarjiSo

jimi
jimi TiTqos sicocxlis zRvarzea. is araprognozirebadia. xan kraviviT iqceva
da lamazi Taflisferi TvalebiT giyurebs. Caxuteba uyvars, siTbosa da siyvaruls
pasuxobs. samuSaos garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi asrulebs, zogjer sakmao gatacebiTac. ufro xSirad cotas (an arafers) akeTebs da oTaxSi dadis.
sxva bavSvebs nivTebs stacebs, xels hkravs da yviris, CxubisTavia. klasis Sekrebebze an instruqciul jgufebSi SeiZleba gamyivani xmiT iyviros; erTad simReris
dros is pirveli gadadis yvirilze da uazro kivilze. pasiuri uZraobis, gabrazebis,
warumateblobisa da daumorCilebeli sigiJis (nivTebis srola, arev-dareva) iSviaTi
periodebi Rrma Sinagan mowyenilobaze metyvelebs.
jimi eqvsi wlisaa da mxolod deda hyavs, romelic naSuadRevs, saxlSi dabrunebisas, yovelTvis rodia Sin. jimim winaswar ar icis, daxvdeba Tu ara deda saxlSi. jimis
gasaRebi aqvs da Tavis xuTi wlis dasTan erTad saxlSi fexiT midis. mosiyvarule,
magram arastabiluri da problemuri deda hyavs.
did Tu mcire jgufebSi, klasis Sekrebaze Tu instruqciis dros, jimi xSirad
sakuTar Tavs veRar akontrolebs yviris, kivis, axlo mdgom bavSvebs xels hkravs
an Cqmets. xSirad icinis da es Tavmowonebis erTgvar formas hgavs. is swrafad reagirebs maswavleblis SeniSvnaze. SeniSvnis dros misi gamometyveleba araswori
saqcielis aRiarebas gamoxatavs, magram Semdeg isev Tavidan iwyebs. mas xSirad ayeneben oTaxis kuTxeSi an derefanSi.

disciplina- savarjiSo

yoveli moswavlis daxasiaTebisTvis disciplinis eqvsi modelidan romeli iqneboda Sesatyvisi? dawereT modeli daxasiaTebis gverdiT mindorze.

bevr samuSaos ar asrulebs, xanmokle yuradReba aqvs, magram gonieria. pasuxobs

siTbosa da Caxutebas, eZebs ufrosis kalTas. bevrs darbis oTaxSi, itacebs nivTebs,
Cxubobs, ejaxeba. derefanSi gayvanisas SeiZleba sakmaod xangrZlivad gulamoskvniT
da gulwrfelad iqviTinos. mtkivneuli mowyenilobisa da tirilis periodebi misTvis ucxo ar aris. xSirad aSkara mizezis gareSe atirdeba xolme.
arasdros viciT, rogor Semova oTaxSi. magram, pirveli ramdenime wuTi, rogorc
wesi, mTeli dRis ganwyobas gansazRvravs. xSiria aseTi scena: jimi dgas karebTan, ar
Semodis, daJinebiT iyureba aqeT-iqiT, amowmebs ra xdeba, icavs Tavis sivrces, mis
ukan karSi mdgom bavSvs, romelic Semosvlas lamobs muStiTa da gabrazebiT pasuxobs.
mcire drois ganmavlobaSi irindeba, mowyenili da uZravia; sxva dros ki SeiZleba
ambis Txrobasa an aqtivobaSi CaerTos. sxva bavSvebTan TanamSromloba SeuZlia,
magram xSirad Cxubze gadadis, Tu saqme gayofas, realur an warmosaxviT kritikul
SeniSvnebs ukavSirdeba. advilad kargavs kontrols.
Tu sasadiloSi wasvlis win dalagebasa da mwkrivSi Cadgomas mosTxovT, nivTebs
maTi kuTvnili adgilisken gadayris (an ubralod arad CagagdebT) da karisken gaiqceva, rasac Sedegad dajaxeba da Cxubi mosdevs. sirbili misTvis erTaderTi reaqciaa
maswavleblis mier erTi adgilidan meoreze gadaadgilebis moTxovnisas.
zogjer arc gainZreva, TiTqos arc ki esmis da mTlianad CarTulia kuburebis

171

awyobasa Tu Tixaze muSaobaSi. sruli CarTulobis es periodebi gacilebiT naklebia,

vidre masalebis gafuWebis periodebi: Tixis magidasTan patara burTulebis gakeTeba da axlo-maxlo bavSvebisTvis srola an didi kubi buldozerad warmodgena da sxva
bavSvis mier agebuli saxlis dangreva.
rogorc Cans, mas mxolod fizikuri SezRudva da Caxuteba awynarebs, rac zogjer 5-10
wuTs grZeldeba.

keni
keni mecxreklaselia, Tumca, ufro pataras hgavs. mas mudam problemebi axvevia Tavs,
klasSi iSviaTadaa. wina kviras megobarTan xumrobiT Widaobisas, skolis direqtoris
kabinetis fanjris qveS gazafxulis yvavilebis kvali gaafuWa.
calke, maswavleblebi mas `velur virs~ eZaxian. is, TiTqos, mocemuli wuTiT cxovrobs da fesvebi arc saxlSi aqvs da arc skolaSi. sxvebs misi CarTva nebismieri saxis
mavneblobaSi SeuZliaT (da xSirad asec xdeba xolme) _ qurdobaSi, vandalizmSi (axali
sportuli darbazis kedlebze saRebaviT uxamsobebis dawera); Tavad iSviaTad mouva
TavSi msgavsi mavnebloba.
rogorc Cans, keni Sinagani marTvis sistemiT ar moqmedebs _ `umarTavi raketaa~; ar
aqvs aranairi mizani, araferi, risTvisac ibrZvis, araferi, risi miRebac skolidan surs.
Tavze xelaRebuli xumara mSiSara kacad iqceva da aSkarad ukan ixevs Tu daiWeren da
namoqmedaris winaSe daayeneben. direqtoris moadgilis SeniSvnaze bevrs ar laparakobs,
mxrebs iCeCavs, Zalian daTrgunulad da martosulad gamoiyureba. is iRebs sasjels,
Tumca amas araviTari Sedegi ar moaqvs. is gpirdebaT, magram arafrad agdebs dapirebas.

fredi
fredi TiTqos sakuTar sxeuls ver akontrolebs, tlanqi da uxeSia, kidurebi usulosaviT aqvs Camokiduli. TiTqos, nebismier wuTs SeiZleba daejaxos raimes da verc
mixvdes.
11 wlis kvalobaze maRalia da maRali xma aqvs.
sasadiloSi, rogorc wesi, bolo Sedis. qanaobiT dadis, aqeT-iqiT yurebisas Tavs
TiTqmis 360 gradusiT atrialebs. laparakobs Zalian xmamaRla, veluriviT. Tavis magidasTan miWyletilma SeiZleba uxeSad mimarTos gverdze mjdoms: `ei, Se dorbliano, gamatare!~ ramdenime wuTis Semdeg SeiZleba giJiviT gaicinos, moitacos saWmeli an isrolos
da metismetad energiuli, ukontrolo qceva gamoavlinos. sasadilo iseve, rogorc sxva
xalxmravali adgilebi, masze zestimulirebas axdens.
miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, fredi hiperaqtiuri ar aris. faqtobrivad, klasSi is
yvelaze xSirad aris Tavidan bolomde samuSaoSi CarTuli _ es misi sakuTari samuSaoa
da ara maswavleblis mier davalebuli. mas uyvars fantastikuri manqanebis xatva, nebismieri mecnieruli informaciis kiTxva da nebismier xelsayrel momentSi saklaso aqtivobaSi monawileobas wyvets da mTlianad gadaerTveba xolme.
jgufuri instruqciisa da mcire jgufSi muSaobisas yviris, aTasgvar xriks mimarTavs
yuradRebis centrSi yofnisTvis da xSirad suleliviT iqceva. Tu gancalkevdeba, malulad xatavs an swavlobs imas, rac ainteresebs.
is SeiZleba Zalian gabrazdes sxva moswavleebze da tkivilic ki miayenos muStis

172

dartymiT an xelis kvriT. is kargavs moTminebas, feTqebadia da ver akontrolebs sakuTar Tavs.
mas ar surs Tavis grZnobebze saubari, sakuTar TavTan CaRrmaveba. is nivTebze saubrobs.
man bevri icis zogierTi mecnieruli da teqnikuri Temis Sesaxeb da uyvars ufrosebisTvis am codnis gamJRavneba. pataraobisas is dinozavrebis erT-erTi fanatikosi da
ganswavluli eqsperti iyo. zogadad misi goneba kargad iTvisebs faqtebsa da zogad
informacias, magram koncentraciis nakleboba, rogorc Cans, xels uSlis im kavSirebis
damyarebasa da koncefciebis ganviTarebaSi, rasac aseTi ganviTarebuli metyvelebis
mqone biWisagan SeiZleba movelodeT.
unar-Cvevebze agebuli iseTi samuSaos Sesrulebisas, rogoricaa imis gansazRvra,
iqneba Tu ara sityva leqsikonis mocemul gverdze an qveSmiweriT gayofisTvis algoriTmis swavla, mas moTmineba Ralatobs da SeiZleba furclebi daxios, Tu pasuxs pirvelive
mcdelobisas ver iRebs. kiTxvebs ar svams da ganmeorebiT axsnis dasrulebamde SeSinebuli cdilobs ukve naswavlis gamoyenebas. masalis gagebis SemTxvevaSi fredis SeuZlia
codnis kompetenturad ganzogadeba axal situaciebze. Tumca, samuSaos Sesrulebisas
Cqarobs da uSvebs bevr Secdomas.
arc erTi namdvili megobari ar hyavs, magram erTveba sxva bavSvebTan iseT aqtivobebSi, rogoricaa gareT cixe-simagris aSeneba. organizebul TamaSebSi TiTqmis ar erTveba.
TamaSma mas TviTgamoxatvis saSualeba unda misces iTamaSos sakuTari roli, yuradReba
mimarTos, vTqvaT, cixe-simagreze. am dros misi saubari cixe-simagres an mxatvrul fantazias Seexeba, rasac bavSvebi cixe-simagris aSenebisas aviTareben xolme: `ei, Sexede am
magar sasrialos [romelic man es-esaa gaakeTa]. isini am kedelze gadmofrenas SeZleben~. saubrisas is iSviaTad uyurebs sxva bavSvs.

173

Tavi 7

literatura:
Adler, A. The Problem Child. New York: G. B. Putnam & Sons, 1963.
Aronson, E. The Jigsaw Classroom. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1978.
Buckholt, D. R., D. E. Berritor, H. Sloane, G. M. Della-Piana, K. S. Rogers, and I. F. Coor. CLAIMClassroom
and Instructional Management Program. New York: Walker Publishing Co., 1975.
Canter, L. (withM. Canter). Assertive Discipline. Santa Monica, Calif.: Canter and Associates, 1977.
Colarusso, C. Diagnostic Educational Grouping: Strategies for Teaching. Bucks County (Pennsylvania) Public
Schools, 1972.
Dishon, D., and P. W. O'Leary. A Guidebook for Cooperative Learning. Holmes Beach, Fla.: Learning Publications, Inc., 1984.
Dreikurs, R. Psychology in the Classroom. New York: Harper and Row, 1957.
Dreikurs, R., and P. Cassel. Discipline Without Tears. New York: Hawthorne Books, 1974.
Dreikurs, R., and L. A. Grey. A New Approach to Classroom Discipline: Logical Consequences. New York: Harper
and Row, 1968.
Erikson, E. H. Childhood and Society. 2d ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 1963.
Ginott, Dr. H. Between Parent and Child. New York: Macmillan, 1965.
Glasser, W. Reality Therapy. New York: Harper and Row, 1965.
-------. Schools Without Failure. New York: Harper and Row, 1969.
Gordon, T. Parent Effectiveness Training. New York: Peter Wyden, 1970.
-------. Teacher Effectiveness Training. New York: Peter Wyden, 1974.
Hersey, P., and H. Blanchard. The Family Game. Reading, Mass.: Addision-Wesley, 1978.
House, E. R., and S. D. Lapan. Survival in the Classroom. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1978.
Hymes, L. Jr. Behavior and Misbehavior. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1955.
Johnson, D. W., and R. T.Johnson. Learning Together and Alone. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1975, 1987.
Jones, F. H. Positive Classroom Discipline. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987.
Joyce, Bruce, and Marsha Weil. Models of Teaching. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1972.
Lederman, J. Anger in the Rocking Chair. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969.
Martin, G., andj. Pear. Behavior Modification. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1978.
Maslow, A. Toward a Psychology of Being. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1962.
Meichenbaum, D. Cognitive Behavior Modification. New York: Plenum Press, 1977.
Mendler, A. N., and R. L. Curwin. TakingCharge in the Classroom. Reston, Va.: Reston Publishing Co., 1983.
Pierson, C. Resolving Classroom Conflict. Palo Alto, Calif.: Learning Handbooks, 1974.
Rogers, D. M. Classroom Discipline: An Idea Handbook for Elementary School Teachers. New York: Center for
Applied Research in Education, 1972.

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disciplina
Sarason, S. The Culture of Schools and the Problem of Change. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1971.
Sharam, S. "Cooperation Learning in Small Groups." Review of Educational Research 50 (Summer 1980): 241-272.
Schutz, W. J. Expanding Human Awareness. New York: Grove Press, 1967.
Shure, Myrna. I Can Problem Solve. (ICPS): An Interpersonal Cognitive Problem-Solving Program. Champaign,
111." Research Press, 1992.
--------. Raising a Thinking Child. (Audiotape). New York: Pocket Books, 1996.
--------. Raising a Thinking Child Workbook. New York: Henry Holt, 1996.
Shure, M. B., and G. Spivack. Problem Solving Techniques in Childrearing. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1978.
Slavin, R. E. "Cooperative Learning." Review of Educational Research 50 (Summer 1980): 315-342.
Stanford, Gene. Developing Effective Classroom Groups. N.Y.: Hart, 1977.
Swap, S. "Disturbing Classroom Behaviors: A Developmental and Ecological View." Exceptional Children (November 1974): 163-172.
Van Houton, R. Learning Through Feedback. New York: Human Sciences Press, 1980.
Wallen, C. J., and L. Wallen. Effective Classroom Management. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1978.
Wilt, J., and B. Watson. Relationship Building Activities. Waco, Texas: Educational Products Division, WORD,
1978.
Wolfgang, C. Helping Aggressive and Passive Pre-Schoolers Through Play. Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill, 1977.
Wolfgang, C, and C. Glickman. Solving Discipline Problems. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1980.
Wood, Samellyn, Roger Bishop, and Davene Cohen. Parenting: Four Patterns of Child Rearing. New York: Hart
Publishing Co., 1978.

doqtor barbara bruno-goldenis mier Tavmoyrili damatebiTi literatura

relaqsaciis swavlebis Sesaxeb
Bernstein, D., and T. Borkovec. Progressive Relaxation Training: A Manual for the Helping Professions. Champaign, 111.: Research Press, 1973.
Bruno-Golden, Barbara. "Progressive Relaxation Training for Children: A Guide for Parents and Children."
Special Children AASE/Box 168, Fryeburg, Maine (Fall 1974) and (Summer/Fall 1975).
Jacobson, J. E. Teaching and Learning New Methods for Old Arts. Chicago, 111.: National Foundation for Progressive Relaxation, 55 East Washington St., 1973.
Koeppen, A. "Relaxation Training for Children." Elementary School Guidance and Counseling (October 1974):
14-20.
Northfield, W. "How to Relax" The Psychologist Magazine Ltd. Denington Estate, Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, England, 1973.
Commercially prepared cassettes for home training programs in adult relaxation skill development are available
through Bio Monitoring Applications, Inc., Suite 1506, 270 Madison Ave., New York, NY. 10016.

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8
sicxade
rogor unda avxsnaT cxadad?

kognituri empaTia

`didi suraTi~

sicxade

icxade cvladi sididea, romelsac vrceli kvleva sWirdeba. is mravaljer Seitanes

sakvlev sakiTxebSi, maT Soris, rozenSainis `did cxraSic~ ki, korelaciur kvlevebSi
standartizebuli testirebisas moswavleTa winsvlasTan dakavSirebuli cxra cvladi (Rosenshine & Furst 1973). sirTule is iyo, rom ar vicodiT `sicxadis~ mniSvneloba (ix.
Hiller da sxvebi 1969, Belgard da sxvebi 1971, da Martin 1979 sicxadis gansazRvrebis mcdelobisTvis). maswavleblebiseuli hipoTezebi sicxadis Sesaxeb sakmaris informacias ver gvawvdis. ratom xdeba, rom zog adamians sxvebze ukeT gamosdis axsna? ras akeTeben isini axsnisas
meti sicxadis misaRwevad?
ganvixiloT epizodi: 22X23=? magaliTi klasSi bevrma SecdomiT amoxsna. `mravalma Tqvenganma 2-ebi gadaamravla da 22X23=45 miiRo, rac arasworia. pasuxi 25-ia.~, ambobs maswavlebeli.
is Slis `45~-s da mis adgilze `25~-s wers. `2 ar icvleba~, amatebs is da Semdeg magaliTze gadadis.
maswavlebelma magaliTi amowura, magram ar axsna. es epizodi ufro imiT aris mniSvnelovani, rac maswavlebels gamorCa, vidre imiT, rac gaakeTa. maswavlebels ar Seumowmebia,
gaiges Tu ara moswavleebma aseTi magaliTebis amoxsnis wesi (NaXNb=Na+b). mas ar Seumowmebia, gaiges Tu ara moswavleebma wesis muSaobis principi. mas ar auxsnia magaliTis amoxsnis
procesi: man ubralod mcdar da swor pasuxebze miuTiTa. mniSvnelovania, rom mas ar ucdia
moswavleTa CarTva, raTa darwmunebuliyo, vin gaigo da vin _ vera. magaliTad, mas ar Seumowmebia, SeeZlo Tu ara romelime moswavles msgavsi magaliTis amoxsna. am epizodSi sicxade
Zalze mwiria maswavleblisa Tu misi moswavleebisTvis.
qceva, romelsac sicxadis parametrSi SevexebiT, safuZvlad udevs cxadi instruqciis
miwodebis process. situaciebi, romelTac SevexebiT, moicavs axali masalis warmodgenas,
koncefciebis axsnas, mimarTulebebis micemas an axsnas, arsebuli codnis gaaqtiurebas, Zveli masalis Tavidan axsnas, moswavleTa dabneulobis mizezebis garkvevas, swavlis procesSi
kavSirebis damyarebas. winamdebare TavSi am procesebTan dakavSirebul repertuars gadavxedavT.

1. kognituri empaTia
SesaZloa am parametris da zogadad kargi swavlebisTvis mniSvnelovania is, rac wlis
saukeTeso maswavlebelma meri klarkma Tqva 1981 wlis interviuSi: `unda icodeT, ra aris
Tqveni moswavleebis TavebSi, saklaso oTaxSi motanili informaciis, grZnobebisa da miznebis CaTvliT~.1 es migvaniSnebs, rom sicxadeSi CarTulia garkveuli kognituri empaTia (iseve
1 Parsons, C. `Grading Teachers for Quality~. The Christian Science Monitor (October 28, 1981): B6.

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Tavi 8

rogorc emociuri empaTia).2 es maswavlebels saSualebas aZlevs icodes, rodis ver igeben
moswavleebi da Semdeg yuradReba gaamaxvilos masalis im nawilze, romelic ar esmiT.
ori sxvadasxva unar-Cvevaa imis gansazRvra, rodis ver igeben moswavleebi da ra ar esmiT.
`vergagebis~ drois gansazRvra gulisxmobs, rom maswavlebels swavlebis dros aqvs Semowmebis saSualebebi, xolo imis gansazRvra, ra ar esmiT moswavleebs, gulisxmobs, rom maswavlebeli axdes konkretuli `vergagebuli~ punqtis (punqtebis) identificirebas da xelaxla
xsnis. raki sicxadis TvalsazrisiT orive unar-Cveva mniSvnelovania, saWiroa cal-calke ganvixiloT, rogor asruleben maswavleblebi TiToeuls.

gagebis Semowmeba
Cven viyenebT sityvas `Semowmeba~, raTa aRvweroT, rodis cdilobs maswavlebeli imis
gansazRvras, dabneulebi arian Tu ara moswavleebi. Semowmebisas maswavlebeli reagirebs
klasze, cdilobs gaigos moswavleebisgan sasurveli informacia dabneulobis arsebobasTan
dakavSirebiT. rogor avlens maswavlebeli dabneulobas? Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT maTi
saqmianobis (qmedebis) oTxi done, romelTac ase davasaTaurebdiT:
1. agrZelebs
2. kiTxulobs sxeulis enas
3. svams Sesamowmebel SekiTxvebs
4. gansazRvravs dones
moqmedebis es oTxi done urTierTs ar gamoricxavs; maswavlebelma SeiZleba ramdenime
maTgani sxvadasxva dros erTsa da imave gakveTilze gamoiyenos.
pirvel doneze maswavlebelma, SeiZleba, ubralod, upasuxod datovos moswavleTa dabneuloba. is ubralod iviwyebs moswavleTa dabneulobas da agrZelebs axsnas; an ver afasebs
dabneulobis `masStabs~ da ver aZlevs davalebis Sesasruleblad saWiro miTiTebebs. Seumowmebloba da gagrZeleba SeiZleba zogjer gamarTlebuli iyos naswavli masalis swrafi
mimoxilvisas, Tu manamde maswavlebelma amomwuravad Seamowma da axla misi mizania mxolod
mniSvnelovani terminebis an koncefciebis xazgasma. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic ki, raki Semowmebas cota dro sWirdeba, gonivruli iqneboda misi gamoyeneba.
meore doneze maswavlebelma gageba SeiZleba moswavleTa dabneulobis mimaniSnebeli
sxeulis enis wakiTxviT (mag., poziT, saxis gamometyvelebiT) Seamowmos. aseTi miniSnebebis
SemCnevisas, is aCerebs swavlebas. Tumca, vergagebis garegnul niSnebze dayrdnoba arc ise
saimedoa. moswavleebma vergagebis miuxedavad SeiZleba sulac ar gamoamJRavnon es miniSnebebi. magaliTad, swavlebis procesSi moswavleTa azrovnebis kvlevisas, pitersoni da svingi (Peterson & Swing 1982) aRweren, rogor Seiyvanes SecdomaSi moswavleebma damkvirveblebi,
romelTa azriT, isini yuradRebiT usmendnen gakveTils:
melisas pasuxebi stimulirebuli gaxsenebis interviuze mis uyuradRebobas avlenda [Tumca, damkvirveblebma misi saqcielis mixedviT gansajes, rom is yuradRebiT iyo] da Canda, rom drois umetes nawils pasuxis da savaraudo warumateblobis gamo nerviulobaSi atarebda. magaliTad, kiTxvaze, ras fiqrobda pirveli
videokasetis naxvis Semdeg, melisam upasuxa: `...vinaidan is-is iyo nerviulobas
viwyebdi, vfiqrobdi, rom SeiZleboda ar mcodnoda, rogor gamekeTebina raRacee2 moswavleTa grZnobebisa da miznebis codna aseve Zalze mniSvnelovania da mas kvlav ganvixilavT saklaso oTaxis klimatTan da
pirovnuli urTierTobis CamoyalibebasTan dakavSirebul TavebSi.

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sicxade

bi~. meore nawilis naxvis Semdeg man Tqva: `vfiqrobdi, rom kriss ufro uadvildeboda, radgan ufrosklaseli iyo~. mesame nawilis naxvis Semdeg melisam upasuxa:
`iciT, ZiriTadad imaze vfiqrobdi, razec Cven manamde visaubreT _ Tavs visulelebdi~. bolos, meoTxe nawilis naxvis Semdeg man Tqva: `iciT, es SeiZleba uadgiloa, magram yaisnaRiT naqsovebis Sesaxeb Sexvedraze vfiqrobdi, radgan mindoda
moqsova momeswro~ (gv. 485).*
mesame doneze maswavlebelma moswavleTa zogadi gageba SeiZleba ufro pirdapir, perioduli SekiTxvebiT Seamowmos. mas ainteresebs igeben Tu ara moswavleebi instruqcias. es
SeiZleba exebodes Sinaarsis, procedurebis an miTiTebebis zogad gagebas. aq upriani iqneba,
moswavleTa mier gagebis Sesamowmeblad, gaxsenebisa da wvdomis kiTxvaTa gamoyenebis ganxilva.
gaxsenebis mizniT dasmuli kiTxvebi moiTxovs warmodgenili masalidan uSualod faqtebze dafuZnebul pasuxebs. magaliTad, kiTxvaze _ `rogoria samkuTxedis farTobis gamosaTvleli formula?~ _ sapasuxod moswavleebs sWirdebaT uSualod formulis gaxseneba:
fuZisa da simaRlis namravlis naxevari. meore mxriv, wvdomis Semowmebaze mimarTul kiTxvebs
pasuxi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gaeces, Tu moswavleebs namdvilad esmiT gakveTilis
koncefciebi an operaciebi. magaliTad, `ras raze gaamravlebdiT am samkuTxedis farTobis
gamosaTvlelad [samkuTxedisa, romelzec miTiTebulia gverdebis zomebi]?~ pasuxi moiTxovs
rogorc formulis gaxsenebas, ise imis codnas, rogor unda gamoyenon formula konkretuli
samkuTxedisTvis.
wvdomis SekiTxvebs moswavleebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi gascemen pasuxebs, Tu Sesamowmebeli Sinaarsi esmiT. gTavazobT kidev erT magaliTs: `ratom ver iqneba am gverdze mocemuli
sityva `xarbad?~ _ kiTxulobs maswavlebeli im gverdis Sesaxeb, sadac indeqsi (leqsikonis gverdis zeda nawilSi mindorze miTiTebuli sityva, romelic migvaniSnebs, ra sityviT
mTavrdeba mocemuli gverdi. mTargm. Sen.) aris sityvebi `nadiroba~ da `borcvi~. moswavleebi
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeZleben, Tu maT esmiT, rogor zRudavs
indeqsi sityvaTa diapazons leqsikonis konkretul gverdze.
aq ar Semogvaqvs blumis taqsonomia da arc maswavleblis mier dasmuli sxvadasxva donis kiTxvebiT stimulirebuli azrovnebis doneebs ganvixilavT. (Tumca, es TavisTavad mniSvnelovani Temaa da me-15 TavSi SevexebiT.) Semowmebisas, zogjer, vfiqrobT, rom moswavleTa
wvdomas vamowmebT, Tumca, sinamdvileSi, mxolod imas vamowmebT, axsovT Tu ara sakvanZo sityvebi. amis magaliTs am Tavis bolos warmogidgenT.
gagebis Semowmebis meoTxe done medelin hanTeris mier `donis gansazRvrisTvis~ monaTlul kiTxvebs moicavs. donis gansazRvra damaxasiaTebelia swavlebisTvis, Tu maswavlebeli:

xSirad amowmebs, igeben Tu ara moswavleebi

akvirdeba erTdroulad bevrs
amowmebs erTsa da imave Temisa da koncefciis codnas
amowmebs swavlebis procesSi.
hanTeri da misi kolegebi moswavleebs signalebis _ cerebi maRla, cerebi dabla, cerebi
erT mxares _ gamoyenebas aswavlian, raTa maswavlebels periodulad Seatyobinon, ramdenad
kargad igeben. gagebis donis gansazRvris uamravi sxva formac arsebobs, magaliTad, maswavleblebi moswavleebs sTxoven, `Tavi daiqnion~ an erTdroulad upasuxon dasmul kiTxvas.
orive gziT SeiZleba zogadi warmodgena Segveqmnas imaze, ramdeni moswavle upasuxebs da ram* gadmobeWdilia nebarTviT. Peterson, P., and S. Swing. `Beyond Time on Task: Students Reports of Their Thought Processes During
Classroom Instruction. `Elementary School Journal 82, no. 5 (1982): 481-491. 1982 University of Chicago Press. yvela ufleba daculia.

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denad gaazrebuli iqneba maTi pasuxi.

es signalebi moiTxovs moswavliseul TviTSefasebas gageba-vergagebis Taobaze, Tumca
isini SesaZloa realobas ar asaxavdes. donis Semowmebis ufro ganviTarebuli forma yoveli
moswavlisgan uSualod SinaarsTan dakavSirebul pasuxs moiTxovs. magaliTad, trigonomertiis gakveTilze maswavlebeli ambobs: `pasuxisTvis aswieT baraTi cifriT 1, 2, 3, an 4, rom
miCvenoT romel kvadrantSi damTavrdeba kuTxe~. inglisuris gakveTilze moswavleebs aqvT
baraTebi, romlebzec weria `w~ (winadadeba), `f~ (winadadebis fragmenti) da `g~ (gagrZeleba)
da moswavleebs sTxovs Sebamisi baraTis Cvenebas savarjiSos Sesrulebisas.
donis Semowmebis zemoT motanil formebSi gamoyenebulia moswavleTa mier signalebis
gagzavna xelebiT, baraTebiT an sxva meqanizmebiT, Tumca donis Semowmeba signalebis gareSec SeiZleba. zogierTi maswavlebeli gakveTilze moswavleebs erTkiTxvian testebs aZlevs,
weris dros magidebs Soris dadis, raTa maTi muSaoba dainaxos. amgvarad daxarjuli ramdenime wuTi zust informacias gvaZlevs moswavleebis mier masalis gagebis Taobaze. 8.1 sqema
gviCvenebs kavSirs donis Semowmebis signalian da usignalo formebs Soris.
done kargad aris gansazRvruli, Tu maswavlebeli mudmivad iRebs informacias yovel moswavleze an maT umravlesobaze. gagebis Sesaxeb am informacias axasiaTebs sixSire da sifarTove. maswavlebels SeuZlia am informaciis miReba moswavleTa umravlesobisTvis kiTxvebis
dasmiT.

donis Semowmeba
signalebi

TviTSefaseba
cerebi maRla
xelebi Tavze Tu...
gadabrunebuli niSani
wiTeli, yviTeli, mwvane
sasignalo baraTebi

signalebis gareSe

Sinaarsis pirdapiri
Semowmeba

erTkiTxviani testi
erTdrouli pasuxi
mravali SekiTxva
pasuxebis grafis
verbaluri Sevseba
mokle weriTi davaleba
grifelis dafebi

TiTebi aCveneben maTematikuri

moqmedebis niSans
punqtuaciis swori niSnebi haerSi
TiTebiT haerSi xataven f [farTobi],
p [perimetri], an o [orive], gaaCnia ra
sityvas moiTxovs amocana

qema 8.1: donis gansazRvra

donis gansazRvra moicavs oTxive atributs.
donis gansazRvra niSnavs SekiTxvebis dasmas da pasuxebis mosmenas (1) xSirad (2) mravali
moswavlisgan (3) erTsa da imave Temaze an koncefciaze (4) swavlebis ganmavlobaSi.

donis gansazRvris kiTxvebi gaxsenebisa da wvdomis kiTxvebTan Semdegnairad aris dakavSirebuli: SegviZlia donis gansazRvra _ moswavleTa xSiri da farTo Semowmeba _ gaxsenebis
an wvdomis, an orive doneze. gaxsenebisa da wvdomis kiTxvebis dasma, erTmniSvnelovnad donis
Semowmebas ar niSnavs. isini urTierTgadamfaravia, Tumca, SesaZlebelia, urTierTmomcveli
nakrebi ar iyos (sqema 8.2).
rogor SeiZleba davsvaT gaxsenebisa da wvdomis dasadgeni kiTxva da ganvsazRvroT done?

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maswavlebelma SeiZleba wvdomis dasadgeni SekiTxvebi dausvas calkeul moswavles, swori

pasuxis SemTxvevaSi sxva moswavles mimarTos kiTxviT, ise, rom ar daadginos, danarCenebma
gaiges Tu ara (xSiri modeli zepiri gamokiTxvis gakveTilebze).

gaxseneba

wvdoma

donis
gansazRvra

sqema 8.2: donis gansazRvra/gaxseneba/wvdoma

es aqtivobebi urTierTgadamfaravi, Tumca SesaZlebelia urTierTmomcveli
nakrebi ar iyos.

SeiZleba vikiTxoT: `donis gansazRvra yoveli gakveTilis mudmivi Tavisebureba unda iyos
Tu ara?~ araa aucilebeli. es SeiZleba uadgilo iyos diskusiis dros, sadac yalibdeba kamaTis mimarTuleba an konceptualur cvlilebaTa gakveTilze, roca moswavleebi maTTvis
`mSobliuri~ mosazrebebisgan gansxvavebul Sexedulebebs ecnobian, dakvirvebis safuZvelze
axal Teoriebs qmnian da amowmeben. Tumca am SemTxvevaSic ganmsazRvreli iqneba, surs Tu ara
maswavlebels moswavleTa donis Semowmeba. am dros miRebuli informacia maswavleblisTvis
sasargeblo iqneba, radgan ecodineba, vin gaigo da vin vera da misi gakveTili mgzavrebs sadgurSi ar datovebs.

dabneulobisa da mcdari koncefciebis gansazRvra

karikaturaze gamosaxulia patara biWi, romelic Tavdayira dgas abazanis sasworze. misi
megobari skalas amowmebs da eubneba: `Seni Tavi Seni fexebiviT 43 girvanqas iwonis~.
am karikaturis msgavsad, swavlebis dros moswavleebi mraval mcdar koncefcias pouloben, romlebic myaria da xels uSlis swavlebas, Tu ar gvecodineba maTi arseboba da ar
vecdebiT maT uaryofas. dabneulobisa da mcdari koncefciebis gansazRvris sami formidan
erT-erTi niSnavs mcdari koncefciis amocnobas, win wamowevas da `gasworebas~. sxvagvarad,
mcdari koncefciebi daamaxinjeben moswavleebis mier masalis gagebas (Eaton, Anderson, &
Smith 1984).
ganaTlebis muSakTa mier Catarebul kvlevaTa seriam (mag.: Eaton da sxvebi 1984; Eylon &
Linn 1988) samyaros Sesaxeb moswavleTa mravali mcdari koncefcia gamoavlina: magaliTad,
`haeri aris carieli sivrce~, `Cemi Tvalebi uSualo aRqmiT xedavs~ (areklili gamosaxulebis
miRebis nacvlad). Tu swavlebis procesSi maswavlebeli ar ecdeba am mcdari koncefciebis

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gamovlenas, win wamowevasa da swori koncefciebiT Secvlas, moswavleebi maT mier naswavl informacias Seusatyviseben. amis Sedegad maT gonebaSi Seqmnili `rukebi~, SesaZloa, logikurad
myari Candes, magram isini mcdaria da seriozul dabrkolebas uqmnis swavlas. es SeiZleba,
moswavleTa goneba ar aris `carieli dafa~. maT
erTi SexedviT, Zalze mkafio swavlebis drogonebaSi arsebul informacias didi gavlena
sac moxdes moswavleTa mcdari koncefciebis
aqvs swavlebaze.
gauTvaliswineblobis gamo. miuxedavad imisa,
rom kvleva sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa
koncefciebis kuTxiT Catarda, safuZveli gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom imave problemasTan gvaqvs
saqme sxva disciplinebSic. Cven, rogorc maswavleblebma, ubralod, unda vicodeT, rom moswavleTa goneba ar aris `carieli dafa~. maT gonebaSi arsebul informacias didi gavlena
aqvs swavlebaze. Tavis am nawilSi _ `moswavleTa arsebuli codnis gaaqtiureba~ _ ramdenime
meqanizms gavecnobiT, romelTa gamoyeneba maswavlebels moswavleTa mcdari koncefciebis
gansazRvrisTvis SeuZlia.
moswavleTa gavrcelebuli mcdari
koncefciebis winawar ganWvreta

winaswar ganWvreta, rom masala Zneli

saswavli iqneba

_ `yvela mdinare CrdiloeTidan samxreTisken

miedineba~ _

da uxvi ganmartebiTi meqanizmebisa da xSiri

Semowmebis gamoyeneba.

gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, Tqven SegiZliaT

dro ar dazogoT, Riad daupirispirdeT mcdar
koncefcias da xazi gausvaT swor Sexedulebas.
amisTvis SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT ganmartebiTi
meqanizmebis farTo speqtri.

xvedriTi wonis koncefciis demonstraciis

Semdeg Svriis ori WiqiT, romelTagan erTi
damtvreulia, maswavlebeli xazavs dafaze
da ambobs: `marcxena xeli aswieT, Tu pirveli
diagrama ufro zustia da marjvena _ Tu
meore diagramaa ufro zustia. Tina, axseni
Seni arCevani. kargi, yvelam rveulebSi orisami winadadebiT gansazRvreT xvedriTi wona
da moiyvaneT raRacis simkvrivis magaliTi
sxva raRacasTan SedarebiT~.

im momentis SemCneva, roca moswavleebma SeiZleba ver gaigon

an SeiZleba sxvagvarad gaigon nanaxi an mosmenili.
`moicade, Tod. yuradRebiT, xedavT ra moxda? man gonebaSi
erTdroulad ori nabiji gadadga. pirvelad man...~
sqema 8.3: dabneulobis ganWvretis sami forma

dabneulobis gansaWvretad maswavlebels nabijebis am repertuaris gamoyeneba SeuZlia.

dabneulobis ganWvretis meore formaSi (ix. sqema 8.3), dabneulobisa da araswori aRqmis savaraudo adgilebis ganWvretisTvis, maswavlebeli iyenebs moswavleebisa da masalis
Sinaarsis Sesaxeb codnas, radgan masala rTulia da mosalodnelia misi araswori aRqma. aq

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mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara moswavleTa gonebaSi arsebuli mcdari koncefciebi, aramed masalis
sirTule, risTvisac maswavlebeli Zal-Rones ar iSurebs da cdilobs, maqsimalurad naTeli
gaxados masala da Tavidan aicilos bundovaneba an araswori aRqma. magaliTad, fizikaSi Tavisufali vardnis axsnis dros maswavlebeli iTvaliswinebs, rom moswavleTaTvis es termini
SeiZleba asocirdebodes saganTan, romelic dedamiwaze mizidulobis Zalis gamo ecema; Tumca, `Tavisufali vardna~ centraluri sxeulis garSemo orbitaze sxeulis Tavisufal moZraobas niSnavs, magaliTad, mTvaris moZraoba dedamiwis garSemo. termini mianiSnebs `garSemo
vardnaze~ _ kosmosSi sxeulTa wriul moZraobas orbitaze. maswavlebels SeuZlia ganWvritos, savaraudod rodis SeiZleba gauWirdeT moswavleebs gageba da Sesabamisi dro daxarjos
masalis axsnaze.
zogjer maswavlebeli axsnis procesSi sazRvravs mosalodnel gaugebrobas da preverenciul nabijs dgams. moswavle dafasTan sworad xsnis algebrul gantolebas, magram terminebiT ise swrafad manipulirebs, rom SeiZleba sxva moswavleebma `fexi ver auwyon~. dabneulobis Tavidan asacileblad, maswavlebeli awyvetinebs moswavles da klass mimarTavs: `naxeT,
aq ras akeTebs: is erTdroulad or nabijs dgams _ amravlebs da kvadratul fesvs iRebs.
kargi, ganagrZe, Tod~. maswavlebelma moqmedeba sxvebis sasargeblod Seanela da Todis gonebaSi gadadgmuli ori nabiji gaacalkeva, radgan ganWvrita, rom SeiZleba sxvebs ver gaegoT.
dabneulobis ganWvreta xSirad erT-erTi yvelaze uxilavi da rTulia, radgan moswavleebi, faqtobrivad, verc ki aswreben dabnevas: maswavleblebi erTi nabijiT uswreben da Tavidan icileben gaugebrobis safrTxes. swored amave mizeziT, es nabiji axsnis maRali donis
sicxades uzrunvelyofs.
rogor SeiZleba Seamowmos maswavlebelma, gaiges Tu ara moswavleebma masala? maT SeuZliaT moswavleTa gonebaSi `SeRweva~. moswavleTa gonebaSi `SeRwevis~ es unari mTeli am
parametris safuZvelia. sicxadis parametris TvalsazrisiT daxelovnebulma maswavlebelma
icis, ra `xdeba~ moswavleTa TavebSi da amis garkvevis saSualebaTa farTo repertuari aqvs.
maT moswavleTa azrovnebis wvdomis erTgvari kognituri empaTia _ moswavleTa adgilze
sakuTari Tavis warmodgenis unari _ axasiaTebT da is mTlianad marTavs maT saqmianobas.

dabneulobasTan gamklaveba
moswavleTa dabneulobis SemCnevisas maswavleblis valia, dabneulobis mizezebis garkveva da Sesabamisad, xelaxali axsna, rasac `dabneulobasTan gamklavebas~ vuwodebT.
roca moswavleebi gvatyobineben (an maswavlebeli aRmoaCens), rom raRac gaugebaria, maswavlebeli cdilobs xelaxla axsnas an naTeli mohfinos informaciis konkretul nawils. am
SemTxvevaSi swavlebis xuT sxvadasxva dones gamoyofen:
1. araviTari reaqcia;
2. xelaxla xsnis;
3. adgens dabneulobis moments konkretuli kiTxvebiT;
4. daJinebiT adgens, gaiges Tu ara moswavleebma da ubrundeba axsnils;
5. moswavles axsnevinebs maTeul gagebas.
pirvel doneze maswavlebeli ar reagirebs dabneulobaze. meore doneze is, ubralod, xelaxla axsnas iwyebs. es axsna SeiZleba pirvel axsnaze ufro neli da/an ufro detaluri iyos.
Semdeg doneze maswavlebeli moswavleebs konkretul kiTxvebs usvams, raTa zustad daadginos maTTvis gaugebari adgilebi. Semdeg racionalurad tovebs moswavleTaTvis gasageb monakveTebs da gaugebris xelaxal axsnaze gadadis.

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momdevno doneze maswavlebeli ubrundeba im moswavles, romelsac daxmareba sWirdeba.

is SeZlebisdagvarad garkveul dros uTmobs masTan saubars da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania,
mogvianebiT kvlav ubrundeba mas, raTa Seamowmos Sedegiani iyo Tu ara misi muSaoba. aseTi
dabrunebisas, maswavlebelma SeiZleba mimoxilviTi kiTxvebiT an naswavlis sxva konteqstSi
gamoyenebis saSualebiT Seamowmos gageba. zogjer gakveTilze maswavlebels ara aqvs gagebis
Semowmebisa da xelaxali axsnis dro _ es swavlebis realobaa. am SemTxvevaSi maswavlebelma
TavisTvis unda aRniSnos an Caiweros, konkretulad romeli moswavlisTvisaa bundovani axali koncefcia. Semdeg SeiZleba SeuTanxmdes maT gakveTilebis Semdeg xanmokle Sexvedraze
bundovani momentebis gasarkvevad, gadadgas nebismieri sxva nabiji am mimarTulebiT da Seqmnas masalis gagebisTvis aucilebeli pirobebi.
bolo doneze maswavlebeli moswavleebs maTeuli azrovnebis (ara mxolod fiqrTa Tanamimdevrobisa) aRweras sTxovs: amowmebs, rogor fiqrobs moswavle koncefciisa Tu operaciis Sesaxeb. is cdilobs moswavlis gonebaSi urTierTkavSirTa struqturis, sakiTxis konceptualizaciis gzis gagebas. is svams Semdeg kiTxvebs: `rogor miiRe es pasuxi? rogor udgebi
am saxis amocanas? SegiZlia miTxra ra gaakeTe an ra ifiqre amasTan dakavSirebiT? pirvelad
ra nabiji gadadgi? ratom? Seni azriT, ras unda niSnavdes es? Seni azriT, ras niSnavs `qalaqis TviTmmarTveloba?~ zogjer SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT, rom erTi SexedviT `mcdari~ pasuxebi
sinamdvileSi sulac ar aris mcdari, Tu moswavleTa varaudebsa da logikas gavigebT. moswavlis gonebaSi urTierTkavSirTa struqturis gamoyeneba maswavlebels koncefciis xelaxla
axsnis an SekiTxvaTa seriis dasmis saSualebas aZlevs, rac moswavles koncefciis TviTaRmoCenas gauadvilebs.
moswavleTa azrovnebis wvdomis mniSvnelobasTan dakavSirebiT sami avtoris naSromebi
unda aRiniSnos. 1970-ian wlebSi bil halma (Bill
Hull) Caatara seminarebis seria _ `bavSvTa azrovneba~, sadac maswavleblebi regularulad
ikribebodnen moswavleTa mier monacemTa gadamuSavebis procesis gansaxilvelad. diskusiebi
maswavleblebs stimuls aZlevda (da amJamadac aZlevT, radgan Sexvedrebi kvlav grZeldeba),
efiqraT bavSvebis azrovnebaze, ecadaT, gaegoT movlenebis xedvisa da problemaTa gadaWris
maTeuli gzebi. hiu mehanma (Hugh Mehan 1974) gaaanaliza maswavleblisa da bavSvebis msjeloba da aCvena, rom bavSvebis `Secdomebi~, faqtobrivad, ufrosebis saubris maTeuli interpretaciiT iyo gamowveuli. eleonor dakvorTma (Eleanor Duckworth 1981) maswavleblebTan
erTad kvlevaTa seria Caatara mozardTa azrovnebis Seswavlis mizniT, romelSic amosavali
wertili iyo maswavleblebis mier sakuTari azrovnebisa da swavlis procesebis Seswavla.

zogjer `mcdari~ pasuxebi sinamdvileSi sulac

ar aris mcdari, Tu moswavleTa varaudebsa da
logikas gavigebT.

Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom

`bavSvis gageba~ maswavlebelTa devizi, mizani, Semdgomi muSaobis safuZveli gaxda. es iyo sirTule, romlis winaSec isini sakuTar Tavs ayenebdnen yovel jerze, roca bavSvi gaakeTebda an ityoda iseT rames, rasac myisierad ver xvdebodnen. sxva sityvebiT, maswavleblebi cdilobdnen, epovaT is gza, romelic bavSvis
naTqvamisa da moqmedebis axsnis saSualebas miscemda isini cdilobdnen `bavSvis gagebas~ (Duckworth 1987, gv. 86-87)
dakvorTis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mosazreba is gaxlavT, rom misi azriT, piaJes arsebiTi
wvlili ganviTarebis miseuli etapebi rodia; is umniSvnelo gavlenas axdens swavlebaze, saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvsazRvroT bavSvis ganviTarebis adgili piaJeseul ierarqiaSi, Tu vaRiarebT konkretuli masalis gamoyenebis mniSvnelobas (gansakuTrebiT, roca vacnobierebT
swavlebis mniSvnelobas zrdasrulebisTvisac ki). mniSvnelovania da swavlebas arsebiTad
uwyobs xels piaJes klinikuri intervius teqnikis gageba, `romelSic zrdasrulis mizania,

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SeZlebisdagvarad meti gaigos konkretul sakiTxze moswavlis Sexedulebis Sesaxeb~ (Duckworth 1981, gv. 14). garda amisa:
bavSvTan saubris kvalobaze, miseuli aRqmis wvdomis mizniT, `am procesSi~ TviT
bavSviseuli aRqma izrdeba. Tanamosaubris mier bavSvis azrovnebis gagebis
mizniT dasmuli kiTxvebi TviT bavSvsac met fiqrs avaldebulebs. ras gulisxmob? rogor gaakeTe es? namdvilad ver vxvdebi; SegiZlia, sxvagvarad amixsna? SegiZlia, magaliTi momiyvano? rogor gamoiangariSe? Tanamosaubres es kiTxvebi
meore adamianis gagebis saSualebas aZlevs. yovel jerze is mosaubris fiqrebSi
erTveba da win adgmevinebs nabijs (Duckworth 1987, gv. 96-97)*
(damatebiTi informaciisTvis imis Taobaze, rogor SeiZleba gavaRrmaoT moswavleTa gageba imiT, rom davafiqroT sakuTar azrovnebaze, ixileT am Tavis Semajamebeli nawili.)

axsnis meqanizmebi
Semowmeba da dabneulobis mogvareba arsebiTia sicxadisTvis, Tumca arsebobs masTan dakavSirebuli sxva saSualebebic, magaliTad, maswavleblis axsnis meqanizmTa repertuari, romelic mas axsnis dros exmareba. es meqanizmebi moicavs: analogiebs, mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis
xazgasmas, azrobriv xatebs, fizikur modelebs, media/teqnologiebs, cxrilebisa an dafis
gamoyenebas, ufro srul an ufro zust axsnas, xmamaRla fiqris modelirebas, ubralo miniSnebebis gamoyenebas, Tanamimdevruli minimaluri miniSnebebisa da grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobis gamoyenebas. am terminTa umravlesobis mniSvneloba naTelia, mxolod ramdenimes
sWirdeba axsna.

azrobrivi xati
axsnis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani da yvelaze ugulebelyofili meqanizmi azrobrivi
xatebia. azrobrivi xatebi sakuTar TavSi suraTebis Seqmnas niSnavs; maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT, moswavleebs warmatebiT SeuZliaT am suraTebis gamoyeneba:

fizikuri mdgomareobis, movlenebis an procesebis gasagebad;

koncefciebis analogiebisTvis;
ganwyobis, scenis an konteqstis Sesaqmnelad;
informaciis an urTierTobaTa formis ukeT dasamaxsovreblad.
azrobrivi xatebi didi xania gamoiyeneba sportSi fizikuri varjiSis dasaxvewad (Whisler
& Marzano 1988). mkiTxvels SeiZleba axsovs dvaiT sTouni 1980 wlis olimpiur asparezobaSi
gadaxtomis dros: TvaldaxuWuli qviSiT savse yuTSi mdgomi, neli rweviT is sakuTar Tavs
xedavda _ gzaze garboda da Zelze xteboda; an artur eSi 1975 wels uimbldonSi finaluri
matCis dros, rogor ijda TvaldaxuWuli kortis Secvlisas da sakuTar Tavs xedavda Tavis
Cawodebas mihyveboda badesTan axlos da ixreboda sapasuxo dartymisTvis. am da bevr sxva
magaliTSi sportsmenebi gonebaSi gadian repeticias, raTa moaxdinon gonebis fokusireba,
koncentrireba, gavarjiSeba da fizikuri winsvla. skolaSi azrobrivi xatebis gamoyeneba saswavlo masalaze yuradRebis fokusirebis, mniSvnelobis cxadad axsnis da tvinis mxedvelobiTi da marjvena arxebis gaaqtiurebisa da, saboloo angariSiT, warmatebuli swavlisTvis
SeiZleba.
* gadmobeWdilia nebarTviT. Duckworth, E. `The Having of Wonderful Ideas` and Other Essays on Teaching and Learning. New York:
Teachers College Press, 1987, gv. 83-97.)

187

Tavi 8

Teslis parkis moZraobis warmodgeniT, romelic deda mcenares gasaRiveblad Sordeba,

SegviZlia mexsierebaSi davxatoT da kargad davimaxsovroT Teslis migraciis safexurebi da
meqanizmebi. atomSi warmosaxviTi mogzaurobiT SegviZlia birTvisa da eleqtronis orbitebis TvisebaTa ilustrireba da axali koncefciebis mtkiced damaxsovreba, iseve rogorc
warmosaxviT mogzaurobas SeuZlia nacnob saTamaSo moedanze `perimetris~ koncefciis ganmtkiceba. plimoTSi Sesvlamde `meiflauerSi~ arsebuli pirobebis warmosadgenad warmosaxvis gamoyeneba moswavleebisTvis ufro cocxalsa da realurs gaxdis koloniaTa daarsebis
Seswavlas. warmosaxvis gamoyeneba imisTvis, rom dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebs davanaxvoT
sakuTari Tavi Sesvenebis Semdeg saklaso oTaxisa da TavianTi magidebisaken wynarad mimavali,
arsebiTad gaaumjobesebs klasidan klasSi maTi gadasvlis dros qcevas. marTul warmosaxvas
mravalmxrivi gamoyeneba aqvs saswavlo programis yvela sferoSi.
qvemoT mocemuli miTiTebebi sasargebloa im maswavleblebisTvis, romlebic moswavleebTan warmosaxviT savarjiSoebs gegmaven:
1. winaswar moamzadeT moTxroba. warmosaxvis aRZvrisTvis masSi sakmarisi aRwera da
detali CarTeT, Tavi aarideT Seusabamo detalebs, romlebic yuradRebas gadaatanineben mTavari xatidan da dagegmeT pauzebi.
2. moamzadeT moswavleebi. komfortulad dasviT isini adgilebze. acnobeT, sad waiyvans maT warmosaxva magaliTad, `Cven misisipze tiviT mogzaurobas vapirebT~.
3. daazusteT mizani. ra mizans emsaxureba warmosaxva? gauziareT moswavleebs (mag.: `es
dagexmarebaT gaigoT, hak fini ratom...~).
4. saubrisas gaakeTeT strategiuli pauzebi. mieciT dro xatebis Camosayalibeblad.
5. gadaamuSaveT informacia moswavleebTan erTad. ra dainaxes an gaiges? ra gaiges warmosaxvis saSualebiT?
bevr maswavlebels moswons warmosaxvis Tanxleba musikiT, magaliTad, kitaros an vivaldis kompoziciebiT.
maswavlebelma unda icodes, rom nebismier klasSi SeiZleba iyos erTi-ori moswavle, romlebsac susti vizualuri mexsiereba aqvT da ar SeuZliaT advilad warmosaxva. amis gamo warmosaxvis gamoyenebas Tavi ar unda avaridoT; am moswavleebs, SesaZlebelia, varjiSiT ganvuviTaroT warmosaxva. warmosaxvis simwiris gamo arc moswavlem da arc maswavlebelma Tavi ar
unda daidanaSaulos. amave dros isic unda gvaxsovdes, rom konkretuli masalis swavlebisas
mxolod warmosaxvas ar unda daveyrdnoT.
warmosaxvis warmatebuli programebis aRwera (Pressley 1976; Escondid School District 1979)
xSirad moicavs moswavleTa mier warmosaxuli suraTebis Sesaxeb saubarsa da gaziarebas: `ras
xedav?~ `miTxari Sens mier warmodgenili suraTis Sesaxeb~, `kidev ras xedav?~ mkvlevarebma
(damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix. McNeill 1984) daadastures moswavleTa winsvla wvdomis,
damaxsovrebisa da amgvarad naswavli masalidan daskvnis gamotanis unaris TvalsazrisiT.

xmamaRla fiqris modelireba

es teqnika zedgamoWrilia im maswavleblisTvis, romelsac rolebis TamaSi moswons. rodesac maswavlebeli moswavleTa xmamaRla azrovnebis modelirebas axdens, is maT azrovnebas
nabij-nabij mihyveba, Tavs maT adgilze warmoidgens, maT rols TamaSobs. ibneva, Secdomebs
uSvebs, Tavadve asworebs Secdomebs da gzadagza sakuTar Tavs amowmebs. xmamaRla azrovnebis
modelirebis gamoyeneba upriania nebismieri mravalnabijiani operaciis Sesrulebisas, romelic problemis gadawyvetas moicavs. xmamaRla azrovnebiT, maswavlebels saSualeba aqvs,
mianiSnos moswavleebs savaraudo sirTuleebi, raTa Tavi gaarTvan rTul monakveTebs da SeZlon swori nabijebis modelireba. xmamaRla (nawilobriv) azrovnebis modelirebis nimuSi

188

sicxade

amocanisTvis _ 7,301 gayofili 45-ze _ ase warmogvidgeba:

`modi, vnaxoT! unda gavigo ramdeni 45-ia 7,301-Si. 45 moTavsdeba 7-Si?... ara, 73Si, ramdenjer? 2-jer. ara, 2-jer 45 aris 90; 1-jer eteva. 1-jer 45 aris 45. 73-s
minus 45... 7-dan visexoT 1, 13-5=8. 6-s gamovakloT 4 aris 2... 26. axla Camovitan ...
nuls. 45 ramdenjer moTavsdeba 260-Si. ramdeni iqneba?~
xmamaRla azrovnebis modelirebas maswavlebeli axorcielebs klasis winaSe. es sakuTar
TavTan dialogia. bet deivi (Beth Davey 1983) gviCvenebs, rogor SeiZleba am teqnikis gamoyeneba moswavleTaTvis wvdomis mravalferovani
strategiebis saswavleblad. magaliTad, tegarantia imisa, rom moswavleebi gaigeben an
qstSi ucnobi sityva gxvdebaT: `ho, ras niSnavs
SeamCneven mainc strategiasa da mis gamoyene
es sityva?... modi, winadadebas wavikiTxav...
bas mxolod imitom, rom sakuTari TvaliT naxes,
mainc gaugebaria. iqneb kidev wavikiTxo, rom
ar arsebobs.
gavigo... ara, mainc gaugebaria. modi, iqneb misi
romelime nawiliT mivxvde?~ amgvarad, maswavlebels SeuZlia instruqciaTa nakrebis gamoyeneba _ waikiTxeT xelaxla; gaagrZeleT kiTxva
da miubrundiT, rom SeamowmoT, konteqsti iZleva Tu ara miniSnebas; moZebneT sityvis nacnobi
nawilebi fuZeebi, prefiqsebi da sufiqsebi. modelirebis daskvniT nawilSi mniSvnelovania
moswavleTa gamokiTxva imis Taobaze, rac naxes an moismines; garantia imisa, rom moswavleebi
gaigeben an SeamCneven mainc strategiasa da mis gamoyenebas mxolod imitom, rom sakuTari
TvaliT naxes, ar arsebobs.
xmamaRla fiqris modelireba axsnis erT-erTi yvelaze SeumCneveli da mZlavri instrumentia. is gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa nebismieri saxis problemis gadaWris an safexurebrivi
proceduris swavlebisTvis. misi ZiriTadi atributebia:

Sinagani dialogis gareganad gadaqceva;

sakuTari TavisTvis kiTxvebis dasma;
alternativebis awon-dawonva da kriteriumebis gamoyeneba asarCevad;
mcdari dasawyisi da TviTSesworeba;
Seupovroba;
Sejameba
miniSnebebi da Tanamimdevruli minimaluri miniSnebebi
mcire jgufebSi an individualuri swavlebisas, xSirad vnaxavT, rogor ostaturad iyenebs maswavlebeli uxmo, TiTiT miniSnebas, rogorc sityvis atributze an problemis nawilze
moswavlis yuradRebis mipyrobis martiv miniSnebas. aq mniSvnelovania minimaluri miniSneba
swored imdeni, ramdenic sakmarisia saWiro momentze yuradRebis misaqcevad da ara imdenis,
rom Secdomis gaanalizebis SesaZlebloba wavarTvaT. magaliTad, Tu moswavle `cot~-s (bavSvis
sawoli) kiTxulobs rogorc `cat~-s (kata), maswavleblis uxmod miTiTeba `o~-ze `cot~-Si minimaluri miniSnebaa. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi maswavleblis yoveli momdevno miniSnebebi sul
ufro da ufro minimaluria da ase grZeldeba, sanam moswavle mixvdeba. Semdegi nabiji iqneboda sityvis bgerebad warmoTqma da `o~-s xazgasma sityva `c o t~-Si magram ara misi Tqma.

grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivoba

grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivoba aris `furcelze ise dalagebuli sityvebi, rom maT warmoadginon sityvaTa Soris kavSirebis individiseuli gageba~ (Clark 1990). es diagramebia,
magram konkretuli saxis diagramebi, romlebic suraTebis nacvlad sityvebs Seicaven,
diagramis forma ki konkretuli saxis organizaciul struqturas an azrovnebis models

189

Tavi 8

warmoadgens, romelic SeiZleba ganzogaddes: mizezi da Sedegi, nawili da mTeli, Sedareba da kontrasti, aRwera, problema da gadaWra.
klarkis gansazRvrebas Tu ganvavrcobT, grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivoba aris diagrama
sityvebiT, romlis formas gansazRvravs sityvaTa urTierTkavSiri. es forma warmoadgens
konkretuli saxis azrovnebas da SesaZlebelia misi ganzogadeba, raTa gamoyenebul iqnas am
saxis azrovnebiT organizebuli sxva SinaarsisTvis.
grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivoba mZlavri instrumentia ara mxolod ideebisa da maTi kavSirebis asaxsnelad, aramed moswavleTa mier naswavlis SejamebisTvisac. is moswavleebs exmareba imaSi, rom

dainaxon koncefciebisa da elementebis urTierTkavSiri;

moaxerxon informaciis logikur struqturad organizeba;
yuradReba gaamaxvilon mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze;
vizualuri swavlis upiratesoba da gaaaqtiuron tvinis marjvena naxevarsgamoiyenon
fero.
roca moswavleebma ician grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobis gamoyeneba informaciis Casawerad an Sesajameblad, isini aqtiuri mkiTxvelebi da msmenelebi xdebian.
uamrav termins SevxvdebiT specifikur grafikul aqtivobasTan dakavSirebiT: gonebrivi
ruka, moTxrobis ruka, semantikuri ruka, qseli, cnebis ruka, azrovnebis ruka, jgufi. zogierTi maTgani (gonebrivi ruka, jgufi, semantikuri ruka) mozRvavebul ideaTa Casawerad
gamoiyeneba da moswavleebs kvlevis dawyebamde sakuTari mosazrebebis organizebasa da Caweras uadvilebs. sxvebi (moTxrobis ruka) gamoiyeneba literaturis kiTxvisas, rom moswavleebma vizualuri formiT Caweron siuJetis xazi da gmiris pirovnuli ganviTareba. sxvebi ki
(cnebis ruka, termini, romelic xSirad gamoiyeneba mecnierebasa da sazogadoebriv kvlevebSi) gamoiyeneba vizualuri formiT cnebebsa da faqtebs Soris urTierTkavSirebis Casawerad
da TviT cnebis mTavari da meorexarisxovani atributebis gamosaxatad (Bulgren 1991).

agraruli
ekonomika

aSS
1776

monoba

samrewvelo
da
momsaxurebis
ekonomika

kapitalizmi

aSS
1996

demokratia

sqema 8.4: wriuli grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivoba

sqema adaptirebulia devid haierlis `ormagi buStis~ dizainidan.

190

sayovelTao
saarCevno
ufleba

sicxade

cnebis ruka (Archer 1990) da azrovnebis ruka (Hyerle 1990) grafikuli aqtivobebis formebia, sadac masalis warmodgenisTvis damaxasiaTebeli azrovnebis forma (mag.: Sedareba da
kontrasti) miuTiTebs diagramis konkretuli formis gamoyenebaze, magaliTad, matrica an
haierlis `ormagi buSti~. magaliTad, Tu teqstSi Sedarebulia amerikis cxovreba 1776 wels
da dRes, `1776~ erT wreSi CavsvamT, xolo `dRes~ _ meoreSi (ix. sqema 8.4). am or wres Soris
wreebi da maT Soris kavSirebi Seicavs orive periodisTvis saerTo elementebs, magaliTad,
kapitalizmi da mmarTvelobis demokratiuli forma. marcxniv, mxolod `1776~-Tan dakavSirebul wreebSi, im periodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebia, romlebic dRes ar gvxvdeba _
ekonomikis agraruli baza da monobis miReba. marjvniv wresTan `dRes~ dakavSirebul wreebSi
dRevandeli sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebia _ samrewvelo da momsaxurebis
ekonomika da sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba. masalis organizebis avtoriseuli forma gvkarnaxobs grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobis romeli forma iqneba upriani mis warmosadgenad.
maswavlebels SeuZlia grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebis gamoyeneba saklaso diskusiis
Casawerad da gasacnobi informaciis organizebisTvis. is moswavleebs cnebis gaazrebasa da
informaciis aTvisebaSi exmareba. Cveni mizania grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobis formaTa
swavleba TviT moswavleebisTvis, raTa, sabolood, maT SeZlon misi damoukideblad gamoyeneba. am miznis miRwevis pirobebSi, maswavlebelma SeiZleba aseTi davaleba misces Tavis moswavleebs: `CaiwereT SeniSvnebi sakiTxav masalasTan dakavSirebiT da SearCieT grafikuli
winmswrebi aqtivobis, Tqveni azriT, yvelaze Sesatyvisi forma~. amiT moswavleebs vTxovT
ara marto aqtiur mkiTxvelebad yofnas, aramed informaciis organizebisTvis gamoyenebuli
azrovnebis formis analizsac (ix. sqema 8.5).

aRwera

aRnawili/mTeliwera

klasifikacia

Tema/qveTema

sqema 8.5: grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobis oTxi sasargeblo forma

cnebis gasagebad da informaciis asaTviseblad, moswavleebs Sesabamisi aqtivobis arCeva SeuZliaT.

kiTxvis sferoSi kvlevis tradiciam (magaliTisaTvis ix.: McGee & Richgels 1986; Heimlich &
Pittelman 1986; Armbruster, Anderson & Ostertag 1989) gviCvena, rom grafikuli aqtivobebi xels
uwyoben gagebas, Tu maT kargi swavlebis damatebad viyenebT. moswavleebi igeben, rom mTeli
teqsti dawerilia azrovnebis konkretuli struqturis mixedviT, romelsac aqvs Sesabamisi

191

Tavi 8

grafikuli forma da is SeiZleba gamoviyenoT mis warmosadgenad.

grafikul winmswrebi aqtivobebis daxmarebiT, maswavlebels SeuZlia moswavleebi damoukideblobisaken waiyvanos, aswavlos aqtiuri azrovneba da kiTxva. es SeiZleba moxdes maSin, Tu xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi winmswrebi aqtivobebs qvemoT mocemuli TanamimdevrobiT da TandaTanobiT SemovitanT:
1 faza:

maswavlebeli akeTebs prezentacias an uZRveba diskusias da diskusiis mimdinareobas iwers grafikul aqtivobaSi.

2 faza:

maswavlebeli irCevs diskusiis mimdinareobis formas da akeTebs

ZiriTad da qveCanawerebs. maswavlebeli gansazRvravs winmswrebi
aqtivobis gamoyenebul formas da asaxelebs mis mier warmodgenil
azrovnebis saxes.

3 faza:

maswavlebeli irCevs formas, akeTebs ZiriTad Canawerebs, danarCens ki moswavleebs avsebinebs.

4 faza:

maswavlebeli irCevs grafikuli aqtivobis formas, xolo moswavleebi akeTeben yvela Canawers.

5 faza:

moswavleebi irCeven formas da akeTeben Canawerebs.

grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebi Zalian popularulia im maswavleblebSi, romlebic

dainteresebuli arian azrovnebis unar-Cvevebis swavlebiT, radgan azrovnebis formis
gansazRvra da dasaxeleba Sesaswavli masalis organizaciis miRma avtomaturad xdeba, roca
adamiani mzad aris am instrumentis gamosayeneblad. dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebic ki
ufro naTlad igeben masalas, Tu is grafikuli aqtivobebis saSualebiT aris warmodgenili.
axsnis instrumentebis am nawilis bolos erTi gafrTxileba gvsurs. axsnis instrumentebi,
TavisTavad, mZlavri meqanizmia, magram isini unda movargoT Sinaarss, situacias da moswavleebs. am SemTxvevaSi, gaumarTlebelia `rac meti, miT ukeTesi~.
axsnis sakuTari (an sxvaze dakvirvebisaTvis) instrumentebis gamoyenebis gasaanalizeblad, maswavlebels SeuZlia, ubralod, daTvalos, romel da ramden instruments iyenebs
informaciis axsnisa da dazustebisTvis. Tumca, yoveli calkeuli gakveTilis lozungi aris
Sesaferisoba da ara raodenoba. ver vityviT, rom am meqanizmebidan erTi meores sjobs; magram SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom masalis prezentaciis mravalferovneba mWidrod ukavSirdeba
gakveTilis efeqtianobas. gakveTilze ramdenime meqanizmis gamoyeneba udavod uzrunvelyofs mravalferovnebas. saRi azri gvkarnaxobs, rom am instrumentTa repertuaris gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia moswavleTa yuradRebis SenarCuneba da swavlis maTeul stilSi CarTva.

metyveleba
kidev erTi sfero, romelsac gasagebi komunikacia moicavs, aris maswavleblis metyveleba.
is unda Seesabamebodes diqciis, warmoTqmis, gadmocemis, gramatikis, sintaqsis da Sesabamisi
sityvebis SerCevis (leqsikoni) minimalur kriteriumebs, raTa moswavleebs esmodeT maswavleblis naTqvami. smitma da lendma (Smith & Land 1981) gaaanalizes efeqtian da araefeqtian
maswavlebelTa metyvelebis modelebi. maTi iseve, rogorc sxvaTa kvlevebi, adastureben im
uaryofiT gavlenas moswavleTa miRwevebze, rac maswavleblis mier metyvelebaSi `bundovani
terminebisa~ da `labirinTebis~ gamoyenebas mosdevs. qvemoT mocemulia ramdenime magaliTi,
romlebzec isini weren.
bundovani terminebi (kursivi):

192

sicxade

maTematikis am gakveTilma SeiZleba saSualeba mogceT, cota ufro meti gaigoT

imis Sesaxeb, rasac Cven, Cveulebisamebr, ricxviT modelebs vuwodebT. SesaZlebelia, albaT, gakveTilis mTavar ideaze gadasvlamde, gadaxedoT ramdenime naswavl cnebas. faqtobrivad, pirveli cneba, romelsac Tqven unda gadaxedoT, aris
dadebiTi mTeli ricxvebi. rogorc iciT, dadebiTi mTeli ricxvi aris nebismieri
ricxvi, romelic metia nulze.
labirinTebi (kursivi):
maTematikis es gakveTili saS... gagagebinebT ricxvs, uh, ricxviT modelebs. sanam
Cven gadavalT gakveTilis mTavar ideaze, Tqven unda gadaxedoT oTx cneb... oTx
winapirobiT cnebas. pirveli idea, anu, uh, cneba, romelsac Tqven unda gadaxedoT, aris dadebiTi mTeli ricxvebi. dadebiTi ricxvi... mTeli ricxvi aris nebismieri mTeli ricxvi, uh, ricxvi, romelic metia nulze.

terminTa bundovanebiskategoriebi
kategoria

magaliTebi

1. bundovani miTiTeba

pirobebi, sxva, rogorRac, sadRac, romeliRac adgilas, ram

2. miaxloeba

Sesaxeb, TiTqmis, daaxloebiT, sakmaod, miaxloebiT, raRac,

umravlesoba, ZiriTadad, TiTqmis, sakmaod [bevri], raRac, -viT

3. ` SecdomaSi Seyvana~ da
gasworeba

faqtobrivad, da ase Semdeg, mainc, rogorc nebismiers SeuZlia

dainaxos, rogorc iciT, ZiriTadad, aSkarad, mokled, ZiriTadad,
faqtobrivad, sxva sityvebiT, naTlad, ra Tqma unda, ase vTqvaT,
mokled rom vTqvaT, simarTle rom vTqvaT, Tqven iciT, Tqven xedavT

4. Secdomis aRiareba

ukacravad, vwuxvar, me vfiqrob, ara var darwmunebuli

5. g
 anusazRvreli
kvalifikacia

nakrebi, wyvili, ramdenime, mcire, mravali, bevri, sxvadasxva

6. mravalferovneba

aspeqti (aspeqtebi), saxeoba (saxeobebi), tipi (tipebi)

7. u
 aryofili
gamaZliereblebi

yvela ara, bevri ara, Zalian ara

8. SesaZlebloba

SesaZlebloba aris, SeiZleba, SesaZloa, Cans

9. albaToba

xSirad, zogadad, sazogadod, Cveulebriv, albaT, xandaxan,

Cveulebisamebr

sqema 8.6: terminTa bundovanebis kategoriebi*

smitisa da lendisagan (1981) aRebuli es kategoriebi eyrdnoba hilersa da sxvebs (1968).

labirinTebi aris araswori metyveleba an Seferxeba, zedmeti, uwesrigo sityvebi. bundovani terminebi mravalgvar formas iRebs (ix. sqema 8.6). hileri da sxvebi (1968) amtkiceben,
rom `bundovanebasTan gvaqvs saqme, roca mosaubre gvawvdis iseT informacias, romelic ar
axsovs, an sinamdvileSi arasodes icoda~ (Smith & Land 1981). msgavsi ram maSinac SeiZleba mox* gadmobeWdilia nebarTviT. `Low-Inference Verbal Behavuiors Related to Teacher Clarity` by L. R. Smith and M. L. Land, published by
the Journal of Classroom Interaction, 1981, 17/1, 37-42.)

193

Tavi 8

des, roca maswavlebels ar surs pasuxi agos informaciis sisworeze da piradi usafrTxoebis mizniT abundovnebs saTqmels, an metismetad mondomebulia, rom moswavleTa ideebis gamziareblad da damxmared Candes da ara informaciis mimwodeblad. yovelive amis Sedegi ki
meryevi maswavlebelia, romelic uamrav bundovan termins iyenebs.
misaRebi metyvelebis miRma arsebobs is, rac arc ise aSkaraa. SegviZlia ganvasxvaoT maswavleblebi, romlebic sxvadasxvagvarad saubroben sxvadasxva moswavlesTan da, SesaZloa,
saubris maneras konkretuli SemTxvevis mixedviTac cvlian. mokled, maT mravalferovani metyveleba aqvT. gansxvaveba SeimCneva gamoyenebul leqsikonSi, aqcentSi, slengis gamoyenebaSi, metyvelebis intonaciaSi, siswrafesa da ritmSi, oficialurobaSi an araoficialurobaSi
(Joos 1967). Cven gvainteresebs, SeuZlia Tu ara maswavlebels moswavleebTan maT enaze saubari
cxadi axsnisa da ganmartebisaTvis Sesatyvisi enobrivi formebiT, konkretuli interaqciis
Sesatyvisi efeqtiani formiT.
im maswavleblis qcevis gaanalizebisas, romelic metyvelebis stils konkretul drosa da
moswavles usadagebs, damkvirvebels `mravalferovnebasTan~ erTad metyvelebis garkveuli
miukerZoeblobac SeuZlia SeamCnios. amas garda, metyvelebis konkretuli manera mocemul
momentSi SerCeulia, morgebulia jgufis an individis raime Taviseburebas.

araorazrovneba
araorazrovneba niSnavs mkafio komunikacias da ar unda gamogvrCes:

miniSnebaTa gansazRvra;
SekiTxvaTa fokusi;
aucilebeli nabijebi mimarTulebis micemisas;
miniSnebebis mniSvneloba;
aqtivobaTa miznebi.
am xuTi kriteriumis mixedviT SegviZlia SevafasoT moqmedebis araorazrovneba. isic
gavixsenoT, rom maswavlebeli yovelTvis rodi aswavlis axsniT. man SeiZleba aswavlos induqciurad, sokrateseuli meTodiT an mravali sxva gziT. magram roca saqme uSualod axsniT
qcevas exeba, gansakuTrebiT, Tu moswavlem ver gaigo, aucileblad unda gavixsenoT araorazrovneba.

miniSnebebis gansazRvra
efeqtiani miniSneba exmareba moswavleebs masalis swavlisTvis saWiro kavSirebis damyarebasa da azrovnebis saWiro formebis gamoyenebaSi. isini ar toveben logikur sicarieleebs.
orazrovani maswavlebeli varaudobs (samwuxarod, xSirad mcdarad), rom moswavleebi SeZleben misi miniSnebebis wakiTxvas an ganzraxvis gamocnobas. aseTi maswavlebeli xSirad damnaSavea TamaSis _ `gamoicani, ras vfiqrob~ an `gamoicani, ratom vakeTebT amas~ _ gamo, romelic swavlebisas araviTar mizans ar emsaxureba da, piriqiT, aSinebs da abnevs moswavleebs.
zusti miniSnebebis saSualebiT maswavlebeli patara xidebs debs moswavleebisTvis, rom maT
dainaxon kavSiri miniSnebebsa da maTi gamoyenebis gzebs Soris. ai, zusti miniSnebis magaliTi:
`Sezneqilis~ gansazRvrebamde, batonma orma ikiTxa: `sad sZinavT daTvebs?~ is
fiqrobda, rom moswavleebi Seqmnidnen gamoqvabulis xats, rac maT daexmareboda gansazRvrebis damaxsovrebaSi. orive moswavlem SeamCnia es ucnauri SekiTxva
da mixvda, rom mas sityvis ganmartebis instrumentis roli unda eTamaSa. Tumca,
verc erTi ver mixvda, rom es instrumenti xati iyo (Winne & Marx 1982, gv. 510).

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am SemTxvevaSi batoni oris idea urigo ar iyo; ubralod misi miniSneba imdenad orazrovani iyo, rom moswavleebma ver SeZles misi gamoyeneba. mas surda, gamoqvabulis gamosaxuleba moswavleebisTvis vizualuri mnemonika (xerxTa erToblioba, romlis mizania gaaadvilos didi moculobis informaciis, faqtebis damaxsovreba, ZiriTadad, asociaciis kanonebs
emyareba. mTargmn. Sen.) yofiliyo: roca gamoqvabulis win vdgavarT, misi sivrce Sezneqili
Cans. swored aseve Cans Sezneqili zedapiric.

SekiTxvaTa fokusi
xandaxan SekiTxvaTa fokusi orazrovania da maswavlebeli moswavleebs `gamoicani ras
vfiqrob~-s `TamaSis~ sxva variants sTavazobs. zemoT moyvanil magaliTSi b-ni oris SekiTxvaze _ `sad cxovroben daTvebi?~ _ ramdenime kargi pasuxi arsebobs, magram swori pasuxebis
simravlidan maswavlebels mxolod erTis mosmena surs. ai, kidev erTi magaliTi: laTinuri
enis maswavlebeli moswavles savarjiSos SekiTxvas akiTxebs. `ra saxis SekiTxvaa es?~ ekiTxeba
maswavlebeli. moswavle ar pasuxobs. arc sxva moswavleebi iCenen iniciativas da Cans, arc maT
ician. sinamdvileSi maswavlebels Semdegi ram ainteresebs: `guSindeli savarjiSos mixedviT
SekiTxvebis eqvsi formidan _ `quid~, `cur~, `quis~, `quem~, `ubi~, an `quo~ es romeli formaa?~
is varaudobs (Tumca mcdarad), rom moswavle xvdeba SekiTxvas. maswavlebeli ver aanalizebs,
rom fraza _ `ra tipis~ _ moswavlisTvis miniSnebis rols ar asrulebs, raTa man guSindeli
savarjiSodan kiTxvebis eqvsi forma gaixsenos da erT-erTi airCios. moswavlisaTvis SesaZlo
pasuxTa samyaro eqvsiT ki ar SemoisazRvreba, ukideganoa da amitomac ibneva.
epizodi grZeldeba: maswavlebeli miuTiTebs moswavles, miubrundes guSindel savarjiSos
da waikiTxos pirveli punqti. moswavle asrulebs. `kargi, waikiTxe Semdegi punqti~, daRlili
xmiT ambobs maswavlebeli. moswavle asrulebs. es meore punqti damabneveli SekiTxvebis magaliTia. moswavle amTavrebs mis wakiTxvas. pauza. `aba?~ Tvalebi ufarTovdeba maswavlebels.
`oh~, ambobs moswavle da maswavleblis kiTxvaze pasuxs gansazRvravs, rogorc `quid~ SekiTxvas.
am dabneulobas Tavidan aicilebda maswavlebeli orazrovani rom ar yofiliyo im gonebrivi operaciis mimarT, romelsac moswavlisagan iTxovda: `jimi, fraziT _ `ra saxis~ _
vgulisxmob kiTxvebis im eqvs formas, romlebic guSin ganvixileT. Seamowme pasuxi im informaciis mixedviT, romelic axlaxans waikiTxe. yvelam gadaamowmeT, naxeT, eTanxmebiT Tu ara~
(moswavleTa aqtiuri monawileobisTvis gadadgmuli nabiji.)
zemoT moyvanili epizodi kargi magaliTia TamaSisa `gamoicani, ras vfiqrob~. amis sapirispirod, araorazrovani maswavlebeli moswavleebs pirdapir aCvenebs, rogor daexmareba maT
swavlis miznis miRwevaSi is, rasac amJamad an momavalSi gaakeTeben.
swavlebis dros araorazrovnebis ZiebiT, Cven naTel nabijebs veZebT, romlebic moswavleebs saSualebas miscems, mixvdnen, ratom ismeba SekiTxvebi da rogor ukavSirdeba mimarTulebebi an magaliTebi saswavlo amocanebs. `is mudam iseT kiTxvebs gvisvams, romlebzec ver
vpasuxobT~ ase afaseben moswavleebi orazrovan maswavlebels. isini ver pasuxoben SekiTxvebs, radgan maswavlebeli ver sazRvravs `ankesis gadagdebis~ adgils. ganvixiloT es epizodi: `rogoria kargi naweri?~ kiTxulobs qalbatoni jounsi da varaudobs, rom dafaze ixilavs
atributebis im specifikur sias, romelic gonebaSi aqvs. magram es `miamituri~ SekiTxvaa,
radgan moswavleebi gascemen yvela savaraudo pasuxs, romelic ar moergeba gakveTilis gegmas. albaT, kargi iqneboda, maswavlebels Seegrovebina es pasuxebi, ganexila da Semdeg Seedarebina im siisTvis, romelic gonebaSi aqvs. `ara, es is araa, rasac veli~, ambobs is pasuxad
da sakuTari siis Sedgenisas (es aris misi gakveTilis mizani) ugulebelyofs bevri moswavlis
karg pasuxs. misi kiTxva `Tqveni azriT, rogoria kargi naweri?~ ki ar gaxlavT, aramed `Cemi
azriT, rogoria kargi naweri?~ anu `waikiTxeT, ras vfiqrob~.

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araorazrovnebasTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTi martivi maxea SekiTxvebis dasma seriebad.

gudi da brofi (Good & Brophy 1978) grosieris citirebisas, aRweren maswavlebels, romelic 1812 wlis omis ganxilvis dros erT grZel kiTxvas svams: `ratom wavediT omSi? rogor
igrZnobdiT Tavs vaWari rom yofiliyaviT?
ra ziani moutana Cvens vaWrobas napoleonis
araorazrovneba xidebis serias agebs miznebsa
omma?~ maswavlebeli cdilobs, ganmartos
da individualur aqtivobebs da TviT aqtivo
pirveli SekiTxva da moswavleTa azrovneba
bebs Soris.
omis ekonomikur mizezze mimarTos. am mcdelobisas is, faqtobrivad, abnevs maT.
SekiTxvaTa seria cdunebaa, radgan vsvamT kiTxvas da pasuxad srul siCumes viRebT. gvinda,
rom mivaniSnoT da meore SekiTxvas vamatebT, romlis mizania moswavleebi Cveneuli fokusisken waiyvanos. amis nacvlad ki moswavleTa fiqris jaWvs jer vubiZgebT da Semdeg srul
gaugebrobaSi mivatovebT xolme.

aucilebeli nabijebi mimarTulebebis micemisas

maswavlebelma SeiZleba miuTiTos moswavleebs, rom daiwyon davalebis Sesruleba, magram
gamorCes mimarTulebis micemisTvis aucilebeli nabijebi. es im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, roca arasworad vvaraudobT, rom moswavleebs esmiT konkretuli davalebis Sesasruleblad aucilebeli wesebi. `daiyaviT 4-5 kacian jgufebad da am novelisTvis imdeni dasasruli moifiqreT,
ramdenic SegiZliaT~, mimarTa maswavlebelma moswavleebs da ugulebelyo mieTiTebina, r om
yovel jgufs aerCia Camweri, amitomac yvelam erTad daiwyo azris gamoTqma.
ai, kidev erTi magaliTi: `gaasworeT es winadadebebi da gadadiT Semdeg davalebaze~. zogierTma moswavlem `gaasworeT~ gaigo rogorc xazi gadausviT da gadaawereT araswor sityvebs
swori sityvebi (rac maswavlebels mxedvelobaSi hqonda). sxvebma xelaxla gadaweres mTliani
winadadebebi SesworebebiT, rasac oTxjer meti dro dasWirda. amis gamo maT ar darCaT dro
meore davalebis Sesasruleblad.
amrigad, moswavleebs, ubralod, srulad unda vuTxraT, ras vgulisxmobT miTiTebebSi da
ar vivaraudoT, rom nabijebi TavisTavad iqneba naTeli.

miniSnebebis mniSvneloba
xandaxan maswavleblebi cnobil adamianebs, mosazrebebs, movlenebs, an naSromebs iSvelieben im mizniT, rom kidev ufro cxadi gaxadon swavleba; samagierod moswavleebma SeiZleba
arc ki icodnen maswavleblis mier moxseniebuli wyaroebi da ukeT gagebis nacvlad daibnen.
faqtobrivad, swavlebis efeqtianoba SeiZleba Semcirdes kidec, radgan moswavleebi fiqroben naxseneb adamianze, movlenaze, mosazrebaze, maT mniSvnelobaze da mxedvelobidan rCebaT
is mTavari, risTvisac maswavlebelma isini moiSvelia.
`jeims miCeneris `havais~ wakiTxvisas, SeiZleba Tavi sizifesaviT igrZnoT, rac aSkara
xdeba 25-e TavSi~. es winadadeba arafers ar niSnavs moswavlisTvis, Tu man ar icis, rom sizife iyo boroti berZeni mefe, romelsac wyevlis mixedviT, mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi,
uzarmazari qva hadesis mTaze unda aetana, iqidan dagorebuli qva isev unda aetana da a.S.
Sesabamisad, `Tavi sizifesaviT igrZnoT~ niSnavs konkretuli saqmis dasrulebasTan dakavSirebiT uimedobis gancdas.
araorazrovneba am SemTxvevaSi saidumloTi moculi miniSnebis gaubraloebas ki ar niSnavs, aramed gvaZlevs gasaRebs, rom SeZlebisdagvarad efeqtianad avuxsnaT moswavleebs.

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aqtivobaTa miznebi
gasakviria, magram moswavleebs xSirad warmodgenac ki ara aqvT im aqtivobaTa miznebze,
romelTa Sesrulebasac sTxoven da verc aqtivobasa da instruqcias Soris amyareben kavSirs (Tasker 1981). araorazrovnebis es forma ubralod moiTxovs, avuxsnaT moswavleebs, ratom viTxovT maTgan konkretul aqtivobas. ufro konkretulad ki niSnavs, avuxsnaT, rogor
daexmareba aqtivoba maT swavlaSi an davalebis SesrulebaSi. `am eqsperimentis mizania imis
Cveneba, ramdenad Znelia erTdroulad monacemTa Segrovebac da informaciis Cawerac. swavlis gareSe amas ver gaakeTebT. ase rom, yvela mecnieris msgavsad, vapirebT sakiTxavi masalis
`eqstrapolirebas~ (konkretuli sferosTvis (periodisTvis) damaxasiaTebeli garkveuli
cnebebis (movlenebis) gavrcoba sxva sferoze. mTargmn. Sen.). gaxsovT es termini am TavSi
ganxiluli grafikebidan?~

mizani

pirveli
aqtivoba

meore
aqtivoba

mesame
aqtivoba

sqema 8.7: ara orazrovneba miznis miRwevisas

yovelma aqtivobam urTierTkavSiris xidi unda gados aqtivobis zogad mizanTan.

kidev erTi magaliTi: `winadadebaTa gaerTianebis Sesaxeb am savarjiSos imitom vasrulebT, rom imave teqnikis gamoyenebiT Tqvens mier Seqmnili saTavgadasavlo moTxrobebi
ufro saintereso gaxadoT~.
8.7 sqemaze asaxuli araorazrovnebis nabijebi xidebis serias agebs miznebsa da indicidualur aqtivobebs da TviT aqtivobebs Soris.
zogjer es nabiji moswavleebs uCvenebs, rogor esadageba mimdinare aqtivoba im gamocdilebaTa modelebs, romlebic hqondaT an momavalSi eqnebaT. `am informaciis ganTavsebas
biblioTekis kompiuterul cnobarSi imitom gTxovT, rom ganiviTaroT siswrafe da sizuste.
momaval TveSi kvleviT moxsenebebze muSaobisas xSirad mogiwevT am monacemTa bazis gamoyeneba da umeteswilad me gverdiT ar geyolebiT, rom dagexmaroT. Tqven unda SegeZloT misi
damoukideblad gamoyeneba sasurveli wignebis sapovnelad~.
aseTi ganmartebebis gareSe bevri moswavle davalebebs meqanikurad asrulebs, minimaluri
yuradRebiTa da ZalisxmeviT; imitom asruleben, rom `samuSaoa~ da valdebulebi arian Seasrulon samuSao. magram samuSaos Sesrulebas Sedegad gageba ar mohyveba. mkiTxvelebma, rom-

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lebsac umuSaviaT swavlis stilze da SeuswavliaT bernis makkartis (Bernice McCarthy 1981) da
entoni gregorkis (Anthony Gregorc 1979) saintereso naSromi, ician, rom `pirveli kvadrantis~
(kvadranti wris meoTxedi. mTargmn. Sen.) moswavleebs gansakuTrebiT sWirdebaT am kavSirebis gageba.3
Cven maswavleblis is nabijebi ganvixileT, romelTa saSualebiTac moswavleebi xedaven,
rogor aris dakavSirebuli mimdinare aqtivobebi an davalebebi maT miznebTan. es marTlac
aris araorazrovnebis, sicxadis erT-erTi forma. Tumca, Tavdapirvelad moswavleebma
miznebi unda icodnen; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, aqtivobas ver daakavSireben. sanam ganvixilavdeT ramdenad kargad da xSirad vacnobT moswavleebs aqtivobaTa miznebs, unda vikiTxoT,
vacnobT Tu ara TviT swavlis miznebs. am sakiTxs daeTmoba Semdegi nawili _ `didi suraTi~.

II. `didi suraTi~

sicxadis qcevaTa bolo jgufi Tavs iyris Cvens mier `did suraTad~ monaTluli misiis
garSemo; is Sedgeba im qcevebisgan, romelic moswavleebs mimdinare informaciis an operaciaTa mniSvnelobis ufro did struqturasTan dakavSirebaSi exmareba. maswavleblis es qceva
SeiZleba ganvixiloT martivi yofna/aryofna, diax/ara gziT. ai, es qcevebi:

moswavleTaTvis marSrutis micema, Sesasrulebel aqtivobaTa CamonaTvali;

moswavleebs vacnobT, ra ecodinebaT an ris gakeTebas SeZleben dagegmili instruqciis Semdeg (mizani);

moswavleTa mimdinare codnis gaaqtiureba axali cnebis an saswavlo programis sakiTxis Sesaxeb;

kavSirebis damyareba, romelic uCvenebs Zvelisa da axlis msgavsebas, informaciis in-

tegrireba wina samuSaos an wina codnis konteqstSi - `vaCvenoT moswavleebs, rom is,
ris Sesaxebac vesaubrebiT da rac maT ukve ician, erTmaneTs hgavs~ (Friedrich, Galvin, and
Book 1976, gv. 78)
_ gakveTilis farglebSi akeTebs gadasvlebs mosazrebidan mosazrebaze;
_ miuTiTebs aqtivobis, tempis, donis Secvlas;
_ mianiSnebs momaval mosazrebebze.

Sejameba
vfiqrobT, rom am qcevebma SeiZleba arsebiTi roli Seasrulos swavlebis momaval mecnierebaSi, swavlebis Sedegebis amxsnel kanonTa momaval nakrebSi. mimdinare kvleva gviCvenebs
maTsa da swavlaSi warmatebas Soris korelacias; magram Cven jer ver davamtkicebT mizezSedegobriv kavSirs. Tumca, erTi ram danamdvilebiT viciT: am qcevaTa ganxorcielebis
uamravi gza arsebobs, romlis repertuari praqtikosma maswavleblebma SeimuSaves. swored
maT davesesxeT qvemoT mocemuli repertuaris aRwerisas. ase, rom mcdeloba, Tavi movuyaroT Cveni saqmis, swavlebis profesiuli codnis bazas, erTmniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli
maswavleblebisa da mkvlevarebis uwyvet TanamSromlobaze.

3 makkartim swavlis stilis Sesaxeb ramdenime mniSvnelovani Teoretikosis mosazreba gaaerTiana modelSi, romelic moswavleebs oTx ZiriTad jgufad yofs. isini vizualur seqtorul diagramaze oTx kvadrantad arian warmodgenili. erT-erTi, pirveli
kvadrantis moswavleebisaTvis (romlebsac aseve ewodebaT `novatori moswavleebi~) gansakuTrebiT saWiroa swavlis mizezis
codna. saWiroa maswavlebelma am moswavleebs kargad auxsnas pasuxi kiTxvaze `ratom?~)

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moswavleebisTvis marSrutis micema

marSruti aris aqtivobis kursis an garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi mosalodneli nabijebis CamonaTvali an monaxazi. marSruti hgavs dRis wesrigs an sagzao rukas. is mianiSnebs
moqmedebaTa adgilsa da Tanamimdevrobas. magaliTad, maswavlebeli ambobs: `dilas daviwyebT
saSinao davalebis SemowmebiT, Semdeg axali Tavis masalas ganvixilavT, mere ki jgufurad
vimuSavebT Tqvens proeqtebze~. moswavleebisTvis es codna sasargebloa. isini gonebrivad
mihyvebian dasaxul Tanamimdevrobas da ician, ras unda moelodnen. swavlis TanamimdevrobiTi stilis mqone moswavleebisTvis gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa swavlis `marSrutis~ TvalsaCino adgilze gamofena.

moswavleebs vacnobT, ra ecodinebaT an ris gakeTebas SeZleben

(mizani)
moswavleTaTvis dasaxul aqtivobaTa marSrutisa da samuSaos miznis gacnoba erTi da igive
ar aris. marSrutis micemaSi cudi araferia; saqme is aris, rom marSruti ar aris mizani. arc
zusti miTiTebebis micema da procedurebis aRweraa igive, rac miznis Camoyalibeba (zusti
miTiTebebis micema da procedurebis aRwera ganxilulia me-15 Tavis nawilSi `saswavlo gamocdilebis struqturireba~). maswavlebelis mier miznis CamoyalibebiT moswavleebi igeben,
ris gakeTebas SeZleben isini instruqtirebis dasrulebis Semdeg: `dRes viswavliT, rogor
gadavitanoT furcelze is, rasac zepirad meubnebodiT maTematikis gakveTilze, kerZod is,
rom gvaqvs mTelis naxevari, meoTxedi an sami meoTxedi. iciT, arsebobs gansakuTrebuli saSualeba aseTi ricxvebis dasawerad da dRevandeli mecadineobis Semdeg Tqven es gecodinebaT
da SeZlebT codnis gamoyenebas~.
maswavlebelTa umravlesobas naswavli aqvs qcevis miznebis wardgena-gacnoba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom miznebis wardgenis leqsika mizans emsaxureba, aucilebeli ar aris misi mudmivad
gamoyeneba. zogierTi mizani SeiZleba arc ki iyos detaluri qcevis mizani. qvemoT mocemuli
qcevis miznis magaliTi rva wlis bavSvebisTvis gasagebi eniT aris Camoyalibebuli (SevaqoT es
maswavlebeli `saTanado~ metyvelebisTvis), magram aseve kargi samsaxuri SeiZleba gagviwios
sxva enobrivma modelebmac, magaliTad: `am filmis naxva gvikarnaxebs, ra SeiZleba gavigoT
hemingueis, rogorc adamianis pirovnul Tvisebebze~. amrigad, moswavleebi orientirebuli
arian imaze, Tu ra ecodinebaT gakveTilis bolos. aseTi debulebebi ayalibeben `did suraTs~,
radgan gvTavazoben yovlismomcvel orientacias momdevno aqtivobebis Taobaze, gvTavazoben CarCos, romelic moswavleebs momdevno aqtivobaTa gagebaSi exmareba.
moswavleTaTvis miznebis gacnobis dasrulebamde unda ganvixiloT masTan dakavSirebuli,
magram damoukidebeli sakiTxi: moswavleTaTvis miznis axsna, anu gavceT pasuxi maT kiTxvaze
- `ra Cemi saqmea?~ miznebis gacnobis Semdeg moswavleebma SeiZleba zustad gaigon, ra gvsurs
icodnen maT vietnamis omis Sesaxeb gakveTilis bolos. maT SeiZleba ubralod umniSvnelod
CaTvalon amis codna. zogierTi moswavlisTvis swavlis miznis sargeblianobisa an relevanturobis codna, arsebiTad cvlis maT mier gaweul Zalisxmevas. `pirveli kvadrantis moswavleebis~ Sesaxeb makkarti (1987) wers:
yvela moswavles swavlis motivi sWirdeba. racionaluri moswavlisTvis `ratom?~ kiTxvaze pasuxi sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa. TiTqos martivi WeSmaritebaa, rom moswavleebs motivi sWirdebaT, magram am motivs iSviaTad vaZlevT maT.
maswavleblebis varaudiT, moswavleebma ician, rom aucilebelia imis codna, rasac maT aswavlian. pedagogTa azriT, es motivi savsebiT sakmarisia da moswav-

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leebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iqneba eqspertebis azri swavlis Sesaxeb. sinamdvileSi ase ar aris. moswavleebs sakuTari motivi sWirdebaT... nebismieri swavleba an
treiningi survilis gaCeniT unda daviwyoT. TviT zrdasrulTa swavlebisasac
ki, roca saqme pirovnuli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis miznis mqone, Zalze
motivirebul moswavleebTan gvaqvs, maswavlebelma unda auxsnas maT programis
mniSvneloba. maswavlebelma dro unda dauTmos imaze saubars, risi gakeTebis
imedi aqvs da ratom. motivireba imdenad martivi da fundamenturi ram gaxlavT,
rom mxolod unda gagvikvirdes, Tu vinme mas ar iyenebs (McCarthy 1987, gv. 92, 94)*
amrigad, zogierTi moswavlisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani (xolo yvelasTvis sasargeblo) iqneboda maswavlebliseuli motivis gageba, ratom unda iswavlon vietnamis omisa
da masSi SeerTebuli Statebis monawileobis Sesaxeb: `vietnamis omi CvenTvis mniSvnelovania, radgan am omsa da sxva istoriul omebs mravali saerTo mizezi hqonda. Tu aSS sxva omSi
Caebmeba, mosalodnelia, rom mraval Tqvengans SeiaraRebul ZalebSi samsaxurisTvis da sabrZolvelad gamoiZaxeben. amitom TqvenTvis, rogorc moqalaqeebisTvis, arsebiTia, SeZloT
mimdinare movlenebisa da mTavrobis liderTa gadawyvetilebebis gaanalizeba. rogorc moqalaqeebs, SegiZliaT gaazrebuli arCevani gaakeToT im liderebisTvis xmis micemis dros,
romlebic TqvenTvis sasurvel politikas uWeren mxars. dRevandeli swavla momavalSi imis
gadawyvetaSi dagexmarebaT, risTvis unda vibrZoloT Cven, rogorc qveyanam da erT mSvenier
dRes es ueWvelad Tqveni arCevani iqneba~.
aseve naTlad SeiZleba moswavleebs davusabuToT sxva sakiTxebis swavlis mniSvnelobac:
miTis, rogorc literaturuli Janris swavla; an vulkanuri, danaleqi da metamorfuli warmoSobis mTebis identificireba maTi atributebiT.
swavlis mizezebis yoveldRiuri aRniSvna aucilebeli ar aris. rogorc wesi, gakveTils
moswavleebi, codnisa da unar-Cvevebis TvalsazrisiT, erTi safexuriT maRla ahyavs. albaT,
miznebisa da mizezebis aRniSvna axali Tavebis an Temebis swavlis dawyebamde iqneba upriani.
moswavleebisTvis swavlis mizezebis gacnoba, SesaZloa, sasargeblo varjiSi iyos TviT
maswavleblisTvisac. Tu konkretuli sakiTxis swavlis mizezis axsna ar SegviZlia, iqneb es
sakiTxi arc unda vaswavloT.

cnebis Sesaxeb moswavleTa codnis gaaqtiureba

swavlaze moqmedi erTaderTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria is, rac moswavlem ukve
icis. daadgineT maTi codna da Sesabamisad aswavleT.
devid ozibeli, `ganaTlebis fsiqologia: kognituri Sexeduleba~

cnebis an Temis Sesaxeb moswavleTa arsebuli codnis gaaqtiurebis xerxebi maT ara marto
momavali saqmianobisTvis ganawyobs, aramed `Carli braunis saxifaTo sindromsac~ uSlis
xels:
gaixseneT, rogor iqceva Carli brauni xelSi axali wignis aRebisas. wignis naxvamde, is furclebs iTvlis. 625 gverdi. `me verasodes viswavli amas!~ is kiTxvis
dawyebamdea damarcxebuli, sakuTar Tavs imis gaanalizebis Sanssac ki ar aZlevs,
rom mas ar mouwevs yvelafris swavla. yvelaferi axali rodia, mas ukve garkveu* gamoyenebulia specialuri nebarTviT. The 4MAT System: Teaching To Learning Styles With Right/Left Mode Techniques by Bernice
McCarthy, (c) 1980, 1987 by Excel, Inc. Excel, Inc.-is specialuri werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe dauSvebelia Semodgomi gamoyeneba. mas, visac mTliani naSromis wakiTxva surs gamomcemels unda daukavSirdes: Excel, Inc., 200 West Station Street, Barrington,
III. 60010, 1-800-822-4MAT an 1-708-382-7272

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li codna aqvs. is sakuTar Tavs saSualebas ar aZlevs, gaigos, rom bevri ram, rac
unda iswavlos, ukve icis (McNeill 1984, gv. 34)*
upirveles yovlisa, moswavleebs unda davusvaT kiTxva: `ra iciT X-is Sesaxeb?~ da CaviweroT (an Tavad Caiweron individualurad) pasuxebi. cnebisa Tu Temis Sesaxeb codnis gaRrmavebis kvalobaze maswavlebeli unda daubrundes am Canawerebs da gansazRvros, ra miamates
moswavleebma arsebul codnas. zogjer moswavleebma SeiZleba aRmoaCinon, rom axali masala
`Zvel qurqSia gamowyobili~; zogjer ki uaryofilia maTi Zveli warmodgenebis nawili. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, konkretuli Temis Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis gacnobiereba, axali informaciis Casaweri rukis SeqmnaSi miexmareba. swored ase emsaxureba maswavlebeli sagnis/ebis
Sesaxeb `didi suraTis~ Seqmnas.
uTvalavi xerxi SemuSavda arsebuli codnis gasaaqtiureblad. erT-erTi maTgani semantikuri rukis Sedgenaa, rasac maknili (1984) ase aRwers:
pirvel yovlisa, moswavleebs hkiTxeT, ra gaifiqres sityva X-is gagonebisas (X
aris is Tema, romlis Sesaxebac maT unda waikiTxon). sasurvelia, Tavisufali
asociacia. moswavleTa mier SemoTavazebuli asociaciebi dawereT dafaze. ecadeT, asociaciebi kategoriebad dayoT.
magaliTad, sityva `fulze~ pasuxebi SeiZleba Semdeg kategoriebad daiyos:
fulis gamoyeneba, fulis formebi, fulis erTeulebi, fulis Sovnis gzebi da
sxva. daexmareT moswavleebs kategoriebad dajgufebaSi da Semdeg sTxoveT am
dajgufebaTa wakiTxva, raTa meti gaigon X-is Sesaxeb. kargi iqneba, wavaxalisoT
moswavleebi, dasvan SekiTxvebi imis Sesaxeb, risi gageba surT X-is Sesaxeb teqstidan. dajgufebis wakiTxvis Semdeg klass yuradReba gadaaqvs kategoriaTa nakrebze da X-Tan dakavSirebul Tavdapirvel (wakiTxvamdel) SekiTxvebze. am dros
moswavleebi wakiTxulis safuZvelze axal mosazrebebs amateben, asworeben da
avseben pirvelad rukas (McNeill 1984, gv. 10).
makniliseuli semantikuri rukis Sedgenis savarjiSos aRwera SerCeuli teqstis wakiTxvamde xdeba. Tumca rukis Sedgena aseve warmatebiT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT eqsperimentis Catarebamde, filmis naxvamde an stumarTan gasaubrebamde. saqme is aris, rom maswavleblebi
amzadeben moswavleebs axali informaciis misaRebad am ukanasknelTa gonebaSi arsebuli
rukebis (an `sqemis~, rogorc mkvlevarebi uwodeben) gamoxmobiT, anu Temis Sesaxeb maTeuli
warmodgenis gaxsenebiT. Sedegad, moswavleebi ufro aqtiuri msmenelebi, mayureblebi da
mkiTxvelebi xdebian.
praqtikosebisa da mkvlevarebis mier SemuSavebuli xerxebi, romelTa gamoyeneba TiTqmis yvela sagnis swavlebisas SeiZleba, e. w. `sityvebis mimofantva~ an `vmv~-ia (inglisuri
sityvebis Know Want to Know Learned (KWL) qarTuli Targmanis vici minda vicode
viswavle (vmv) abreviatura. mTargmn. Sen.). maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo Sedegia is, rom
moswavleebi kogniturad aqtiurni xdebian axali informaciis mimarT.
`sityvebis mimofantvis~ dros (Hammond 1985) maswavlebeli statiidan, moTxrobidan an
teqstidan 10-dan 20-mde sakvanZo sityvas an termins iRebs da wers (`mimofantavs~) cxrilis
an dafis nebismier adgilas teqstis saTauris qveS. teqstis wakiTxvamde, moswavleebs sTxovs,
imuSaon jgufebad da gonebrivi ieriSis gamoyenebiT Caiweron (an Caiweros jgufis `Camwerma~)
Semdegi miTiTebis pasuxebi: `moifiqreT winadadebebi, romlebic, Tqveni azriT, asaxavs am
sakvanZo sityvebsa da terminebs da teqstis saTaurs Soris kavSirs~. es xerxi uzrunvelyofs
moswavleTa CarTulobas, maRali donis azrovnebas, fokusirebul kiTxvas da ukeT wvdomas.
* gadmobeWdilia nebarTviT. McNeill, J. D. Reading Comprehension: New Directions for Classroom Practice. Glenview, III.: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1984. 1984 Harper Collins College Publishers. yvela ufleba daculia.

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`vmv~-s varianti, romelic Cven mogvwons, did jgufad momuSave moswavleebs TemasTan dakavSirebul stimuls (rogoricaa wignis garekanis gaformeba da saTauri) acnobs da sTxovs,
xmamaRla gauziaron erTmaneTs TavianTi reaqciebi. maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, SeniSvnebi samidan erT-erT svetSi Caweron: vici, vfiqrob, rom vici da minda vicode. cxrilis Seqmnis dros ar xdeba ganxilva an kiTvebze pasuxis gacema. es savarjiSo, `sityvebis mimofantvis~
msgavsad, uzrunvelyofs aqtiur monawileobas, avlens moswavleTa mier cnebebis arsebul
codnas da qmnis pirobebs imisTvis, rom maT Tavad Seadginon kiTxvis grafiki.
kargi iqneba, Tu am cxrilebs teqstis wakiTxvis (Seswavlis) Semdegac mivubrundebiT.
`vici~-s kategoriaSi moxvedrili zogierTi SeniSvna SeiZleba mcdari aRmoCndes; zogierTi
`vfiqrob, rom vici~ _ dadasturdes an ara; magram `minda, rom vicode~-s arc erTi SeniSvna
upasuxod ar unda darCes.

akavSirebs
aCvenebs moswavleTa Zveli da axali codnis msgavsebas
sasargebloa, roca maswavlebeli aCvenebs axali masalis msgavsebas wina samuSaosTan an
moswavleTa arsebul codnasTan, `axdens imis demonstrirebas, rogor hgavs bevri ram, razec
saubrobs, imas, rac moswavleebma ukve ician (Freidrich 1976). gTavazobT ramdenime magaliTs:
[komentarebi mrgval frCxilebSi aris moswavlis reaqciebi.] `roca gamravlebaze pirvelad vmuSaobdiT, viswavleT, rom is dakavSirebuli iyo SekrebasTan
rogor?~ kiTxulobs maswavlebeli (gaimeora Sekreba.) `sworia! anu ras niSnavs?~ (gamravleba hgavs erTi da imave ricxvis mimatebas imdenjer, ramdenzec
mas amravleb.) `kargi, Zalian kargi. gayofis operacia, romelzec dRes vmuSaobdiT, marTlac Zalian hgavs gamravlebas, Tumca, is mokle gziT ki ar amatebs
ricxvebs, aramed?~ (aklebs.) `sworia! yvela xedavs? jimi?~ [SegiZliaT aRniSnoT
`diax~ pasuxi am maswavleblis `Semowmebis unaris~ grafaSi!] `SegiZliaT axsnaT
Tqveni sityvebiT, rogor hgavs gayofa gamravlebas?~ [aRniSneT `diax~ `Sesamowmebeli SekiTxvisTvis~!] (is aris gamravlebis sapirispiro.) `sainteresodaa naTqvami; vfiqrob, gesmiT. marji, Seni azriT, ras gulisxmobs jimi `sapirispiroSi~?
[aRniSneT `diax~ pasuxi `Sesamowmebeli SekiTxvisTvis~!]
ai, kidev erTi magaliTi qimiis Sesavali kursidan.
maswavlebeli: `amrigad, Cven davamtkiceT, rom es sarCilavi naTura ufro
magrad wvavs, vidre pirdapiri propanis sanTura. gaxsovT, ra gavakeTeT Cven am
wlis dasawyisSi, roca natriumqloridi sasinj milSi gavacxeleT?~ (is aalda.)
`rogor avxseniT es movlena?~ (natriumqloridis gacxelebam gamodevna Jangbadi
da Jangbadma ufro swrafad da mxurvaled dawva cxeli nakverCxali.) `sworia! da
sarCilavi naTurac amas hgavs. Cven gvaqvs es ori rezervuari~. [maswavlebeli ganagrZobs saubars da aCvenebs, rogor urevs SemaduRebeli manqana or gazs, acetilensa da Jangbads da rom damatebiTi Jangbadis arseboba Zalian zrdis Sida
wvis temperaturebs].
Zvelisa da axlis integracia informaciebs Soris gonebriv kavSirebs amyarebs ise, rom
Segnebulad inarCunebs mTeli mzardi jaWvis gamosaxulebas mxedvelobis areSi. axali informaciis Seswavlisas, moswavleebi mTlian jaWvs xedaven, romelic axla erTi rgoliT ufro
grZelia. rgolisa da jaWvis analogia SeiZleba ar gamodges sxvagvarad dakavSirebuli farTo
moculobis informaciisTvis, magaliTad, rogoricaa interneti, magram sicxade imave mizans

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emsaxureba _ daukavSiros axali codna arsebuli codnis ufro did suraTs (Ausubel 1968;
Gagne 1974).
jenis balgreni (Janis Bulgren) da misi kolegebi kanzasis universitetTan arsebuli `swavlaSi unarSezRudulobis kvleviTi intitutidan~ iyeneben ganmamtkicebel cxrilebs, raTa
vizualuri da zusti gziT aCvenon axal da Zvel koncefciebs Soris msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi. ganmamtkicebeli cxrili aris grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivoba am SemTxvevaSi, specifikuri miznis axali da Zveli (ukve naswavli) informaciebis Sesadareblad da Sesapirispireblad (sqema 8.8). maTi gamoyenebis fazebi grafikuli aqtivobebis gamoyenebis msgavsia.

ganmamtkicebeli cxrili
nacnobi informacia

axali informacia

Qarxana

ujredi

maxasiaTeblebi

msgavsi saerTo
maxasiaTeblebi

maxasiaTeblebi

Menejmenti

akontrolebs aqtivobebs

birTvi

Robe/usafrTxoebis
sistema

aregulirebs Sesvlasa da
gamosvlas

ujredis garsi

Eleqtrosadguri

awarmoebs energias

mitoqondria

Sejameba: ujredi aris struqtura, romelSic birTvi akontrolebs aqtivobebs,

xolo mitoqondria awarmoebs energias.

sqema 8.8: ganmamtkicebeli cxrili

ganmamtkicebeli cxrili aris specifikuri miznis grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivoba, romelic

gamoiyeneba axali da Zveli informaciis Sesadareblad da Sesapirispireblad.

amgvar integrirebasa da `moswavleTa arsebuli codnis gaaqtiurebas~ Soris Semdegi gansxvavebaa: `gaaqtiureba~ momlodinea; is ekranze moswavleTa gonebaSi ukve arsebul cnebebs
alagebs; maTi goneba mzadyofnaSia da elis axals Sesadareblad da Sesapirispireblad. maT
gonebaSi arsebuli codna SeiZleba zusti an arazusti, sruli an arasruli iyos. misi win
wamowevis mizania gaaqtiureba da sabazo wertilis moniSvna axali codnis gamosacdelad. maT
SeiZleba sakuTar Tavs hkiTxon: rasac qimiaSi vswavlobT, aris Tu ara is, risi swavlac gvindoda?
mizani _ `Zvelsa da axal codnas Soris msgavsebis Cveneba~, xolo, meore mxriv, `ukan yurebaa~. maswavlebels surs, moswavleebma dainaxon, rom axali masala, sinamdvileSi, arc imdenad
axali an gansxvavebulia (an Zneli), Seesatyviseba imas, rac maT ukve ician, maT gonebaSi ukve
arsebobs axali codnis Sesabamisi struqtura an kontiniumi.

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akeTebs gadasvlebs mosazrebidan mosazrebaze

es aris mokle gadasvlebi gakveTilis farglebSi, romelic hgavs diqtoris mier ganxorcielebul gadasvlebs da yvelaze xSirad pirdapiri instruqciis dros gamoiyeneba. (maswavlebeli ver akeTebs gadasvlebs informaciis porciebs Soris, Tu Tavad ar uZRveba saswavlo
aqtivobas.) sicxadis TvalsazrisiT, misi nabijebi aris verbaluri maCveneblebi, romelic moswavles saswavlo rukis mixedviT `moZraobaSi~ exmareba, magaliTad: `kargi, es amocana Cvengan gamravlebas moiTxovda. axla, modiT, Semdeg amocanaze gadavideT da vnaxoT, msgavsia Tu
ara~.
yuradReba miaqcieT gansxvavebas zemoT motanil SeniSvnasa da maswavleblis am naTqvams
Soris: `kargi, modiT, Semdeg amocanaze gadavideT~. moswavleebi am naTqvams erTi adgilidan meoreze gadahyavs, magram gadasvlas ar uzrunvelyofs. sicxadis pirobebSi gardamavali nabiji moiTxovs Sesrulebuli da mosalodneli (momavali) samuSaoebis dakavSirebas.
is integraciis msgavsad gonebriv kavSirebs uzrunvelyofs, magram moswavlis warsuli gamocdilebis, sxva saganTan an drosTan dakavSirebis nacvlad, es aris kavSiri imasTan, rac
konkretulad gakveTilamde iyo.
ai, TvalsaCino magaliTi: `ai, ase amravlebs komerciuli sabanko sistema fuls, romelic
Setanilia mimdinare angariSebze da qmnis axal fuls. axali fulis Seqmnis kidev erTi gza
aris samomxmareblo krediti. modiT, vnaxoT, rogor emateba yvela es plastikuri sakredito
baraTi sabanko sistemas kidev ufro meti fulis Sesaqmnelad~.

miuTiTebs aqtivobis, tempis an donis Secvlas

es martivi gancxadebebia kognituri samuSaos bunebis cvlilebisaTvis moswavleTa momzadebis mizniT.
aqtivobis Secvla:

`ai amis gakeTebas vapirebT dRes laboratoriuli muSaobis SedegebTan dakavSirebiT. axla modiT, Semdegi Tavi vnaxoT, rom warmodgena Segveqmnas axal masalaze~.

tempis Secvla:

`axla tempis Secvla mogviwevs, ase rom, moemzadeT cota meti aqtiurobisTvis!~

donis Secvla:

`axla imave operaciebiT, or-safexurianis nacvlad, sam-safexurian

amocanebze gadavdivarT~.

mianiSnebs samomavlo gegmebze

ganixileT maswavleblis es ori gancxadeba:

`iciT, wyalbadisa da qloris mJavas ori molekula gantolebis am mxares ver
geqnebaT, radgan toloba ar gamogivaT. axla amaze ar unda inerviuloT, magram
male gavigebT, rom qimiur gantolebebSi toloba unda iyos. rodesac tolobaze
visaubrebT, CavatarebT eqsperimentebs sxvadasxva qimiuri nivTierebis proporciebze, romlebic mTlianad ixarjeba qimiur reaqciaSi~.
`Tu fiqrobT, rom laura mxolod saxlSi Sromobda muyaiTad da dedas saojaxo
saqmeSi exmareboda, daicadeT, sanam ar gaigebT, rogor miexmara is mamas Tibvis
dros. (`eg ras niSnavs?~ kiTxulobs moswavle.) es aris Tivis mosavlis aReba, romelic maSinac da axlac fermis cxovrebis Zalian mniSvnelovani nawilia. Tibvas
ramdenime Tavis Semdeg ganvixilavT da vfiqrob, is Tavi mogewonebaT~.
miniSnebis am magaliTebSi aRebulia axali termini an idea da Seqmnilia warmodgena mis

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Sesaxeb. amgvari warmodgenis Seqmna miznad imas isaxavs, rom axali termini an idea nacnobi
gaxados moswavlisTvis. `ah, maxsovs, amis Sesaxeb Cven gasul kviras visaubreT~, SeiZleba
gaifiqros moswavlem da daiwyos warmodgenebis morgeba sakuTar kognitur CarCoze. miniSnebam, romelic xSirad daugegmavia, SeiZleba Tavi iCinos, rogorc swavlebis xelsayrelma
SesaZleblobam. magaliTad, meore nawyvetSi moswavleebma SeniSnes, rogor bejiTad muSaobs
laura saxlSi, ramac maswavlebels gaaxsena, rogor miexmara laura mamas Tibvis dros, rasac
mohyva Tibvis Sesaxeb misi komentari.
maswavleblis mier gakveTilis damTavreba momavali samuSaos prognoziT moswavleebisTvis garkveuli saxis miniSnebaa, Tumca Cven am nabijs kognitur gadasvlad miviCnevT. gansxvaveba is aris, rom kognituri gadasvla pirdapir kavSirebs amyarebs ramdenime wuTis win
dasrulebul da ramdenime wuTis Semdeg mosalodnel aqtivobebs Soris, maSinac ki, roca
momdevno `ramdenime wuTi~ mxolod meore dRes dadgeba. miniSneba inteleqtualur `sagzao
niSnebs~ svams iseT adgilebSi, romlebic gzad xvdebaT moswavleebs, magram, SeiZleba, mokle
periodSi ar ganixilon.

Sejameba
maswavlebeli yovelTvis Tavad ar ajamebs; xandaxan am funqciis Sesrulebas moswavles
sTxovs. mniSvneloba ar aqvs, vin asrulebs am funqcias; Tu vinme gakveTilis bolos detalurad mouyris Tavs yvelafers yvelas dasanaxad da gasagonad, maSasadame, gakveTili Sejamda
da am maswavlebels sicxadis am meaTe punqtSic `diax~ pasuxi SeiZleba davuweroT.4
roca moswavleebi Tavad ajameben da yvela maTgani erTdroulad aris CarTuli, damatebiT ori Zlieri faqtoric unda gaviTvaliswinoT. pirvelia `aqtiur monawileobad~ wodebuli swavlis principi (ix. me-9 Tavi), xolo meore is, rom moswavleebi kogniturad aqtiurebi
xdebian masalasTan mimarTebiT; isini axdenen personalurad miRebuli informaciisa da cnebebis reorganizacias, raTa SeZlon sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocema. moswavleTaTvis Sejamebis
Txovna TavisTavad imis Txovnas niSnavs, rom sakuTari sityvebiT gadmogvcen naswavli. (es,
aseve, niSnavs maTeuli Sejamebis Semowmebas, sizustisa da sisrulis TvalsazrisiT.) Txovna
`gadmoeciT Tqveni sityvebiT~ arsebiTia, radgan is moswavleebs aiZulebs, Tavad Secvalon,
gadaawyon da moawesrigon informacia. isini axal masalas ubralod maTi gonebis biblioTekis
Taroze debis saSualebas `ar aZleven~. maT unda `aiRon~ axali masalis `ulufebi~ da Tavi
mouyaron; da swored es aqti amtkicebs naswavls.
Sejamebis mravali gza arsebobs ise, rom yvela moswavle CaerTos. erT-erTia `swavlis Jurnalis~ warmoeba (Pradl & Mayher 1985).
rogorc wesi, yoveli mniSvnelovani monakveTis bolo xuTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi
moswavleebi akeTeben SeniSvnebs da pasuxoben Semdegi saxis SekiTxvebs:
ra viswavle dRes? ra iyo gaugebari?
ra momewona, ra ar momewona, ras mivaRwie dRes?
ra viswavle diskusiidan an gakveTilidan?
ramdenad nayofierad vimuSave klasSi? (sanders 1985)
maswavlebels SeuZlia sityvieri Sejamebac sTxovos Sesatyvis momentebSi wyvilebad momuSave moswavleebs gakveTilis bolos an gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi. meri bad roum (Mary Budd
Rowe) gviCvena, rom damaxsovrebis unari izrdeba, roca yoveli 10-wuTiani instruqciis Semdeg, mcire jgufebSi moswavleebs eZlevaT 2 wuTi Sesajameblad da erTmaneTisaTvis asaxsne4 Tu moswavleebs vTxovT teqstis Sedgenas gakveTilis mTavar sakiTxebze, isini kargad CaerTvebian Sejamebis procesSi.

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lad. es `10-2~ wesi moswavleebs iseTive SesaZleblobas aZlevs, rogorsac masalis `sakuTari
sityvebiT~ gaaqtiureba. Tobini (Tobin 1985) aRniSnavs: `[am teqnikis] Sedegebi Seesabameba Cvens
mosazrebas, rom moswavleebs sWirdebaT dro gakveTilis Sinaarsis gadasamuSaveblad iseT
informaciulad datvirTul sagnebSi, rogoricaa mecniereba.
Semajamebeli SekiTxvebi SeiZleba specifikuri iyos da nebismier Sinaarss moergos: `Cvens
msjelobaze dayrdnobiT, CamouTvaleT Tqvens partniors samoqalaqo omis ZiriTadi mizezebi. Semdeg sTxoveT, man CamogiTvaloT mizezebi~. Tu klasi SeTanxmdeba samoqalaqo omis
mizezebis Sesaxeb, saxeze gveqneba informaciis Sejameba. (Tu klasi ver miaRwevs SeTanxmebas,
wyvilebisaTvis aseTi davalebis micema Sejamebaze meti iqneba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu maT
sakuTari Sexedulebebis dasabuTebas vTxovT.) garda amisa, maswavlebelma SeiZleba moswavleebs sTxovos, werilobiT Seajamon saxelmZRvanelos Tavis yoveli mniSvnelovani nawili.
kiTxvis aseT periodul Sewyvetasa da Sejamebas, Sedegad mohyveba monacemTa aqtiuri kognituri gadamuSaveba; moswavleebs uwevT Sinaarsis sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocema da dawera _
es ki ukeT swavlas niSnavs! kvlevebma damajereblad gviCvena, rom moswavleebi ukeT wvdebian teqsts (ara mxolod moTxrobis) (mag.: DAngelo 1983), roca Tanamimdevrulad asruleben
amgvar Sejamebas. bevrma mecnierma SemogvTavaza kiTxvis procesSi werilobiTi Sejamebis
swavlebis sasargeblo modelebi (Hahn & Gardner 1985).
am TavSi aRvwereT maswavleblis moswavleebisadmi kognituri empaTiis samgvari qceva:
`gansazRvravs dabneulobasa da mcdar koncefciebs~, `amowmebs~ (imis gasarkvevad, rodis kargaven moswavleebi mniSvnelobis Zafs) da `umklavdeba dabneulobas (arkvevs dabneulobis
moments da umklavdeba). Cven SevZeliT gagverCia am qcevaTa ramdenime Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli forma. Semdeg ganvixileT, axsnis ramden da romel meqanizmebs iyenebs maswavlebeli,
misi metyvelebis modelebi da araorazrovani qceva. dabolos, aRvwereT maswavleblis xuTi
nabiji, romliTac is moswavleebs `didi suraTis~ gaazrebaSi exmareba: marSrutis dasaxva;
miznebis gacnoba; moswavleTa arsebuli codnis gaaqtiureba; dakavSireba (oTxi saxis). yoveli maTgani sicxadis parametris funqciuri aspeqtia.
Cven es-esaa SevajameT Tavi. swored es gaxlavT `didi suraTis~ bolo nabiji _ Sejameba.
SegiZliaT Tqvenc SeajamoT, ra iswavleT axali am Tavidan?
Semdeg gverdebze ixilavT tests, romelic saSualebas mogcemT damoukideblad an kolegasTan erTad gadaxedoT sicxadis parametrs.

206

sicxade - Sejameba
daakvirdiT Tqveni an kolegis swavlebas da SeafaseT qvemoT CamonaTvalis mixedviT. yoveli qceva an Sesrulebis done SeZlebisdagvarad daadastureT magaliTiT.

kognituri empaTia
1. gansazRvravs dabneulobasa da mcdar koncefciebs
cxrilebi an dafa
analogiebi
media/teqnologiebi
xmamaRla fiqris
modelireba

ufro srulyofilad
Camoyalibeba
fizikuri modelebi
Tanamimdevruli minimaluri
miniSnebebi
mniSvnelovani informaciis
xazgasma

sicxade - Sejameba

2. axsniTi meqanizmebi:
azrobrivi xatebi
martivi miniSnebebi
diagramebi
grafikuli
aqtivobebi

3. metyveleba
miuRebeli
misaRebi
mravalferovani

jgufs morgebuli
individs morgebuli

4. araorazrovneba. naTlad zustad gadacema:

miniSnebaTa gansazRvra
aucilebeli nabijebi mimarTulebis micemisas
miniSnebaTa mniSvneloba
aqtivobaTa miznebi
SekiTxvaTa fokusi

5. Semowmeba:
ar aqcevs yuradRebas
kiTxulobs sxeulis enas
svams Sesamowmebel SekiTxvebs

gansazRvravs dones
gaxseneba
wvdoma

signaliT

signalis gareSe

6. moswavleTa dabneulobasTan gamklaveba

ar reagirebs
xelaxla xsnis

agrZelebs axsnas da ukan ubrundeba

sTxovs moswavles sakuTari fiqrebis axsnas

sazRvravs dabneulobis moments konkretuli SekiTxvebiT

`didi suraTi~
7. __ aZlevs marSruts
8. __ acnobebs moswavleebs, ra ecodinebaT an ris gakeTebas SeZleben

swavlis mizani
ratom aris es mniSvnelovani

9. __ aaqtiurebs moswavleTa arsebul codnas

10. __ akavSirebs

207

aCvenebs Zvel da axal codnas Soris msgavsebas

akeTebs gadasvlebs mosazrebebs Soris
miuTiTebs aqtivobis, tempis an donis Secvlas
akeTebs miniSnebebs
11. __ ajamebs

208

sicxade - savarjiSo

1. moswavlem ver upasuxa verc erT SekiTxvas mcenaris sicocxlis kategoriebze

agebul biologiis testSi. maswavlebeli gakveTilamde esaubreba mas: `mari,
SegiZlia amixsna, ra gaige angiospermebs, gimnospermebsa da sxva saxeobebs Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb im CamonaTvalidan, romelzec am kviraSi vimuSaveT~.
2. fizkulturis maswavlebeli frenburTis klass (15 wuTi klasSi): `Cven vivarjiSeT srolasa da dartymaSi, raTa ukeT migveRo Cawodeba da ar SegvSineboda burTis. am varjiSiT dartymebze koncentrirebas vapirebT, rac realuri
TamaSisTvis mogamzadebT, roca ukana rigma xSirad winisken unda daartyas
imis nacvlad, rom scados dartyma mTel gzaze zemodan gadasagdebad~.
3. maswavlebeli mimarTavs klass: `drois am monakveTSi pirvelad geqnebaT
Tqvens sakiTxav Jurnalebze muSaobis SesaZlebloba; Semdeg sxva problemebze
vimuSavebT, risTvisac yuradRebiT wakiTxva dagvWirdeba. bolos ki SesaZlebloba geqnebaT, daweroT yuradRebiT kiTxvis Tqveneuli problemis Sesaxeb~.
4. qimiis laboratoriaSi moswavle atarebs eqsperiments nivTierebebis siTxeSi
gaxsnaze. maswavlebeli uaxlovdeba da ekiTxeba: `nawilobrivaa gaxsnili Tu
mTlianad?: `nawilobriv~, pasuxobs moswavle. `anu, eg ras niSnavs?~ kvlav
ekiTxeba maswavlebeli.
5. maswavlebeli mimarTavs klass: SeerTebul StatebSi `didi depresiis~ periodis Seswavlamde, modiT, gavixsenoT yvelaferi, rac (1) viciT am periodis
Sesaxeb, rac (2) vfiqrobT, rom viciT da (3) risi codnac gvsurs. scadeT,
gansazRvroT am samidan romel kategorias miekuTvneba Cems mier mowodebuli
informacia~.

sicxade - savarjiSo

waikiTxeT gakveTilis nawyvetebi. mindorze mianiSneT sicxadis mizniT gadadgmuli nabiji, romelic warmodgenilia yovel epizodSi Tu citataSi.

6. maswavlebeli mimarTavs klass: `aswieT xeli, roca dafaze daweril amocanas

amoxsniT~. (maswavlebeli merxebs Soris dadis da moswavleTa muSaobas akvirdeba.)
7. moswavle warbSekruli dahyurebs samuSaos. `raime Tavsatexia?~ ekiTxeba masTan misuli maswavlebeli.
8. `ase rom, qalbatonma vordma Tavisi ori Savkaniani megobari metros matarebliT gaamgzavra. es ar iyo metro misisipidan kanadamde. es iyo raRac sruliad gansxvavebuli~.
9. sityva `upiratesobis~ gansazRvrebis Semdeg maswavlebeli mimarTavs klass:
`amrigad, es iyo mokled, am sityvis mniSvneloba. literaturaSi aqamde bevrjer ar Segvxvedria es sityva, magram poetebze saubrisas vaxsenebT. ase rom,
yuradRebiT iyaviT am terminTan dakavSirebiT; Cven mas davubrundebiT~.
10. nergis qoTanTan mdgomi maswavlebeli mimarTavs klass: ,,Cvens nergebs imitom
vzomavdiT, rom sabolood klasis saSualo gamogveyvana. dRevandeli maTematikis savarjiSo amaSi dagvexmareba, radgan saSualos miRebas viswavliT~.
11. maswavlebeli mimarTavs klass: `amrigad, `amerikis revoluciaSi~ iyo gadamwyveti momenti. ra TariRi iyo es?~ (maswavlebeli xeliT dafisken miuTiTebs,
sadac weria es TariRi.) (ar ismens moswavleTa pasuxebs.) `devidma es-esaa gipasuxaT~. (araviTari reaqcia.) `SexedeT dafas!~. (moswavleebi pasuxoben.)
12. moswavle odnav dabneulia maTematikis amocanaSi moqmedebaTa simravliT.

209

maswavlebeli jdeba masTan, rom ramdenime amocana erTad gaakeTon: `me es amocana ase amovxseni; vnaxoT, Senc Tu ase gaakeTe. amocanaSi naTqvamia: `sarecxi
saSualebis 10 savse yuTi iwonis 100 girvanqas. calke sarecxi saSualeba iwonis 90 girvanqas. ramdens iwonis TiToeuli yuTi?~ kargi. es aris sarecxi saSualebis gareSe...ra SeiZleba gamovTvalo aq... mmm... Tu mTlianad iwonis 100
girvanqas da calke sarecxi saSualeba aris 90 girvanqa... mmm... me SemiZlia 100-s
gamovaklo 90 da miviRo yuTebis mTliani wona. kargi, es iqneba 10. axla... ras
gvekiTxeba amocana? TiToeuli yuTis wonas. kargi, Tu 10 aris yuTebis mTliani
wona da aris 10 yuTi... me SemiZlia 10 gavyo 10-ze. miviReb 1-s. ase rom, es aris...
erTi yuTi iwonis erT girvanqas~.
13. maswavlebeli mimarTavs klass: `am gakveTilze bevr amocanaze vimuSaveT da
sxvadasxva gza viswavleT maT amosaxsnelad. modiT, erTad SevadginoT sia
problemis gadaWris yvela im strategiisa, romlebic, Cveni azriT, efeqtiani
iyo~.
14. moswavlem SecdomiT amoxsna maTematikis amocana saSinao davalebis furcelze. maswavlebeli masTan erTad muSaobs: `modi, vnaxoT, sad SegeSala. ramdeni kubi daiTvale?~ (`eqvsi~.) `kargi. ramdeni gverdi aqvs yovel kubs?~ (`eqvsi... oh!~) Sen gverdebis ra raodenoba gewera?~ (`sami~.) `ase rom, aq SegeSala.
daimaxsovre, kubs eqvsi gverdi aqvs, eqvs kubs ki, eqvsjer eqvsi, anu 36 gverdi
eqneba. xedav, sad SegeSala?~
15. maswavlebeli mimarTavs klass: `gaxsovT, roca Cven davadgineT prezidentebis Sefasebis kriteriumebi, yovelma Tqvenganma erTi prezidenti airCia
am kategoriebis mixedviT Sesafaseblad? iciT, dRes msgavsi ramis gakeTebas
vapirebT _ davadgenT kanonmdeblobis Sesafasebel kriteriumebs da maTze
dayrdnobiT Tqven SeafasebT konkretul kanonproeqts~.
16. algebris saSiano davalebaSi moswavle gamravlebis nacvlad gamudmebiT
yofda. gakveTilis dawyebamde maswavlebelma moswavlesTan erTad gadaxeda
samuSaos, Tumca Canda, rom moswavle ukve mixvda Tavis Secdomas. miuxedavad
imisa, rom is gakveTili algebris sxva koncefciaze unda agebuliyo, maswavlebelma orjer gamoiZaxa es moswavle, roca saqme gamravlebas exeboda.

Semdeg or punqtSi warmodgenilia sicxadis TvalsazrisiT SecdomaTa magaliTebi:

17. maswavlebeli mimarTavs klass: `wasakiTxad gaZlevT igav-araks da masTan
dakavSirebiT samuSaos. raRac gamotovebulia igav-arakSi; Tqveni azriT, ra
aris gamotovebuli?~ (`dialogi?~) `ara. igav-arakis raRac elementi, romelic
yovelTvis aris masSi~. (`garemo?~)

`ara~. (`siuJeti?~) `ara~. (`morali?~) `marTalia. Tqven mogiwevT moralis Camoyalibeba~.

18. maswavlebeli mimarTavs klass: `minda vnaxo, marTla gesmiT Tu ara fotosinTezi. ra ewodeba mcenaris nivTierebas, rac mas mwvane fers aZlevs?~ (`qlorofili~.) `kargi. ras niSnavs prefiqsi `foto~?~ (`sinaTles~.) `kargia. ra
sWirdeba mcenares gasazrdelad?~ (`naxSirorJangi~.) `araCveulebrivia! Tqven
namdvilad gesmiT. modi gavagrZeloT~

210

sicxade

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gansakuTrebuli SeniSvna
madlobas vuxdiT hal menlis (Hal Manley) konkord-karlislis regionuli umaRlesi saswavleblis TanamSromels da riCard depes (Richard Deppe) karlislis sajaro skolis TanamSromels sicxadis parametrTan dakavSirebuli magaliTebis mopovebaSi gaweuli daxmarebisTvis.

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swavlis principebi
rogor vaxerxebT, rom gakveTilebi ufro
mizanmimarTuli da nayofieri gavxadoT?

swavlis principebi

m TavSi aRwerilia `Zalauflebis ocdaoTxi patara nakrebi~, romelTagan TiToeuli

imdenad TviTkmaria, rom SeiZleba damoukidebelad gamoviyenoT. nebismieri maswavleblis repertuaris Sevseba yoveli maTganiT aucileblad gazrdis moswavleTa swavlis xarisxsa da simtkices. xmamaRali ganacxadia? SeiZleba, magram ganaTlebasTan mimarTebaSi utyuari.
ras niSnavs TqvenTvis Semdegi gvarebi: pavlovi, Torndaiki, hali, votsoni, gaTri, maureri, spensi, tolmani, skineri? dRes maT saxelebs iSviaTad gaigonebT, miuxedavad imisa,
rom isini swavlas universaluri kanonebisa da principebis mqone mniSvnelovan fenomenad
miiCnevdnen. mravali principi swored am mecnierebma aRmoaCines. kvleva 1885 wlidan (EbbZalauflebis ocdaoTxi patara nakrebi, romle
inghaus) iwyeba da is ganaTlebaSi praqtikuli
bic aucileblad gazrdis moswavleTa swavlis
rekomendaciebis yvelaze myari, mdidari da
xarisxsa da simtkices.
STambeWdavi bazaa. `rogor vaswavloT~ kiTxvis pasuxad es principebi erTian Teorias an
midgomas ar gvTavazobs. pasuxi Tanamedrove mimdevrebma SemogvTavazes (Bruner, Ausubel,
Piaget). yoveli principi swavlis efeqturobaSi wvlilis TvalsazrisiT aris ganxiluli da
mimofantulia literaturaSi rogorc mravali Zvirfasi qva, romelic mpovnels elodeba.
bevr maTgans 1970-ian wlebSi mouyares Tavi madlen hanTerma (Madeline Hunter) da misma kolegebma da maswavleblisTvis xelmisawvdomi forma misces (`vaswavloT ufro meti, ufro
swrafad~ maswavleblisTvis gankuTvnili, misi erT-erTi wignis saTauria). magram ratomRac,
es principebi maswavlebelTa kvalifikaciis amaRlebis kursebisa an kolejis maswavlebelTa
ganaTlebis nawili ver gaxda.
am Tavis kiTxvisas, swavlebis zogierT Tqveneul princips amoicnobT. Cven davadgineT,
rom maswavlebelTa umravlesoba regularulad mxolod eqvs an Svid maTgans iyenebs sakuTar
intuiciaze dayrdnobiT, ise, rom principis saxelwodeba arc ki icis. zogi ufro mets iyenebs,
zogi _ ufro naklebs. Cven iseTi maswavlebeli gvWirdeba, romelic yvela princips iyenebs.
amrigad, am TavSi yvelasTvis iqneba raRac axali.
Cven SevZeliT literaturaSi arsebuli principebidan ocdaoTxis identificireba (principebis sasargeblo Sejamebisa da gavrcobisaTvis ix. iseTi wyaroebi, rogoricaa Hilgard and
Bower 1966; Bugelski 1971; and Hudgins 1977). maTi SeswavliTa da axali principebis gamosayeneblad xelsayreli SemTxvevebis ZiebiT, SegiZliaT gaamdidroT sakuTari repertuari da ufro
nayofieri gaxadoT swavleba.

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mogvianebiT, Cven swavlebis sxvadasxva models da mis gamoyenebas SeviswavliT, aseve ganvsazRvravT maT gansxvavebul miznebsa da Teoriul safuZvels. modelebze saubrisas swavlebas iseve ganvixilavT, rogorc dramaturgi scenars. Cven mTliani gakveTilis dizains, Tanamimdevrobas da konkretuli saxis swavlebis mizniT calkeuli maswavleblis mier gadadgmul
nabijebs SeviswavliT. am SemTxvevaSi calkeul principebs ar SevexebiT, Tumca maTi arseboba
da mniSvneloba mudam gvemaxsovreba.

mniSvneloba
rac ufro Sinaarsiani da relevanturia moswavleTaTvis davaleba an informacia, miT
ufro advilad swavloben. maswavleblebi, romlebic am principiT xelmZRvaneloben, swavlebas moswavlis pirad gamocdilebas, cxovrebas ukavSireben da axal Sinaarss moswavlisTrac ufro Sinaarsiani da relevanturia moswav
vis nacnob struqturas aZleven. erT-erTma
leTaTvis davaleba an informacia, miT ufro
maswavlebelma, romelic am princips iyenebs,
advilad swavloben.
Semdegi magaliTi mogviyvana: `mizani qronologiasa da istorias Soris gansxvavebebis
dadgenaa. me ornawilian davalebas vqmni. pirvel dRes moswavleebs aqtivobaTa drois skalis
warmoebas vTxov. meore dRes pirveli dRis istoriis daweras da, SeZlebisdagvarad, mizezSedegobrivi kavSiris Cvenebas~. es davaleba naTlad warmoaCens gansxvavebas qronologiasa
da istorias Soris moswavleTaTvis pirovnuli mniSvnelobis mqone konteqstis maTi erTi
dRis aqtivobaTa saSualebiT.

garemos msgavseba
garemos (qmedebebis, SegrZnebebis, formatebis, rutinebis) msgavseba moswavlis mier `Sesasrulebeli samuSaos nakrebis~ safuZvelia. es imas niSnavs, rom rodesac garemos garkveuli
Tvisebebi, regularulad asocirdeba swavlis konkretul tipTan an periodTan, romlis drosac mosalodnelia yuradRebis an samuSaos konkretuli tipi, moswavleTa azrovneba gakveTilis an aqtivobis konkretuli tipis Sesabamisad `gadaewyoba~.
maswavlebels SeuZlia swavlis garkveuli formebisTvis regularulad gmoiyenos msgavsi formatebi (garemos misces garkveuli sivrcis, droisa da rutinis Tvisebebi), raTa
moswavleebSi Seqmnas molodini konkretuli samuSaos Sesasruleblad. magaliTad, bunebismetyvelebis maswavlebels laboratoriaSi samuSaod xalaTebi aqvs yvela moswavlisTvis.
gakveTilis dawyebamde moswavleebi xalaTebs icvamen. laboratoriuli xalaTi garkveuli
miniSnebaa, rom isini mecnierebad unda `gadaiqcnen~.1
Ggarda amisa, SesaZloa maswavlebelma aqtivobis saSualebiT Seamzados moswavleebi
gakveTilisaTvis. magaliTad, vTqvaT maswavlebeli apirebs gegmis Sedgena aswavlos, rac moswavleebisgan sakuTari mosazrebebis Tematur dajgufebas moiTxovs. maswavlebels SeuZlia
klasi Seamzados TamaSiT, saxelwodebiT `gamoicani Cemi kategoria~. is dafaze terminebis
CamonaTvals Semdegi wesiT wers: `diax~ sityvis qveS dadebiT magaliTebs, xolo `ara~-s qveS
uaryofiTs. moswavleebma unda gamoicnon kategoria, romelsac `diax~-is magaliTebi miekuTvneba (`samxreTi Statebi~).
1 madloba brus olivers (Bruce Oliver) virjiniis fearfeqsis sagrafodan am ideisTvis.

220

swavlis principebi

Ddiax

ara

misisipi
virjinia
jorjia
kentuki
florida

niu iorki
vaiomingi
kalifornia
aiova
arizona

TamaSis dasrulebis Semdeg maswavlebeli ambobs: `azrovnebis im tips, romelic axla

gamoviyeneT dRevandeli aqtivobis Sesasruleblad mivmarTavT. moamzadeT Tqveni SeniSvnebis baraTebi da. . .~
dug raseli (Doug Russell 1980) aRniSnavs, rom es aqtivoba SesaniSnavi stimulia moswavleebisTvis (ix. me-3 TavSi tempis parametri) isini myisierad erTvebian. amave dros dagvianebuli moswavleebic mSvidad emzadebian gakveTilisTvis da dro optimaluri gamoiyeneba.

kontaqti
`pirveli STabeWdileba waruSlelia~ _ kontaqtis principis amsaxvelia.MerTmaneTTan axlos myofi movlenebi, obieqtebi, moqmedebebi da emociebi ufro advilad da myarad asocirdeba moswavlis gonebaSi. Znelia pirveli asociaciis daviwyeba, magaliTad, Tu pirvel Sexvedraze mari-anas `mari-lus~ dauZaxeb, aRmoaCen, rom yovel Sexvedraze ase eZaxi. igive xdeba
aTeulebis Sekrebisas jer aTeulebs kreb da Semdeg erTeulebs. Znelia am Cvevis moSla.
moswavleebs ar unda mivceT Secdomebisa da araswori asociaciebis Camoyalibebis saSualeba. Tu isini arasworad akeTeben sqolioebs pirvel jerze, es mcdari formati mogvianebiT
xels SeuSlis swori formatis daswavlas. (oci wlis Semdegac ki, erT-erTi cnobili avtori
isev ibneva sqolioSi mocemuli elementebis Tanamimdevrobis gamo, radgan misi mexsierebidan
bolomde ar waSlila mcdari modeli, romlis gameorebis saSualebac mas saSinao davalebis
Sesrulebis dros misces, yovelgvari Sesworebis gareSe). es principi ZiriTadad sagnebis/
movlenebis wyvilTan asocirebul mexsierebasa da procedurul swavlas ukavSirdeba, rogoricaa axali sityvebis an algoriTmebis daswavla da kiTxvebs, romelic maRali donis azrovnebas moiTxovs. swavlis procesSi, maswavlebelma unda gaiTvaliswinos moswavleTa savaraudo Secdomebi da Tavidan aicilos isini swori pasuxis SeTavazebiTac ki manam, sanam
moswavle SecdomiT upasuxebs (da amgvarad daiswavlis mcdar asociacias, romlis daviwyebac
mogvianebiT mouwevs).Mmaswavlebelma ar unda dauSvas, rom moswavleebma dawyvilebuli kavSiris saswavlo situacia mcdari pasuxiT daimaxsovron; bolo pasuxi swori unda iyos.
maswavlebeli aseve fxizlad unda iyos potenciuri uaryofiTi emociuri asociaciebis
mimarT, romlebic SeiZleba moswavleebs CamouyalibdeT. magaliTad, Tu moswavleebi ardadagebis Semdeg uaryofiTi emociebiT damZimebulni brundebian, maswavleblis mier SeTavazebuli axali Tema maTSi uaryofiT asociaciebs gamoiwvevs, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels SeuSlis
swavlas. aseT dros poeziaze saubaric uadgilo iqneba. kargi iqneba, Tu konkretuli Temis
SeTavazebamde maswavlebeli mokle aqtivobas waumZRvarebs, romelic dadebiT ganwyobas aRZravs moswavleebSi.

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monaTesave damabnevlebi
`monaTesave damabnevlebis~ gacnobamde uzrunvelyaviT swavlis Sesatyvisi Sesavali. maswavleblebi, romlebic am principiT xelmZRvaneloben, frTxiloben, rom ar daabnion an ar
Seasuston naswavli erTeulebi, magaliTad, aso-bgera `Z iseTi axali erTeulis SetaniT,
rogoricaa `x, radgan SesaZloa moswavleebs es ori aso-bgera erTmaneTSi aerioT. am SemTxvevaSi dawyebiTi skolis maswavlebelma unda axsnas aso-bgera `S, Semdeg romelime sxva
aso-bgera/ebi da imavdroulad gaimeoros `Z. roca darwmundeba, rom moswavleebma `Z safuZvlianad daiswavles, axsnis axal aso-bgera `x-s. amrigad, man ar unda mosTxovos moswavleebs umniSvnelo gansxvavebebis moZebna or monaTesave erTeuls Soris, vidre ar axsnis iseT
masalas, sadac ufro mkveTrad iqneba gamijnuli gansxvavebuli erTeulebi. maswavlebels
mxolod maSin SeuZlia mosTxovos moswavles monaTesave erTeulebis gansxvaveba, rodesac
Sinaarsobrivi wyvilis, sul mcire, erTi erTeuli mainc iqneba saTanadod gagebuli (yuradReba miaqcieT, rom saxelmZRvaneloebSi, samwuxarod, xSirad erTdroulad aris mocemuli
monaTesave damabnevlebi. magaliTad, dedamiwis brunva RerZis da mzis garSemo an amindiTa da
eroziiT momxdari cvlilebebi bunebaSi).
analogiurad, wesebis daswavlamde ar unda gavacnoT wesidan gamonaklisebis magaliTebi.
acnobierebs ra am princips, sabazo skolis maswavlebeli wers:
konstitucia nebismier sabazo skolaSi socialur mecnierebaTa saswavlo programis ZiriTadi nawilia. swavleba xSirad moicavs `uflebaTa Sesaxeb bilis~
ganmartebebs, konkretuli situaciebis ganxilviT. magaliTad, Temis `sityvis Tavisufleba~ Seswavlisas ganixileba iseTi situacia, rogoricaa xalxiT
gadaWedil TeatrSi yvirili, `cecxli!~. sanam maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs
realisturad ganasxvaon `sityvis Tavisuflebis~ misaRebi da miuRebeli formebi, is darwmunebuli unda iyos, rom maT ician ZiriTadi koncefciebi, saproceso
kanonis CaTvliT. am SemTxvevaSi isini ufro rTuli situaciis ganxilvasac SeZleben.

mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis gamoyofa

maswavleblebi, romlebic am principiT xelmZRvaneloben, Sesaswavli

masalis mniSvnelovan, ucvlel maxasiaTeblebs an erTeulebs gamoyofen da axarisxeben. axali koncefciis

ganmartebisas isini mis arsebiT Tvisebebsa Tu maxasiaTeblebs gamoyofen. magaliTad, `ra
aris mdinaris estuaris ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi?~ pasuxi: deltiseburi an maraos forma;
mdinaris fskeri; momlaSo wyali (nawilobriv mlaSe, nawilobriv mtknari) da naleqi fskerze.
am oTxidan nebismieri erTi elementis gareSe moswavleebs ver SeeqmnebaT warmodgena mis
mniSvnelobaze.
ai, kidev erTi magaliTi: rodesac moswavleebs miTis daweras vaswavliT, kargi iqneba, Tu
qvemoT mocemul CamonaTvals SevTavazebT:

gmirebi
magia
bunebrivi fenomenis arsis axsna
es `miTis~ ganmsazRvreli arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebia. zemoCamoTvlilTagan nebismieri erTi
aspeqtis gareSe miTi aRar gveqneba. arsebobs maxasiaTebelTa nusxis Sedgenis mravali saSualeba. magaliTad, SeiZleba moswavleebs ramdenime gansxvavebuli miTis wakiTxva daavaloT
da Semdeg saerTo aspeqtebze imsjeloT. miTis ukeT gagebis mizniT, SegiZliaT SesTavazoT

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swavlis principebi

Sesabamisi literatura an pirdapir auxsnaT miTis maxasiaTeblebi magaliTebis moSveliebiT.

instruqciis formas mniSvneloba ar aqvs, mTavari Sedegia.
arsebobs amave principis gamoyenebis kidev erTi gza monaTesave koncefciebi. magaliTad, `ybedobisa~ da `Txrobis~ Sedarebisas maswavlebeli maxasiaTebelTa or paralelur
CamonaTvals asexelebs da adarebs. es CamonaTvali, SesaZloa, identuri iyos garda erTi punqtisa: `ganzraxvisa~. ganzraxva (adamianisTvis saWiro informaciis miwodebis nacvlad misi
unayofo saubriT Sewuxeba) kritikuli maxasiaTebelia, romelic ,,ybedobas~ `Txrobisgan~
ganasxvavebs.
Cven mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis gamoyofis ori odnav gansxvavebuli magaliTi ganvixileT: (1) koncefciis realuri arsis ganmsazRvreli maxasiaTeblebis CamoTvla (magaliTad,
`miTi~) da (2) msgavsi koncefciebis maxasiaTebelTa CamonaTvalis Sedareba, raTa erTmaneTisgan gamovyoT samizne (`ybedoba~) da monaTesave (`Txroba~) koncefciebis ganmasxvavebeli
Taviseburebebi. mesame gza obieqtis mravali SesaZlo Taviseburebidan im mniSvnelovanis
moZiebaSi dagvexmareba, romelic mas sxvebisagan gamoarCevs. magaliTad, mravali ZuZumwovari balniani da cocxladmSobia. miuxedavad imisa, rom, SesaZloa, zog ZuZumwovars es Taviseburebebi ar hqondes, ZuZus woveba ZuZumwovarTa saerTo maxasiaTebelia.
arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebis gamoyofis zemoCamoTvlili samive gza mniSvnelovania swavlis
xelSewyobis TvalsazrisiT.
maswavleblis mier mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis xasgasma ar niSnavs mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis gamoyofas. xazgasma xazgasmaa! garkveuli aspeqtebi SesaZloa mniSvnelovani iyos,
magram ara kritikuli. magaliTad, `am TavSi am oTxi aspeqtis codna umniSvnelovanesia~ an
`samoqalaqo omamde momxdari am sami movlenis codna SesaZloa yvelaze mniSvnelovania~.
xazgasmiT, maswavlebeli mizanmimarTulad cdilobs mniSvnelovan aspeqtebze moswavleTa
yuradRebis gamaxvilebas, magram es radikalurad gansxvavdeba koncefciis arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvrisagan.
ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris gansxvavebebis Ziebisas, maswavlebelma
SeiZleba ganviTarebuli qveynebis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi gamoyos: magaliTad, meqanizebuli xvna-Tesva da mosavlis aReba, sabazro ganawilebis efeqtiani sistema,
gzatkecilebis infrastruqtura da satransporto qseli. magram maxasiaTebelTa am CamonaTvalis dafaze an teqstSi warmodgena arasakmarisia. maswavlebelma zustad unda Camoayalibos kritikuli maxasiaTeblebis nusxa, gaamaxvilos moswavleTa yuradReba maTze (an Tavad
moswavleebi CarTos maxasiaTeblebis moZiebis procesSi), xolo Semdeg moswavleebma Tavad
unda SeZlon maxasiaTeblebis misadageba konkretuli qveynisTvis. mogvianebiT, rodesac moswavleebi nebismieri qveynis Seswavlisas, kritikuli maxasiaTeblebis analizis safuZvelze,
ganviTarebuli qveynis ganviTarebadi qveynisgan gansxvavebas SeZleben, gvecodineba, rom
codnis transferi moxda.

swavleba transferisTvis (konteqstidan konteqstSi)

maswavleblebi, romlebic am princips mimarTaven, davalebaTa an amocanebis iseT serias
qmnian, sadac unar-Cvevebis (codnis) gamoyeneba gansxvavebulia uSualo saswavlo garemosgan. qvemoT motanilia transferisTvis swavlebis kargi magaliTi. cnebebis `faqti~ (`is,
rac myisieri SegrZnebebiT dasturdeba an rasac Sesabamisi sferos eqspertTa umravlesoba
eTanxmeba~) da `mosazreba~ (`rwmena; gansxvavebul SexedulebaTa mxardaWera~) gamijvnis Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebs magaliTebis daxarisxebas sTxovs. magaliTad, `meris sviteri
acvia~ da `meri yvelaze momxibvlavi gogonaa klasSi~. magaliTebi TandaTan rTuldeba (`zogi-

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erTs reinkarnaciis sjera~) da bolos moswavleebs magaliTebis damoukideblad dasaxelebas

sTxoven. Semdeg maT sagazeTo statiis moZiebas (axali konteqsti) da faqtebisa da mosazrebebis gaanalizebas sTxoven. sabolood, moswavleebs miniSnebebs sTavazoben codnisa da unar-Cvevebis im garemoSi transferisTvis, sadac ar evalebaT faqtisa da mosazrebis gamijvna.2
zogjer transferisTvis damatebiTi zrunva saWiro ar aris; is TavisTavad xdeba. magaliTad, Tu moswavleebi gamoklebis Seswavlisas sesxebis fenomens kargad Seiswavlian, isini
am codnas avtomaturad gamoiyeneben imave saRamos supermarketSi klasis wveulebisTvis
produqtebis SeZenisas. magram aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac codnis transferi spontanurad ar
xdeba da saWiroa xelovnurad SevqmnaT mastimulirebel movlenaTa seria. am jaWvis daskvniTi movlenaa moswavleebis mier axal konteqstSi codnis damoukideblad ganxorcielebuli transferi. swored es arTulebs am principis gagebas. Cven moswavleebi wylis napiramde
migvyavs da Tu transferi realurad moxda, isini wyalSi Tavad unda Caxtnen.
magaliTad, qalbatoni qreini, 12-14 wlis moswavleebs gmirebis daxasiaTebas aswavlis.
isini moTxrobis personaJebis dialogebsa da qcevebze dakvirvebiT maTi xasiaTis gagebas
cdiloben. misi mizania moswavleebma iswavlon, rogor anviTarebs avtori mkiTxvelis warmosaxvas da aRqmas personaJebis dialogebiTa da qmedebiT. qalbaton qreinis surs, rom moswavleebma daxasiaTebis gamoyeneba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic SeZlon, anu SeZlon adamianebis
`gamocnoba~, maT dialogebsa da qcevebze dakvirvebiT gansazRvron maTi grZnobebi da azrebi.
mas surs, moswavleebma SeZlon daxasiaTebis unaris, rogorc literaturuli xerxis transferi adamianebis gagebis mizniT. moTxrobis gaanalizebis Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebs
sayvareli telegadacemis yurebas avalebs; maT personaJis xasiaTis ganmsazRvreli dialogi
an qmedeba unda aRweron. mogvianebiT maswavlebeli mezoblebsa Tu ojaxis wevrebze dakvirvebis Sedegebis warmodgenas sTxovs.Aamgvarad, is cdilobs moswavleebma akademiur konteqstSi gaanalizebuli daxasiaTebis gamoyeneba TandaTan realur cxovrebaSi gadaitanon.
Tu moswavle mxatvruli gmiris mimarT avtoriseuli mikerZoebis wvdomas SeZlebs da am
codnas aramxatvruli literaturisa Tu sagazeTo statiis kiTxvis drosac gamoiyenebs,
transferi miRweulia. maswavlebeli am saxis transfers davalebebis Sesatyvisi TanamimdevrobiT da naswavlis mravalmxrivi gamoyenebis waxalisebiT aRwevs (Brown 1989; Fogarty, Perkins,
and Barell 1991). xSirad es principi gansxvavebis miuxedavad, `garemoSi gamoyenebis~ principSi
erevaT, romlis mixedviT abstraqtul garemoSi naswavli unari myisierad unda gamoiyenon
realur garemoSi.

garemoSi gamoyeneba (unar-Cvevidan garemoSi)

moswavleebma axali qcevebi an unar-Cvevebi axal garemoSi iseve unda gadaitanon, rogorc
realur cxovrebaSi gadaaqvT: magaliTad, marTlweris codnis transferi karnaxiT werisas
da mosmenis unaris transferi klasis realuri diskusiebis da konfliqtis mogvarebisas.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom orive magaliTSi
sityva `transferia~ gamoyenebuli. `garemomoswavleebma axali qcevebi an unar-Cvevebi
Si gamoyeneba~ is principia, romelic transaxal garemoSi iseve unda gadaitanon, rogorc
feris albaTobas zrdis. zogisTvis garemoSi
realur cxovrebaSi gadaaqvT.
gamoyeneba transferisTvis swavlebis nawilia. garemoSi gamoyeneba erTjeradi aqtivobaa,
romelic moswavleebs unar-Cvevebis realuri cxovrebis konteqstSi gamoyenebas aiZulebs,
magaliTad politikuri kandidatebis argumentebSi alogikurobis amocnoba. magram trans2 magaliTi agebulia Madeline Hunter-is wignze Teach for Transfer (1971).

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feris swavlebisaTvis saWiroa unar-Cvevis daSoreba abstraqtuli, akademiuri konteqstidan

winaswar organizebul aqtivobaTa seriebiT.

sicxade
fiqroben, rom swavlis gamocdilebis sicxade, xalisi, energia, siaxle an mimzidveloba
yuradRebis meqanizmebis saSualebiT axali masalis ufro siRrmiseul aRqmas ganapirobebs.
am principiT vxelmZRvanelobT, Tu swavlebisas moswavleebSi emociis (gakvirveba, moxibvla)
aRZvras vcdilobT, rac maT qcevazec aisaxeba (gafarToebuli Tvalebi, gaRebuli piri, xangrZlivi mzera, uCveulo umoZraoba). sakuTari ideis ukeT warmoCenisTvis erT-erTma avtorma maswavlebelTa jgufs e.w. `ideebis CanTa~ - patara SefuTuli saCuqrebis seriad warmodgenili swavlis principebi gaacno. amiT man xazi gausva imas, Tu raoden TviTkmari, Zvirfasi,
damoukidebeli da mniSvnelovania TiToeuli principi.

Aaqtiuri monawileoba
es principi swavlebis procesSi moswavleTa aqtivobas (kiTxva-pasuxi, diskusiebi) gulisxmobs. pasiuroba da mxolod mosmena am princips gamoricxavs. yvela moswavlis aqtiuri
monawileoba mxolod fizikur moZraobebs an sxva manipuliaciebs ar gulisxmobs. is SesaZloa
moicavdes werilobiT monawileobas, rodesac yoveli moswavle pasuxobs dasmul kiTxvas; an
verbaluri monawileoba iyos imgvarad organizebuli, rom ramdenime moswavles erTdroulad SeeZlos saubari (wyvilebSi an jgufebSi sakamaTo sakiTxze SeTanxmebis miRweva).
moswavleTa msgavsi CarTulobis mravali teqnika arsebobs. magaliTad, atomis birTvis
struqturis, atomis raodenobasa da mis masas Soris sxvaobis axsnis Semdeg maswavlebeli
ambobs: `modiT, atomis raodenobasa da masas Soris gansxvaveba Tqvens megobars auxseniT~. am
principis mcodne maswavleblebi mas nebismier xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven.

emociis xasiaTi
emociis xasiaTi swavlebis xarisxis pirdapirproporciulia. am principis mixedviT swavlis siRrme da siswrafe swavlis dros aRZruli emociis (dadebiTis Tu uaryofiTis) proporciulia. Tumca, garkveul zRvramde. erTi mxriv, rac ufro sasiamovnoa swavla, miT ufro
efeqtiania, Tumca raRac momentSi siamovneba upiratesi xdeba da, SeiZleba, swavla Caanacvlos. sxva sityvebiT, dgeba klebadi ukugebis momenti. moswavleebze gaZlierebuli zrunva
(`individualurad SegamowmebT garkveul dros~) swavlas xels uwyobs, magram garkveul momentamde. gadaWarbebuli zrunva mRelvarebaSi gadadis, rac abrkolebs da xels uSlis swavlas. dgeba klebadi ukugebis momenti.
maswavleblebi am princips Semdegnairad iyeneben: cdiloben swavlis gamocdileba ufro
sasiamovno (magram ara hedonisturi) gaxadon da/an gazardon zrunvis done (`am kviraSi gavlil masalaze testi gveqneba~), magram ar vardebian ukiduresobaSi. ukiduresobis an klebadi
ukugebis wertilis Sesafaseblad wesebs ver moviSveliebT, radgan ukiduresobis gamosavlenad, damkvirvebels mouwevs maswavleblis mier dadebiTi an uaryofiTi emociebis gamomwvevi qmedebebis aRnusxva da moswavleTa reaqciebis subieqturi Sefaseba.

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mnemonika
`seqtembers 30 dRe aqvs~.

am principis mixedviT maswavlebeli axali masalis ukeT

dauflebis mizniT moswavleebs Sualeduri instrumentebis (warmosaxva, anagrama, aliteracia) gamoyenebas sTavazobs. magaliTad:

Desert (udabno) erTi `S~, martod marto udabnoSi.

Dessert (deserti) bevris WamiT gasuqdebi.
arsebobs mravali mnemonikuri instrumenti da maTi efeqtianobis Semafasebeli kvleva.
magaliTad, erT-erTi sakmaod efeqtiani instrumentia, e.w. sakvanZo sityvis teqnika, romelic
axali sityvebisa da axali terminebis Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneba. axali terminis Sesaswavlad
moswavleebs iseTi sakvanZo (mmaniSnebeli) sityvis swavlas sTxoven, romelsac msgavsi JReradoba aqvs (mag.: `purse~ (safule) da `persuade~ (darwmuneba); hes a date~ (is Seyvarebulia) da
`hesitate~ (yoymani). Semdeg moswavleebs im naxatis (ubralo monaxazis) Sinaarsis damaxsovrebas sTxoven, romelic sakvanZo sityvas Seicavs da garkveulwilad ukavSirdeba axal cnebas.
levinma (Levin 1982) da sxvebma axal sityvasTan `persuade~ (darwmuneba) dakavSirebuli naxati
uCvenes. maRaziaSi myofi qali meores safuleze miuTiTebs da ambobs: `oh, marta, Sen unda
iyido es safule (purse)!~ `mgoni damarwmune (persuade) amaSi~, pasuxobs marta. naxatis qvemoT
weria: `persuade (purse) (darwmuneba (safule)): roca vinmes raimes gakeTebaze daiyolieb~.
am naxatebSi erT-erTi personaJis naTqvami sakvanZo sityvas Seicavs, meorisa _ axal termins. kvlevis Sedegebi am teqnikiT axali sityvebis Seswavlis efeqturobis Sesaxeb Zalze
pozitiuri da erTmniSvnelovania (Levin 1993).
gTavazobT mnemonikuri sakvanZo sityvebis gamoyenebis nimuSebs:
1. gaixseneT axali sityvis msgavsi JReradobis an ritmis mqone sityva. swored is iqneba
sakvanZo (mimaniSnebeli) sityva.
2. SeqmeniT naxati, sadac sakvanZo da axali sityvebi moqmedebaSi an obieqtebad iqneba
mocemuli.
3. furcelze warmoadgineT or personaJs Soris dialogi, sadac erTi sakvanZo, xolo
meore axal sityvas iyenebs.
4. dialogi imdenad daxveweT, rom dialogis konteqstma da naxatma axali sityvis mniSvneloba axsnas.

M Tanamimdevroba da ukusvla
Cveulebriv, masalis pirveli da bolo nawilebis Seswavla yvelaze advilia, xolo Sua
nawilis yvelaze rTuli. swavlis xelSewyoba SeiZleba masalis bolo nawilidan dawyebiT an
masalis mcire nawilebad dayofiT. swavlis am principis gamoyeneba dazepirebis, maTematikisa
da marTlweris savarjiSoebSi SeiZleba. maswavlebels SeuZlia masalis Tanamimdevroba daarRvios da jer rTuli nawilis swavla SesTavazos; SesaZlebelia TviT rTuli nawili daiyos
mcire nawilebad da maT meti yuradReba daeTmos; sxvadasxva saSualebiT (muqi Srifti, sxvadasxva feri, xazgasma) gamokveTos teqstis rTuli erTeulebi. saSualo skolis laTinuri
enis maswavlebeli wers:
moswavleebma kviraSi aTi axali laTinuri sityva unda iswavlon. (1) isini
gakveTilis dawyebamde xuTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi umowmeben erTmaneTs sityvebis
codnas. (2) Semdeg damoukideblad swavloben im sityvebs, romelic ar axsovdaT.

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(3) axal sityvebs Tavisi mniSvnelobebiT rveulSi weren. im sityvebs, romelic

ar axsovdaT siis pirvel da bolo adgilze weren, xolo kargad naswavls siis
SuaSi. pasuxebs xels afareben da TviTSemowmebis mizniT sityvebs ramdenimejer imeoreben. am proceduras yoveldRe imeoreben. savarjiSos Sesrulebaze
jamSi 10 wuTi gvexarjeba, am dros me warmatebiT viyeneb gakveTilis dawyebamde
calkeul moswavleebTan sasaubrod.
Tanamimdevrobis am principisa da masalis pirveli da bolo nawilebis mniSvnelobis mixedviT SesaZlebelia sagakveTilo drois gadanawilebac. gakveTilis (dRis an semestris) dasawyisSi da bolos ganviTarebuli movlenebi moswavleebs yvelaze advilad amaxsovrdebaT; Sesabamisad, drois es monakveTebi maqsimalurad sasargeblod unda gamoviyenoT (ix. Tavi 5).

Sedegebis codna
Sedegebi konkretulad da droulad unda vacnoboT. maswavleblebi, romlebic am princips
mimarTaven, moswavleebs savarjiSos dasrulebisTanave sTavazoben detalur ukukavSirs.
principis mixedviT, rac ufro CarTulia moswavle masalaSi, miT optimaluria swori Sedegebis makoreqtirebeli gavlena da maqsimaluri efeqtis momtania srulyofili da konkretuli ukukavSiri. (me-12 TavSi `pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba~ vasabuTebT im azrs, rom
srulyofili ukukavSiri moswavleebis pativiscemis formaa, misi saSualebiT maswavlebeli
amJRavnebs, ramdenad mniSvnelovania Sesrulebuli davalebis detaluri ganxilva.)
gTavazobT Sedegebis codnis or magaliTs:
samrewvelo revoluciis Sedegad gamowveul socialur cvlilebebTan dakavSirebuli davalebis dasrulebis Semdeg moswavleebma sakuTari pasuxebi swor
pasuxebs Seadares. Tavad Seaswores Secdomebi da ganmartebebisTvis maswavlebels mimarTes.
moswavleebi sakuTar pasuxebs wignSi mocemul pasuxebs adareben, damoukideblad asworeben da yovel Secdomas ganmartaven.
moswavleebis mier testirebis Sedegebis codna am princips ar asaxavs. isini yovel
gakveTilze ecnobian sakuTar Sedegebs, amaSi gansakuTrebuli araferia. gansakuTrebuli
(da swavlis xelSemwyobi) konkretuli, srulfasovani da drouli ukukavSiria. Sedegebs kompiuteruli TamaSic dauyovnebliv gviCvenebs, Tumca ar gvTavazobs Sedegebis gaumjobesebis
gzebs.
maswavlebeli Sedegebis codnis princips maSin iyenebs, Tu davalebis dasrulebisTanave
ukukavSirTan erTad moswavleebs TviTSemowmebis an sul mcire, daSvebuli Secdomis gamosworebis saSualebebs sTavazobs (Butler and Winne 1995).

ganmtkiceba
qcevis ganmamtkicebeli SeiZleba iyos nebismieri ram, dawyebuli tkbileuliT da jetoniT
(samaxsovro jildo), damTavrebuli maswavlebliseuli aRiarebiT `Tavi ar dagizogavs, ar
danebdi da arss mainc Caswvdi. aqcenti verbalur ganmtkicebaze gvaqvs gakeTebuli, radgan
miuxedavad imisa, rom am saxis ganmtkicebaze zRva literatura arsebobs da is maswavlebelTa leqsikis tradiciuli nawilia, iSviaTia misi ostaturad gamoyeneba. am mZlavri stimulis
gamoyenebis mravali saSualeba arsebobs. pedagogiuri codnis bazis mixedviT verbaluri ganmtkiceba zusti, Sesatyvisi da, saWiroebisamebr, uwyveti an wyvetili unda iyos.

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zustia verbaluri ganmtkiceba, Tu is zedmiwevniT asaxavs, konkretulad ra Seasrula moswavlem kargad. sjobs vTqvaT, `dRes ar Cqarobdi da Secdoma TiTqmis ar dagiSvia~, vidre
ubralod aRvniSnoT, `kargi namuSevaria~. moswavle davalebis sizustes mSvidad muSaobas
daukavSirebs da swored is (mSvidi muSaoba) ganmtkicdeba. Tu maswavlebeli ambobs, `amocanebis amoxsna daasrule, aalage Seni nivTebi Cemi Sexsenebis gareSe da daiwye wera. araCveulebrivia!~, moswavlem icis, ras exeba sityva `araCveulebrivi~.

Sesatyvisi ganmtkiceba mniSvnelovania, radgan mas moswavlis survili ganapirobebs.
mesame piris TandaswrebiT Seqebam moswavle SeiZleba Seacbunos. Tu meeqvseklasel aTlet
moswavles kaligrafias SevuqebT, mas megobrebis dacinvis SiSi Seacbunebs; ukeTesi iqneba Tu
vetyviT, `jon, Sen Cveni erT-erTi saukeTeso moTamaSe xar da vfiqrob, motoruli koordinacia iseTive kargi gaqvs, rogorc koordinacia mindorze~ (Hunter 1977). Tu davfiqrdebiT,
mivxvdebiT, ratom ver gvaZlevs sasurvel Sedegebs Seqebisa da ganmtkicebis Sesaxeb is kvlevebi, romlebic mxedvelobaSi iRebs qcevis sixSires da moswavlis miRwevebTan korelacias
eZebs. sasurvel Sedegs mxolod ganmtkicebis Sesatyvisi gamoyenebiT viRebT.
ganmtkicebis mesame mniSvnelovani Taviseburebaa misi reJimi. b. f. skinerma aRmoaCina, rom
operantuli ganpirobebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli qceva ufro myari da xangrZlivia, Tu mas
gamovlenisTanave ganvamtkicebT. magram am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania ganmtkicebebs Soris
intervalis TandaTanobiT zrda. cxrilSi es grafili daaxloebiT ase aisaxeba:
ganmamtkiceblis SeTavazeba

0 0 0

qcevis ganxorcieleba

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

00

00

qcevis Camosayalibeblad ganmtkicebis wyvetili reJimis gamoyeneba ufro metad qcevis

modifikaciis sistematur gegmas Seesabameba, romelic maswavlebelma SeiZleba xelis awevis
qcevis ganmtkicebis da wamoZaxebis qcevis Sesustebis, an gakveTilze dagvianebis qcevis Sesustebis da droulad misvlis qcevis ganmtkicebis mizniT gamoiyenos.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mkvlevarebi erTxmad aRiareben Sinagani ganmtkicebis dadebiT
efeqtebs, wlebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs cxare debatebi garegani ganmamtkiceblebis
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. pol Cansma (Paul Chance 1992) es sakiTxi momavlis WrilSi ganixila da
aRniSna, rom garegani ganmamtkiceblis gamoyeneba araTu misaRebi (ar amcirebs moswavleTa
motivacias ganmamtkiceblis gareSe Seasrulon aqtivoba), aramed aucilebelia. misi azriT,
garegani ganmamtkiceblebia maswavleblis Rimili, Seqeba, milocva, sityvebi `gmadlob~ an
`marTalia~, xelis CamorTmeva, Caxuteba, mxarze xelis dadeba, taSi, warmatebis sertifikatis gadacema da sxva qcevebi, romlebsac `dadebiTi Sedegi aqvs moswavlis qcevaze~. gareganma jildom SesaZloa Seamciros qcevaSi (mag., kiTxvaSi) moswavlis CarTvis stimuli, Tu
am ukanasknels mxolod monawileobas movTxovT da ara Sedegs (kargad wakiTxvas). magram Tu
jildo warmatebis proporciulia, anu moswavles kargi saqmianobis an miznebis miRwevisTvis gadaecema, garkveuli drois Semdeg, jildos gauqmebis Semdegac ki, mas CarTulobaze
uaryofiTi gavlena ar eqneba. udavoa, rom warmatebis proporciul jildos aqtivobisadmi
interesis gaZliereba SeuZlia.
Sinagani jildo moswavlis mier kargad Sesrulebuli saqmianobiT ganpirobebul siamovnebas gulisxmobs, magaliTad, Tu is imdenad kargad kiTxulobs, rom siamovnebas iRebs kargi
moTxrobis wakiTxviT. `miuxedavad Sinagani jildos mniSvnelobisa, is arasakmarisi pirobaa
efeqtiani swavlisTvis~ (Chance 1992, gv. 206), Tu mxolod mas daveyrdnobiT.

xelmZRvanelobis xarisxi
ra zomiT sWirdebaT moswavleebs xelmZRvaneloba davalebis kargad Sesasruleblad?
axali davalebis Sesrulebisas moswavleebs metad sWirdebaT gzis gakvalva, Tumca Semdgom,

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saqmianobis dauflebis kvalobaze xelmZRvanelobis `moculoba~ mcirdeba. swavlis es principi maswavleblis mier sxvadasxva moswavlisTvis sxvadasxva `moculobis~ xelmZRvanelobis SeTavazebaSi ki ar vlindeba, aramed erTi da imave moswavlis an moswavleTa jgufisTvis
droTa ganmavlobaSi (axali masalis dauflebis siadvilis kvalobaze) gaweuli xelmZRvanelobis `moculobaSi~. amis SemCneva xanmokle dakvirvebis safuZvelze zogjer rTulia. maswavlebelma SesaZloa axali unari gaacnos klass da myisierad SesTavazos xelmZRvaneloba am
unaris dauflebaSi. magaliTad, mTeli klasisTvis masalis gacnobis Semdeg imuSaos mxolod
erT jgufTan, xolo danarCenebs (visac maswavleblis daxmareba ar sWirdebaT) daavalos damoukideblad varjiSi, an auxsnas masala mTel klass da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, individualurad daexmaros moswavleebs. es ukanaskneli drois TvalsazrisiT ufro efeqtiania, Tu
maswavlebeli warmatebiT gaarTmevs Tavs (maswavleblis mier dasaxuli miznis miRweva iseTi
mniSvnelovani araa, rogorc mis mier situaciis jansaRi Sefaseba _ ra masalas sWirdeba
ufro intensiuri an individualuri axsna, raTa moswavlem codnis miznobrivad gamoyeneba
SeZlos).

rTuli davalebebis dayofa ufro martiv nawilebad

am princips maSin vawydebiT, rodesac maswavlebeli iseTi masalis axsnas cdilobs, romelic moswavleebma ver daZlies. davaleba iyofa ufro patara nawilebad da yuradReba maxvildeba yovel nawilze. magaliTad, Tu moswavleebma amocanis piroba ver gaiges, maswavlebeli gamoTvlebis dawyebamde mTavari kiTxvis Camoyalibebas an konceptualizaciis mizniT
amocanis dasuraTebas sTxovs. es principi vlindeba davalebis analizSi da uzrunvelyofs
amocanis daswavlis Tanamimdevrul wina pirobebs.

varjiSi
moswavleebi bevri unda vavarjiSoT axali unaris an operaciis swavlis dawyebisas (xSiri,
drois mokle intervalebSi Catarebuli varjiSi), xolo Semdeg drois intervalebi gavzardoT. axali informaciis mniSvnelovani erTeulebi unda gavameorebinoT yovel jerze, rom
moswavle masalis konkretuli nawilis daswavlaSi darwmundes. daswavlis Semdeg codnis ganmtkicebisTvis masalis 2-3-jer gameoreba (Warbswavla) aris saWiro. fizikuri da motoruli
unarebisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac varjiSi daxelovnebis pirobaa (meti ukeTess niSnavs), akademiur unarebis xangrZlivi varjiSi swrafad aRwevs klebadi ukugebis (mobezrebis) wertils.
tabulebis an cxrilebis Seswavlisas yoveli elementi sxvebisgan damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone erTeulia. Sesabamisad, yovel jerze, ukve naswavl erTeulTa jgufSi, mxolod
erTi an ori axali erTeulis Setana SeiZleba (Tumca, garkveuli masala, magaliTad aTze
gamravlebis tabula jgufdeba, rogorc erTi mniSvnelobis erTeuli.) moswavleebisTvis iseTi rTuli saqmianobis swavlebisas, rogoricaa moTxrobis analizi, saWiroa misi nawilebad
dayofa. magaliTad, Tavidan vavalebT garemos aRweras, Semdeg siuJetis aRweras da a.S. musikaluri nawarmoebis rTuli nawilis swavlebisas, unda moxdes ara erTi gverdis an erTi monakveTis (simciris gamo mas, SesaZloa, ar hqondes mniSvneloba), aramed melodiis damuSaveba.
praqtikuli samuSaoebi xanmokle (2-5 da ara 20 wuTiani) da xSiri (dReSi da ara kviraSi orjer) unda iyos. es mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba moswavleTa damoukideblad muSaobis CvenTvis
nacnobi ganrigisgan.
Jurnalistikis kursze Tu maswavlebels surs moswavleebi axali ambebis weraSi avarjiSos, statiis umniSvnelovanesi informaciis amsaxveli pirveli winadadeba an abzaci, mniS-

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vnelovani erTeulia. amrigad, mTliani statiis daweramde, moswavleebs swored am pirveli

winadadebis an abzacis dawera unda vaswavloT.

miznis dasaxva
am principis mizania, moswavleebs miznis dasaxva vaswavloT. moswavlis CarTva saswavlo
miznebis dasaxvaSi xels uwyobs swavlas. am debulebis siswore kvlevis SedegebiTac dasturdeba (Schunk and Gaa 1981). miznis dasaxvaSi moswavleTa monawileoba (moswavlis, maswavleblis an erToblivi ZalebiT) zrdis maTi miRwevis motivacias da TviTSefasebis (TviTregulirebis) unars.
moswavlis mier miznis dasaxva TavisTavad ar xdeba, Tumca, es ar exeba maRali motivaciis mqone moswavleebs. maswavlebelma xeli
unda Seuwyos am process, Camoawerinos mismoswavlis CarTva saswavlo miznebis dasaxvaSi
aRwevi miznebis an periodulad (axali Temis
xels uwyobs swavlas.
an proeqtebis dawyebamde) Sexvdes calkeul
moswavleebs. es SeiZleba sakmaod xanmokle
Sexvedrebi iyos, magram mTavaria, dasaxuli miznebis Camoiweros da mogvianebiT moswavleebs
maTi miRwevis Sefaseba vTxovoT.
moswavlis mier miznis dasaxvas gaumjobesebul Sedegebamde avtomaturad ver mivyavarT.
saWiroa efeqtiani miznebis garkveuli Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswineba; mizani unda iyos
konkretuli, rTuli, magram swrafad misaRwevi.
calkeuli miznebi iseT elementebs Seicavs, romelic SeiZleba gavzomoT, daviTvaloT an
miRwevis kriteriumad miviRoT. `maqsimalurad Sevecdebi~ am SemTxvevaSi ar gamogvadgeba;
xolo `viswavli marTlweris oc urTules wess~ zustad gansazRvravs mas.
rac ufro rTulia mizani, miT met Zalisxmevas gamoiCens moswavle. miznebis dasaxvaSi
xelmZRvanelobisas maswavlebeli unda daexmaros moswavleebs, gamijnon advili da ararealisturi miznebi.
dabolos, moklevadiani miznebi ukeTesia, vidre grZelvadiani. es ar niSnavs, rom grZelvadiani miznebi aRar davsaxoT, ubralod isini moklevadian gegmebad an qvemiznebad unda
davyoT da moqmedebaTa Sesatyvisi gegma mivusadagoT, rom moswavlem efeqtianad SeZlos maTi
miRweva (`dayavi da ibatone~). swavlis an samuSaos Sesrulebis miznebis warmatebiT miRwevas
specifikuri unar-Cvevebi da gansazRvruli vadebi (ramdenime dRe da ara kvira an Tve) ganapirobebs.
am principis gavrcelebuli da araswori interpretacia aseTia, moswavle Tavad irCevs, ra
iswavlos (anu Sinaarss), rac, sinamdvileSi, ar xdeba. xSirad (da, rogorc wesi, ufro produqtiulad) isini vadebTan, raodenobasa da xarisxTan dakavSirebul miznebs saxaven. vadebTan
dakavSirebuli miznis magaliTia, roca moswavle konkretuli raodenobis davalebis Sesrulebis konkretul vadas gansazRvravs:

230

maswavlebeli:

glen, Seni azriT, am davalebebis ra nawils Seasruleb momdevno

naxevar saaTSi?

gleni:

vfiqrob, mTel gverds.

maswavlebeli:

marTla? marTla fiqrob, rom daZlev am raodenobas?

gleni:

diax.

maswavlebeli:

kargi. maCvene, roca daasruleb.

swavlis principebi

gTavazobT raodenobis miznis magaliTs:

maswavlebeli:

brenda, ramden wyaros gamoiyeneb kvlevisTvis?

brenda:

daaxloebiT eqvss.

maswavlebeli:

kargi. Tu Sen fiqrob, rom sakmarisia, furcelze Camomiwere.

kvlevis Sesrulebis tempi gansazRvruli ar aris, moswavlem mxolod naSromis dasrulebis

vada icis. brenda TviTon sazRvravs samuSaos moculobas. amgvaradve SeiZleba davusaxoT
mizani klasgareSe sakiTxavi wignebis raodenobis, damatebiT savarjiSoebis an saswavli masalis mimarTac.
xarisxTan dakavSirebuli miznebi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, radgan am SemTxvevaSi moswavleebi Sesasrulebeli samuSaos xarisxs gansazRvraven. isini TviTon iReben gadawyvetilebas imis Sesaxeb, samuSaos ra aspeqtze sWirdebaT yuradRebis gamaxvileba da meti muSaoba.
maswavlebelma maT SeiZleba am aspeqtebis axsnac (maT Soris, werilobiTic) daavalos:
maswavlebeli:

jim, ra mizani gaqvs xarisxis TvalsazrisiT am naSromze muSaobisas?

jimi:

marTlwerisa da punqtuaciis gaumjobesebaze varjiSs vapireb.

maswavlebeli:

Sen, Tara?

Tara:

Cemi mizania, naklebad gamoviyeno gacveTili sityvebi.

miznebis dasaxvasTan erTad maswavleblebi moswavleebs davalebebsac aZleven. isini

moswavleebs vadebTan, xarisxTan da raodenobasTan dakavSirebuli pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobebis Camoyalibebas uwyoben xels. zogjer SesaZloa moswavles saswavlo Sinaarsis arCevis saaSualebac mivceT. magaliTad, `minda, rac SeiZleba meti viswavlo bayayebze~, ambobs
fredi. saswavlo gegma da gakveTilebis cxrili freds xels uwyobs dasaxuli miznis ganxorcielebaSi (miT ufro, Tu maswavleblis mizani moswavleSi cnobismoyvareobis grZnobis
stimulireba da xelSewyobaa). SesaZloa, aseve sasargeblo iyos moswavleebis mier xarisxTan
dakavSirebuli miznebis dasaxvac, rasac Sedegad maTi TviTSefasebaSi CarTva da dasaxuli
miznisken savali gzis gansazRvra mohyveba.
gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom swavlis es principi, erTi SexedviT Zalze martivi, iSviaTad
gamoiyeneba swavlebaSi. Tu am principis gamoyenebas mcire drosa da energias davuTmobT, davinaxavT rogor gaumjobesdeba moswavleTa saqmianoba, TviTregulaciisa da TviTSefasebis
unari.

konkretuli-naxevradabstraqtuli-abstraqtuli progresia
am principis mixedviT maswavlebeli pirvel etapze axali masalis asaxsnelad konkretul an manipulirebad masalas iyenebs, Semdeg imave masalas grafikulad asaxavs, xolo bolo
etapze asaxsnelad wminda abstraqtul saSualebebs mimarTavs. msgavsi Tanamimdevroba nayofieria ara mxolod im moswavleebisTvis. romlebic piaJiseul konkretuli operaciebis
safexurze arian, aramed zrdasrulebisTvisac. konkretul masalaze muSaoba warmosaxvasa
da gamocdilebas aviTarebs, rac mogvianebiT masTan asocirebul abstraqtul elementebs
ukavSirdeba da erTiandeba. saWiro ar aris adamianma yvelaferi sakuTari gamocdilebiT
iswavlos (cofian ZaRlTan urTierTobis safrTxeSi dasarwmuneblad, aucilebelia ar aris
man gvikbinos), Tumca gamocdileba codnas amyarebs. 1975 wels heronma (Herron) Seiswavla
modelebis gamoyeneba qimiis swavlebisas da aCvena ramdenad nayofieria konkretuli masalebis gamoyeneba qimiis kursSi koncefciebis swavlebisas.

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Tavi 9

modelireba
swavla SesaZlebelia ganmtkicdes axali unar-Cvevebisa da operaciebis modelirebiT da
maTi dacviT swavlis adreul safexurebze. orniSna ricxvebis gamravlebis (moxsenebis formatis, an nebismieri sxva davalebis, romelsac procedurebi da nabijebi sWirdeba) swavlebis
Semdeg maswavlebeli dafaze models wers, romliTac moswavleebi damoukideblad varjiSisas ixelmZRvaneleben.
konceptualuri modelebi, romlebic vizualurad asaxavs koncefcias moswavleebs koncefciis gaxsenebas da naswavlidan eqstrapolirebas uadvilebs (Mayer 1989). perkinisi da
uingeri (Perkins and Unger 1989) aRniSnaven, rom konceptualur models oTxi Tavisebureba
aqvT: is analogiaa, konstruirebulia, gaSiSvlebulia da konkretuli.
1. analogebi. modeli warmoadgens realuri fenomenis garkveul analogs (White and
Horwitz 1987).
2. konstruirebulia. iqmneba myisieri miznisTvis.
3. gaSiSvlebulia. mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebis xazgasasmelad ugulebelyofilia
garegani uwesrigoba.
4. konkretuli. Sesaswavli fenomeni dayvanilia konkretul magaliTamde da vizualur
xatamde.

Tqvi gaakeTe
aRqmis rac ufro met meTods (danaxva, mosmena, moZraoba, Sexeba) viyenebT, miT ukeT swavloben moswavleebi. aRqmis arxebis speqtris gazrdaze zrunvisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
moswavleTa mier naswavli masalis demonstrirebas da am mis praqtikul gamoyenebas unda mieqces. es principi, romlis saxelwodebaa TqviSeasrule gviCvenebs, ra Sedegs SeiZleba
miaRwion moswavleebma, rodesac naswavlis gamosaxatavad es ori arxia CarTuli.
ra viciT informaciis aRqmis sxvadasxva arxebis SedarebiTi upiratesobis Sesaxeb? rogor amaxsovrdebaT moswavleebs masala, Tu informaciis aRqmis mxolod erT xerxs (mxolod
wakiTxvas, mosmenas an danaxvas) SevTavazebT? ra Sedegi gveqmena, Tu dainaxaven da moismenen
kidec informacias? ra moxdeba, Tu jer waikiTxaven informacias, Semdeg ki sxvas gauziareben (waikiTxe Tqvi)? naswavlis damaxsovrebis ra maCvenebeli gveqneba, Tu moswavleebi jer
informacias waikiTxaven, Semdeg sxvebs gauziareben da bolos praqtikulad gamoiyeneben? 9.1
sqemaze Sejamebulia aRqmis sxvadasxva meTodebis SedarebiTi efeqtianoba.
erTi SexedviT, naswavlis damaxsovrebis yvelaze maRal maCvenebels wakiTxvisa da gaziarebis erToblioba gvaZlevs. SesaZloa igive maCvenebeli gvqondes danaxvagaziarebis da
mosmenagaziarebis SemTxvevebSic, magram ar gvaqvs Sesabamisi kvlevebis Sedegebi. swavlis
efeqtianobas kvlevebi mosmenadawerisa da wakiTxvadaweris SemTxvevebSic adasturebs
(Pradl and Mayher 1985; Fulwiler 1987; Connolly and Vilardi 1989).
moswavlis mier naswavlis gadmocema sakuTari sityvebiT verbalurad Tu werilobiT
rTuli kognituri aqtia; is moiTxovs mexsierebaSi Ziebas, mosazrebebis organizebas da mniSvnelobis sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocemis mizniT metyvelebis gamoyenebas. logikuria, rom
kognituri aqtebis es rTuli nakrebi neironebis qsels qmnis da kvals tovebs mexsierebaSi.

232

10%

kiTxva

20%

30%
mosmena

danaxva

50%

mosmena da
danaxva

70%

kiTxva, Tqma
(gaziareba)

90%

kiTxva, Tqma, gakeTeba

swavlis principebi

sqema 9.1: aRqmis sxvadasxva meTodebis SedarebiTi efeqtianobis Sejameba

es cxrili mravali calkeuli kvlevis naerTia.

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Tavi 9

swavlasa da swavlebaze mravalgvari gavlena SeiZleba. yvelaze mniSvnelovania moswavleebs vTxovoT naswavlis Sejameba damoukideblad an wyvilebSi. am principis mixedviT maswavlebeli maT gavlili masalis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis Sejamebas avalebs. droTa ganmavlobaSi
klasSi aseTi Sejamebis praqtika damkvidrdeba.
principis meore nawili `gaakeTe~ gulisxmobs moswavleTa mier naswavli masalis, SeZlebisdagvarad, mokle droSi praqtikul gamoyenebas.
am principis kvlevebTan dakavSirebuli SeniSvna aseTia: 9.1 sqemaze asaxuli cifrebi sistematurad Cndeba popularul statiebSi (Boardroom Report 1989), samuSao Sexvedrebis masalebSi
(Betty Wagner at A.S.C.D. 1990) da literaturaSi (National Training Labs, Bethel Maine undated; Edgar Dales `Cone of Learning`, University of Oohio). ToTxmetwliani Seswavlis Semdeg aRmovaCineT,
rom sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs kvleva, romelmac 9.1 sqemaze asaxuli aRqmis arxebis SedarebiT
efeqtianobas adasturebs. (wlebis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva wyaroebidan gvesmoda 1950-iani
wlebis miwuruls miTiuri `mobil navTob-kompaniis kvlevis~ Sesaxeb, Tumca Sesabamisi damadasturebeli dokumentebi dRemde ar Cans.)
kvlevis safuZvelze Seadares aRqmis arxebis SedarebiTi efeqtianoba, aseve arsebobs
literatura moswavleTa mier naswavli masalis verbalizaciis sikeTis Sesaxeb (Pauk 1974;
Webb 1982; Morrow 1985; King 1990). makenzisa da vaiTis (MacKenzie and White 1982) mier Catarebuli kvleva 9.1 sqemaze mocemul yvela aspeqts moicavs. me-8-9 klaselebis mier geografiuli
faqtebis swavlisa da damaxsovrebis kvlevisas, maT moswavleebi sam jgufad dahyves da sxvadasxva pirobebSi Caayenes. isini sanapiros geografiuli Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb codnasa
da unar-Cvevebs unda dauflebodnen, maT Soris, landSaftsa da floras. samive jgufs guldasmiT Sedgenili ocdaTxuTmetgverdiani da ocdaCvidmeti kiTxvisgan Semdgari saswavlo
programa gadaeca (kiTxva). programas 60 fotografia erTvoda 35-mm-ian slaidebze (danaxva).
`programis sxva Taviseburebebi moicavda: saqmianobis mosalodnel Sedegebs, damuSavebul
magaliTebsa da testebs, axali monacemebis damuSavebaze varjiSs, mastimulirebel miniSnebebs saTanado informaciis da unarebis gasaxseneblad, praqtikul samuSaoebs, miRebuli
codnis rukaze gadatanas, diagramebsa da slaidebs~.
pirvelma da meore jgufma zemoaRwerili masala srulyofilad miiRo, magram meore
jgufi suraTebze aRbeWdili sanapiros, napirTan arsebuli kldeebis da mangros xeebis ori
dablobis sanaxavad (saklaso oTaxSi saswavlo programiT miRebuli codnis gasamyareblad)
eqskursiaze waiyvanes. maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiTa da axsna-ganmartebebiT maT yvela
saintereso adgili moinaxules. Sesvenebebis dros moswavleebs kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas
avalebdnen. amrigad, meore jgufs pirvelisagan gansxvavebiT, sakuTar gamocdilebaze damyarebuli naxvisa da mosmenis da informaciis Sesaxeb kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis meti SesaZlebloba mieca.
mesame jgufsac eqskursia mouwyes, magram mniSvnelovani damatebebiT. `yoveli adgilis
monaxulebisas moswavleebs samuSao furclebs, adgilis rukasa da zRvis miqceva-moqcevis
grafiks urigebdnen. maswavlebeli meTvalyureobas uwevda moswavleebis mier, individualurad da jgufebSi, davalebebis Sesrulebas. jgufSi xSirad awyobdnen ganxilvebs (Tqmagaziareba). moswavleebs gamudmebiT sTxovdnen davalebebis Sesrulebas (keTeba): dakvirveba,
monaxazis gakeTeba, Cawera, kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema. Catarda ramdenime uCveulo RonisZieba,
magaliTad, mangros sanapiros talaxSi siaruli, foTlebis marilianobis Semowmeba, kldeze
cocva. amrigad, meore da mesame jgufis moswavleebma msgavsi adgilebi moinaxules da saaTebis erTnairi raodenoba gaatares, magram erTi mniSvnelovani sxvaobiT, meore jgufis Teoriuli codnis gaRrmaveba gacilebiT intensiurad xdeboda, vidre praqtikulis~.
eqsperimentma gasaocari Sedegebi gviCvena. miRwevis Tavdapirvel testebSi meore da mesame jgufis moswavleebma pirvel jgufTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovani upiratesoba hqondaT,

234

swavlis principebi

magram meore da mesame jgufis moswavleebis maCveneblebi TiTqmis erTnairi iyo. 12 kviris
Semdeg Catarebulma testma, romlis mizani naswavli masalis damaxsovrebis gamovlena iyo,
Semdegi Sedegebi mogvca: pirveli jgufis maCvenebeli Tavdapirveli testirebis maCveneblebTan mimarTebiT 51% iyo, meoris 58%, xolo mesame jgufis 90%. amrigad, `Tqma~-sTan
erTad `keTebiT~ masalis daswavlam xangrZlivobis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani sxvaoba
mogvca.

gameoreba
adamiani advilad iviwyebs nebismier informacias an unar-Cvevas, romelsac aqtiurad ar
iyenebs. axali masala yovelTvis unda moicavdes gavlilis gameorebas da varjiSs. axali unar-Cvevebis dauflebasTan erTad izrdeba naswavlis gameorebis SesaZleblobac da droTa
ganmavlobaSi praqtikuli savarjiSoebi sul ufro meti naswavli unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebas
iTxovs moswavlisagan.
zogierTi unar-Cvevis dauflebis Tanamimdevroba avtomaturad, maswavleblis Carevis
gareSe, aerTianebs Zvel da axal unar-Cvevebs. amis magaliTia moxsenebis dawera. moswavleTa
mier punqtuaciisa da gramatikis axali wesebis gavarjiSeba nebismieri weriTi davalebis Sesrulebisas avtomaturad xdeba. metyvelebis rTuli formebis dauflebisa da sakuTari azris ukeT Camoyalibebis kvalobaze moswavle avtomaturad iyenebs am axal unar-Cvevebs weris
drosac. magram arsebobs unar-Cvevebi, romelTa daufleba aqtivobaTa gaazrebul dagegmvas
moiTxovs.
cxrilebisa da tabulebis Seswavlisas yoveli axali cxrili Tu tabula naswavlis ZiriTad aspeqtebs unda moicavdes. garda amisa, gavlili masalis srulyofili gameorebisTvis
savarjiSoTa e.w. Sualeduri nakrebi unda arsebobdes. magaliTad, samxreT amerikis erTerTi qveynis geografiis Seswavlis Semdeg, geografiasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxvebi amave
qveynis politikuri, ekonomikuri da saarCevno sistemebis Seswavlis konteqstSi mudmivad
unda gavameorebinoT. am principis darRveva Sedegad is mohyveba, rom moswavleebi Tanamimdevrulad Seiswavlian samxreT amerikis yvela qveynis geografiul Taviseburebebs, Semdeg
am qveynebis politikuri sistemebis Seswavlas miubrundebian, Semdeg kulturuli Taviseburebebis Seswavlas da a.S.

dasasruli daskvnis gareSe

ganvixiloT maswavleblis aseTi gancxadebis gavlena: `moifiqreT am dilemis gadaWris sami
varianti da moemzadeT maT gasaziareblad~ (Russell 1980). zogjer moswavleTaTvis aseTi davalebis micema, romelze fiqric maT mosvenebas daukargavs ufro Sedegiania, vidre gakveTilis
dasruleba mzamzareuli, amomwuravi pasuxiT.

moswavlis Tavisuflebisa da azrovnebis waxaliseba missave

pasuxebze reaqciiT
art kostam (Art Costa 1985) aRniSna, rom maswavleblis reaqcia moswavlis pasuxze ufro
mniSvnelovania, vidre TviT dasmuli SekiTxva. moswavlis nebismier pasuxs maswavleblis mxridan reaqcia mohyveba. im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac moswvles ar aqvs pasuxi an nela fiqrobs
maswavlebeli reagirebs _ miniSnebas sTavazobs, sxva moswavles ekiTxeba an exmareba. maswav-

235

Tavi 9

leblis reaqciebi, romlebic dRis ganmavlobaSi mravaljer meordeba, gakveTilis klimats

gansazRvravs. swored maswavleblis reaqcia SeiZleba gaxdes moswavlis siTamamis (gaxsnilobis) da azrovnebis stimuli an, piriqiT, Seaferxos azrovneba da riskis gawevis survili.
moswavlis pasuxebze reaqciiT maswavlebeli mas molodinTan dakavSirebul sam mniSvnelovan Setyobinebas `ugzavnis~:

`es mniSvnelovania~.
`Sen SegiZlia amis gakeTeba~.
`xelis Caqnevis saSualebas ar mogcem~.
maswavleblis molodinebTan dakavSirebuli repertuaris ganxilvas `molodinebis~ Sesaxeb TavSi SemogTavazebT.

236

swavlis principebi - Sejameba

2. mniSvneloba: moswavleTa pirad gamocdilebasTan dakavSireba.

3. transferis swavleba: codnis (unar-Cvevis) abstraqtuli akademiuri konteqstidan TandaTan daSorebis mizniT aqtivobaTa Tanamimdevrobis dagegmva.
4. kritikuli Taviseburebebis gamoyofa: Taviseburebebis xazgasma da saxeldeba.
5. konkretuli _ naxevrad abstraqtuli _ abstraqtuli progresia: Tanamimdevrobis dacva axali masalis axsnisas.
6. modelireba: etapobrivi produqtebis, procedurebisa da procesebis SeTavazeba moswavleTaTvis.
7. garemos msgavseba: aqtivoba, romelic mosalodnel siaxleSi moswavleTa
CarTvas uwyobs xels.
8. aqtiuri monawileoba: waxaliseba Tanxmobis, partniorTan gadamowmebis,
miniSnebebisa da sxvaTa saSualebiT.
9. sicxade: savarjiSoTa formatis cvla.
10. emociebis xasiaTi: zomieri xalisi da nerviuloba; zrunvis zrda.
11. dasasruli daskvnis gareSe: garkveuli drois Semdeg gadaxedva, gafiltvra.
12. rTuli davalebebis dayofa martiv nawilebad: ufro martiv, patara
nawilebad dayofa; rTuli aspeqtebis gamoyofa da varjiSi; xSiri varjiSi da
axali sakiTxebis gameoreba.
13. xelmZRvanelobis xarisxi: xelmZRvanelobis maRali xarisxis axal masalaze
muSaobisas da dauflebis kvalobaze misi Semcireba.
14. monaTesave damabnevlebi: monaTesave damabnevlebis gacnobamde swavlis Sesatyvisi xarisxiT warmarTva.
15. Tqvi-gaakeTe: aRqmis yvela arxis gamoyeneba, magram Tqmisa (gaziarebis) da
Sesrulebis gansakuTrebuli xazgasma.
16. mnemoteqnika: mexsierebis damxmare instrumentebi (sakvanZo sityvebi, Tanamimdevruli warmosaxva, melodiebi, da a.S.)
17. Tanamimdevroba da ukusvla: masalis dasawyisi da bolo nawili yvelaze advilia; urTulesia Sua nawilis momdevno nawili.
18. varjiSi: dasawyisSi uxvi, Semdeg ganawilebuli; mniSvnelovani umciresi erTeulebi; mokle varjiSi; Warbi swavla.
19. kontaqti: wyvilTan asocirebuli swavlisas ar misceT Secdomis gameorebis
saSualeba.
20. gameoreba: gavlili masalis ZiriTadi aspeqtebis perioduli asaxva da gameoreba savarjiSoebSi.
21. Sedegebis codna: myisierad, monitoringis meSveobiT.
22. ganmtkiceba: zusti, uwyveti da wyvetili.

237

Sejameba

1. garemoSi gamoyeneba: axali qcevis garemoSi gamoyeneba.

swavlis principebi

am TavSi `Zalauflebis ocdaoTxi patara nakrebi~ ganvixileT _ is meTodebi,

romlis gamoyeneba maswavlebels swavlis donisa da saqmianobis xarisxis gasaumjobeseblad SeuZlia. qvemoT mocemulia am principebis mokle aRwera.

23. miznis dasaxva: moswavleTa mier konkretuli, saintereso, moklevadiani miznebis dasaxva.
24. moswavlis Tavisuflebisa da azrovnebis waxaliseba: SesTavazeT iseTi
kiTxvebi, romelze pasuxis gacema SesaZlebelia advilad, swrafad da daakisreT pasuxismgebloba.

238

swavlis principebi savarjiSo

gansazRvreT maswavleblis mniSvnelovani qmedeba. rogor SeiZleba
Seuwyos man xeli efeqtian swavlas?

2.

mindorze miuTiTeT gamoyenebuli swavlis principis saxelwodeba.

 aiTvaliswineT, TiToeuli epizodi SesaZloa erTze meti principis amsaxveli

g
iyos, magram mxolod erTia ZiriTadi.
1. marTlweris yoveli testi moicavs kviris manZilze naswavl sityvebs, sam sityvas gasuli kviridan da wina kvirebis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze xSirad gamotovebul or sityvas.
2. maswavlebeli membranabis gamtarobis ilustrirebisTvis sxvadasxva zomis
burTebs rZis liTonis kolofebs Soris agorebs, `Cven amas naxevradgamtars
vuwodebdiT, radgan, rogorc xedavT [burTulas ubiZgebs da agorebs], marmarilos burTula, bardisagan gansxvavebiT, Znelad migoravs. mogvianebiT moswavleebi Catarebuli eqsperimentebis safuZvelze membranis gamtarianobis
sailustraciod diagramebs daxazaven. masalis gameorebis dros da Semdeg, Sualedur testebSi, mowavleebs gamtarianobis, naxevradgamtarianobis da gaumtarobis mniSvnelobebis axsna daevalebaT.
3. espanuris maswavlebelma moswavleebs eubneba: `saRamos, 16 axali sityvis swavlisas, isini or jgufad dahyaviT. sityvebi or baraTze CamowereT. baraTis
meore mxares sityvebis mniSvnelobebi miuwereT. TqvenTvis yvelaze rTuli sityvebi siis Tavsa da boloSi dawereT, xolo advili SuaSi~.
4. maswavlebels surda me-11-klaselebs gaegoT gansxvaveba mikerZoebasa da diskriminacias Soris da aexsnaT es terminebi. am mizniT man sityva `mikerZoebis~
mniSvneloba dafaze dawera: `socialuri mikerZoeba aris mtruli grZnoba
adamianis an adamianebis mimarT, maTi konkretuli jgufis wevrobis gamo~. man
gaxaza sityvebi: grZnoba, wevri da konkretuli jgufi. Semdeg man diskriminaciis mniSvneloba dawera: `adamianis an adamianebis mimarT privilegirebuli
damokidebuleba konkretuli jgufis wevrobis gamo~. man gaxaza sityvebi: damokidebuleba, wevri, da konkretuli jgufi. maswavlebelma xazi gausva terminebis ganmasxvavebel Taviseburebas `grZnoba~ da `damokidebuleba~. Semdeg
moswavleTa Semowmebisas ikiTxa, ra gansxvaveba iyo adamianisadmi antipatiasa
da misdami mikerZoebul damokidebulebas Soris. erTi moswavlis azriT, mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda efuZneboda Tu ara antipatias misi konkretuli jgufis
wevroba. Semdeg, maswavlebelma moswavleebs mikerZoebuli damokidebulebis
magaliTis motana sTxova. `magaliTad, roca zrdasruls ar moswons bavSvi asakis (Tineijerobis) gamo~, upasuxa erT-erTma moswavlem. `aris Tu ara es mikerZoebuli damokidebuleba? ratom?~ hkiTxa maswavlebelma klass.
5. mesame klasis fizkulturis gakveTilis dasawyisSi maswavlebelma moswavleebs sTxova wina gakveTilze miRweul warmatebebze esaubraT (mag.: aTjer
an metjer axtoma) da damoukideblad gadaewyvitaT, ra mimarTulebiT sWirdebodaT varjiSi (mag.: ufro metjer axtoma uSecdomod; saxtunaoze xtoma; ori
moswavlis erTdrouli xtunva). is periodulad midioda TiToeul bavSvTan,
adgenda, ris gakeTebas cdilobda da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, exmareboda mas.
6. imave gakveTilze maswavlebelma moswavleebi jgufebad dahyo da mTeli
gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi maT CarTulobas amowmebda; magaliTad, ori bavSvi

239

savarjiSo

1.

swavlis principebi

qvemoT aRwerili epizodis wakiTxvis Semdeg:

atrialebda saxtunaos, erTi (an ori) xtunaobda, erTi iTvlida. Semdeg bavSvebi erTmaneTs enacvlebodnen.
7. imave gakveTilze maswavlebelma ganacxada, rom xtunvis gakveTilebamde
bavSvebis umravlesobam cudad an sul ar icoda. amitom man gadawyvita, Sedegebis gaumjobesebisTvis saxtunaoze varjiSisTvis ramdenime gakveTili daeTmo. momdevno gakveTilebze ramdenime bavSvi aTjer an metjer xtunavda, xolo
umravlesoba TokiT sxvadasxva varjiSs eufleboda (mag.: ori Toks atrialebda erTi xtunavda; erTdroulad ori bavSvi xtunavda).
8. imave gakveTilis dasawyisSi maswavlebelma daaxloebiT 4 wuTi dauTmo moswavles, romelic sirTules waawyda. axsnisas maswavlebelma warmatebis misaRwevad saWiro is niuansebi gamoyo, romlisTvisac moswavles yuradReba unda
mieqcia (Tvali adevne saxtunaos; daiwye xtunva, roca saxtunao gadadis Sens
Tavze; gaCerdi saxtunaos SuaSi; ixtunave ritmSi). man moswavles konkretuli
ukukavSiric SesTavaza da sTxova, gaemxila, Tu ris damaxsovrebas cdilobda.
roca moswavlem uSecdomod aTjer gadaxtoma SeZlo, maswavleblma yuradReba
sxva bavSvebze gadaitana. Tumca, gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi moswavles ramdenjerme daubrunda da saWiro daxmareba SesTavaza (mag.: gamoarTva saxtunao im
moswavles, romelic trialisas ritms ver inarCunebda da Tavad daiwyo Tokis
triali; moswavlis yuradReba gaamaxvila mis mier arCeul adgilze).
9. maswavlebelma gakveTilis dawyebisTanave ikiTxa, vis SeeZlo moTxrobis axsna:
`es rTuli moTxrobaa. vis SeuZlia Tavisze umcros moswavles auxsnas, ratom
dawera avtorma es moTxroba?~ im xuT Tu eqvs moswavles, romelmac xeli aswia,
maswavlebelma mizezebis dafaze Camowera sTxova. danarCenebs dawyvileba
da dafaze dawerili pasuxebidan saukeTesos SerCeva daavala da dasZina, rom
sakuTari arCevanis dasacavad dafasTanac gamoiZaxebda.
10. maswavlebelma dauyvira moswavles, romelmac wigni daagdo (mTeli es epizodi
dadgmuli iyo). moswavleebi maswavleblis gadaWarbebulma reaqciam ganacvifra. maswavlebelma gaiRima da ikiTxa: `yvelani aRelvebuli CanxarT. ratom?~
moswavleebma mizezebi daasaxeles. ZiriTadi mizezi maswavleblis mier moTminebis dakargva iyo, romelic manamde ar enaxaT. Semdeg, maswavlebelma paraleli moTxrobis im personaJTan gaavlo, romelic moulodnelad da uCveulod
iwyebs moqmedebas.
11. mizani qronologiasa da istorias Soris gansxvavebis gagebaa. pirvel dRes
moswavleebs sakuTari aqtivobebis drois skalis warmoebas sTxoven. meore
dRes pirveli dRis istoriis daweras da, SeZlebisdagvarad, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris Cvenebas.
12. bavSvma `quite~ (sakmaod) waikiTxa, rogorc `quit~ (Sewyveta). `swori iqneboda
rom ara `e~ sityvis bolos, uTxra maswavlebelma. `rogor unda wavikiTxoT
xmovani sityvis SuaSi, roca sityva `e~-iT bolovdeba? sworia. e.i. ra sityvaa
es?~
13. erTmaneTis swavlebisas moswavleebs qimiuri elementebis periodul sistemaSi erTdroulad, baraTebis saxiT, erTi an ori axali simbolo SemoaqvT.
procesi ase mimdinareobs: `es axali simboloa~. `Fe~ aris rkina. gaimeore~. [`Fe~
rkina.] `sworia. axla miTxari ras niSnavs `Fe~? maT partniors gamocnobis saSualeba ar unda miscen, radgan karnaxis SemTxvevaSi araswori pasuxis gacemis
albaToba Zalzed didia. maswavlebels ar surs, rom moswavleebma mcdari asociaciebi daimaxsovron. is akontrolebs moswavleebis mier rTuli elementebis xSir gameorebas.

240

14. sabavSvo baRis maswavlebeli calkeul ricxvebsa da asoebs qaRaldis did

furclebze xatavs. is ricxvis an aso-bgeris pirvel nawils alisferi fanqriT,
xolo meore nawils mwvane fanqriT xatavs. baret-lortonis (Baretta-Lorton 1976)
azriT, `es xels uwyobs Secdomebis aRmofxvras. es meTodi zustad miuTiTebs
bavSvebs, rogor da ra mimarTulebiT unda moxdes ama Tu im asosa Tu ricxvis
moxazva~. maswavleblis mier daxatul asoebsa da ricxvebs Tanamimdevrulad
hkideben oTaxSi, raTa bavSvebs mTeli wlis manZilze maTze dakvirvebis saSualeba hqondeT.

ebi
eul
erT

ebi
ul
aTe

ase

ul

ebi

bi

aTa

aTe

ul

seu

le

aTa

seb

i
seb
ase

ul

aTa

i
deb
iar
mil

io
mil
ul

aTe

mil
ul
ase

bil

iar

deb

io

neb

neb

15. miuxedavad axsnisa, moswavleebs isev uZneldebaT mravalniSna ricxvebis kiTxva da wera. maT erevaT ricxvis dasaxeleba da aTeulebis, aseulebis da aTaseulebis aTvlas marcxnidan iwyeben. imisTvis, rom moswavleebs sworad daewyoT aTvla marjvnidan da yuradReba mieqciaT mZimisTvisac maswavlebelma
magaliTebi Semdegi saxiT SesTavaza dafaze: _ _ _, _ _ _.

___,___ ___ ___,___ ___ ___, ___ ___ ___

dafaze amave fromiT weria ramdenime magaliTi ricxvebis gareSe:
_ _, _ _ _

_ _, _ _ _, _ _ _

_, _ _ _, _ _ _

_, _ _ _

_ _ _, _ _ _

_, _ _ _, _ _ _

dafasTan gamoZaxebuli moswavleebi aTvlas marjvnidan iwyeben da iTvlian bolo erTeulamde. maTi mosalodneli pasuxi Semdegi formisaa: `erTeulebi, aTeulebi, aTaseuli,
aTeul aTasebi, aseul aTasebi~. savarjiSos Sesrulebis Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebs msgavsi savarjiSoebis damoukideblad gakeTebas avalebs da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi exmareba.
mogvianebiT, codnis gaRrmavebasTan erTad, isini ufro rTuli ricxvebis Seswavlaze gadavlen (jer rTuli ricxvebi boloSi nuliT, Semdeg rTuli ricxvebi nulebiT SuaSi da a.S.).

guliTadi madloba
gvsurs madloba gadavuxadoT yvela im maswavlebels, romelmac swavlis principebis sakuTari magaliTebi gagviziara. eseni arain: nedin biSopi (Nadine Bishop), qerol qalahani (Carol
Callahan), nensi denisoni (Nancy Dennison), e. g. daunsi (E. G. Downes), joan grosmani (Joan Grossman), meT kingi (Matt King), deiv meiali (Dave Mayall), elen efStain maqsveli (Ellen Epstein Maxwell), heza robinsoni (Heather Robinson), alam tikocki (Alan Ticotsky), sal trento (Sal Trento),
jim Treveileri (Jim Treweilet), jo volSi (Joe Walsh) da meri vilinski (Mary Wilinsky).

241

Tavi 9

literatura
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Beeson, G. W. Influence of Knowledge Context on the Learning of Intellectual Skills. American Educational Research Journal 18 (Fall 1981): 363-379.
Bellezza, F. S. Mnemonic Devices: Classification, Characteristics, and Criteria. Review of Educational
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Blank, M. Teaching Learning in the Preschool: A Dialogue Approach. Columbus, Ohio: Merrill, 1973.
Brophy, J. Praise: A Functional Analysis. Review of Educational Research 51 (Spring 1981): 5-32.
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Costa, Arthur. Teaching for Intelligent Behaviors. Orangevale, Calif.: Search Models Unlimited, 1985
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CRM Books, 1970.
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244

10
swavlebis modelebi
rogor SeiZleba vcvaloT swavlebis
stili?

swavlebis modelebi

omavali maswavleblebisTvis arian Zalze mniSvnelovania swavlebis axali modelebis

Seswavla. yvelaze gamorCeul profesionalebsac ki SeuZliaT sakuTari repertuaris
gamdidreba da gavlenis gavrcoba sul ufro met moswavleze.

swavlebis modeli instruqciis konkretuli, Tanamimdevruli paternia; misi amocnoba da

saxeldeba advilia, is gansxvavdeba swavlebis sxva modelebisgan. models aqvs konkretuli
Rirebulebebi, miznebi, dasabuTeba da mimarTuleba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda warimarTos swavleba (magaliTad, induqciuri meTodiT, aRmoCeniT, pirovnuli codnis gamdidrebiT,
Tavsatex monacemebTan `SeWidebiT~, informaciis ierarqiuli organizebiT). yoveli modeli
fazaTa specifikuri nakrebia, romelsac Tanamimdevrulad (yovel fazaSi konkretuli movlenebiT) gaivlian maswavlebeli da moswavleebi. swavlebis yoveli modeli kargad damuSavebuli da gansxvavebuli Sedegis mqone specifikuri komponentebis garkveuli erTobliobaa.
uamravi modeli gakveTilis gegmis monaxazis Seqmnas emsaxureba ori Sedegis misaRwevad:
Sinaarsisa da garkveuli saxis azrovnebis swavleba. mocemuli Sinaarsis swavlebisTvis nebismieri modeli gamodgeba; naswavli informaciis erTgarovnebis miuxedavad, inteleqtualuri
gamocdileba moswavleTaTvis gansxvavebuli iqneba. magaliTad, Tu mister jonsi hemingueis
Sesaswavlad hilda tabas (Hilda Taba) induqciur models (hilda tabas azriT, moswavleebs
mxolod organizebuli monacemebis safuZvelze SeuZliaT ganzogadeba. moswavleebi ganzogadebamde SeiZleba miviyvanoT mxolod koncefciis Camoyalibebisa da aTvisebis strategiebiT. Tavis wignSi A Teacher's Handbook to Elementary Social Studies, is ganzogadebas aRwers,
rogorc maRali donis azrovnebas. red. Sen.) iyenebs, misi mizania moswavleebma ara marto
hemingueis Sesaxeb gaigon, aramed induqciuradac ifiqron. modeli faqizi TanamimdevrobiT
aris SerCeuli, raTa moswavleebi amgvar azrovnebaSi CaerTon. iurisprudenciuli meTodis
gamoyenebiT swavlebisas, man SeiZleba igive masala miawodos mweralze, magram imavdroulad
surdes, rom moswavleebma iuristebis msgavsad ifiqron, ikamaTon ama Tu im mxaris dasacavad da daasabuTon sakuTari pozicia. Tu maswavlebeli jgufuri kvlevis models iyenebs, mas
surs moswavleebs hemingueis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani informaciac aswavlos da imavdroulad
jgufuri procesebic, liderobac da kvlevis koordinirebuli gegmac. winmswrebi aqtivobebis modelis gamoyenebisas, misi mizania moswavleebma ierarqiuli azrovneba da ideaTa
subordinacia iswavlon. swavlebis modelebi maswavleblebs iseTi xerxebiT uzrunvelyofen,

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romelic maT swavlebis bundovani momentebis gasagebad axsnis saSualebas aZlevs. isini swavlebis xerxebsa da moswavleTa inteleqtualur gamocdilebasac amdidreben.
mravali aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi gamokvlevebma gviCvena, rom testirebis qulebiT `gazomili~ swavlis Sedegebis TvalsazrisiT verc erT models ver mivaniWebT upiratesobas. swavlebis modelebi imisTvis rodi Seiqmna, rom codnis gadacema kanqveSa ineqciis gakeTebas
damsgavseboda. maTi mizani iyo moswavleebs sxvadasxvagvari xerxiT azrovneba eswavlaT.
maswavlebels SeuZlia modelebi moswavleTa swavlis upirates stils moargos da amgvarad
gazardos maTi azrovnebis unari da upiratesi stilis miRma azrovneba SeaZlebinos.
modelebis mravalferovani repertuaris mqone maswavleblebi ramdenime gansxvavebul
models iyeneben erTi dRis da erTi gakveTilis ganmavlobaSic ki. axal modelebSi daxelovnebuli maswavleblebi, aRmoaCenen, rom maT eqspertebis doneze SeuZliaT modelebis
koreqtireba, rasac maTi profesionalizmi axal ganzomilebaSi gadahyavs. axla TviT modelebi aRvweroT, xolo Semdeg ramdenime specifikuri modeli ganvixiloT.

induqciuri swavlebis modeli: magaliTi

induqciuri swavlebis meTods cxra logikuri safexuri aqvs:
1. CamoTvla;
2. dajgufeba;
3. saxeldeba;
4. diferencireba;
5. Sedareba;
6. daskvna;
7. hipoTezis daSveba;
8. dasabuTeba;
9. ganzogadeba.
hilda tabaseuli es modeli moswavles stimuls aZlevs monacemebis safuZvelze daskvnebi
gamoitanos. sxva modelebis msgavsad am modelsac aqvs speqtaklis aqtebis msgavsi fazaTa
Tanamimdevruli seria. yoveli faza gansxvavebulia, magram speqtaklis scenebis msgavsad
faqizad ukavSirdeba wina da momdevno fazebs erToblivi Sedegis misaRebad.
induqciuri swavlebis modelis gamoyenebiT ernest hemingueis Sesaxeb gakveTilis Catareba SeiZleba misi cxovrebis Sesaxeb mokle biografiuli filmis CvenebiT daviwyoT. es
pirveli monacemebis Segrovebis fazaa. filmis dasrulebis Semdeg vekiTxebiT moswavleebs
ra informacia daamaxsovrdaT da vwerT mas dafaze an cxrilSi. SesaZloa es daukavSirebeli
monacemebi iyos: `hqonda saTevzao navi, saxelad pilari~; `espaneTis samoqalaqo imis dros
is samjer gaemgzavra espaneTSi~; `mas hqonda saxli qi uestSi~ (qalaqi floridaSi, mTargmn.
Sen.); `mas diliT uyvarda wera, rodesac aivnidan parizis quCebs gadahyurebda~. SesaZloa,
moswavleTa mier SemoTavazebul ocamde aseT Canawers movuyaroT Tavi.
meore fazaSi moswavleebs erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli Canawerebis dajgufebas vTxovT.
moswavleebi dafaze daweril winadadebebs maT Soris arsebuli kavSirebis mixedviT ajgufeben.
mesame fazaSi moswavleebs Canawerebis yoveli dajgufebisTvis saxelwodebis mofiqrebas vTxovT. magaliTad, `hemingueis, rogorc mwerlis Cvevebi~ an `heminguei gare cxovrebis
moyvaruli~, romelSic SevitanT informacias misi serengetis parkSi nadirobisa da miCiganis

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swavlebis modelebi

tbaze Tevzaobis Sesaxeb. moswavleTa mier Seqmnili dajgufebebi msgavsi iqneba, Tumca maT
mier SemoTavazebul kategoriebs Soris garkveuli gansxvaveba iqneba.
meoTxe fazaSi vnaxavT, rom moswavleTa mier Seqmnili dajgufebebi garkveuli saxiT aris
warmodgenili (cxrili, proeqtori). am fazaSi maTeuli kategoriebis dasabuTebas vTxovT.
ram ganapiroba dajgufebis SerCeva? moswavleebma unda imsjelon, agvixsnan, Seadaron da Seapirispiron informaciis dajgufebis sxvadasxva gza.
mexuTe fazaSi vadgenT, CamouyalibdaT Tu ara moswavleebs konkretuli mosazrebebi
hemingueis Sesaxeb, am etapisTvis ukve gavlili safexurebis safuZvelze. aqvT da undaT Tu
ara hemingueis, rogorc pirovnebis Sesaxeb azris gamoTqma? maswavleblebisTvis Catarebul
erT-erT saCvenebel gakveTilze, erTma monawilem aRniSna, `vfiqrob, rom heminguei marTlac Zalze martosuli iyo~. hemingueis biografi gamokveTilad arsad ar mianiSnebs msgavs
informaciaze, araferi iZleva msgavsi daskvnis gamotanis saSualebas. wina fazebis gavlisa
da fazebis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad monacemTa manipulaciis Sedegad msgavsi daskvnebis gamotana SesaZlebeli xdeba.
es modeli ramdenime sxva fazasac moicavs, Tumca maTze aRar SevCerdebiT. Cveni mizania
gaCvenoT, rom swavlebis modelSi safexurebi da fazebi gegmazomierad viTardeba da moswavleTa garkveuli mimarTulebis azrovnebis Camoyalibebas emsaxureba. Cven SegviZlia sakvanZo
kiTxviT SevajamoT tabas modelis pirveli xuTi faza:
faza 1: ra monacemebi gaqvT?
faza 2: rogor daajgufebdiT monacemebs?
faza 3: ra saxels SeurCevdiT Tqvens kategoriebs an jgufebs?
faza 4: ra akavSirebs Tqveneul dajgufebebs?
faza 5: ra daskvnebis gakeTeba SegiZliaT Temis Sesaxeb?

swavlebis rva modeli

swavlebis modelis cneba brus r. joisma (Bruce R. Joyce) Semoitana 1968 wels `novatori
maswvlebeli: maswavlebelTa momzadebis programaSi~, romelsac jandacvis, ganaTlebisa da
socialuri uzrunvelyofis departamenti afinansebda. 1972 wels, joisisa da marSa ueilis
(Marsha Weil) avtorobiT gamoqveynda `swavlebis modelebi~, sadac mravali modeli detalurad iyo aRwerili. es aRwerebi ganaxlda da axali modelebiT Seivso oTx momdevno gamocemaSi (1980, 1986, 1992, 1996). amrigad, Cven aTobiT saswavlo modelis detaluri aRwera gvaqvs,
gamdidrebuli magaliTebiT, SemTxvevebiT, safexurebiT. es wignebi mniSvnelovani wvlilia
swavlebis Sesaxeb literaturaSi, vinaidan maT gaacocxles jerom bruneris, devid ozibelis,
b. f. skineris, uiliam glaseris, riCard sakmanis, Jan piaJesa da sxva korifeebis mier SemuSavebuli swavlis Teoriuli.
swavlebis yoveli modelis gasaanalizeblad, joisi da ueili svamdnen Semdeg kiTxvebs:
1. rogoria swavlebisa da swavlis mimarTuleba am modelSi? gamiznulia Tu ara swavleba romelime specifikuri tipis azrovnebis CamoyalibebisTvis?
2. ra TanamimdevrobiT aris dalagebuli movlenebi swavlebis procesSi? ras akeTeben
maswavleblebi da moswavleebi Tavdapirvelad? yovel momdevno safexurze?
3. rogor epyroba maswavlebeli moswavles da rogori reaqcia aqvs mis namoqmedarze?
4. maswavlebelTa/moswavleTa rogori rolebi, urTierToba da normebia waxalisebuli?

249

Tavi 10

5. ra damatebiTi zomebi da masalebi (masalebi da damxmare sistemebi) aris saWiro modelis asamoqmedeblad?
6. ra aris swavlebis mizani? ra saswavlo da aRmzrdelobiTi Sedegebia mosalodneli
swavlebis am meTodis gamoyenebisas?
am modelebis aRwera TvalsaCinos xdis swavlebis meTodebis alternativaTa farTo
speqtrs da maTi unikaluri maxasiaTeblebis Sedarebis saSualebas iZleva. modelebis `ena~
saSualebas gvaZlevs mkafiod warmovidginoT swavlebis procesSi moqmedebaTa paternebi. amrigad, Cven ufro zustad SegviZlia visaubroT imaze, Tu ris gakeTeba SegviZlia gakveTilze
swavlebis konkretuli modelis saSualebiT; ratom vasrulebT ama Tu im moqmedebas da ra
Sedegs veliT.
Cven swavlebis rva modelis analizs gTavazobT. TiToeuli zedapirulad aris aRwerili
da unda gvaxsovdes, rom daostatebisTvis aucilebelia maTi siRrmiseuli Seswavla. vimedovnebT, rom mkiTxvels swavlebis araCveulebriv `menius~ SevTavazebT. maswavlebelTa
umetesoba erT an or models iyenebs, maTi mcire nawili Tu icnobs srul speqtrs da kidev
ufro mcire nawilia daxelovnebuli maT praqtikul gamoyenebaSi da sxvadasxva moswavlesa
Tu saswavlo programasTan misadagebaSi.
raki joisisa da ueilis wigni arsebobs, yoveli modelis safexurebisa da fazebis detaluri damuSaveba saWiro aRar aris. Cveni mizania gagacnoT TiToeuli maTganis Sesatyvisi
saazrovno modelis gansxvavebuli `aromati~. mkiTxvels SeuZlia ufro CauRrmavdes im modelebis Semdgom Seswavlas, romelic ukeT esadageba mis prioritetebs.
am Tavis bolos, mogawvdiT originaluri wyaroebis bibliografias, rac dainteresebul
mkiTxvels saSualebas miscems mocemuli modelis SeTavazebul sazRvrebs gascdes.
modelebis ufro TvalsaCinod asaxvisTvis Cven specifikur masalas dawyebiT geometrias gamoviyenebT.

winmswrebi aqtivobebis (Advance Organizer) modeli

winmswrebi aqtivobebi maTematikaSi, gramatikaSi, sociologiasa da sxva sferoebSi codnis erTobliobis safuZvelze miRebuli warmodgenebia. geometriul koncefciaTa mocemuli
nakrebi aqtivobaTa zustad gansazRvrul, integrirebul da progresulad diferencirebul
nakrebs asaxavs:

wertili

r
o

sivrce

g
r

wiris segmenti

250

wiris traeqtoria

kuTxe

integraciuli SeTanxmeba

swavlebis modelebi

l
i

wvero

kuTxis gverdi

e
r

kongruentuli

e
n

marjvena kuTxe

c
i

maxvili kuTxe

a
c

blagvi kuTxe

i
a

marTi kuTxe

winmswrebi aqtivobebis modelSi, es koncefciebi maswavleblis mier erTmaneTis miyolebiT aris warmodgenili leqciis, filmis, demonstrirebis an kiTxvis meSveobiT. Semdgom
moswavle iyenebs winmswreb aqtivobebs da TvalsaCinod warmoadgens geometriuli koncefciis wvdomas. magaliTad; maswavlebelma maxvili kuTxe SeiZleba gansazRvros, rogorc marT
kuTxeze (90 gradusze) naklebi nebismieri kuTxe da Semdeg Taviseburebebi magaliTebis meSveobiT axsnas. me-2 fazaSi, moswavles SeiZleba davavaloT maxvili kuTxis daxazva da misi
aRniSvna asoebiT ABC. msgavsi savarjiSoebiT maswavlebels SeuZlia gansazRvros moswavlis
TandaTanobiTi daostateba da axali masala daukavSiros naswavls, romelsac bruneri `integraciul SeTanxmebas~ uwodebs. amis Semdeg maswavlebeli Semdeg aqtivobaze gadadis.
am modelis gamoyenebisas maswavleblis upirvelesi mizania codnis erTobliobisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli konceptualuri aqtivobebis daxvewa da informaciis gaazrebuli aTvisebis
xelSewyoba. `gaazrebulSi~ igulisxmeba konteqstSi codnis ierarqiuli sistematizacia. moswavleebma unda iswavlon es aqtivobebi, radgan isini akademiuri codnis safuZvelia. zogierTi konceptualur aqtivobebs skolaSi swavlebis `saarsebo saSualebad~ miiCnevs.

koncefciis wvdoma
winmswrebi aqtivobebis models mWidrod ukavSirdeba koncefciis wvdoma: logikis, analizis, Sedarebisa da Sepirispirebis gziT swavla. koncefciis wamowevis nacvlad, maswavlebeli moswavleebs monacemebs dadebiTi magaliTebis saxiT acnobs, xolo moswavleebi eZeben
Taviseburebebs koncefciis gansazRvrisTvis. maswavlebeli aseve iyenebs uaryofiT magaliTebs, romlebic ar moicavs koncefciis Taviseburebebs, magram moswavleebs relevanturi
Taviseburebebis gansazRvraSi exmareba.

251

Tavi 10

dadebiTi magaliTi

uaryofiT magaliTi

Taviseburebebi

X
X
X

90 gradusze
meti

X
Z

180 gradusze
naklebi

Z
sqema 10.1: koncefciis wvdomis nimuSebi
sqemaze warmodgenilia Semdegi koncefcia: `nebismieri kuTxe romelic metia marT kuTxeze da naklebia gaSlil
kuTxeze~

moswavle induqciis gziT unda mivides koncefciamde gansazRvros damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi da Camoayalibos abstraqtuli debuleba. 10.1 sqemaze mocemuli koncefcia aris `nebismieri kuTxe romelic metia marT kuTxeze da naklebia gaSlil kuTxeze~. maTematikuri saxeldeba
ufro naklebmniSvnelovania, vidre moswavlis mier am ganmsazRvreli Taviseburebebis gageba.
koncefciis wvdomis modelis Rirseba is aris, rom moswavleebi ara mxolod TviT koncefciebs swavloben, aramed koncefciebis Camoyalibebas niSnebis safuZvelze, logikuri
msjelobis unars da alternatiuli Sexedulebebisadmi pativiscemas. es saswavlo da aRmzrdelobiTi Sedegebi koncefciis wvdomis praqtikuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze miiRweva;
faqtobrivad, moswavle codnas mizanmimarTuli swavlis gziT agebs.

induqciuri azrovnebis modeli

induqciuri azrovnebis modeli moswavleebs saSualebas aZlevs im mecnierebis msgavsad
daagrovon codna, romlebic arsebuli sinamdvilis wvdomaze iReben pasuxismgeblobas.
a.

b.

c.

d.

c.

f.

g.

h.

i.

j.

k.

l.

sqema 10.2: induqciuri azrovnebis modeli

es modeli moswavleebs codnis Seqmnis saSualebas aZlevs.

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swavlebis modelebi

ganixileT 10.2 sqemis monacemebi. Semdeg dasviT SekiTxvebis seria, rom moswavleebi
ZiriTadi kuTxeebis sistemur daxarisxebamde miiyvanoT.
ras xedavT?
romeli figurebis dajgufeba SeiZleba? ratom?
ras vuwodebT maT? ratom?
ras amCnevT erT-erTi jgufis Sesaxeb?
ra msgavsebebs da gansxvavebas xedavT?
ras geubnebaT es yvelaferi geometriis Sesaxeb?
Tqveni azriT, ra moxdeba Tu...?
ra mtkicebulebas gamoiyenebdiT Tqveni varaudis dasadastureblad?
raze SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom zogadad WeSmaritia?
amgvari logikuri procesis Sedegad miRebuli koncefciebi, SesaZlebelia, met-naklebad
gansazRvravs garegnul codnas geometriaSi, magram maswavleblisTvis ufro mniSvnelovania moswavlis azrovneba: logikisadmi yuradReba, enisadmi faqizi damokidebuleba, codnis
agebisa da koncefciebis Camoyalibebis unari, am procesebSi moswavleTa TanamSromloba.

kvlevis unaris wvrTna

kvlevis unaris wvrTnisas moswavlem Tavisi codna problemis gadasaWrelad unda gamoiyenos. am procesSi is met codnas iZens rogorc Sinaarsis (maTematikuri codna), aseve procesis (kvlevis unaris wvrTna) TvalsazrisiT.
davuSvaT, Cveni amocanaa SevqmnaT ori kvadrati da oTxi toli samkuTxedi marTkuTxedisgan,
romlis gverdebia 5 da 1 goji. problemis gadaWra moswavlem geometriul koncefciebze unda
aagos. es aris obieqtebis, pirobebis da movlenebis Sesaxeb relevanturi faqtebis Semowmebis
procesi da imavdroulad sivrcis, formisa da zomis SesaZlo konfiguraciis Sesaxeb hipoTezis daSveba. magaliTad, moswavlem SesaZloa amocana 10.3 sqemaze naCvenebi gziT gadaWras.

3
5
2

2
3
5
1

sqema 10.3: kvlevis unaris varjiSi

253

Tavi 10

problemis wamoWris Semdgom maswavlebeli moswavleebs aqezebs, jgufurad gamoikvlion,

TviTon pasuxobs maT zogad kiTxvebs, exmareba gagebaSi, varaudis daSvebaSi, SemowmebaSi, qcevis axsnaSi da xelmZRvanelobs jgufis aqtivobas.
kvlevis unaris wvrTnis modeli ufro eqsperimentuli codnaa, romelSic calkeuli
disciplinebis Sesaxeb organizebuli codna sinTezirebulia da mimarTulia problemis
gadaWraze. instruqciis mizani ufro moswavlis mier sakuTari codnis Semowmebaa, vidre
codnis SeZena. amas garda, moswavleebi kvlevis strategiebs sakuTar qcevaze dakvirvebiT da
sagnebis, movlenebis da pirobebis Sesaxeb kiTxvebis dasmiT swavloben. es maSin xdeba, rodesac maswavleblebi da moswavleebi problemis gadaWrisaken mimarTul qcevas kooperaciuli
modeliT axorcieleben. kvleviT swavlaSi garkveuli urTierTdamokidebulebac aris. moswavleebi yuradRebiT mosmenas da problemis gadasaWrelad sxvebis Sexedulebebis gamoyenebas swavloben. isini iseT gamocdilebas iZenen, romelic maT realur situaciebSi codnis
gamoyenebisTvis amzadebs.

wvdomis unaris wvrTnis modeli

swavlebis zemoxsenebuli modelebis safuZveli informaciis gadamuSavebis Teoriaa da
isini swavlebisadmi tradiciul midgomas gvTavazobs. miuxedavad amisa, sivrcisa da sivrceSi wertilebis Sesaxeb codna piradi gamocdilebac SeiZleba iyos. wvdomis unaris wvrTnis
mizania, erTmaneTs daukavSiros individis piradi gamocdileba da sxvaTa gamocdileba am
SemTxvevaSi, maTematikosebis. warmoidgineT moswavleebi TokiT xelSi, romelTac SeuZliaT
wrfisa da samkuTxedis geometriuli konfiguraciebis warmodgena (ix. 10.4 sqema).

sqema 10.4 wvdomis unaris wvrTnis modeli

es modeli moswavles geometriis `gamocdis~ saSualebas aZlevs

geometriis amgvari `gamocdis~ Semdeg, moswavleebi unda wavaxalisoT, rom sakuTar grZnobebsa da fiqrebze imsjelon. es maT klasis socialur konteqstSi Sesabamisi metyvelebis ganviTarebis saSualebas miscems.
amgvari gamocdileba SesaZloa martivad mogveCvenos, magram sinamdvileSi is metad mdidaria pirovnuli relevanturobis TvalsazrisiT da codnis da `me~-s integrirebas emsaxureba.
maswavleblisTvis mniSvnelovania moswavleTa Sinagani samyaro da TviTgamoxatvis unari. wvdoma xSirad codnis sawyis formad ganixileba, romelic xels uwyobs swavlas; rogorc ar unda
iyos, is Zalze pirovnuli unaria, romelic xazs usvams individis simwifes. Cven yvelas mogvwons im adamianebis gverdiT yofna, romelTac sakuTari pirovnuli arsis gamoxatva SeuZliaT.

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swavlebis modelebi

sineqtikis modeli
sineqtikis models (SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobis mastimulirebeli meTodi, romlis drosac
problemis gadaWrasTan dakavSirebiT moulodneli da arastereotipuli analogiebisa da
asociaciebis gamoxatvis gansakuTrebuli pirobebi iqmneba; msjelobis sagani xdeba ara TviT
problema aramed, masTan dakavSirebuli zogadi idea. misi avtoria uiliam gordoni. red. Sen.)
safuZvlad udevs varaudebi kreatulobisa da analogiebis Sesaxeb. kreatuloba gulisxmobs
nacnobsa da ucnobs Soris kavSirebis povnasa da Zveli problemebis gadaWris axali gzebis
Ziebas. es iseT fsiqologiur mdgomareobebs moicavs, rogoricaaAgancalkeveba, CarTuloba,
avtonomia, gaazreba. msgavs fsiqologiur mdgomareobas analogiebis saSualebiT vaRwevT,
romlebic axali da rTuli masalis gagebisa da problemebis axleburi xedvis saSualebas gvaZlevs. amgvari analogiebi gavlenas axdens swavlebis gzebsa da miznebze.
sineqtikis konkretul fazaSi, romelsac gordoni (Gordon 1970) `ucnobis nacnobad
gadaqcevas~ uwodebs, maswavlebeli axal masalas leqciis, filmis an demonstrirebis saSualebiT acnobs. komentaris gareSe, maswavlebeli moswavleebs SesaZlo analogiis moZiebas
da mis aRweras sTxovs. analogiis personificirebisTvis moswavleebma is unda warmoidginon, gamoxaton. angalogiis aRwera da gamoxatva meoTxe da mexuTe etapebisTvis amzadebs
detalebs analogiasa da axal masalas Soris msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis CamoTvla. bolos,
moswavleebi pirvelwyaros ubrundebian, ecnobian, ganixilaven mas da iseT detalebze msjeloben, romlebic SesaZlebelia analogiuri azrovnebis wina aqtivobis dros gamorCaT. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:
1-li etapi:

maswavlebeli geometriaSi axal masalas warudgens.

me-2 etapi:

moswavleebi irCeven analogias am SemTxvevaSi, xes.

me-3 etapi:

moswavleebi detalurad aRweren xes.

me-4 etapi:

moswavleebi sakuTar Tavs xis nawilebad warmoidgenen.

me-5 etapi:

moswavleebi xesa da geometrias Soris msgavsebas aRniSnaven. magaliTad, `totebis kuTxe xis tanTan~ an `wertili, sadac toti
mTavrdeba~.

me-6 etapi:

moswavleebi aRniSnaven gansxvavebebs magaliTad, `moxrili totebi ar aris wrfe~.

me-7 etapi:

maswavlebeli da moswavleebi ganixilaven, geometriis romeli

aspeqtebi ver moicves msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas.

sineqtikis procesi xels uwyobs SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas da Sinaarsis gaazrebul swavlas. is gamocdilebaa rogorc piradi (aerTianebs geometriasa da pirovnul codnas), ise
analogiebis moZebnis TvalsazrisiT (kavSirebis damyarebis unari). imavdroulad es jgufuri muSaobis araCveulebrivi gamocdilebac aris. sineqtikuri modelis saSualebiT Cven
vamravalferovnebT swavlis Zalisxmevas da ramdenime mizans vaRwevT: saganSi daostateba,
analogiiT azrovneba, pirovnuli integracia, xalisi da jgufuri produqtiuloba.

arastruqturirebuli swavleba
swavla piradi gamocdilebaa. individi pirispir dgeba dagegmvis, pasuxismgeblobis da maswavleblis winaSe, romlisTvisac mniSvnelovania moswavlis perspeqtiva. sakuTar swavlaze
pasuxismgebloba, dagegmvis da am gegmis Sesrulebis unari arc ise umniSvneloa. maswavleb-

255

Tavi 10

els, romelsac surs moswavleebi damoukidebeli Semswavlelebi gaxdnen, SeuZlia arastruqturirebuli swavleba gamoiyenos individualuri produqtiulobis xelSemwyobi interpersonaluri urTierTobebis dasamyareblad. ai, TvalsaCino nawyveti:
jon, momdevno sami kviris ganmavlobaSi geometrias SeviswavliT da imedi maqvs,
yoveli Tqvengani Seqmnis sakuTari proeqtis gegmas~.
`ras gulisxmob, batono rojers?~
`ris Seswavlas isurvebdi geometriis Sesaxeb?~
`gulwrfelad rom giTxraT, arasodes mifiqria geometriaze.
CemTvis is erT-erTi saskolo sagania~.
`mesmis. Cven imdenad zedmiwevniT vgegmavT skolaSi Tqvens saqmianobas, rom saWiroc ki aRar aris Tavad ifiqro. miuxedavad amisa, CemTvis mniSvnelovania, rom
Sen sakuTari miznebis dasaxvis, proeqtis Seqmnisa da CemTan erTad misi Sefasebis saSualeba gaqvs~.
`ar vici saidan unda daviwyo~.
`siamovnebiT dagexmarebi. rogorc maswavlebelma dagegmvis mravali gza viswavle. vfiqrob, swored amitom aris CemTvis es proeqti mniSvnelovani~.
`ras gulisxmobT?~
`minda, swavlis organizeba iswavlo, pasuxismgebloba igrZno imis Sesaxeb, risken iwrafvi da rogor miaRwev mizans. da rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, igrZno
winsvla. vici, rom Sen amas SeZleb da msurs dagexmaro~.
amgvari gamocdileba moswavlisTvis SemTxveviTi an azrs moklebuli ar aris.
TavisTavad, is sasargebloa rogorc misTvis, aseve maswavleblisTvi. maswavlebeli, romelic kargad gegmavs da warmarTavs swavlebas, am codnasa da unars
moswavlis Zalisxmevis xelSesawyobad iyenebs. moswavlis mRelvarebis (zogjer,
warumateblobis gamo brazis) gaziareba aucilebelia, magram mtkiceni unda
davrCeT mis dasaxmareblad gaweuli Zalisxmevis dros. moswavles saqmianobis
Sesrulebis arasakmarisi codna aqvs, magram struqturirebuli swavlebis wyalobiT SeZenili gambedaoba, gamocdileba da winsvlis gancda swavlas uadvilebs
da produqtiuls xdis.
struqturirebuli swavlebis modelis gamoyenebis ramdenime damajerebeli mizezi arsebobs. moswavleebi sakuTari saskolo cxovrebis kontrols swavloben. es maswavleblebisa da
sxva moswavleebis rolis ugulebelyofa ki ara imis xazgasmaa, rom raRac Zalze individualuria da mxolod moswavles ekuTvnis. realuri mizania pirovnuli ganviTarebac. moswavleebi acnobiereben sakuTar da sxvebis grZnobebsa da fiqrebs da swavloben maT gaziarebas.
da bolos, moswavleebi swavloben sakuTari swavlis dagegmvas, organizebas, ganxorcielebas
da Sefasebas.

jgufuri kvleva
geometriis swavlebaze fiqrisas maswavlebeli xSirad uyuradRebod tovebs swavlebis
jgufur muSaobaze orientirebul modelebs, radgan maTematikis swavlebis tradiciebi
mimarTulia individze da maTematikis Sinaarsze. miuxedavad amisa, jgufuri muSaobis uamravi SesaZleblobaa, romelic xels uwyobs interpersonaluri unarebis ganviTarebas, qmnis

256

swavlebis modelebi

koleqtiuri kvlevisa da problemis gadaWris sxva SesaZleblobebs. moswavleebi erTmaneTs

exmarebian problemis gadaWrisken mimarTuli qcevis Seswavlis dros, rac sasargebloa ara
mxolod skolis periodSi, aramed skolis Semdeg samuSaoze, gunduri muSaobis dros.
jgufuri kvleva moswavleTa jgufisaTvis gankuTvnili problemis gadaWris modeli,
Semdeg safexurebs moicavs:
1. moswavleebi ejaxebian rTul situacias.
2. moswavleebi msjeloben sakuTar reaqciebze.
3. moswavleebi gansazRvraven problemas.
4. moswavleebi adgenen gegmebs da msjeloben rolebze.
5. moswavleebi axorcieleben gegmas.
6. moswavleebi iazreben sakuTar gamocdilebas.
am dros maswavlebeli uZRveba jgufis aqtivobas da misTvis erTgvar resurss warmoadgens. socialuri klimati kooperaciulia.
jgufuri kvlevis gamoyenebiT geometriis swavlebis magaliTia simaRlis gazomva. Senobisa Tu xis simaRlis gazomva instrumentiT rTulia, moswavleebis mier problemis gadasaWrelad strategiebis dagegmvasa da ganxorcielebas praqtikuli Sedegic aqvs da problemis maTematikur gadaWrasac uwyobs xels. moswavleebi problemis aspeqtebs praqtikul
WrilSi ixilaven, Sesabamisad, misi gadaWris mcdelobiT mravalferovan gamocdilebas iZenen
da ufro ganzogadebul gadawyvetilebamde midian.
geometriis jgufuri kvlevis modeliT swavlebisas maswavlebelma unda gaiTvaliswinos
rogorc saswavlo, ise aRmzrdelobiTi Sedegebi. es gulisxmobs sxvaTa Sexedulebebisa da
codnis pativiscemas, mowafis damoukideblobas, jgufis efeqtian muSaobas, jgufuri kvlevisa da socialuri aqtivobis xelSewyobas, disciplinas. jgufuri kvleva am RirebulebiTi
orientaciebis sinTezia.

instruqciis paternebi
swavlebis modelebis garda arsebobs swavlebis zogadi paternebi: leqcia, zepiri gamokiTxva da pirdapiri swavleba.

leqcia
kargi leqcia sistemuri da Tanamimdevrulia, informacias mowesrigebulad da sainteresod gadmogvcems. warmatebuli leqtorebi unarebs wignis pirvel TavSi mocemuli parametrebis (yuradReba, sicxade, swavlis gamocdileba, miznebi, saswavlo gegmis organizacia)
Sesabamisad iviTareben. kargi leqcia swavlebis mniSvnelovani iaraRia da Sesabamisi aqvs
pedagogikaSi.
leqciis dabal xarisxs ganapirobebs ara TviT leqciis rogorc modelis naklovaneba, aramed pirvel TavSi mocemul erT an ramdenime parametrTan Seusabamoba. dabali xarisxis leqcias swavlebas verc ki vuwodebT. saintereso momxsenebelma, romelic msmenelTa yuradRebas
ipyrobs da maT maxvilgonivruli anekdotebiT axalisebs, SeiZleba veraferi aswavlos, Tuki
leqciis Sinaarsi agebuli ar iqneba sagnis miznebis Sesabamisad. moswavleebi, SesaZlebelia,
sulmouTqmelad elodnen mecadineobas, kargadac gaerTon, magram veraferi iswavlon.

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Tavi 10

zepiri gamokiTxva
zepiri gamokiTxva verbaluri gamocdaa. maswavlebeli svams SekiTxvebs, moswavleebi pasuxoben da maswavlebeli afasebs pasuxebs. misi mizania amowuros masala, gaameorebinos,
dausvas SekiTxvebi da gaarkvios, vin ra icis. am procesis mizania masalis sakvanZo sakiTxebis
gadaxedva. xSirad gamocdebisTvis momzadebas zepiri gamokiTxvis forma aqvs. gamokiTxva ar
aris safexurebis nakrebi, magram Cven SegviZlia SevqmnaT misi erTgvari sakontrolo sia:

masala amowurulia.
xazgasmulia mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi.
gansazRvrulia moswavlis dabnevis mizezebi.
moswavleebi masqimalurad CarTulebi arian.
gamoyenebulia maRali donis azrovnebis stimulirebis SesaZleblobebi.
zepiri gamokiTxvis gakveTilis xarisxze vrceli msjelobisaTvis SegviZlia kidev erTxel
davubrundeT yuradRebis, tempisa da sicxadis menejmentis parametrebs. zepir gamokiTxvas
skolaSi arc ise didi adgili ukavia, rogorc erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos. misi dasrulebis Semdeg moswavleebmac da maswavlebelmac ician, vin ra icis, vin Seasrula davaleba
da vin miiRo maRali Sefaseba.

pirdapiri swavleba
pirdapiri swavleba, rogorc wesi, unarebze muSaobis dros gamoiyeneba da aqvs garkveuli
Tanamimdevroba:
1. maswavlebeli ayalibebs gakveTilis miznebs.
2. maswavlebeli wklass warudgens koncefciebs an operacias.
3. maswavlebels mohyavs magaliTebi an TvalsaCinoeba.
4. maswavlebeli svams kiTxvebs gagebis Sesamowmeblad.
5. moswavleebi, rogorc wesi jgufurad muSaoben maswavleblis uSualo dakvirvebis,
ukukavSiris, daxmarebis da miniSnebebis daxmarebiT.
6. moswavleebi damoukideblad muSaoben (davaleba an saSinao davaleba).
7. maswavlebeli amowmebs da wyvets Tavidan axsnas, gadaajgufos Tu gaagrZelos swavleba.
8. maswavlebeli xSirad atarebs testirebas.
pirdapirs swavlebas modelis statusi ara aqvs, radganac mas ar aqvs Teoriuli safuZveli,
maswavlebeli-moswavlis reaqciaTa paterni, an specifikuri saswavlo qcevis xelSemwyobi socialur-teqnikuri garemo pirobebi. magram viciT, rom srulyofili pirdapiri axsna jgufebSi da misTvis gankuTvnili Sesabamisi dro unarebis ganviTarebis pirobaa. pirdapiri axsna
asaxavs treningis, amocanis analizis da biologiuri ukukavSiris mimdinare mimarTulebebs.
amgvari swavlebis es upiratesobebi, romelsac safuZvlad Tanamedrove biznes-sazogadoebis
moTxovnebi udevs, efeqtianobisa da nayofierebis mniSvnelobas usvams xazs.
leqcia, zepiri gamokiTxva da pirdapiri axsna swavlebis cnobili paternebia da maswavlebelTa umravlesoba maT swavlebis modelebad miiCnevs, Tumca arc Teoriasa da arc praqtikaSi isini modelebi ar aris. swavlebis modelebs srulyofili Teoriuli debulebebi da qcevis
im paternebis aRweriloba aqvs, romlis ganxorcielebac maswavleblebs wvrTnis safuZvelze
SeuZliaT. yoveli modeli maswavlebel-moswavlis gansxvavebuli urTierTkavSiriT xasiaT-

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swavlebis modelebi

deba. modelebi Teatralur warmodgenas hgavs, Tumca, ara calkeuli scenasaviT detalurad
aRwerils; roca maswavlebelma icis modeli, mas gakveTilis dawyebamde SeuZlia saklaso
aqtivobis warmodgena da misi gamoyenebiT TviT aqtivobis kontroli da xelmZRvaneloba.
gansxvavebulia modelebis Sinaarsi da miznebi. erT modelSi Sinaarsis safuZveli akademiuri disciplinaa (magaliTad, maTematikaSi); meoreSi SinaarsTan dakavSirebuli moswavleTa
bolodroindeli gamocdileba. modelis SerCevas ganapirobebs ara marto saswavlo Sinaarsi,
aramed moswavleTa azrovnebisa da swavlis gzebi.
swavlebis modelebi saSualebas gvaZlevs vikiTxoT: `ras niSnavs kargad swavleba?~ swavlebis sikarges konkretuli modelis sikarge ganapirobebs (mag.: logikuri azrovneba, induqciuri msjeloba, pirovnuli TviTorganizeba, TanamSromloba da jgufuri muSaobis unarebi).
dabolos, swavlebis ramden models iyenebT? romlebs? rogor SeusabamebdiT moswavleebs
gansxvavebul modelebs?

259

swavlebis modelebi - Sejameba

1. maswavleblis modelebis nakrebi moicavs:
aranair paterns

ramdenime dasrulebul models

2. swavlebis gamoyenebuli modelebi:

moswavleebisa da/an masalis Seuferebelia
masalis Sesaferisia
morgebulia jgufze
morgebulia individebze

261

Sejameba

dasrulebul models
dasrulebul models da sxva modelis segmentebs

swavlebis modelebi

zepir gamokiTxvas
pirdapiri swavlebas

Tavi 10

literatura
Joyce,B.R.and M.Weil.Models Of Teaching. Egglewood Cliffs,N.J.:Prentice-Hall, 1972, 1980,1986,1992; Reading ,
Mass.: Addison-Wasley, 1996.
sazogadoebrivi modelebi
jgufuri kvlevis modeli
mTavari Teoretikosebi: herbert seleni, jon diui
daniSnuleba:

demokratiul sazogadoebriv procesSi monawileobis unaris ganviTareba adamianTa, sazogadoebriv (jgufTa) unarebze da akademiuri gamokvlevaze aqcentirebiT. adamianis ganviTarebis aspeqtebi
am modelis mniSvnelovani Sedegebia.

wyaro:
Dewey, J.Democracy and Education. New York: Macmillan,1916
Thelen, H.Education and Human Quest. New York: Harper &Row.1960
Thelen, H Dynamics of Groups at Work. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1954.
iurisprudenciuli modeli
mTavari Teoretikosebi: donald oliveri, jems p. Seiveri
daniSnuleba:

iurisprudenciuli kriteriumebis, rogorc informaciis gadamuSavebis gzis da, aseve, socialuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetisa da
fiqris meTodis swavleba.

wyaro:
Oliver, D., and J.P.Shaver, Teaching Public Issues in High School.Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1966.
socialuri kvlevis modeli
mTavari Teoretikosebi: benjamin koqsi, bairon masialasi
daniSnuleba:

socialuri problemis gadawyveta, ZiriTadad akademiuri kvlevis

da logikuri msjelobis gziT.

wyaro:
Massialas, B., and B. Cox. Inquiry in Social Studies. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.
laboratoriuli meTodis modeli (Ti-jgufi)
mTavari Teoretikosebi: erovnuli treiningis laboratoria, beseli, maini; lelandi p.
bradfordi
daniSnuleba:

adamianTa Soris urTierTobis unaris ganviTareba da amis safuZvelze pirovnuli codnisa da moqnilobis gazrda.

wyaro:
Bany, M., and L. V. Johnson. Classroom Group Behavior: Group Dynamics in Education. New York: Macmillan, 1964.
Bennis, W. G., K. D. Benne, and R. Chin (eds.). The Planning of Change: Readings in the Applied Behavioral

262

swavlebis modelebi

Sciences. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964.

Bradford, L. P. (ed.). Human Forces in Teaching and Learning. Washington, D.C.: National Training Laboratory, National Association, 1961.
Bradford, L. P., J. R. Gibb, and K. D. Benne. T-Group Theory and Laboratory Method. New York: John
Wiley, 1964.
Human Relations Laboratory Training Student Notebook. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Education, 1961
.
informaciis gadamuSavebis modeli
koncefciis wvdomis modeli
mTavari Teoretikosi: jerom bruneri
daniSnuleb

induqciuri msjelobis ganviTareba

wyaro:
Bruner, J., J. J. Goodnow, and G. A. Austin. A Study of Thinking. New York: Science Editions, 1957.
induqciuri modeli
mTavari Teoretikosi: hilda taba
daniSnuleba:

induqciuri gonebrivi procesis ganviTareba da Teoriis akademiuri dasabuTeba, rac sasargebloa rogorc adamianis, aseve socialuri miznebisTvis. es modeli ganviTarda azrovnebis specifiuri
tipisagan, romelic safuZvlad udevs samecniero kvlevas.

wyaro:
Taba, H. Teaching Strategies and Cognitive Functioning in Elementary School Children. Cooperative Research
Project 2404. San Francisco: San Francisco State College.
_______. Teachers Handbook For Elementary social Studies. Reading, Mass.:Addison-wesley 1967.
kvlevis wvrTnis modeli
mTavari Teoretikosi: riCard suCmeni
daniSnuleba:

induqciuri gonebrivi procesis ganviTareba da Teoriis akademiuri dasabuTeba. kvlevis zogadi modeli ganviTarda im meTodebis
analizis safuZvelze, romelsac kvlevis SemoqmedebiTi personali
iyenebda.

wyaro:
Suchman, J. R. The Elementary School Training Program in Scientific Inquiry. Report of the U.S.Office of
Education. Project Title VIII, Project 216. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1962.
_______. A model for the Analysis of Inquiry.` In H. J. Klausmeier and C. W. Harris (eds.), Analysis of
Concept Learning. New York: Academic press, 1966.
_______. Inquiry Box: Teacher;s Handbook. Chicago: Science Reasearch Associates, 1967.
_______. Inquire Development Program: Developing Inquiry. Chicago: Science Research associates, 1966.
biologiuri mecnierebis kvlevis modeli
mTavari Teoretikosebi: jozef. j. Svabi, jerom bruneri (saswavlo programis reformis

263

Tavi 10
moZraoba)
daniSnuleba:

disciplinis kvlevis sistemis swavleba da sxva disciplinebze gavlena; magaliTad, sociologiuri meTodebi SesaZlebelia socialuri gagebis da socialuri problemis gadawyvetis unaris ganviTarebis mizniT iswavlebodes.

wyaro:
Schvab, J. J. Biological Sciences curriculum Study, Supervisor.Biology Teachers Handbook. New york: John
Wiley, 1965.
winmswrebi aqtivobebis modeli
mTavari Teoretikosi: david ozibeli
daniSnuleba:

informaciis gadamuSavebis unaris efeqtianobis gazrda da mravalmxrivi codnis miReba.

wyaro:
Ausubel, D. P. The Psychology of Meaningful Verbal Learning. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1963.
______. Learning Theory and classroom Practice. Bulletin 1. Toronto: Ontarion Institute for Studies in
Education, 1967.
ganviTarebis modeli
mTavari Teoretikosebi: Jan piaJe, irving sigeli, edmund salivani
daniSnuleba:

zogadi inteleqtualuri, gansakuTrebiT, logikuri dasabuTebis

ganviTareba. aseve socialur da moralur ganviTarebac.

wyaro:
Furth, H. G. Piaget and Knowledge. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall,1969.
Kohlberg, L. Moral Education in the School.School Review 74 (1966).
Piaget, J. The Origins Of Intelligence in Children. New York: International University Press, 1952.
Sigel, I.E.The Piagetian System and the World Of Education. In d. Elkind and J. Flavell (eds.), Studies
in Cognitive Development. New York:Oxford University Press, 1969.
personaluri modelebi

arastruqturirebuli swavlebis modeli

mTavari Teoretikosebi: karl rojersi
daniSnuleba:

TviTSeswavlis unaris gamomuSaveba da misi meSveobiT TviTgagebis,

TviTaRmoCenis da TviTSefasebis safuZvelze pirovnuli ganviTareba.

wyaro:
Rogers, C. R. Client Centered Therapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1951.
_____. Freedom to Learn. Coumbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill, 1969.

saklaso Sexvedrebis modeli

mTavari Teoretikosi: uiliam glaseri

264

swavlebis modelebi
daniSnuleba:

TviTgagebis da TviTpasuxismgeblobis ganviTareba. iribi sargebeli aqvs funqcionirebis sxva (mag., socialur) formebzec.

wyaro:
Glasser, W. Reality Therapy. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.
_____. Schools Without Failure. New York: Harper & Row, 1969.
sineqtikis modeli
mTavari Teoretikosi: uiliam gordoni
daniSnuleba:

Semoqmedebis individualuri da problemis gadawyvetis SemoqmedebiTi gzis ganviTareba.

wyaro:
Gordon, W. J. Synectics. New York: Harper & Row, 1961
cnobierebis wvrTnis modeli
mTavari Teoretikosebi: uiliam Sutci, fric perlsi
daniSnuleba:

pirovnuli TviTgamorkvevis da TviTSecnobis unaris ganviTareba.

umTavresi aqcenti gakeTebulia interpersonaluri codnis da
gagebis unaris ganviTarebaze.

wyaro:
Brown, G. Human Teaching for Human Learning. New York: Viking Press, 1971.
Schitz, W. J. FIRO: A Three Dimentional Theory of Interpersonal Behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and
Winston, 1958.
_____. Expanding Human Awareness. New York: Groove Press, 1967.
qcevis modifikaciis modelebi
operantuli ganpirobeba
mTavari Teoretikosebi: b. f. skineri
daniSnuleba:

zogadi gamoyeneba. arafunqciuri midgoma, miuxedavad imisa rom,

savaraudod, informaciis gadamuSavebis procesSi gamoiyeneba.

wyaro:
Schramm, W. Programmed Instruction: Today and Tomorrow. New york: Fund for the Advancement of
Education, 1962..
Skinner, B.F. The Science of Human Behavior. New York: Macmillan, 1956.
_____. Verbal Behavior. New York:appleton-Century-Crofts, 1957.
Taber, J., R.Glaser, and H.s. Halmuth. Learning and Programmed Instruction. Reading, Mass.: AddisonWisley, 1965.

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11
molodinebi
rogor gavagebinoT moswavleebs Cveni
molodinebisa da maTi marTebulobis
Sesaxeb?
sami mTavari gzavnili
oTxgvari molodini
standartebi
pigmalionis efeqti
saklaso cxovrebis aTi sfero

molodinebi

araferi iseT Zlier gavlenas ar axdens adamianis qcevaze,

rogorc sxva mniSvnelovan adamianTa
araorazrovani (mkafio) molodinebi.
jim stefani
menejmentis konsultanti

aklaso oTaxi molodinebiT aRsavse dinamikuri da kompleqsuri sazogadoebaa: maswavleblis molodinebi moswavleebis mimarT, moswavleTa molodinebi maswavleblis
mimarT da urTierTmolodinebi. es molodinebi mniSvnelovanwilad gvixsnis imas,
rasac saklaso oTaxSi vxedavT _ kargsa Tu cuds, sasargeblosa Tu fuWs. TviT molodinTa
SemCneva SeuZlebelia; isini, atmosferos msgavsad, haerSia gabneuli; mxolod adamianTa Soris arsebobs da maTi urTierTobis nawilia.
am TavSi swavlebis molodinTa parametrze visaubrebT. ra Tqma unda, mxolod atmosferoze saubars ar davjerdebiT. Cven qceva gvainteresebs: kontrolirebadi qceva, is rasac maswavlebeli akeTebs da ambobs atmosferos Sesaqmnelad. am parametris farglebSi davadgenT,
ras amboben da akeTeben maswavleblebi imisTvis, rom cxadad gaagebinon moswavleebs molodinebi. SevexebiT standartis sakiTxsac: sakmarisad maRali, racionaluri da Sesatyvisia Tu
ara igi gansxvavebuli jgufebisa da individebisTvis? dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, ra unda
gaakeTos maswavlebelma am molodinTa TanxvdenilobisTvis? Semdeg SevexebiT klasis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis interesTa aT sferos, romelTa saSualebiTac maswavlebeli konfidencialur `Setyobinebebs ugzavnis~ moswavleebs maTi SesaZleblobebis rwmenis, Tavdauzogavi
muSaobisa da warmatebisTvis Zalisxmevis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.
am Tavis epigrafi molodinebTan dakavSirebiT or ZiriTad elements Seicavs. pirvelia sityva `araorazrovani~. moswavleebma dabejiTebiT unda icodnen, ras moelis maTgan
maswavlebeli. meore elementia `mniSvnelovani adamianebi~. maswavleblebi, mSoblebis msgavsad, mniSvnelovani adamianebi arian moswavleebisTvis. Tu urTierToba pativiscemasac
(da, SesaZloa, siyvarulsac) gulisxmobs maswavlebeli
kidev ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba. amgvari urTierTorasac elodebi, aris is, rasac iReb.
bis damyareba kidev erTi mniSvnelovani parametria
(pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba), romelsac me-12
TavSi SevexebiT. am TavSi ki TviT molodinebsa da maT Setyobinebas ganvixilavT. epigrafis
mixedviT, garkveulwilad, `rasac elodebi, aris is, rasac iReb~ da amitom maswavlebels SeuZlia gaaumjobesos (an gaauaresos) moswavleTa saqmianoba maRali (an dabali) molodinebiT,
rac sakmaod did pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs mas.

sami mTavari gzavnili

am parametris ZiriTadi aspeqtia qvemoT mocemuli sami Setyobinebis gagzavna moswavleebisTvis:
1. es mniSvnelovania.
2. Sen SeZleb amas.

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Tavi 11

1. xels ar Cagaqnevineb.
am SetyobinebaTa gagzavna moswavleebisTvis warmatebiT SeuZliaT radikalurad gansxvavebuli pirovnuli Taviseburebebisa da swavlebis stilis adamianebs. warmateba stilze
rodia damokidebuli. saukeTeso maswavlebeli, rbili Tu mkacri, Tavisuflad Tu analitikurad moazrovne, poulobs gzebs, rom daarwmunos moswavleebi: `me mjera Seni da sagnis~ da
amas jadoqrobiT rodi aRwevs. am Setyobinebebs misi faqizi da gulisyuriani sityvebi da
qmedeba `gzavnis~ da udides gavlenas axdens zogadad, gansakuTrebiT ki dabali moswrebis
mqone moswavleebze.
swavlebis am parametris Seswavlisas iseTive biheviorulebi unda viyoT, rogorc yuradRebisa da sizustis Seswavlisas viyaviT. midgomac msgavsi iqneba: xerxebis ra repertuari
gvaqvs am sami Setyobinebis gasagzavnad da ra xerxi miesadageba calkeul moswavles?

oTxgvari molodini
maswavlebels moswavlis saqmianobis oTxi ZiriTadi aspeqtis mimarT aqvs molodini:
1. Sromis xarisxi da raodenoba.
2. Sromis Cvevebi da procedura.
3. saqmisa da meojaxeobis rutina.
4. interpersonaluri qceva.
moswavleTa Sromis xarisxisa da raodenobis molodini individualur Sedegsa da `mwarmoeblobas~ exeba. magaliTad, Tu kiTxvaze `ramdenad kargad asrulebs jeisoni samuSaos?~
maswavlebeli pasuxobs, `mas metis gakeTeba SeeZlo~, an `zarmacobs, darwmunebuli var, Tu
moindomebs, ukeT SeZlebs~, is uaryofiT Sefasebas aZlevs im samuSaos, romelsac jeisonisgan
eloda. maswavlebels realurze ufro maRali molodini aqvs jeisonisgan.
imis mixedviT, ra molodini aqvs maswavlebels jeisonis namuSevarTan dakavSirebiT, arsebobs Sefasebis gamoxatvis ramdenime gza. ai, rogor SeiZleba gamoxatos maswavlebelma sakuTari molodinis gamarTleba: `marTlac kargia. es swored is xarisxia, rasac jeisonisgan
velodi~ da `kargia, swored amis molodini SegviZlia gvqondes jeisonisgan~.
moswavlis mimdinare saqmianobis Taobaze molodinebi gansxvavdeba im molodinebisgan,
romlebic maswavlebels garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi aqvs moswavlis saqmianobis srulyofis mimarT. sxva sakiTxia maswavleblis TvalTaxedva imasTan dakavSirebiT, ramdenad Sesatyvisia axali miznebisa da masalis garTuleba moswavleebisTvis, ra dro aqvT moswavleebs
axali samuSaos Sesasruleblad. rogoria moswavleTa mimdinare Sedegebi da maswavleblis
molodinebi samuSaos xarisxsa da raodenobasTan dakavSirebiT.
molodini Sromis Cvevebisa da proceduris mimarT exeba TviT moswavleTa saqmianobas da
ara muSaobis Sedegebs. am molodinTa nawili aqcentirebulia iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa
saSinao davalebis micema, daxmareba, kvlevis Catareba. magaliTad, maswavlebels SeuZlia
Tqvas: `yovelTvis, naSromis Sesrulebisas velodebi, rom pirveli monaxazisa da saboloo
variantis SesaTanxmeblad, Sexvedrebi gveqneba vadis amowurvamde erTi kviriT adre~. SesaZloa, moswavleebma damoukideblad, maswavleblis Sexsenebis gareSe, garkveuli gegmisa da
ganrigis mixedviT Seasrulon samuSao.
aq saubari gvaqvs mudmiv Cvevebsa da procedurebze, romlebsac moswavleebisgan elodebian da ara im miTiTebebze, Tu rogor unda Sesruldes individualuri davalebebi. klasze dakvirvebisas, SesaZloa, mowmeni gavxdeT, rogor axsenebs maswavlebeli drodadro moswavleebs

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am mudmivi procedurebis Sesaxeb. saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi, SesaZloa, ramdenjerme uSualo

yuradReba davuTmoT moswavleTaTvis maT swavlebas, magram wlis umetes periodSi, Tu moswavleebi kargad muSaoben, maT Sesaxeb saerTod ar vsaubrobT. isini TavisTavad funqcionireben da moswavleTa mier Sesrulebuli akademiuri samuSaos safuZvels warmoadgenen. es
molodinebi, SesaZloa, marTvasTan dakavSirebul rutinul procedurebs exebodes: jgufuri
muSaobisas sad unda wavides jgufi, rodis, ra masalebiT, ra TanmimdevrobiT unda Sesruldes samuSao an individualur samuSao Cvevebs _ wera, maTematikuri amocanebis organizacia,
operaciaTa Tanamimdevrobis gansazRvra.
mesame saxis molodini exeba saqmisa da meojaxeobis rutinas _ araakademiur samuSaosTan
dakavSirebul procedurebs, rogoricaa daswreba, bufeti, dasufTaveba da sxv. magaliTad,
me-9 klaselebisgan, SesaZloa, velodeT laboratoriuli samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg dasufTavebas. me-3 klaselTagan ki daswrebis JurnalSi daregistrirebas da Semdeg yovel
diliT, Tavisufali drois Sesaxeb arCevanis gakeTebisas am maCveneblis gamoyenebas.
dabolos, interpersonaluri qcevis molodini exeba moswavleTa urTierTobas da maswavlebelTan TanamSromlobas, romelic me-7 TavSi disciplinis parametrSi ganvixileT.
aq isev pirveli saxis molodinebs mivubrundebiT _ Sromis xarisxi da raodenoba. molodinTa oTxive forma cal-calke ganvixileT, radgan SesaZlebelia, rom Sromis xarisxisa da raodenobis mimarT maRali molodinebis mqone maswavlebels dabali an bundovani molodinebi
hqondes Sromis Cvevebisa da proceduris mimarT. rogorc Cans, maswavleblis qcevasa da sxvadasxva saxis molodinTa Soris korelacia ar arsebobs. Cveni dakvirvebiT, am parametrTan
dakavSirebiT mravali maswavlebeli araTanmimdevrulia. myari korelacia arsebobs maswavleblis im qcevebs Soris, romlebic oTxive saxis molodins aerTianebs. swored am qcevebiT
daviwyebT.
am TavSi ganvixilavT molodinis parametrTan dakavSirebul Semdeg mniSvnelovan
aspeqtebs:

ician Tu ara moswavleebma maswavleblis molodinebis Sesaxeb? rogor vatyobinebT

maT am molodinebs?

rogoria TviT molodinTa buneba? risi Tqma SeiZleba maTSi CarTuli standartebis
Sesaxeb?

Sesatyvisi aris Tu ara es standartebi jgufisa da individebisaTvis? rogor cvlian

an argeben maT?

molodinTa Setyobineba
molodinTa Setyobinebisas eqvsi ziriTadi forma arsebobs:
1. pirdapiri. molodinebs detalurad, rogorc wesi, verbalurad vacnobT moswavleebs.
2. specifikuri. moswavleTa saqmianobis mimarT molodinebis detalebs mkafiod vayalibebT an vatyobinebT (werilobiT da ara verbalurad).
3. ganmeorebiTi. molodins xSirad vimeorebT, rom moswavleebma gaigon.
4. dadebiTi molodini. `amis gakeTeba SegiZlia~ molodinis gacxadebas aqvs qveteqsti:
moswavlisaTvis molodinis Setyobineba hgavs ara brZanebas, aramed maswavleblis
rwmenas moswavlis Zalebisadmi (Tanner 1978). dadebiTi molodinis sxva versias ufro
imperativis forma aqvs (`ra Tqma unda, Sen gaamarTleb am molodins!~ `swored ase
unda gaakeTo!~) da toniTa da komunikaciis araverbaluri formebiT gamoixateba.

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5. modelirebuli. amgvar molodins ori mniSvneloba aqvs: pirvelia `aCvenos~ anu

`demonstracia moaxdinos~. maswavlebelma moswavleebs molodini SesaZloa sasurveli qcevis SesrulebiT, modelirebiT gaacnos. modelirebis am formis daniSnulebaa
mkafio Setyobineba. modelirebis meore mniSvnelobaa `varjiSi imaSi, rasac vaswavliT~. maswavlebeli detaluri modelia TviTSefasebis, Tavazianobisa Tu nebismieri
qcevisa, romelTa danaxva surs moswavleebSi. proceduris, interpersonaluri qcevis, samuSao Cvevebisa Tu unarebis gamoyenebis mimarT molodinTa Sesaxeb Setyobinebebi moswavleTaTvis yvelaze mkafio maSin aris, rodesac maswavlebeli Tavad aris am
molodinTa erTguli mimdevari.
6. simtkice. es forma moswavleTa mxridan winaaRmdegobis sapasuxod Cndeba da gameorebasa da Tanmimdevrulobas erT kategoriad ajgufebs. simtkice gameorebis gareSe ar arsebobs, Tumca gameoreba uciloblad simtkices ar gulisxmobs. rodesac
moswavleebi maswavleblis molodinebs ewinaaRmdegebian da gaumarTleblad miaCniaT, daJinebuli maswavlebeli simtkices avlens (radgan varaudobs, rom molodinebi realisturia; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi `simtkice~ azrs kargavs). magaliTad,
Cven vakvirdebodiT maswavlebels, romelic Semdegnairad avlenda simtkices: is
saklaso oTaxSi xvdeboda moswavles da axsenebda, rom 13:15 wuTze konkretuli samuSaos Sesruleba unda daewyo; maswavlebeli gakveTilis dawyebamde da gakveTilis
dasrulebis Semdeg xvdeboda moswavles da Sexvedraze uTanxmdeboda; maswavlebeli
saxlSi urekavda mSobels. es molodinis ganmtkicebis gzebia.

Cven mier `simtkiced~ moxseniebuli qcevis es maxasiaTebeli zogierTi maswavleblis winaSe aseT sakiTxs svams: `Cemi saqme ar aris maTi devna, Tu isini ar asruleben
TavianT saqmes; es maTi pasuxismgeblobaa. Tu raimes ver igeben, movidnen da mkiTxon!~ aseT damokidebulebaSi e. w. `modi
moswavleebi damajerebel Setyobinebebs iRe
da waiRe!~ Setyobineba imaleba. es Setyoben maswavleblis saqmianobaze dakvirvebiT.
bineba afrTxobs calkeul moswavleebs da
xels uSlis swavlaSi, radgan gzas uWris
im adamianisken (maswavleblisken), romlisganac SeeZloT eswavlaT. meore mxriv,
swavlis pasuximgebloba ar SeiZleba mxolod maswavleblis kiserze iyos. moswavleebs Tavisi wili pasuxismgebloba akisriaT. Cven, rogorc sakuTari Tavisa da sxvaTa damkvirveblebma, valdebulni varT, vikiTxoT: `sakmariss vakeTebT Tu ara, varT
Tu ara sakmarisad mtkiceni ise, rom ar vxdiT Cvenze damokidebulebs, Cveni `kudSi
devniT~ vatyobinebT Tu ara moswavleebs, rom maTTvis vzrunavT?~ `Cven vzrunavT~
_ es aris Setyobineba, romelsac daJinebiT unda vugzavnideT moswavleebs.

es eqvsi maxasiaTebeli im SetyobinebaTa mniSvnelovani elementebia, romlebsac maswavlebeli ugzavnis moswavleebs molodinis Sesaxeb. amas garda, rodesac saqme muSaobas exeba, namuSevris Sesaxeb maswavleblis sapasuxo reaqcia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania molodinTa Setyobinebisas. am ukukavSiris Semdegi arsebiTi atributebi
Tavs iCens xolme maswavleblebTan da moswavleebTan intervius dros:

swrafi da sruli. namuSevari moswavleebs imave dRes, an erTi-ori dRis Semdeg ubrundebaT, rac maTTvis imis niSania, rom maswavlebeli yuradRebiT ekideba maT saqmianobas.

detaluri.

ukukavSiri moicavs maswavleblis detalur SeniSvnebs, winadadebebs an

kiTxvebs moswavlis namuSevarTan dakavSirebiT. es SeiZleba iyos mindorze gamotanili SeniSvnebi, moswavlis dRiurSi Canawerebi an sityvieri komentarebi.

individualuri kontaqti. moswavleebTan pirispir kontaqtis mravali forma arsebobs:

gakveTilze, gakveTilis win an Semdeg, derefanSi. SesaZloa es iyos xumrobiT naTqvami:

`gamarjoba, jimi! sanam qurTuks Caicmev, am SeniSvnebis gasacnobad SevxvdeT, kargi?!~

bodiSi ar miiReba. maswavlebeli individualurad da mtkiced moiTxovs moswavlee272

molodinebi

bisgan samuSaos Sesrulebas. pasuxs sTxovs davalebis Seusruleblobis, dagvianebis,

arasrulyofilad Sesrulebis da arasapatio mizeziT Seusruleblobis gamo. is namuSevars gasasworeblad an Tavidan Sesasruleblad ubrunebs moswavleebs, uwesebs
vadebs, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, exmareba, samuSaos Sesasruleblad saWiro masalebiT
(masalebi, klaselebis daxmareba da sxv.) uzrunvelyofs. `bodiSi ar miiReba~ niSnavs
mtrobisa da brazis gareSe cudad Sesrulebul samuSaoze reagirebas.

saukeTeso namuSevris aRiareba. arsebobs moswavlis mier saukeTesod Sesrulebuli

namuSevris aRiarebis ramdenime specifikuri forma: gancxadebebis dafaze gansakuTrebiT kargi naSromis gamokvra, sajaro adgilze namuSevris gamofena an klasis winaSe Seqeba. (Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi sakiTxebi: rogor eqceva maswavlebeli im moswavles, romelmac SesaZloa verasdros Seasrulos `saukeTeso~ namuSevari da
ramdenad adekvaturad gansazRvravs maswavlebeli moswavlis `saukeTeso~ namuSevars
misive progresis TvalsazrisiT.

cudi

namuSevris logikuri Sedegebi. aseve mniSvnelovania namuSevris Seusruleblobis an cudad Sesrulebis aRniSvna. moswavleebma ician, rom saSinao davalebis an
saklaso samuSaos Seusruleblobas, an arakeTilsindisierad Sesrulebas (namuSevris
dagvianeba, ugulod Sesruleba an moswavlis mravali sxva saqmianoba, romlis mimarTac
maswavlebels molodinebi aqvs) maswavlebeli uyuradRebod ar datovebs.

efeqtiani Sedegebi Semdegi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba: (a) isini Tavidanve cxadia moswavleebisTvis; (b) yoveli molodinisTvis arsebobs SedegTa speqtri da ara mxolod erTi Sedegi;
(g) Sedegebi logikuria da ara damsjeli; (d) isini Sesatyvisi formiT aris mowodebuli; (e)
maswavlebeli agebinebs moswavleebs, rom maT arCevani gaakeTes. es Taviseburebebi ufro detalurad me-7 TavSia aRwerili.

standartebi
molodinTa Setyobinebis Seswavlis Semdeg ganvixilavT molodinebiT gamoxatul SedarebiT standartebs. molodinebTan dakavSirebiT maswavleblis standartebi Semdegi rigiTobiT SeiZleba ganvixiloT:
1. aranairi molodini.
2. ramdenime myari molodini.
3. dabali molodinebi. maswavlebeli moswavleTagan maT SesaZleblobebze naklebs
moiTxovs.
4. Zalze maRali. standartebi Seusabamod maRalia moswavleTa umravlesobisTvis.
5. saSualo. standartebi asaxavs saSualo moTxovnebs moswavleTa umravlesobisadmi.
6. STamagonebel-bundovani. is maswavleblebi, romlebic am standarts iyeneben, xSirad
qarizmatuli, sulisCamdgmeli adamianebi arian da moswavleebi Zal-Rones ar iSureben, rom maT asiamovnon. aseTi maswavleblebi moswavleebSi sagnis mniSvnelobisa da
pativiscemis grZnobas aRviZeben. problema is aris, rom maswavleblis standarti
xSirad bundovania da swavlam, SesaZloa, arakontrolirebadi xasiaTi miiRos, radgan
moswavleebs naTlad ar esmiT, ras niSnavs kargad swavla. aman zogierTi maTgani, SesaZloa, winaaRmdegobaSi Caagdos da STamagonebeli efeqti gaaneitralos.
7. maRali da momTxovni, magram keTilgonivruli. standartebi sakmaod momTxovnia;
molodinebi Tavsmoxveulia, Tumca, maTi miRweva SesaZlebelia moswavleTa umravlesobisaTvis.
damkvirveblisaTvis Znelia imis gansja, romeli standartiT xelmZRvanelobs maswavle-

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beli moswavleTa asakis Sesatyvisi Tu specializebuli codnis gansazRvrisas. magram maswavlebels udavod SeuZlia sakuTari saqmianobis analizi da swrafva imisaken, rom miseul
molodinebSi SeniRbuli standartebi moswavleebisTvis Sesatyvisi gaxados.

SeniSvna standartebsa da molodinebze

saWiroa erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvaoT maswavleblis warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, ras gaakeTebs
moswavle (molodini) da maswavleblis survili imisa, ras unda akeTebdes moswavle (standarti). xSirad orive SemTxvevaSi sityva `molodins~ iyeneben (ukanasknel periodamde sityva
`standarts~ verc ki gaigonebdiT). orive koncefcia mniSvnelovania. sanam isini praqtikosebis
mier gamijnuli da konceptualizebulia. SesaZlebelia, maswavleblisTvis molodinebi mxolod momavlis prognozis xasiaTis matarebeli iyos da saerTod ar gaaxsendes standartebi
_ miznebi da simaRleebi, romlebsac unda miaRwion maT an moswavleebma. dRevandeli swavlebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia standartebis gareSe molodinebi.

standartebze morgeba
ganvixiloT qvemoT mocemuli oTxi gancxadeba da maTi gavlena rogorc maswavleblis
standartebze, ise sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebis mqone moswavleTaTvis am standartebis misadagebaze.
1. `yvelas mimarT erTnairi molodinebi maqvs. am kursis mixedviT garkveuli raodenobis samuSao gvaqvs Sesasrulebeli da yvelasgan veli mis Sesrulebas~.
2. `sxvadasxva bavSvis mimarT gansxvavebuli molodinebi maqvs. vici, rom zogierTisgan
ar unda velode iseT saqmianobas, rogorsac sxvebisgan veli; yvela did jgufSi asea.
garkveul moTxovnebs arasdros vuyeneb dabali SesaZleblobebis mqoneT~.
3. `sxvadasxva bavSvis mimarT gansxvavebuli molodinebi maqvs. vici, rom zogierT maTgans ukeTesi safuZveli aqvs am masalis asaTviseblad, an ubralod ufro swrafebi
arian. neli moswavleebisTvis specialurad varCev masalebs da vcdilob maTi SesaZleblobebis mixedviT movTxovo~.
4. `mesmis, rom bavSvebs gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebi da aTvisebis unari aqvT, aseve
vici, ras niSnavs xarisxiani swavla da sagnis codna. vaiZuleb, rom `saukeTesos~ standartis Sesabamisad iswavlon. visac sWirdeba, damatebiT xelSewyobasa da daxmarebas
vTavazob da, miuxedavad amisa, vici, rom mainc sxvadasxva tempiTa da xarisxiT iswavlian. Tumca arsebobs standarti da masTan miaxloebas vcdilob. Tu am standartamde
verasdros miaRweven, is mainc ecodinebaT, ra aris saukeTeso da rom saukeTesos miRwevis mcdelobisaTvis dajildovdebian~.
es gancxadebebi realur adamianebs ekuTvniT da Cveni profesiisadmi realur damokidebulebas asaxavs. albaT, upriania am gancxadebaTa miRma arsebuli Sexedulebebisa da miznebis
ufro detaluri ganxilva, radgan isini gavlenas axdenen maswavleblis qcevaze. es ukanaskneli ki, Tavis mxriv, mZlavrad da zogjer gadamwyvetad zemoqmedebs moswavlis miRwevebze.
amrigad, gvsurs, ufro srulyofilad ganvmartoT, ras gulisxmobs am oTxi gancxadebis avtori. SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom isini stereotipulebi arian, magram aseTi adamianebi sinamdvileSi
arseboben da am gancxadebebSi Cadebuli azris gageba dagvexmareba Cveneuli molodinebisa
da maTi `Setyobinebis~ gzebis gaazrebaSi.
pirveli maswavlebeli ar axdens moswavleTa diskriminacias. misi molodini ufro masalis
amowurvasa da Sesrulebuli samuSaos raodenobas exeba, vidre Sesrulebis xarisxs. `mwar-

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molodinebi

moeblobis~ erTi da igive standartebi ucvlelad gamoiyeneba yvela moswavlis mimarT. raki
vadebis dacva savaldebuloa, moswavleebisgan moelis masalis Seswavlas an sxva Sedegs. aseTi
maswavlebeli nebas aZlevs sust moswavleebs, `uxilavni~ iyvnen manam, sanam maTi Sedegebi damakmayofilebelia. moswavleebi `uxilavni~ arian, radgan maswavlebeli sadRac maT `miRma~
aswavlis.
meore maswavlebeli diferencirebasa da aRiarebas axdens. is varaudobs, rom moswavleebs sxvadasxva SesaZlebloba aqvT da am SesaZleblobebis mixedviT saqmianoben. saqmianobis
Sedegebs iRebs, rogorc moswavlis SesaZleblobebis ilustracias da maT axali simaRleebis
dasapyrobad Zalas ar atans. yvela moswavle erTsa da imave masalaze muSaobs da akeTebs imas,
rac SeuZlia.
mesame maswavlebeli diferencirebas da uzrunvelyofas axdens. im moswavleebisaTvis,
romlebic Tavs ver arTmeven masalas, maswavlebeli uzrunvelyofs damatebiT daxmarebas an
damatebiT saswavlo masalas.
meoTxe maswavlebels mkafiod aqvs warmodgenili saganSi saukeTesos standarti, romelic
yvela moswavlisTvis gamowvevac aris da swavlebis mizanic. moswavlis naTqvami sagnis Sesaxeb: `vgrZnob, es sagani marTlac mniSvnelovania~, maswavleblis ostatobaze metyvelebs.
maswavlebelma isic icis, rom moswavleebs swavlis sxvadasxva unari da tempi aqvT da am gansxvavebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT damatebiT daxmarebas sTavazobs imaT, visac sWirdeba. maswavlebeli yovelTvis ajildovebs moswavles `saukeTesos~ standartis misaRwevad gaweuli ZalisxmevisTvis, magram arasdros iviwyebs TviT am standarts da arc moswavleebs aZlevs misi
daviwyebis saSualebas.
pirveli maswavlebeli misadagebas ar axdens. meore maswavlebels gansxvavebuli molodinebi aqvs, rac erTgvar TviTrealizebul winaswarmetyvelebad iqceva. mesame da meoTxe
maswavleblebi individualizebas axdenen im gagebiT, rom swavlebas usadageben sxvadasxva
SesaZleblobis mqone moswavleebs, Tumca meoTxe maswavlebels metad sjera, rom moswavleTa umravlesoba mizans Tu ar miaRwevs, miuaxlovdeba mainc. misi qceva `daostatebisTvis swavlis~ princips emsaxureba. im moswavleebisTvis, romlebic Zalisxmevas ar iSureben,
maswavlebeli davalebas imden mcire safexurad Slis, ramdenic moswavleebs warmatebisTvis
sWirdebaT. davalebebi yvela moswavlisTvis
saboloo ostatobis miRwevas emsaxureba da
maswavleblis molodinebi TviTrealizebul
sxvadasxva davalebisa da qvedavalebisTvis
winaswarmetyvelebad iqceva xolme.
gamoyofili dro maT saWiroebebs aris misadagebuli. daostateba maTTvis, iseve rogorc
yvelasTvis, saboloo mizania da am miznis miRwevamde maswavlebeli maT xelis Caqnevis nebas ar
miscems. maswavlebels sjera, rom swavla yvela moswavle SeuZlia da am rwmenas ar malavs. mas
uxerxul mdgomareobaSi agdebs Sefaseba, radgan is moswavleebisadmi `gagzavnil~ Setyobinebebs ewinaaRmdegeba. maswavlebeli gulwrfelad aqebs moswavleTa winsvlas, maSinac ki, Tu es
winsvla Sorsaa `saukeTesos~ standartisgan da mudam aiZulebs maT, ajobon maTSi Cabudebul
stereotipebs. SesaZloa, mondomebulma moswavlem C Sefasebis nacvlad B miiRos, magram ara
A-s nacvlad B. sjeraT, rom miuxedavad zogierTi moswavlis rTuli saojaxo pirobebisa, maTi
sasikeTod Secvla SeuZliaT (Dembo & Gibson 1985).
meoTxe maswavlebeli aqcents saukeTesos standartze akeTebs ise, rom moswavleebs Sesatyvisi SesaZleblobiT ar uzrunvelyofs an ar exmareba. man SeiZleba Tavidan aicilos moswavleTa stereotipuli dayofa _ `sxarti~ da `susti~ _ da yvela aiZulos ecadon saukeTeso
Sedegis miRwevas, magram ar uzrunvelyos aucilebeli saSualebebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi swavleba xinjiani iqneba. saukeTesosken swrafvisas perspeqtivis dakargviT, isini individebsac
`kargaven~. maT SeiZleba gansakuTrebulad gamorCeul da SedarebiT sust moswavleebs Sori
miznebis swrafad miRweva aiZulon da marcxi awvnevinon. roca mesame maswavlebeli perspeqti-

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vas kargavs, SesaZloa individualuri midgomis gamoyenebas eswrafvodes sxvadasxva masaliTa

da arsebuli teqnikiT, magram saTanadod ar iTxovdes moswavleebisgan. is gaucnobiereblad
ayalibebs stereotipebs imis Sesaxeb, ra unda SeZlos moswavlem, wyvets iZulebas an meore
maswavlebels emsgavseba da moswavlis namuSevars misi SesaZleblobis ilustraciad iRebs
moswavleTa gaazrebuli klasificirebis gareSe.
mesame maswavlebeli Tavdauzogavad agrZelebs muSaobas da moswavleebs usadagebs (an
cdilobs miusadagos) swavlis stils, magram yvelasTvis misadagebis mcdelobisas, SesaZloa,
zedmeti yuradReba dauTmos Sedegs da ganze darCes Sinaarsi.
amrigad, Cven maswavleblis saqmianobis oTxi xarisxobrivad gansxvavebuli done ganvixileT, romelic gansxvavebuli moswavleebisTvis molodinTa morgebisken aris mimarTuli:
1. araviTari diskriminacia.
2. diferencirebuli da mimRebi.
3. diferencirebuli da uzrunvelmyofi.
4. garkveuli daSvebebis gaTvaliswinebiT maRali standartebisTvis (saukeTeso) momuSave.
zogierTi SeiZleba SegvekamaTos, rom maRali standartebisTvis muSaoba, daSvebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, safrTxes uqmnis im moswavlis warmodgenas sakuTar Tavze, romelmac, SesaZloa, verasdros miaRwios maswavlebliseul `saukeTesos~ standarts da rom kargi swavleba diferencirebasa da uzrunvelyofas axdens. amgvari Sexeduleba Seicavs safrTxes, rom
moswavleebi, SesaZloa, `vaiZuloT~ imaze naklebi gaakeTon, risi gakeTebac SeuZliaT. zogi
ki fiqrobs, rom maRali standartebisken swrafva ufro misaRebia ufros da ara dawyebiT
klasebSi, sadac sabaziso unar-Cvevebis daufleba upirvelesi mizania da upriani iqneboda
swavlaSi daostatebaze gvefiqra da ara saukeTesos standartze. saukeTeso saukeTesoa da
yvelaferi unda viRonoT mis misaRwevad. faqtia, rom yvela moswavle erTnairad ar aris
momzadebuli saimisod, rom standartebs Seesabamebodes. moswavleebisTvis ucxo da dasamali ar aris is faqti, rom yvela maTgani erTnairi xarisxiT ar muSaobs. mniSvnelovania, moswavleebi davarwmunoT, rom isini SeZleben standartis `Sesatyvisobas~ Sesabamis droSi,
Sesabamisi strategiisa da Zalisxmevis gamoyenebiT.
Cven, rogorc maswavleblebma, unda davadginoT, ra damokidebuleba gvaqvs standartebis
mimarT da rogor gavlenas axdens is Cvens saqmianobaze: rogor vusadagebT Cvens molodinebsa da standartebs sxvadasxva moswavles?

gadavxedoT pigmalions
Cveni Sexedulebebi molodinebze arsebiTad gansxvavdeba im literaturisgan, romelic
wignis _ `pigmalioni saklaso oTaxSi (Rosenthal & Jacobson 1968) _ gamosvlis Semdeg gaCnda.
Cveni mizani iyo yuradReba dagveTmo calkeuli moswavlis saqmianobis maswavlebliseuli
standartebisaTvis da maT vTxoveT moexdinaT standartebis diferencireba moswavleebis,
TviT calkeuli moswavlisa da sxvadasxva davalebis Sesrulebis mixedviT. aseve, vTxoveT,
zustad da gulaxdilad esaubraT moswavleebTan maTeuli standartebis raobaze, raTa standartebs maswavleblisa da moswavleebisTvis erToblivi miznebis xasiaTi mieRo.
zemoxsenebuli literatura sxvadasxva mimarTulebisa iyo da sxvadasxvagvar Suqs hfenda molodinTa sakiTxs. pirvel yovlisa, avtorebsa da mkvlevarebs ar hqondaT daxvewili
standartebi davalebis doneze moswavleebis mimarT. maT ar ainteresebdaT maswavleblis
molodinebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, SeeZlo Tu ara jimis winadadebis ukeT dawera an meris

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molodinebi

maTematikis amocanis ufro swrafad amoxsna. `molodini~ maTTvis niSnavda maswavlebliseul

zogad Sexedulebas moswavlis zogad kompetenciasa Tu unarze. TavianT naSromebSi isini
gviCvenebdnen, rom maswavleblebi qmnian `sxarti da `susti moswavleebis kategoriebs.
meore mxriv, mkvlevrebma gviCvenes, rom maswavleblebi sakuTar Sexedulebebs SeumCneveli
da arapirdapiri SetyobinebebiT gadascemen moswavleebs, Tumca es ukanasknelni mainc kiTxuloben, rac gavlenas axdens maT saswavlo saqmianobaze (da, SesaZloa, im warmodgenazec, romelic sakuTar Tavze SeeqmnaT). imis garkveva, konkretulad rogor agzavnian maswavleblebi
am uxilav Setyobinebebs, swavlebis mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT am
zogad SetyobinebaTa gadacemas saklaso cxovrebis aTi specifikuri sferos saSualebiT,
romlebsac maswavleblebi yoveldRiurad akontroleben. es is sferoebia, sadac farTo da
mizandasaxuli repertuaris ganviTareba gvWirdeba.

saklaso cxovrebis aTi sfero

es aTi sfero is garemoa, sadac regularulad meordeba movlenebi da SesaZlebelia maTze
dakvirveba:
1. moswavleebTan urTierToba _ pigmalionis qceva.
2. reaqcia moswavleTa pasuxebze.
3. roca moswavleebi ar pasuxoben.
4. roca moswavleebi daxmarebas iTxoven.
5. ukukavSiri moswavlis saqmianobasTan.
acdenili molodinebi
bejiTi moswavleebi
mniSvnelovani cvlileba saqmianobaSi

6. SecdomebTan brZola.
7. Sefaseba.
8. moswavleebi, romlebic jer ver `Cawvdnen~.
9. dajgufeba.
10 davalebebisa da amocanebis micema da Sesruleba.

moswavleebTan urTierToba _ pigmalionis qceva

kuperma (Cooper 1979) maswavlebelTa komunikaciuri qcevebi xuT kategoriad daajgufa:*
2. klimati: `rogorc aRmoCnda, `sxart~ moswavleebTan urTierTobisas, maswavleblebi
ufro xSirad iRimebodnen da mowonebis niSnad Tavs uqnevdnen, vidre `sustebTan~
urTierTobisas. isini TvalebSic aseve ufro xSirad uyureben sxart moswavleebs~
(gv. 393).
3. moTxovnebi: `sustis~ iarliyis mqone moswavleebs axali masalis Seswavlis ufro naklebi SesaZlebloba aqvT, vidre sxartebs~ (gv. 393).
* ibeWdeba gamomcemlis nebarTviT. Cooper, H. M. Pygmalion Grows Up: A Model for Teacher Expectations, Communications and Performance Influence. Review of Educational Research 49 (Summer 1979): 389-410. (c) 1979 by the American Education Research Association.

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4. daJineba. `rogorc wesi, maswavleblebi sxartebs ufro metxans acdian kiTxvaze pasuxis mofiqrebas, vidre sustebs. araswori pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, maswavleblis daJineba ufro miniSnebis, gameorebis da/an Sesworebis xasiaTs iRebs. is ufro met
yuradRebas uTmobs sxarti moswavleebis pasuxebs, met dros aZlevs pasuxis mosafiqreblad~ (gv. 394).
5. interaqciis sixSire: `dabali molodinebis mqone moswavleebTan SedarebiT, maswavleblebs ufro xSiri saswavlo urTierToba aqvT maRali molodinebis mqone moswavleebTan (gv 394).
6. ukukavSiri: `rogorc wesi, maswavlebeli ufro xSirad aqebs maRali molodinebis
mqone moswavleebs sworis pasuxisTvis, maSin, rodesac sustebs ufro xSirad akritikebs araswori pasuxisaTvis (gv. 395).
am xuT kategoriaSi cameti gansxvavebuli qcevaa da isini gvawvdian empiriul monacemebs,
rom mravali maswavlebeli marTlac `sxartebis~ da `sustebis~ kategoriebad hyofs moswavleebs da sxvadasxvagvar urTierTobas amyarebs maTTan. qvemoT mocemuli nusxa SeiZleba
gamoviyenoT TviTSefasebis an kolegebis saqmianobaze dakvirvebisas.

sxartebs ufro xSirad vuRimi da mowonebis niSnad Tavs vuqnev Tu ara?

ufro xSirad sxartebis mxares viWer xolme Tu ara?
sxartebs ufro xSirad vuyureb xolme Tu ara TvalebSi?
sust moswavleebs axali masalis swavlis ufro nakleb SesaZleblobas vaZlev Tu ara?
sxart moswavleebs ufro met miniSnebas vaZlev araswori pasuxis SemTxvevaSi Tu ara?
sxarti moswavleebis pasuxebs ufro met yuradRebas vuTmob Tu ara?
sxart moswavleebs pasuxisTvis ufro met dros vaZlev Tu ara?
sxart moswavleebTan ufro xSiri saswavlo urTierToba maqvs Tu ara?
sxartebs ufro xSirad vaqeb swori pasuxisaTvis Tu ara?
sust moswavleebs ufro xSirad vakritikeb mcdari pasuxisTvis Tu ara?
zemoT CamoTvlili kiTxvebi ufro gogonebs exeba Tu biWebs?
reaqcia moswavleTa pasuxebze
molodinTa Setyobinebis kidev erTi gzaa, rogor iqceva maswavlebeli moswavlisTvis
kiTxvis dasmis Semdeg, anu rogoria misi reaqcia?
moswavlem, SesaZloa, pirdapiri pasuxi ver gasces; SesaZloa `gaSeSdes~ da veraferi Tqvas.
miuxedavad amisa, kiTxvis dasmis Semdeg moswavlis qmedebas aucileblad mosdevs maswavleblis garkveuli reaqcia. swored am reaqciiT igebs moswavle, rogori Sexeduleba aqvs maswavlebels mis SesaZleblobebze.
arsebobs reaqciaTa repertuari, romelze dakvirvebac saswavlo procesis nebismier momentSi SeiZleba. maswavlebeli qmedebiTa da sityviT Setyobinebebs ugzavnis idividebsa da mTel
klass imis Sesaxeb, mocemul momentSi ramdenad
moswavleebi mniSvnelovan Setyobinebebs iRe
usafrTxoa `piris gaReba~, konkretuli rTuli
davalebis Sesruleba xelSemwyobi garemoa Tu
ben sakuTar pasuxebze maswavleblis reaqciis
ara fiqrisa da ZalisxmevisTvis, daisjebian Tu
mixedviT.
ara araswori pasuxisaTvis da a.S.
sakramentos (kalifornia) gonivruli qcevis institutis (Institute for Intelligent Behavior)
Tanadireqtorma art kostam aRniSna, rom maswavleblis reaqcia moswavlis pasuxebze, al-

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molodinebi

baT, dasmul kiTxvebze ufro mniSvnelovania. moswavleebi mniSvnelovan Setyobinebebs iReben

maswavleblis reaqciiT da swored es reaqcia gansazRvravs gakveTilebze maT monawileobas.
maswavleblis reaqciis mixedviT, moswavlem, SesaZloa, qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan erTi an meti
Setyobineba miiRos:
`Clungi var~.
`eh, ver gavTvale!~
`Cemi amocanaa maswavleblis TavSi pasuxis amocnoba da swored ise Tqma, rogorc is fiqrobs~.
`Cavaflave da isev unda Cavdge formaSi. me mesmis es sagani~.
`maswavlebels hgonia, rom amis amoxsna SemiZlia~.
`kargad vupasuxe, magram ukeT SemeZlo~.
`maswavlebeli marTlac yuradRebiT mismens~.
`maswavlebels namdvilad unda, rom Caswvdes Cems naTqvams. etyoba, raRac
mniSvnelovani vTqvi~.
`Zveleburad kargad ar gamomivida. kidev kargi, azri ar mkiTxa~.
`mgoni, Zalian kargad Sevasrule davaleba~.
`ar Rirs gariskva, sanam pasuxis sisworeSi ar davrwmundebi~.
`pasuxis gacema Rirs. Tu sworad ver gavcem, ar gamakritikeben~.
`SemiZlia vTqva, rasac vfiqrob, Cems naTqvams moiwoneben da pativs mcemen~.
`gageba Tu SemiZlia, damexmarebian~.
aSkaraa, rom am Setyobinebebs marTlac didi gavlena aqvs. moswavleobisas Cven yvelas
gamogvicdia maTi Zala. maT SeuZliaT moswavle sakuTar TavSi Caketon an gulRia gaxadon;
sakuTari Tavis rwmena, cnobismoyvareoba, monawileobis survili gauRvion an daSinebuli,
morcxvi, sakuTar TavSi Caketili, izolirebuli da daucveli gaxadon. imavdroulad, SeiZleba Setyobinebam moswavleebs kvlevis, dakvirvebis, interesis, fiqris stimuli gauRviZos
an kritikis gareSe miaRebinos swori pasuxebi, CarCoebSi Casvas (da/an imedgacruebisgan Tavdacvis survili gauCinos).
maswavlebeli svams kiTxvas: `rogor ipoviT wrewiris farTobs?~ naxeT, rogoria misi reaqcia moswavleTa pasuxebze:

gakritikeba: `axlosac ki ara xar. gamofxizldi!

swori pasuxis gacema: `ara pasuxia pi r .
kiTxvis gameoreba meore moswavlisTvis: `judi, SegiZlia mipasuxo?
kiTxvis ganvrcoba: `kargi, judi, swor gzas adgaxar. rames xom ar daamatebdi?
`arasworias mizezis axsna: `srulyofili ar aris, radgan nimuSi gamotove~. Semdeg
2

maswavlebeli moswavlis momdevno mcdelobas elodeba.

damatebiTi kiTxvis dasma ganmartebis, miniSnebis mizniT: `swori iqneboda wrewiris

formula rom gagexsenebina. gaxsovs es formula? [moswavle swor gzas adgeba.] marTalia! darwmunebuli var sadilis Semdegac gemaxsovreba da sworad amoxsni~.

lodinis dro: dumili.

damatebiTi kiTxvis dasma ormagi Semowmebis an ganvrcobisTvis: moswavlis swori pasuxis SemTxvevaSi maswavlebeli svams kiTxvas: `zustad ras aRniSnavs eg formula?~

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dadastureba: `hoo.
pasuxis ufro srulyofilad Camoyalibeba: `amrigad, wrewiris sigrZis mimarTeba mis
diametrTan udris. . .~

dakonkretebis moTxovna: `SegiZlia amixsna, ras gulisxmob?

Seqeba: `araCveulebrivia!
es repertuaridan amokrefili pasuxebia (ix. sqema 11.1). arc erTi maTgani saukeTeso ar
aris, Tumca, SesaZloa, garkveul konsteqstSi yoveli maTgani Sesatyvisi iyo. zogierTi maTgani gansakuTrebiT efeqtiania specifikuri miznebisTvis da nebismieri maswavleblis repertuarSi SeiZleba CavrToT. erT-erTi maTgania `lodinis dro~.
meri bad roum (Mary Budd Rowe) daaxloebiT ocdaaTi wlis win aRmoaCina, rom Tu maswavlebeli kiTxvis dasmis Semdeg sami an meti wami daicdis (anu sami wami Cumad daelodeba
moswavlis pasuxs), sasikeTo Sedegi eqneba. (man isic aRmoaCina, rom TiTqmis arc erTi maswavlebeli ase ar iqceva. lodinis saSualo dro kiTxvis dasmis Semdeg, miniSnebis SeTavazebamde,
mzamzareul pasuxamde an kiTxvis sxvagvarad dasmamde, naxevari wamia!). roca maswavlebeli
sami wami elodeba moswavlis pasuxs, bevri iseTi moswavle pasuxobs, romelic, Cveulebriv, ar
pasuxobs xolme da maTi pasuxebi sruli da maRali donis azrovnebis amsaxvelia, isini erTmaneTs exmarebian da SeniSvnebs aZleven.
msgavsi Sedegebi miiRes, rodesac moswavlis pasuxis Semdeg maswavlebeli mxolod sami
wamis Semdeg akeTebda komentars. lodinis am dros `lodinis dro II~ uwodes, xolo moswavlis pasuxamde sami wamis ganmavlobaSi lodins `lodinis dro I~. `lodinis dro II~-s iseTive
sasurveli Sedegebi moaqvs, rogorc `lodinis dro I~-s: maswavlebeli amaRlebs kiTxvebis,
moswavleebi ki pasuxebis SemecnebiT dones, maTi pasuxebi srulyofili da gaazrebulia.

maswavleblis reaqcia moswavlis pasuxebze

sxva
moswavlisaTvis
imave kiTxvis
dasmis gzebi

akritikebs. `Seni pasuxi metyvelebs, rom sul ar gifiqria~.

`ar aris swori~ da sxva moswavles mimarTavs kiTxviT.
`ar aris swori~ da swor pasuxs ambobs.
`ar aris swori~ da mizezs xsnis, ramac SesaZloa miniSnebis roli
Seasrulos.
miniSnebas sTavazobs, Tumca sxva moswavles mimarTavs.
erTi moswavlis araswori pasuxis SemTxvevaSi meores mima
rTavs.
sxva moswavles mimarTavs pasuxis ganvrcobisaTvis:
`jim, rames xom ar daamatebdi?~
moswavles aZlevs nebasn sxva moswavles sTxovos
mis magivrad pasuxis gacema.

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molodinebi

moswavlis
swor pasuxamde
miyvanis gzebi

`ar aris swori, magram kargia, rom gagaxsenda, radgan es, albaT, sxvebmac
ifiqres~.
`isev scade!~
adasturebs pasuxis dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebs, Semdeg
sTavazobs miniSnebas da cdilobs moswavle swor pasuxamde
miiyvanos.
pasuxs ugulebelyofs da miniSnebas sTavazobs.
lodinis dro II.
moswavlisadmi rwmenasa da waxalisebas gamoxatavs:
`vfiqrob, Sen es ici~.
moswavles dafiqrebas sTxovs.
moswavles pasuxis TviTSefasebas sTxovs.
damatebiT kiTxvas usvams
dazustebisTvis: `amas gulisxmobdi?~

aRiarebis,
dadasturebis
gzebi

aRiarebs: `hoo, marTalia!~

imeorebs moswavlis pasuxs.
pasuxs ufro srulyofilad da mkafiod ayalibebs.
`sworia!~
`sworia~ da mizezs xsnis.
aqebs an aqebs da avrcobs pasuxs.
sqema 11.1: maswavleblis reaqcia moswavlis pasuxze

dadabiTi molodinebis mqone maswavleblebi am CamonaTvalis Sua nawilSi mocemul

reaqciebs iyeneben.
imis Tqma rodi gvsurs, rom maswavlebelma aRarasodes aRar unda gamoiyenos sityvebi
`sworia~ an `ar aris swori~ moswavlisaTvis zianis miyenebis SiSiT. piriqiT, xSirad Zalze
sasargebloa `ar aris swori~-s xalisianad Tqma. moswavlisTvis miniSnebis Tqma da dayovneba
gansxvavdeba im Setyobinebisagan, roca maswavlebeli ambobs `ar aris swori~ da sxva moswavles mimarTavs imave kiTxviT. swor pasuxamde miyvanis mcdeloba (sqemis Sua nawili) gansxvavebul Setyobinebas ugzavnis moswavleebs _ `me mjera, rom swor pasuxamde misvlas SeZleb~.
sxva moswavlisTvis imave kiTxvis dasmisa da, kidev uaresi, miniSnebis SeTavazebis da maSinve
sxvisTvis imave kiTxvis dasmis qveteqsti aseTia: `ara mgonia, miniSnebis gamoyeneba SeZlo~.
konkretul situaciaSi, SesaZloa, am CamonaTvalis nebismieri reaqcia misaRebi iyos
(qvemoT Sesabamisi gamoyenebis SemTxvevebs ganvixilavT), Tumca, wignis am nawilis mTavari
saTqmeli is gaxlavT, rom dadebiTi molodinebis mqone maswavlebeli, romelic moswavleebSi

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sakuTari Tavis rwmenisa da riskis gawevis unars ayalibebs, swor pasuxamde miyvanis gzaze
mcdelobas ar aklebs da, Sesabamisad, CamonaTvalis Sua nawilSi mocemul reaqciebs iyenebs.
xSirad, Cvens seminarebze, maswavleblebs ainteresebT, rogor SeiZleba moswavlis swor
pasuxamde miyvanaze, miniSnebaze amdeni drois daxarjva da sasurveli masalis amowurvac.
sinamdvileSi amas sulac ar sWirdeba meti dro, SesaZloa, sul ramdenime wamiT meti. moswavleze `dayovneba~ sulac ar amcirebs `masalis amowurvis siCqares~ (Tumca, sxva mizeziT aseTi Semcireba, SeiZleba, kargic ki iyos). im moswavleze `ardayovnebis~ Sedegebi ki, romelic
pirvel jerze ar pasuxobs an arasworad pasuxobs, aseTia: aseT dros ise advilad Cndeba moswavlis mier sakuTari umaqnisobis gancda da Sedegad Semecnebis `Caqroba~. ase rom `ardayovneba~ didi riskia. amas garda, maswavlebeli xelidan uSvebs moswavlisTvis azrovnebisa da
saswavlo masalis daZlevis rwmenis amaRlebis SesaZleblobas. yoveli xangrZlivi dayovneba
anu siCumis dro, roca moswavle kiTxvis gamo Tavs SeSinebulad da uimedod grZnobs, misive
Tavdajerebulobisa da SesaZleblobis rwmenis ganmtkicebis Sansia.
moswavlis pasuxebze sxvagvari reaqciebic arsebobs. damatebiTi kiTxva an ganvrcoba
(romelsac samecniero literaturaSi `zondireba~, `mosinjva~ ewodeba) saSualebas gvaZlevs,
SevamowmoT, namdvilad gaigo moswavlem SekiTxva Tu TuTiyuSiviT imeorebs. magaliTad, moswavlem SeiZleba gvipasuxos `pi r2~ da ar icodes, rom r wrewiris radiuss aRniSnavs.
moswavlis pasuxis miReba gansjis gareSe sxva moswavleebs Semdgomi SeniSvnebis gamoTqmis,
xolo imave moswavles pirveladi pasuxis srulyofis saSualebas aZlevs.
maswavleblis mier moswavlis pasuxis srulyofilad Camoyalibeba sxva moswavleebisaTvis
sasargebloa, radgan rwmundebian, sworad gaiges Tu ara pasuxi.
moswavleTaTvis maTive pasuxebis gaazrebis Txovna maswavlebels exmareba gaigos, risi
Tqma surdaT: `ufro zustad xom ver amixsnidi?~ `darwmunebuli ara var, rom sworad gavige,
risi Tqma gsurda. iqneb ufro detalurad amixsna!~ `jein, ufro dawvrilebiT unda gviTxra.
rogor ggonia, am bolodan rogoria RerZis daSoreba?~
Seqeba mxolod Sesabamisi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSia efeqtiani reaqcia moswavlis pasuxze.
jeri brofis (Jere Brophy 1981) kvlevaSi Sejamebulia Seqebis swori gamoyeneba. kerZod, efeqtiani qeba aris:*

konkretuli. konkretulad gansazRvravs ra aris Seqebis Rirsi moswavlis saqmianobaSi: `jon, gaocebuli var Sens naSromSi zmnebisa da winadadebis nimuSebis mravalferovnebiT. es Seni saukeTeso namuSevaria~.

ganpirobebuli. qeba damokidebulia moswavlis warmatebul saqmianobaze da ar aris

SemTxveviTi an wamaxalisebeli. SemTxveviT qebas (romelic SemTxveviT da xSirad araswori pasuxebis dros gamoiyeneba), rogorc aRmoCnda, `ufro xSirad is maswavleblebi
iyeneben, romelTac dabali molodinebi aqvT moswavlis swavlis mimarT. misi mizania
moswavlis waxalisebis mcdeloba. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc wesi, moswavleebi kargad gamoicnoben xolme amgvari qebis mizans, romelsac Sedegad sircxvilis grZnoba,
imedgacrueba da sxva arasasurveli Sedegebi mohyveba~ (Brophy 1981, gv. 13).

gulwrfeli: maswavlebeli gulwrfelad aqebs da ara manipulaciis an konkretuli qcevis `waxalisebis~ mizniT da Sesabamisad, namdvil mowonebas asaxavs.

kongruentuli: maswavleblis Jesti, xmis toni, poza da mdgomareoba imave Setyobine-

bebs ugzavnis moswavles, rasac sityvebi. roca maswavlebeli ukan ixreba, sxvagan iyureba da gaRizianebuli toniT ambobs, `fred, rogorc vxedav, am amocanebze bevri gi-

* ibeWdeba gamomcemlis nebarTviT. Brophy, Jere. Teacher Praise: A Functional Analysis. Review of Education Research 51 (Spring
1981): 5-32. (c) 1981 by the American Educational Research Association.)

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muSavia~, unda vivaraudoT, rom fredi ar daijerebs.

Sesabamisi: maswavlebli individualurad urCevs moswavleebs sityvebs, garemosa da

stils. sabazo skolis calkeuli moswavlisTvis, SesaZloa, sajaro Seqeba samarcxvino iyos. aseTma Seqebam konkretuli qcevisTvis SesaZloa, maT magidis qveS SeZvromis
survili gauCinos, magaliTad, merveklaseli `magari~ biWisTvis naTqvami: `oh, jon, ra
sufTa da lamazi namuSevaria.

brofi imasac aRniSnavs, rom efeqtiani Seqeba, romelic moswavleTa Tavdapirvel miRwevebs mimdinare miRwevebis aRwerisTvis konteqstad iyenebs, mniSvnelovani Zalisxmevisa da
rTuli (mocemuli moswavlisaTvis) amocanebis warmatebuli amoxsnis aRiarebas emsaxureba,
warmatebas Zalisxmevasa da unars miawers, varaudobs, rom msgavsi warmateba momavalSic
aris mosalodneli da waaxalisebs endogenur atribuciebs (moswavleebs sjeraT, rom amocanis amoxsnas Zalisxmevas imitom axmaren, rom moswonT da/an amocanis relevanturi unarebis
ganviTareba surT).
zemoT aRwerili yoveli qceva _ lodinis dro, damatebiT kiTxvebi, mowoneba, pasuxis
srulad Camoyalibeba, moswavleebisTvis dafiqrebis moTxovna da Seqeba mecnierulad dasabuTebulia da efeqtiani maswavleblis qcevebad miiCneva (Costa 1985; Dunkin & Biddle 1974).
aseve dasabuTebulia literaturaSi imave kiTxvis sxva moswavlisTvis dasmisa da konkretul
moswavleebTan kritikis gamoyenebis mizanSewonilobac, ramdenadac kritika gakicxva ar aris
(Graham 1985).
zemoT xsenebuli qcevebi mniSvnelovania, radgan azrovnebas stimulsa da sizustes matebs.
sasurvelia, rom isini yvela maswavleblis repertuarSi arsebobdes. vimedovnebT, rom mocemul CamonaTvalSi nebismieri maswavlebeli misTvis axal qcevasac aRmoaCens (Cveni dakvirvebiT, yvelaze iSviaTi qcevaa lodinis dro, moswavleTaTvis detaluri ganxilvis moTxovna
da efqtiani Seqeba.) maswavleblis repertuarSi maTi CarTvis garda arsebiTi sakiTxia maTi
misadagebac. viyenebT Tu ara am reaqciebs Sesatyvis situaciaSi da Sesatyvis moswavleebTan?
magaliTad, lodinis drois gamoyeneba Seusabamoa martivi SekiTxvebisa da erTferovani savarjiSoebis Sesrulebisas. misi gamoyeneba ufro efeqtiania, roca moswavleebs maRali donis
azrovneba moeTxovebaT. SekiTxvis sxva moswavlisTvis gadamisamarTebam, SesaZloa, moswavles pasuxis mofiqrebis an ukve mofiqrebuli pasuxis srulyofis SesaZlebloba mouspos.
maswavleblis mier pasuxis srulyofilad Camoyalibebam, SesaZloa, sxva moswavleebs gageba
gauadvilos, magram misi uadgilod gamoyenebis gamo, SesaZloa, moswavleebma erTmaneTs aRar
mousminon. nebismier SemTxvevaSic, sadac swavlebis wvdomaze gvaqvs saubari, arsebiTia, rom
Tavdapirvelad repertuaris gafarToebaze vifiqroT, raTa rac SeiZleba met moswavles
maqsimalurad Sesatyvisi reaqciiT vupasuxoT sxvadasxva situaciaSi da Semdeg misadagebis
efeqtianobis amaRlebisTvis vizrunoT. unda vecadoT, rom Cveni reaqciebi repertuaris Sua
nawils `moswavlis swor pasuxamde miyvanis gzebs~ davuaxlovoT, rom moswavleebSi sakuTari
Tavisa da sakuTari SesaZleblobebis rwmena avamaRloT.

roca moswavleebi ar pasuxoben

wina qveTavSi igulisxmeba, rom moswavleebi pasuxoben maswavleblis SekiTxvebs, magram
xSirad maT pasuxi ar aqvT da ramdenime wamSi unda gadavwyvitoT, rogor moviqceT. darcxvenilebi varT maT gamo, swor pasuxamde miyvana da miniSneba gvsurs, maTTvisve vapirebT kiTxvis
gameorebas Tu sxva moswavles davusvamT igive SekiTxvas?
rogor viqceviT, rodesac moswavleebi ver gvpasuxoben? ra viciT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor
moqmedebs maTze kiTxvebi? rogor varCevT kiTxvas jerisaTvis, romelic WerSi iyureba da

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pasuxis ZiebaSi saxes manWavs?

SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT maswavleblis reaqciaTa mzardi CamonaTvali, romelic SegvaZlebinebs moswavleebis fiqrisTvis ganwyobas maSin, roca isini ar pasuxoben:

lodinis dro I-is gamoyeneba.

kiTxvis gameoreba.
miniSneba.
ufro martivi kiTxvis dasma.
mxolod faqtis Sesaxeb kiTxvis dasma.
pasuxebisTvis arCevanis SeTavazeba.
iseTi kiTxvis dasma, romelic mxolod `diax~ an `ara~ pasuxs moiTxovs.
moswavlisTvis pasuxis gameorebis an aRdgenis Txovna.
moswavlisTvis araverbaluri pasuxis (mag., Tavis daqneva) Txovna.
moswavlisTvis `ar vici~-s Tqmis swavleba.
lodinis drois upiratesobebze ukve visaubreT. dumilis drom, SesaZloa, jeris pasuxis mofiqrebis saSualeba misces. am qcevis modelirebas, SesaZloa, aseve mZlavri zegavlena
hqondes.
erTxel, am wignis erT-erTi avtori, harvardis universitetis Project Zero-s Tanadireqtoris devid perkinsis leqcias eswreboda. rodesac mas kiTxva dausves, Tavi moatriala,
gverdze mimoixeda, Semdeg WerSi aixeda. siCume mTeli 10 wami gagrZelda. me nerviuloba daviwye misi, rogorc momxseneblis gamo da vcdilobdi raRac momefiqrebina, Cavreuliyavi da
meTqva, rom erTi SexedviT paralizebis msgavsi mdgomareobisgan gadamerCina. magram swored
am dros devidma SekiTxvis avtors wynarad Sexeda TvalebSi da araCveulebrivi pasuxi gasca.
is ar aRelvebula, ubralod pasuxze fiqrobda. es me vgrZnobdi Tavs arakomfortulad da
ara doqtori perkinsi!
imave Sexvedraze ramdenimejer msgavsi pauza mohyva auditoriis mier dasmul rTul
SekiTxvas. pirveli SemTxvevis Semdeg devidze aRar minerviulia, mec kiTxvaze vfiqrobdi.
perkinsis mier kiTxvaze sapasuxod modelirebul lodinis dros myisieri gavlena hqonda
auditoriaze _ diskusia kidev ufro Rrma da gaazrebuli gaxda. Sedegad diskusiis mTliani
done amaRlda.
lodinis dro iseTi qcevaa, roca wvrTna an TanatolTa ukukavSiris zogierTi forma gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa. Cven ise varT miCveulebi siCumis saubriT Sevsebas, rom Tu viRacam
ar dagvavala lodinis drois gamoyeneba, SeiZleba xelidan gavuSvaT es metad mniSvnelovani
da sasargeblo qceva. klasSi mxolod damkvirveblis arsebobam SeiZleba gagvaxsenos es qceva
da gazardos misi warmatebuli gamoyenebis mcdeloba.
qcevaTa zemoxsenebul CamonaTvals Tu mivubrundebiT, vnaxavT, rom bolo punqtebis
mixedviT moswavles sul ufro da ufro cota moeTxoveba da bolos mxolod imitaciiTa da
Tavis daqneviTRa Semoifargleba. es nusxa gudma da brofim (Good & Brophy, 1978) Seadgines
`aramopasuxe~ moswavleebisTvis. maTi azriT, moswavleebs ureaqciobis, pasuxis gaucemlobis saSualeba ar unda mivceT, piriqiT, monawileoba unda movTxovoT. blankis naSromis
citirebisas, romelic didi qalaqis Raribi raionis bavSvebs exeba, isini weren:
Tu isini pirvel kiTxvas ver pasuxoben, momdevno kiTxva ufro martivi unda
iyos, rom Tavi gaarTvan. zogadad, iseTi kiTxva, romelic maTgan raRacis deta-

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lurad axsnas moiTxovs, yvelaze rTuli iqneba. progresulad martivi moTxovnebi moicavs faqtebze dafuZnebul SekiTxvebs mokle pasuxebiT, mravalpasuxian
kiTxvebs da kiTxvebs mxolod `diax~ da `ara~ pasuxebiT. Tu moswavle verc erTi
donis SekiTxvas ver upasuxebs, SeiZleba winadadebebis gameoreba an qmedebis
imitacia vTxovoT. rogorc ki is SekiTxvaze sworad daiwyebs pasuxis gacemas,
maswavlebelma SeiZleba sakuTari Zalebis rwmenis gaZlierebis kvalobaze gaarTulos SekiTxvebi. rodesac daTrgunuli bavSvebi ar pasuxoben, maT mimarT yuradRebiani damokidebuleba gvmarTebs. Tu isini SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas Seecdebian, maswavlebelma unda daacados. Tu isini SekiTxvaze fiqris nacvlad
yuradRebis centrSi moxvedris gamo nerviulobas iwyeben, maswavlebeli unda
CaerTos SekiTxvis gameorebiT an miniSnebis SeTavazebiT. man sxva moswavles ar
unda mimarTos imave kiTxviT da arc sxvebs misces pasuxis neba (Good & Brophy
1978, gv. 226).

roca moswavleebi daxmarebas iTxoven

saskolo cxovrebis aseve mniSvnelovani sferoa calkeuli moswavleebis mier maswavleblisTvis daxmarebis Txovna. aseTi ram dRis ganmavlobaSi mravaljer xdeba. naxeT qvemoT
mocemuli ori nawyveti. pirvel maTganSi maswavlebels moswavlis mimarT dadebiTi molodinebi aqvs, xolo meoreSi _ uaryofiTi (Good & Brophy 1978). SegiZliaT gansazRvroT, romeli nawyveti rogori molodinebis matarebelia? gaaanalizeT, dialogis romeli sityvebiTa
Tu frazebiT igzavneba dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Setyobinebebi.

I nawyveti
moswavle:

me-4 nomeri ver gavakeTe.

maswavlebeli:

am nomris romeli nawili ver gaige?

moswavle:

ubralod, ver vxsni.

maswavlebeli:

vici, rom am amocanis nawilis amoxsna SegiZlia, radgan pirveli

sami amocana sworad amoxseni. meoTxe amocana msgavsia, oRond
odnav rTuli. amoxsnas isev ise iwyeb, mxolod Semdeg damatebiTi
safexuri gWirdeba. kidev erTxel gadaxede wina sam amocanas da
mere isev meoTxes miubrundi da naxav, rom SeZleb. ramdenime wuTSi
davbrundebi Sens merxTan da vnaxav, rogor xsni.

II nawyveti
moswavle:

me-4 nomeri ver gavakeTe.

maswavlebeli:

ver akeTeb? ratom?

moswavle:

ubralod, ver vxsni.

maswavlebeli:

nu ambob, rom ar SegiZlia. Cven arasdros vambobT `ar SemiZlia~.

kargad ecade?

moswavle:

diax, magram ver gavige.

maswavlebeli:

pirveli sami amocanis amoxsna xom SeZeli. isev rom miubrunde da

cota meti dro daxarjo, iqneb es meoTxe amocanac amoxsna. ratom
ar ginda, cota meti imuSao da vnaxoT, ra moxdeba?

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meore nawyvetSi maswavlebeli moswavlis naTqvamze `me-4 nomeri ver gavakeTe~, svams kiTxvas `ratom?~. es maxesaviT SekiTxvaa. moswavleebma rom icodnen ratom ver xsnian, isini ufro
konkretuli daxmarebis Txovnasac SeZlebdnen.
moswavlis naTqvamze `ubralod ver vxsni~, maswavlebeli `recepts uwers~, `nu ambob, rom
ar SegiZlia~, xolo Semdeg mcire morals ukiTxavs, `Cven arasdros vambobT `ar SemiZlia~-s~.
maswavlebeli Tvlis, rom wamaxalisebeli Jesti iqneba `gamococxleba~ da kidev erT uimedo
kiTxvas usvams: `kargad ecade?~
Tu moswavle ukve `kargad ecada~, mxolod erTi daskvnis gakeTeba SeuZlia: `rogorc Cans,
Clungi var~. xolo Tu `kargad ar ecada~, sakuTari sizarmace unda aRiaros.
maswavleblis saboloo naTqvami moswavles didad ar aimedebs, rom `xangrZlivi~ da `meti~
muSaoba winsvlaSi miexmareba. maswavlebeli araviTar specifikur strategiul daxmarebas
ar sTavazobs. `vnaxoT, ra moxdeba~ bolo wveTia da Cvenc da moswavlec vgrZnobT, rom bevri
araferi moxdeba.
pirvel nawyvetSi mawavleblis pirveli kiTxva _ `romeli nawili ver gaige?~ _ ndobas
gamoxatavs, rom moswavlem amocanis didi nawili gaigo da garkveul nawilze koncentrireba sWirdeba. rodesac moswavle ferxdeba, maswavlebeli misi SesaZleblobebisadmi rwmenas
gamoxatavs: `vici rom am amocanis nawilis amoxsna SegiZlia, radgan pirveli sami amocana sworad amoxseni~. Semdeg maswavlebeli detalur daxmarebas sTavazobs da hpirdeba, rom ramdenime wuTSi dabrundeba. maswavlebeli daxmarebas sTavazobs, magram sjera, rom moswavle
Tavad gaumklavdeba sirTules. moswavle uyuradRebod ar rCeba, maswavlebeli dabrundeba,
Tu sirTule isev gaCndeba.
am ori nawyvetis ganxilvis mizani iyo, ufro Rrmad CavwvdomodiT sityvebisa da midgomis
SerCevis mniSvnelobas, roca moswavle daxmarebas gvTxovs. saTqmelis umniSvnelo SecvliT
SegviZlia moswavleebSi sakuTari Tavis rwmena gavaRviZoT, vaCvenoT, rogor gamoiyenon arsebuli codna, davexmaroT strategiebiTa da miniSnebebiT, drois saTanado intervalebiT
SevamowmoT an vukiTxoT morali, gavumartivoT, SevTavazoT araadekvaturi daxmareba da es
yvelaferi iseTi zrdilobiani sityvebiT SevniRboT, rom moswavle kargad mixvdes, ramdenad
ar gvjera misi unarebisa.
am qveTavis mkiTxvelTaTvis erT-erTi sasurveli Sedegi is iqneba, rom isini sakuTar TavSi
mesame Tvalsa da mesame yurs aRmoaCenen. es mesame Tvali da yuri Cvenia! is swavlebis procesis monitoringsa da ukukavSiris damyarebaSi gvexmareba. rodesac moswavleebi daxmarebisTvis mogvmarTaven, ra Setyobinebebs vugzavniT maT?

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molodinebi

moswavlis saqmianobasTan ukukavSiri

Cven ukve vimsjeleT ukukavSiris mniSvnelobaze. axla urTierTobis sizustidan im SeniRbul Setyobinebebze visaubrebT, romlebsac urTierTobis dros `vgzavniT~. `me mejera Seni~
Setyobinebas moswavlis naSromze ukukavSiris dros maswavlebeli sam garemoebaSi gzavnis:
acdenili molodinebis, kargad Sesrulebuli samuSaos da saqmianobaSi arsebiTi cvlilebebis dros

molodinTa acdena
mniSvnelovania, maswavlebelma ise uTxras moswavleebs cudad Sesrulebuli davalebis
Sesaxeb, rom maT ukeTesad Sesrulebis rwmena ar mouspos. maswavleblis mier dabali xarisxis
naSromis neitralur, gaurkvevel Sefasebas moswavleebi aRiqvamen, rogorc maTi namuSevrisadmi maswavleblis gulgrilobas an maTdami rwmenis uqonlobas. sinamdvileSi, xSirad, asec
aris xolme.
meore mxriv, Tu maswavlebeli ganicdis moswavlis mier cudad Sesrulebul samuSaos,
drosa da energias ar zogavs imisTvis, rom auxsnas Secdoma da ukeT Seasrulebinos, moswavle
rwmundeba, rom misi sjeraT. amgvari saqcieli TviT maswavlebelsac matebs rwmenas, rom moswavlis Zalisxmeva fuWi ar iqneba. SesaZloa, moswavleebma ar gamoiCinon survili an SeewinaaRmdegon kidec maswavleblis amgvar pirdapiri da zogjer Zalze energiul qmedebas. Cveni
daJinebis pasuxad moswavleebisgan madlobas ar unda velodeT (yovel SemTxvevaSi, uaxloes
ramdenime weliwadSi mainc), magram Cveni sijiutis gareSe moswavleTa umravlesobas sakuTari Tavis sakmarisi rwmena ar eqneba imisTvis, rom TavdadebiT da kargad imuSaos.
sakuTari Tavisadmi rwmenis uqonlobis safrTxe gansakuTrebiT im moswavleebs emuqrebaT, romlebsac inteleqtis `mocemulobis~ Teoriisa sjeraT (Dweck 1989). maT swamT, rom
inteleqti an `unari~ iseTi ram aris, rac adamians aqvs an ar aqvs da Tu ver swavloben, es
imaze metyvelebs, rom sakmarisi unari ar aqvT. igive moswavleebi atribuciis Teoriis (Weiner
1972, 1974) mixedviT Tvlian, rom davalebis cudad SesrulebaSi `damnaSave~ davalebis sirTulea, xolo am rwmenis miRma sakuTari arcTu saxarbielo gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb
mRrRneli eWvi imaleba.

Sinagani

garegani

mudmivi
(myari)

unari

amocanis
sirTule

cvladi
(aramyari)

Zalisxmeva

iRbali

sqema 11.2: atribuciis Teoriis bade

wyaro: Weiner 1972, 1974.

atribuciis Teoriis mixedviT, yovel Cvengans warmatebasa da warumateblobaze `pasuxis

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moTxovnis~ sakuTari gzebi gvaqvs. arsebobs oTxi ZiriTadi mizezi, riTac sakuTar warmatebasa Tu warumateblobas vxsniT: unari, amocanis sirTule, iRbali da Zalisxmeva. veineri maT
qvemoT mocemuli badis (ix. sqema 11.2) mixedviT ganalagebs.
rogorc wesi, warmatebuli adamianebi warmatebas iseT Sinagan faqtorebs miaweren, romlis kontrolic SeuZliaT, magaliTad, Zalisxmevas. warumatebeli adamianebi ki sakuTar
warumateblobas amocanis sirTules da uiRblobas (SeniRbuls SiSiT, rom maT sakmarisi unari ara aqvT). warmatebas amocanis siioliT da iRbliT xsnian: `advili amocana iyo~, `bedad,
swored es Tavi viswavle!~
atribuciis Secvla niSnavs imas, rom moswavleebs mivexmaroT warmatebisa da warumateblobis atribuciis SecvlaSi garegani faqtorebidan (iRbali da advili an rTuli samuSao)
Sinagani faqtorebisken (Zalisxmeva da rwmena, rom sakmarisi goniereba aqvs samuSaos maRali
doneze Sesasruleblad). amis Tqma gacilebiT iolia, vidre Sesruleba, magram atribuciis
Teoriis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom is atribuciebi, romlebic erTgvari
gonebrivi modelia imisa, Tu rogoria samyaro da ra adgili ukavia masSi adamians, gansazRvravs, Tu ra Zalisxmeva sWirdeba moswavles swavlisTvis.
susti moswavleebis mimarT gamoCenili energia da maTze gavlena atribuciis Secvlis erTerTi formaa. es SeniRbuli gancxadebaa maTi unarebis rwmenisa, rac maT ufro meti Zalisxmevis motivs uCens.

kargad swavla
atribuciis Secvlis sxva SesaZlebloba Cndeba, roca moswavle kargad swavlobs. mniSvnelovania, rom SeqebiT maT warmatebas maTs Zalisxmevas mivawerT (da Semdeg ki, araverbalurad, maTs unars): `damatebiTi mecadineoba wagadga, testirebamde iswavle da sanam Camabarebdi, pasuxebis Sesamowmeblad dro gamoiyene. hoda, kargi Sedegic gaqvs!~

swavlaSi cvlileba
moswrebis arsebiTi cvlileba gauareseba an gaumjobeseba atribuciis cvlilebis
kidev erTi mizezia. `es axlosac ki ar aris im standartTan, romlis miRwevac Sen SegiZlia~,
amgvari SeniSvna im maswavleblisgan, romelsac moswavle pativs scems, mZlavri biZgi iqneba
sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gamo imedgacruebuli moswavlisTvis. ra SeiZleba iTqvas sapirispiro SemTxvevaze?
davuSvaT moswavle, romlis saSualo Sefaseba testirebaSi aris D, 83 qulas iRebs. maswavlebeli karTan aCerebs moswavles da eubneba: `Sen marTlac kargad dawere testi. rogor
fiqrob, ra iyo mizezi?~ moswavle dums, Tavs dabla xris da mere burtyunebs, `albaT, ioli
sakiTxebi iyo~. (yuradReba miaqcieT garegan atribuciasTan kavSirs iRbali an amocanis sirTule). maswavlebeli pasuxobs, `advili testi! me advili testeb ara maqvs, es yvelam icis. 14
sakiTxs swori pasuxi gaeci, es sakiTxebi yvelaze rTuli iyo. ase rom, miTxari, Seni azriT, ra
iyo warmatebis mizezi?~
maswavlebeli cdilobs moswavle miaxvedros, rom mas kargad swavlis sakmarisi unari aqvs
da, albaT, sakmarisadac ecada, rom kargi Sedegi mieRo. savaraudoa, rom moswavle dumils
SeinarCunebs amgvari dialogisas. maswavleblis kiTxvaSi damaluli mosazrebebi mraval
safrTxes Seicavs. (`iqneb marTlac SemiZlia kargad swavla? yovelTvis kargi Sedegis molodini eqneba Cemgan? iqneb vecado, magram ise kargad ar gamomivides?~) SesaZloa, moswavles
dabali molodinebis SenarCuneba mxolod im mizniT surs, rom bejiT swavlas aaridos Tavi.

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moswavlis sakuTar warmatebaze dafiqrebis kidev erTi gza misi socialur safrTxeSi Cagdebaa. TanatolTa dajgufebebis safuZveli xSirad davalebebis Seusrulebloba da skolis
kritikaa. Tavdauzogavi swavla SesaZlebelia TanatolTagan gariyvis mizezi gaxdes. es sindromi xSirad feradkaniani moswavleebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, Tuki isini cdiloben
`TeTrkanianebiviT moqcevas~ (Fordham & Ogbu 1986).
rodesac zemoT motanili SemTxvevis (moswavle moulodnelad karg Sedegs iRebs testirebisas) msgavsad atribuciis Secvlas vcdilobT, Cven mzad unda viyoT moswavlis dasaxmareblad fiqriTac da riskis gaziarebiTac: `kargi, dafiqrdi amaze da xval rom moxval,
gavarkvioT, Seni azriT, ra iyo warmatebis mizezi~. miuxedavad imisa, rom momdevno dResac
SesaZloa pasuxad dumili miviRoT, dumili darRveulia, radgan moswavle ukve kargad swavlis risksa da jildoze iwyebs fiqrs, - cxovrebaSi pirvelad, is fiqrobs, rom kargad swavla
SeuZlia.

SecdomebTan brZola
Tu adamiani Secdomebs sisustis niSnad miiCnevs, Zal-Rones ar daiSurebs maTi Tavidan
acilebisaTvis. is ecdeba, Tavi aaridos iseT Temebsa da samuSaos, sadac SeiZleba Secdomebi
dauSvas. nerviulobas iwyebs rTuli samuSaos Sesrulebisas, romelic swrafad da iolad ar
gamosdis, radgan am dros samuSaos sirTules uunarobad `Targmnis~. meore mxriv, Tuki Secdomebs ukukavSirisTvis gamoiyenebs, rTuli masalis daZlevisTvis alternatiuli gzebis
monaxvas SeZlebs da Tavs ar aaridebs im saqmes, romelic erTi xelis mosmiT ar gamosdis. aseTi midgoma sakuTari Tavisadmi rwmenis xazgasmas moiTxovs da namdvilad Rirs mcdelobad.
Secdomebze amgvari ori saxis reaqcia aRwerili aqvs karol dueki. misi azriT, bavSvebi (da
zrdasrulebic) arian `mocemuli~ an `mzardi Zalisxmevis~ inteleqtis Teoriis momxreebi.
`mocemuli~ inteleqtis Teoriis momxreebs miaCniaT, rom inteleqti aris `sagani~ _ obieqturi mocemuloba, romelic pasuxismgebelia nebismieri saxis warmatebisTvis; Sesabamisad,
inteleqtis dabali maCvenebeli dabali akademiuri moswrebis pirobaa. am Teoriis momxreebi
nebismier davalebas, testsa Tu amocanas ganixilaven, rogorc sakuTari Sinagani unaris Sefasebas. aseTi moswavleebi, dvekis azriT, saswavlo saqmianobis mimarT `Sesrulebze orientirebulobiT~ gamoirCevian. arasaxarbielo Sedegebi (Secdomebi) dabal unarze metyvelebs,
xolo kargi Sedegi maRalze. `im saqmis keTeba momwons, romelic ukve vici~, ambobs am Teoriis momxre gogona.
`mzardi Zalisxmevis~ Teoriis warmomadgenlebs sjeraT, rom unari TandaTanobiT yalibdeba Zalisxmevis da garemosTan ukukavSiris Sedegad. isini dvekis azriT, `swavlaze orientirebulobiT~ gamoirCevian, maTi mizani axlis swavla ufroa, vidre sakuTari TavisTvis
raRacis damtkiceba. inteleqtis am ori Teoriis Sedegebi da mizanze orientacia Zalze gansxvavebulia. warmoidgineT, ra wnexis qveS aris moswavle, romelic yovel saswavlo davalebas
sakuTari Tavis intleqtis - sazomad miiCnevs, im sazomad, romelic ase mniSvnelovania Cveni
sazogadoebisTvis.
umravlesoba (magram ara yvela) erTi an meore Teoriis ukiduresi momxrea. rac ufro
metad vuaxlovdebiT inteleqtis `mocemulobis~ Teoriis poluss, miT ufro Znelia energiisa da strategiis mobilizeba sirTuleebis dasaZlevad. piriqiT, rac ufro axlosa varT
inteleqtis Sesaxeb `mzardi Zalisxmevis~ Teoriis ukidures wertilTan, miT advilia sirTulis an Secdomis ganxilva monacemebad. yovelTvis, roca maswavlebeli moswavles Secdomis
gamosworebaSi exmareba, mas saSualeba aqvs, es Secdoma mocemulobad `uTargmnos~ da ara da-

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bal unarad. magaliTad,

`karl, amis gakeTebas SeZleb, Tuki swor strategias airCev, gansxvavebuli strategia
gWirdeba. modi, vnaxoT romeli strategia gamoiyene da romeli ar gamogiyenebia!~

`juli, Sen SeZleb moTxrobis gagebas, Tu kargi safuZveli geqneba. aq aucileblad

iqneba raRac iseTi, rasac avtori varaudobs. modi, vnaxoT ra aris es? aba maCvene, erTerTi adgili, romelmac sagonebelSi Cagagdo~.

`maS ase, Sen kargad gamogdis eqsperimenti, roca kargad gesmis amocana. albaT, aris
raRac Seusabamoba, ris gamoc Seni gza ar amarTlebs. modi, wavideT da erTad vnaxoT
laboratoriaSi. miTxari ra iyo bundovani~.

saklaso garemos Sesaxeb TavSi vnaxavT, rogor qmnis maswavlebeli riskis gawevisa da
Tavdajerebulobis klimats, sadac moswavleebi Secdomebs saswavlo SesaZleblobebad ganixilaven. am nawilSi warmogidgineT Secdomebis mimarT moswavleTa damokidebulebis mniSvneloba da giCveneT, rogor SeuZlia maswavlebels reagireba, rom xeli Seuwyos inteleqtze
`mzardi Zalisxmevis~ Sexedulebas da saswavlo miznebze orientacias.

Sefaseba
Sefasebisas moswavleebi SeniRbul Setyobinebebs iReben imis Taobaze, Tu rogori Sexeduleba aqvs maswavlebels maT unarze. modiT, ganvixiloT xelmeore testirebis praqtika.
mravali maswavlebeli, arasaxarbielo Sedegebis SemTxvevaSi, moswavleebs testis xelmeored
Cabarebis saSualebas aZlevs. Semdeg, maswavlebeli, rogorc wesi, asaSualebs meore (Cveulebriv, ukeTes) qulas pirvel qulasTan da gamohyavs saboloo Sefaseba. magram modiT vnaxoT, rogor Setyobinebebs iRebs moswavle am dros. xelmeore testirebis Sedegebis gasaSualeba pirveli testirebis SedegebTan mxolod im moswavleebs waadgebaT, romlebsac pirveli
testirebisas SedarebiT kargi Sedegi hqondaT, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom Cven daostatebasa
da kargad swavlaze ki ar vzrunavsT, aramed siCqareze (risTvisac vajildoebT kidec).
zogierTi ityvis, rom saboloo Sefasebisas maRali qulebi pirvel etapze kargi stimuli
iqneba moswavlisTvis. migvaCnia, rom aseTi midgoma mxolod umciresobas waadgeba, radgan
umravlesobisTvis xelmeore testireba usafrTxo TavSesafaria. amgvari praqtikis gamo,
xSirad, maswavleblebi anekdotur mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian xolme, xolo Sefasebis gadavadeba moswavleebs arcTu usafrTxo mdgomareobaSi agdebs.
axla ganvixiloT gasaSualebis praqtika. is moswavleebi, romlebic Zal-Rones ar iSureben, gasaSualebis dros dabal Sefasebas iReben. amrigad, jildovdeba siCqare da ara Zalisxmeva da yvelaferi, misi Tanmdevi miznebis dasaxva, Sesabamisi daxmarebis Zieba, sxvebis
konsultacia, damatebiTi samuSao saaTebi, ukukavSiri da sxvebis kritika.
Cveni azriT, mizanSewonili Sefasebaa `A~ da `B~. erT-erT skolas aseTi sqema hqonda danergili: `B~ niSnavda `standartTan Sesabamisobas~, romelic maRal doneze iyo SemuSavebuli.
`A~ ki standartze maRla dgomas niSnavda, rac moiTxovda damatebiTi proeqtis Sesrulebas
kursis masalebis gamoyenebiT, magram kursis moTxovnebze ufro maRal doneze. nebismier moswavles, romelic ver akmayofilebda kursis moTxovnebs da ver amJRavnebda Sesabamis codnas, `aradamakmayofilebeli~ Sefaseba hqonda.
Sefasebis amgvari sistemisaTvis maswavlebelma (da skolam) Zal-Rone ar unda daiSuros
imisaTvis, rom yvela moswavle Seesabamebodes standarts (rac TviT standartisa da misi arsis mkafiod gansazRvrasac gulisxmobs). aseve unda arsebobdes saTanado SesaZleblobebic

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_ skolis Semdeg, SabaT-kvira, saRamoobiT _ romelTa damatebiTi daxmarebis saxiT SeTavazeba SegviZlia moswavlisTvis. erT-erT skolaSi fakultetis wevrebi da moxaliseebi samSabaT da xuTSabaT saRamos da SabaT diliT uwevdnen moswavleebs damatebiT daxmarebas.
Tu skolis mizani daxarisxebis meqanizmia, maSin Sefasebis tradiciuli forma `A~-dan `F~s CaTvliT zedgamoWrilia. SesaZlebelia moswavleTa daxarisxeba Sefasebis mixedviT da maTi
ganawileba sazogadoebis sxvadasxva doneebisa da sxvadasxva rolebisTvis. albaT, gvetyvian
kidec, rom Sefasebis SemoRebis mizani swored daxarisxeba iyo. gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi
swored es idga amerikuli Sefasebis sistemis ukan (Cremin 1965).
asoebiT Sefasebis miRma is varaudic imaleba, rom mravali moswavle ver daakmayofilebs
swavlis maRal standarts, an mxolod nawilobriv SeZlebs masTan Sesabamisobas (miuxedavad
rwmena, rom yvela moswavles SeuZlia maRali
imisa, rom veravin getyviT, romel standarts
standartebis Sesabamisad swavla, cvlis swav
upasuxa da romels vera moswavlem).
lebis Sesaxeb TiTqmis mTel Cvens damokideb
ulebas.
ra moxdeba, Tuki virwmunebT, rom yvela moswavles SeuZlia gaxdes standartis Sesabamisi,
Tuki mas saTanado sawyisi codniT, motivaciiTa da swavlebiT uzrunvelvyofT? ra moxdeba
Tuki virwmunebT, rom sazogadoebas sWirdeba, yvela moswavle akmayofilebdes kursis standarts, radgan samuSao adgili da qveyana moiTxovs, rom yvela moqalaqes SeeZlos problemis
gadaWra, gunduri muSaoba da gamarTuli metyveleba? aseT SemTxvevaSi, Sefasebis erTaderTi
SesaZlo sistema ostatobaze iqneba dafuZnebuli da ara daxarisxebaze.
amJamad amerikaSi arsebuli Sefasebis sistema im Sexedulebas emyareba, rom skolis mizani
daxarisxebaa da mravali (umravlesoba Tu ara) moswavle sakmaod gonebaClungia imisTvis,
rom saswavlo masalis mkacr, maRal standarts upasuxos. Tu gvjera, rom yvela moswavles
SeuZlia maRali standartebis Sesabamisad swavla, am rwmenis Sesatyvisad radikalurad unda
SevcvaloT Sefasebis sistema. Sefasebis Sesaxeb TavSi gavigebT, rogor unda CavanacvloT
Sefasebis arsebuli sistema Sedegebis Sesaxeb ufro informaciuli sistemiT.
rwmena, rom yvela moswavles SeuZlia maRali standartebis Sesabamisad swavla, cvlis
swavlebis Sesaxeb TiTqmis mTel Cvens damokidebulebas, Sefaseba mxolod aisbergis wveria.

moswavleebi, romlebic jer ver `Caswvdnen~

klasisTvis da maswavleblisTvisac Cveulebrivi movlenaa, Tu zogierTi moswavle masalas
ver `Caswvdeba~. es kargad uwyian rogorc Tavad im moswavleebma, romlebic ver `Caswvdnen~,
ise danarCenebmac. ra moxdeba, Tu maT masalis gagebis kidev erT Sanss mivcemT?
maswavlebelma icis, rom zogierTma moswavlem kargad ver gaigo masala, an gaigo nawilobriv, magram is valdebulia ar gaCerdes da axal masalaze gadavides. `isini gaigeben, risi
gagebac ZaluZT. me SemiZlia maT odnav gansxvavebuli davalebebi mivce [moswavliseuli
TargmaniT: naklebad rTuli], ise, rom maT warmateba SeigrZnon [sinamdvileSi isini sircxvilis garda verafers SeigrZnoben]. me masalis axsna kurikulumis mixedviT unda gavagrZelo.
yvelaferTan erTad es moswavleebi saboloo gamocdebisTvis unda movamzado! ar SeiZleba
sxvebi davabrkolo!~
am maswavlebels ar sjera, rom susti moswavleebi rodesme gaigeben masalas da, misi azriT,
saboloo gamocdis sayovelTao Cabarebis moTxovna, garda imisa, rom mTel klass aferxebs,
TviT standartebis Tamasasac dabla swevs. ra moxdeba, Tuki marTlac davijerebT, rom yvela

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moswavles SeuZlia maRali standartebis miRweva Tavdadebuli muSaobis, efeqtiani Zalisxmevisa da saTanado sawyisi codnis safuZvelze?
im moswavleebisTvis, romlebmac swrafad an pirvelive mcdelobiT ver gaiges, SesaZlebelia SemoviRoT `xelaxali swavlebis sistema~, rogorc regularuli saklaso praqtika (ix.
sqema 11.3) am sistemisTvis ukeTesi saxelwodeba SeiZleba iyos `winsvlis jgufi~ an `swavlulTa jgufi~. am jgufebSi naswavli koncefcia, an idea kidev erTxel iqneba axsnili damatebiTi gansxvavebuli magaliTebiT, an swavlebis sxva stiliT. es SeiZleba gaakeTos sagnis
an sxva maswavlebelma an TviT moswavleebma. am mecadineobebze SeiZleba gamoviyenoT TviTmarTuli saswavlo gamocdileba an kompiuteruli modelireba. is moswavleebi, romlebmac
pirvelive mcdelobiT ver gaiges, sakuTar ZalebSi unda davarwmunoT. sistemas amisaTvis
Semdegi komponentebi aqvs:
1. moswavles sakuTari Tavis marTva unda vTxovoT. man Tavad unda Seafasos sakuTari
Tavi: `namdvilad gavige masala?~
2. moswavleebs sWirdebaT winaswar gansazRvruli mkafio kriteriumebi testirebis an
amocanis amoxsnisas, raTa TviTSefaseba SeZlon. saswavlo an saqmianobis mizani maTTvis saidumlo ar unda iyos.
3. maswavlebeli qmnis da mudmivad cdilobs usafrTxoebis fsiqologiuri klimatis
SenarCunebas im moswavleebisTvis, romlebmac sakuTari Tavi xelaxali swalebis kandidatebad daasaxeles. isini gamudmebiT unda ismendnen SeniSvnas masalis sirTulis
aRiarebis Sesaxeb: `es marTlac sakmaod rTulia, radgan erTdroulad or rameze
giwevT fiqri: Sesatyvisi informaciisa da Sesatyvisi qmedebis gansazRvraze~. sirTulis aRniSvnasTan erTad maswavlebeli gaazrebul TviTSefasebasa da vergagebis
aRiarebis risksac afasebs: `kargi dasawyisia, jeison. guldasmiT gaqvs wakiTxuli
sakuTari naweri da axal masalaze gadasvlamde Sedegis gaumjobeseba gadawyvite.
minda, Rrmad Caswvde, bolomde gaigo da weris es unari cxovrebaSi gamoiyeno~.
4. maswavlebeli waaxalisebs im moswavleebs, romlebmac gariskes xelmeored swavlebis
sistemaSi monawileoba: `ase gaagrZele _ TiTqmis miaRwie sasurvels. vici, risi Tqmac gsurs. scade, sakuTari sityvebiT gadmosce~.
5. maswavlebeli aRiarebs sirTules da xelmeored swavlebis sistemas gunduri Zalisxmevis sagnad aqcevs: `saTqmeli kargad ver gamovxate. julia, SegiZlia sakuTari
sityvebiT gadmosce da auxsna marSas?~
xelaxali swavlebis sistemis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawilia daJineba da maswavleblis mier yoveli moswavlis misamarTiT gamoxatuli rwmena, rom sirTulesTan brZola maT
warmatebas moutans. es niSnavs xSir Sefasebebs da waxalisebas.
xelaxali swavlebis sistemis Seqmna xSirad moiTxovs klasis dayofas jgufebad da klasis
sxva wevrebisTvis damatebiTi savarjiSoebis micemas codnis axal konteqstebSi gamoyenebis
mizniT. es maswavleblisagan damatebiT drosa da Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. rwmena imisa, rom
`yvela moswavles SeuZlia maRal doneze swavla~, eWvgareSea, maswavleblisagan damatebiT
muSaobas moiTxovs. moswavleTa daxarisxeba yovelTvis maT swavlebaze ufro advilia.
es damatebiTi mZime samuSao racionaluri gaxdeba, Tu xelaxali swavlebis sistemas gundur muSaobad vaqcevT. or maswavlebels SeuZlia gainawilos funqciebi, Tuki gadawyveten,
rom maT moswavleTa nawils xelaxali swavlebis sistemaSi CarTva sWirdeba.
dabolos, xelaxali swavlebis sistema efeqtiania, Tu mas Semdegi maxasiaTeblebi aqvs:

292

ik

l
ak

as

t
i

es

s
ti

ina

rm
swa

omza

deba s

irTulis aRiareba Tv

iTno

mina

cia

na

Tl

ad

ga

ns

az

Rv

ru

ra

qt

molodinebi

at

il

iu

dg

,a

ip

ro

rm

mas

no

i,

swavlulis sistema

axal
daJineba da w

mxridan

n
r

e
nm

ia

or

aR

i
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ina

nom

asw

iis wyar

lis

informac
o Tv
iT
tT
a

i da

testis winaswar momzadeba.

sirTulis aRiareba.
TviTnominacia.
naTlad gansazRvruli dro, adgili, maswavlebeli
da informaciis wyaro.
TviTnominantTa aRiareba.
damatebiTi savarjiSoebi sxva moswavleebisTvis.
moswavleebis mier Tavisuflad gadaadgileba erTi
gjufidan meoreSi.
maswavleblis mxridan daJineba da waxaliseba.
normatiuli praqtika klasSi.

eb
avl

bel

iseb

le

wav

ma

id

eb
a
t

eb

iT

is

av

ar

ji

So

ebi

sxv

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swav

leeb

isTvis m

oswavleebis mi

er Ta

visu

lad
g

ad

aad

il
e

ba

rT

ig

sqema 11.3: swavlulis sistema

sistemis ZiriTadi elementebia maswavleblis daJineba (tenacity) da rwmena, rom moswavleebi
warmatebas miaRweven.

dajgufeba
moswavleTa dajgufeba swavlisTvis is asparezia, sadac `SemiZlia~-s didi gavlenis moxdena ZaluZs moswavleTa SesaZleblobebze. Zalze mniSvnelovania erTi jgufidan meoreSi
gadasvlis moqniloba, swavlebis xarisxi, maswavleblis simtkice, moswavleTa SesaZleblobebisadmi gamoxatuli rwmena da moswavleebis mier imis gageba, ratom arian ama Tu im jgufSi.
mravali wlis win Cveni jgufis (`ukeTesi swavlebisTvis kvlevis~) erT-erTi wevri dabali
moswrebis merveklaselebs akvirdeboda. dakvirvebis obieqtebi erTad swavlobdnen yvela sagans da erTad cdilobdnen akademiuri moswrebis gaumjobesebas. saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi

293

Tavi 11

maswavleblebi klass ase mimarTavdnen: `sakmaod didxans asulelebdiT adamianebs. viciT, rom
goneba giWriT da kargad swavla SegiZliaT. gvjera, rom Tqveni momavlisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania, isev mogcemT Tu ara cudad swavlis nebas. ase rom, am wels ise unda imuSaoT,
rogorc arasodes gimuSaviaT da ise unda iswavloT, rogorc arasdros giswavliT~.
aseTi midgomis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad gaizarda moswavleTa tempi, davalebebis sirTule
da moTxovnebi da swavlebis intensivoba. wlis bolosTvis maTma umravlesobam ori wlis saswavlo Sinaarsi daZlia.
dabali moswrebis moswavleebisTvis standartebis, molodinebisa da swavlebis intensivobis `amaRlebis~ amgvar praqtikas `akademiuri wiTeli perangis gadacma~ (academic redshirting) ewodeba da kidev erTxel iCina Tavi henri levinis (Henry Levin) `daCqarebul skolebSi~
(Hopfenberg da sxvebi, 1993). Cveni mizania, jgufis formirebis kriteriumis miuxedavad, jgufis farglebSi TviT dajgufebis faqtis Sesaxeb maswavleblebisa da moswavleTa saukeTeso
gamocdilebis, damokidebulebisa da Sexedulebebis cnobili magaliTi SemogTavazoT.
SeerTebul StatebSi monitoringis Sesaxeb Catarebulma kvlevebma (Oakes 1985) daasabuTa,
rom dabali moswrebis moswavleebi sistematurad awydebian dabal molodinebs, swavlis
dabali moswrebis moswavleebisaTvis stand
nakleb SesaZleblobebs, naklebad saintereso
artebisa da molodinebis amaRlebas `akademi
masalas da naklebad saintereso swavlebas.
uri wiTeli perangis gadacma~ ewodeba.
kvlevebma aseve aCvena, rom feradkaniani,
gansakuTrebiT ki qalaqSi mcxovrebi moswavleebi, kidev ufro araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi arian. rekomendaciebi saSualo skolaSi
monitoringze uaris Tqmisa da heterogenuri dajgufebis Sesaxeb saqmes didad ver Svelis.
struqturis Secvla swavlebis, maswavleblisa da moswavleebis rwmenisa da damokidebulebis
Secvlis gareSe verafers gviSvelis. (am ganzogadebidan erTi gamonaklisi SeiZleba iyos dabali donis monitoringis mospoba mravalmimarTulebian skolebSi da momdevno, ufro maRali
donis monitoringis, standartebisa da molodinebis gamoyeneba dabali monitoringis moswavleTa mimarT.)
heterogenuli dajgufebebis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebiT, romlebic sinTezirebulia
mTeli rigi originaluri kvlevebis (Slavin 1988 & Gamoran 1992) safuZvelze, dasturdeba, rom
mTliani saSualo miRweva moswavleebisa monitoringis mqone da armqone skolebSi daaxloebiT erTnairia da literaturaSi `produqtiuloba~ ewodeba. monitoringis mqone skolebi
ufro `produqtiulebi~ ar arian, vidre monitoringis armqone da, piriqiT. Tumca monitoringis mqone skolebSi moswavleTa miRwevebis ufro farTo diapazoni SeiniSneba, vidre monitoringis armqoneSi. monitoringis mqone zogierT skolaSi maRali moswrebis moswavleTa
warmateba, SesaZloa, daCqarebuli programiT aixsnas (an ufrosebis rwmeniT, romlebic maTgan warmatebas elian). dabali monitoringis mqone moswavleebi monitoringis mqone skolaSi
ufro cudad swavloben, vidre yvelaze arasaxarbielo moswrebis mqone moswavleebi monitoringis armqone skolaSi. garegnulad, SesaZloa mogveCvenos, rom dabali moswrebis mqone
moswavleebisTvis monitoringis uqonloba sasargebloa, magram xels uSlis maRali SesaZleblobebis mqone moswavleebs TavianTi potencialis srul gamoyenebaSi.
calkeuli kvlevebidan viciT, rom dabali moswrebis mqone moswavleebs monitorignis
mqone skolebSi dajgufebis, daCqarebuli programebisa da warmatebis maRali molodinebis
safuZvelze warmatebis miRweva SeuZliaT. aseve viciT, rom monitoringis armqone garemoSi
yvelaze unariani moswavleebi swavlebis saxecvlilebiT SeiZleba Sesatyvisi sirTuleebis
winaSe davayenoT.
amrigad, daskvnebi naTelia:

gamovricxoT dabali monitoringi (bottom track) iq, sadac mravalferovani monitoringi gvaqvs.

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davexmaroT maswavleblebs am TavSi mocemuli rwmenebisa da qcevebis aTvisebaSi, raTa

maT SeZlon dadebiTi molodinebis Setyobineba yvela moswavlisTvis.

davexmaroT maswavlebelebs swavlebis repertuaris saxecvlilebaSi, maRali monitor-

ingis (top track) gauqmebasa da mravali moswavlis CarTvaSi ise, rom xeli ar SeuSalon
maRali moswrebis individebs sakuTari SesaZleblobebis srulfasovan gamovlenaSi.

axla vnaxoT dawyebiT skolaSi Catarebuli kvlevebis monacemebi. dawyebiT klasebSi

monitoringi did gavlenas ver axdens verc maRali da verc dabali moswrebis moswavleebze.
slavinis (Slavin 1992) azriT, SesaZlo mizezi albaT is gaxlavT, rom dawyebiT klasebSi monitoringi didad ver amcirebs namdvil heterogenurobas. mravali avtori varaudobs, rom
TviTSefasebisa da motivaciisTvis miyenebuli ziani, romelsac dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebi ganicdian, Rrma da xangrZlivia da Tavs mogvianebiT, saSualo skolaSi iCens. amrigad,
dawyebiT klasebSi moswavleTa monitoringi arafris momtania. erT-erTi gamonaklisi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: calkeuli kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom `niWierma~ moswavleebma, SesaZloa dawyebiT klasebSi homogenuri dajgufebiT upiratesoba moipovon. SesaZloa, maTi moTxovnebi
standartul klasSi diferencirebuli swavlebiT daakmayofilon Sesatyvisi repertuaris
mqone maswavleblebma.
`monitoringi~ da `klasTaSorisi dajgufeba~ niSnavs, rom moswavleebi dajgufebuli arian SesaZleblobebisa da winare saqmianobis safuZvelze. monitoringi ufro imaze mianiSnebs,
rom moswavleebi zogadi unarebis mixedviT arian `daxarisxebuli~ da dajgufebuli yvela
saswavlo kursis erTad gasavlelad. naklebad xist saskolo struqturebSi moswavleebs SeuZliaT SearCion zogierT saganSi ufro maRali monitoringis mqone, xolo zogierTSi ufro
dabali monitoringis mqone kursebi. termini `klasTaSorisi dajgufeba~ ufro xSirad dawyebiT skolaSi gamoiyeneba da niSnavs, rom moswavleebi Sesatyvis klasebSi SesaZleblobebis
mixedviT arian ganawilebuli.
klasis SigniT dajgufeba warmoadgens moswavleTa droebiT dajgufebas zogierTi unars, koncefciis an operaciisTvis; es dajgufebebi homogenuria samuSaosadmi mzaobiTa da
moTxovniT. am saxis droebiTi dajgufebis Sesaxeb kvlevaTa monacemebi erTmniSvnelovnad
dadebiTia, Tu warmodgenilia Semdegi oTxi piroba:
1. moswavleebi heterogenurad arian dajgufebulni dRis umetes periodSi.
2. dajgufeba amcirebs heterogenurobas calkeuli saswavlo unarisTvis.
3. dajgufeba moqnilia.
4. maswavlebeli swavlebis tempsa da dones moswavleTa mzaobasa da swavlis siCqares
usadagebs.
joplinis gegmas (Joplin plan), romelic iSviaTad gamoiyeneba, mraval kvlevaSi erTmniSvnelovnad dadebiTi Sedegebi aqvs. es gegma dawyebiT skolaSi dajgufebis modelia, sadac
moswavleebi mTeli skolis masStabiT garkveuli droiT jgufdebian klasisa da asakis miuxedavad. joplinis gegmis danergva moiTxovs organizaciis, liderobisa da maswavlebelTa komunikaciis maRal dones _ pirobebs, romelic mraval skolaSi ubralod ar arsebobs.
ra daskvnebis gakeTeba SegviZlia dajgufebaTa Sesaxeb kvlevebis safuZvelze? pirveli,
periodulad, roca calkeul moswavleebs damatebiTi swavleba an varjiSi sWirdebaT (maT
Soris ufros klasebSic), konkretuli sakiTxebis swavlebis mizniT da zemoxsenebuli oTxi
pirobis dacviT, klasis SigniT dajgufeba unda gamoviyenoT. amgvar dajgufebamde danarCeni moswavleebisTvis unda movamzadoT savarjiSoebi, raTa uzrunvelvyoT maTi CarTuloba
da progresis Sesaxeb ukukavSiri. maswavlebels unda hqondes sivrcis, drois, rutinisa da
tempis menejmentis kargad SemuSavebuli repertuari da dagegmvis unar-Cvevebi, raTa SeZlos
miznebis, saswavlo gamocdilebisa da Sefasebis SerCeva. (90-wuTiani periodebi an ganvrco-

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bili gakveTilis sxva konfiguracia gansakuTrebiT xelsayrelia, radgan mcire jgufebis

instruqtirebis, danarCen moswavleebTan savarjiSoebis Sesrulebisa da diskusiis saSualebas gvaZlevs.) kargi swavlebisTvis mTavaria, rom maswavlebelma SeZlos mcire jgufebis
instruqtireba, rasac am wignSi mocemuli parametrebis farTo speqtris mixedviT kargad
SemuSavebuli repertuari sWirdeba.
meore, nebismieri saxis monitoringisa da dajgufebis udidesi safrTxe mosawyeni, unarCvevasa da gamosworebaze orientirebuli, uintereso swavlebaa. yovelive amis sazRauri
ki ara marto moswavleTa TviTSefasebis daqveiTeba, aramed interesisa da motivaciis dakargvaa. dabali unar-Cvevebisa da moswrebis moswavleebs, imis miuxedavad, vajgufebT Tu
ara instruqtirebisTvis, saintereso da Sesatyvisi Temebi unda SevTavazoT. amas garda, isini
maRali donis azrovnebasa da msjelobaSi unda CavrToT. nacvlad amisa, xSirad, isini furclebze mocemul pasiur savarjiSoebs asruleben, rac, ZiriTadad, gamocnobasa da gaxsenebazea orientirebuli.
swavlebis midgoma, romelic sainteresos xdis diskusias, SesaZlebelia dabali SesaZleblobebis mecxreklaselebTanac da moicavs maTTvis kiTxvis strategiebisa (urTierTswavlebis msgavsad, romelic pelinsqarisa da braunis (Palinscar & Brawn 1984) mier SemuSavebuli interaqtiuli kiTxvis mZlavri strategiaa) da iseTi unarebis swavlebas, rogoricaa
SeniSvnebis Cawera standartuli programis farglebSi. aseve moicavs maTTvis diskusiisa
da socialuri unar-Cvevebis swavlebas. Cven sistematurad vayalibebT moswavleebSi maTive
saRi gonebis gamoyenebis unars maRali donis azrovnebasTan warmatebuli interaqciisTvis.
amisTvis swavleba saSualo skolis mravali maswavleblisgan moiTxovs maswavleblis rolis
xelaxal konceptualizacias. maswavlebeli mxolod sagnis Sinaarsis specialisti ki ara, sagnis maswavlebelia; is moswavleTa maswavlebelia da es roli moicavs moswavleebisTvis swavlis ufro efeqtiani strategiebisa da unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebis swavlebas. maswavleblebma
swavlis stilze, saswavlo gamocdilebaze, sizustis instrumentebze, swavlis principebsa
da sxva mraval sakiTxze am wignSi arsebuli masalebi unda gamoiyenon moswavleebisTvis im
strategiebisa da unar-Cvevebis swavlebis mizniT, romelic gazrdis maTi, rogorc efeqtiani
moswavleebis kompetencias.

davalebebis micema da Sesruleba

davalebis micemisas moswavleebs xSirad Setyobinebebsac vugzavniT, kerZod, Cveni azriT, davaleba martivia Tu rTuli, did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs Tu ara, gvjera Tu ara maTi
warmatebis, rogor vfiqrobT, maTi warmateba unarze, Zalisxmevasa Tu iRbalzea damokidebuli.
me-8 TavSi Cven davalebebis micemis aspeqtebi ganvixileT. kerZod, ician Tu ara moswavleebma ra unda gaakeTon (mimarTuleba), ician Tu ara ratom asruleben am davalebas _ ra kavSiri
aqvs mas konkretul saswavlo amocanasTan. am nawilSi ganvixilavT davalebebis micemis dros
moswavleebisTvis maTdami rwmenis Sesaxeb gagzavnil Setyobinebebs.
maswavlebeli me-6 klaselebs eubneba: `am kviraSi Tqveni davalebaa waikiTxoT moTxrobis
bolo sami Tavi da mzad iyoT, warmoadginoT is faqtorebi, romlebmac Tqveni azriT xeli Seuwyo salemSi jadoqrobis isteriis klimatis Seqmnas~. davaleba sakmaod martivi Cans. SesaZloa
moswavleebma zustad ver gaigon, konteqstis mixedviT ras niSnavs `klimati~ an `faqtorebi~,
magram davuSvaT, gaiges. calkeuli individebisTvis maswavlebels Setyobineba ar gaugzavnia.
risi gageba sWirdebaT maT?
saklaso oTaxidan gasvlisas maswavlebeli ramdenime maTgans aCerebs kerZo mimarTvisTvis:

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`kaneiSa, es samuSao kargad gamogiva. wigns yuradRebiT kiTxulobdi da bolo ori dava-

lebis Sesrulebisas karg SeniSvnebs akeTebdi. Cemi azriT, mzad xar, yvelafers Tavi
mouyaro~.

`jon, ramdeni dro gaqvs gaTvaliswinebuli saRamos davalebis Sesasruleblad?~

`mari, wigni saxlSi migaqvs, xom? [mari iRimeba da eTanxmeba.] ho, sworad iqcevi!~ [maswavlebeli tuCebs pruwavs.]

`jorj, Zal-Rone ar daiSuro. es sami Tavi mainc waikiTxe~.

maswavlebeli kaneiSas maRali, dadebiTi molodinis matarebel Setyobinebas ugzavnis.
misi azriT, kaneiSa mzad aris davalebis warmatebiT SesrulebisaTvis.
Znelia, jonisadmi gagzavnili Setyobinebis arsis gageba. Tu joni zarmacia da maswavlebelma es adrec `Seatyobina~, maSin jons maswavleblis kiTxvis aseTi interpretacia SeuZlia:
`vfiqrob, amas mainc ar gaakeTeb~. SesaZloa jons maswavleblis am mosazrebasTan Sesatyvisobis survili gauCndes. meore mxriv, maswavlebels, SesaZloa, ramdenime Sexvedra hqonda
jonTan da saSinao davalebis Sesasruleblad erTad Seadgines ganrigi. SesaZloa, maswavlebeli axsenebs am SeTanxmebas da mis gamo pasuxismgeblobas sTxovs. am SemTxvevaSi Setyobineba
sakmaod gansxvavebuli iqneba Tavdapirveli (`zarmaci~) variantisagan.
marisadmi mimarTvaSi maswavleblis eWvi Cans: `marTlac apirebs mari wignis saxlSi waRebas Tu ara~. maswavleblis sityvebi, SesaZloa, marim davalebis Seusruleblobis nebarTvad
miiCnios, radgan maswavlebeli misgan swored amas elodeba.
jorji dabali molodinis Semcvel Setyobinebas iRebs. maswavlebeli kmayofili iqneba,
Tu is gadaxedavs mainc moTxrobis sam Tavs da misgan davalebis kiTxvaze fiqrs ar elodeba.
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, jorji waikiTxavs, magram ar ifiqrebs. maswavleblis molodini mxolod sami Tavis wakiTxvaa. molodini marTlac mcirea, radgan maswavlebeli ambobs, `waikiTxe
mainc~, rac imas mianiSnebs, rom sul mcire wakiTxvis mcdelobis molodini mainc aqvs.
es magaliTebi gviCvenebs, rom SerCeuli sityvebiTa da niSnebis eniT maswavlebli moswavleebs maT Sesaxeb sakuTar Sexedulebas acnobs. garda individualuri komentarebisa, maswavlebeli zogjer mTel klassac mimarTavs davalebis Taobaze. misi naTqvami _ `rTuli davalebaa da wakiTxuli Tavebis gaxsenebas moiTxovs, magram mjera, rom SeasrulebT, Tu sakmaris
dros dauTmobT da SeniSvnebs gamoiyenebT~ _ is maRali, dadebiTi molodinis matarebel
Setyobinebas ugzavnis erTdroulad mTel klass. davalebis sirTulis aRiareba moswavleebs
Zalisxmevis mobilizebas aiZulebs. (davalebis simartiveze saubari `gamarjvebuli aravinaa~
Setyobinebis matarebelia. Tu davaleba martivia da misi Sesruleba yvelas SeuZlia, mis Sesrulebas azri ara aqvs. Tu moswavleebs Zalisxmeva dasWirdaT iseTi davalebis SesrulebisTvis, romelic maswavleblis varaudiT advili unda yofiliyo, isini daaskvnian, rom Wkua
ar uWriT.)
individualuri Tu mTeli klasis misamarTiT verbaluri Setyobinebebis garda, SeiZleba
davalebis Taobaze werilobiTi miTiTebebic gamoviyenoT: `es davaleba mniSvnelovania da
qulis momatebis karg Sanss gaZlevT. ecadeT, gamoiyenoT es SesaZlebloba~.
imedi gvaqvs, rom wignis mkiTxvelebi sakuTar Tavs yurs daugdeben moswavleebisTvis
davalebis micemis am yoveldRiuri proceduris dros. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas miaqceven
individualur komentarebs. amas garda, gvsurs, davarwmunoT mkiTxvelebi, rom gazardon mozomilad dadebiTi da wamaxalisebeli Setyobinebebis raodenoba im moswavleebis misamarTiT,
romlebsac arasaxarbielo akademiuri moswreba, dabali motivacia da TviTSefaseba aqvT:
`Carli, es Seni SesaZleblobebis gamovlenis kargi Sansia. Tavi ar dazogo. araCveulebrivad
giWris goneba da minda xvalindeli diskusiis wamyvanad gixilo!~

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Sejameba
damkvirvebelma (an maswavlebelma, romelic sakuTar Tavs akvirdeba) SeiZleba am
parametrSi aRwerili maswavleblis qcevis maformirebeli midgomebidan erT-erTi gamoiyenos: (1) gamoikvlios maswavleblis mier molodinTa Setyobinebis zusti buneba gansxvavebuli
davalebebisa da gansxvavebuli SemTxvevebis gaTvaliswinebiT pirdapirobis, specifikurobis, ganmeorebadobis, dadebiTobisa da siZlieris TvalsazrisiT da Semdeg am molodinebSi nagulisxmev standartebs daakvirdes an (2) gamoikvlios maswavleblis mier molodinTa
Setyobinebis zusti buneba aTi sferos, rogorc moswavleTa `sxartebad~ da `sustebad~ dayofis Sesaxeb klasis mikerZoebuli azris, indikatorad. marTlac, sasargebloa, yuradRebiT
davakvirdeT sakuTar Tavs da SevamowmoT xom ara varT `sxarti-susti~-s maxeSi gabmulebi.
amrigad, molodinis parametris qcevis es paternebi im rwmenas unda Seesabamebodes,
rom yvela moswavles SeuZlia rTuli saswavlo masalis daZleva maRali standartebis Sesatyvisad. Cveni naTqvami `yvela moswavles SeuZlia~ Cveni saqmianobis Tanxvdenili unda iyos.
Tu `sxarti-susti~-s crurwmenis daZleva gvsurs, romelic, mecnierTa azriT, yvela moswavlisTvis swavlis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis usamarTlo SezRudvaa, maSin kuperis mier Tavmoyril camet qcevas Tavs avaridebT, zustad gvecodineba yoveli sferos Sesatyvisi molodinebi da vecdebiT, yvela moswavlem saukeTesos standarts miaRwios. moswavleebs Cveneuli
molodinebis `aRmatebisTvis~ mraval SesaZleblobas SevuqmniT.
saSualo warmatebis mqone skolebSi desegregaciis sami aTwleulis bolos Cveni sazogadoeba SavkanianTa, laTinoamerikelTa da sxva feradkanianTa seriozuli warumateblobis
winaSe aRmoCnda. moswavleTaTvis dadebiTi molodinebis gadacema da Cveneuli (SesaZloa sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb maTeuli) stereotipebis rRveva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania (Howard
& Hammond, 1985). is, Tu ras gaakeTeben adamianebi, Rrmad aris fesvgadgmuli maTive rwmenaSi
imis Sesaxeb, risi gakeTeba SeuZliaT. ra unda viRonoT Cven, rogorc ganaTlebis mesveurebma,
rom moswavleebs, gansakuTrebiT feradkanianebs, sakuTari Tavis rwmena gavuRvivoT? pigmalionis qcevaze uaris Tqma kargi dasawyisia, magram ra aris Semdegi nabiji?
mravali avtorisa da mkvlevaris azriT, axali kurikulumi da axali, ufro mkacri, standartebi ar aris sakmarisi. `pirvel yovlisa, eWvgareSea, rom mcireSemosavlian adgilebSi
mdebare skolebSi warmatebuli maswavleblis aucilebeli Tavisebureba dadebiTi damokidebulebaa. sityvebis sworad SerCeva ar kmara. arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ra aSkara da
farul Setyobinebebs iReben moswavleebi maswavleblisagan swavlis maTeuli unarebis Sesaxeb~ (Frick 1987).
mcirewlovan bavSvebs miaCniaT, rom warmateba Zalisxmevas mosdevs; arsebiTad, maTTvis
Zalisxmeva da unari sinonimebia (Nicholls 1978). magram asakis matebasTan erTad bavSvebi akademiur warmatebas ufro metad bunebriv unars miaweren da ara Zalisxmevas. es maT Caketil
wreSi aqcevs, radgan Tu viRac ver swavlobs, ese igi, gonebaClungia. mravali arasaxarbielo
moswrebis mqone moswavle sabazo klasebSi Tavs aridebs skolas da wyvets mcdelobas, radgan
maT urCevniaT zarmacebad Tvlidnen, da ara gonebaClungebad. rac ufro metad davarwmunebT
moswavleebs, rom warmatebis sawindari unari da Zalisxmevaa (da ara iRbali an martivi samuSao), miT ukeTesi Sedegebi eqnebaT feradkanianebs da, faqtobrivad, yvela moswavles.
naTqvami, `Tu Seni qula saSualo an saSualoze dabalia, maSin testze sami saaTi unda imuSao~
niSnavs, `swored amdeni muSaoba gWirdeba umaRlesi qulis misaRebad da Sen es SegiZlia~.
jef hovardi1 mravaljer (Howard 1985, 1990, 1995) imeorebs, rom Rrmad fesvgadgmuli
1 Cven valSi varT jef hovardis (efeqtianobis instituti, leqsingtoni, masaCusetsi) winaSe misi novatoruli naSromisTvis,
romelSic xazi gausva Zalisxmevis mniSvnelobas moswavlis warmatebis gansazRvrisas. misi mosazrebebi mocemulia momdevno
or gverdze.)

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molodinebi

amerikuli paradigma `inteleqti miRweva~ mcdari da imavdroulad Cveni skolebis wamyvani

principia. mas eTanxmeba arc meti arc naklebi, loran rezniki (Lauren Resnick), qveynis masStabiT Sefasebis erovnuli standartebis Seqmnis proeqtis xelmZRvaneli:
ra kavSiria unarsa da Zalisxmevas Soris? am saukunis dasawyisSi ganaTlebis
sistema im varaudze avageT, rom unari swavlaSi pirvelxarisxovania da is
mniSvnelovanwilad memkvidreobiTia. sistema orientirebuli iyo SerCevaze, bunebiT dajildoebulebis naklebad dajildoebulebisgan garCevaze da
maTi talantis Sesatyvisi programebiT uzrunvelyofaze. sxva periodebSi,
ufro metad ki `didi sazogadoebis~ reformebis dros makompensirebeli principis mixedviT vmuSaobdiT, vamtkicebdiT, rom individisa Tu institutis mier
gaweul gansakuTrebul Zalisxmevas dabali unaris daZleva SeeZlo. mesame SesaZleblobas, rom Zalisxmeva marTlac qmnis unars, rom moswavleebi SeiZleba sxartebi gaxdnen sworad SerCeul saswavlo davalebebze Tavdauzogavi muSaobis
Sedegad, arasdros seriozulad ar uyurebdnen amerikaSi an metic, nebismier evropul sazogadoebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom es mTavari saganmanaTleblo daSvebaa konfucis tradiciebis mqone sazogadoebebSi.2 [unariT SezRudul amgvar
SexedulebaSi] moswavleebi ar cdiloben dabali molodinebis barieris garRvevas, radgan isini TavianTi maswavleblebisa da mSoblebis msgavsad iziareben
azrs, rom unari umTavresia da maT saTanado unari ara aqvT. gasakviri ar aris,
rom maTi moswreba kvlav arasaxarbielo rCeba. im bavSvebs, romelTac momTxovni, rTuli, azrovnebaze agebuli kurikulumiT ar aswavlian, cudi Sedegebi aqvT
azrovnebisa Tu problemaTa gadaWraze agebul testebze muSaobisas, rac adasturebs Cvens Tavdapirvel eWvs, rom maT ara aqvT amgvari azrovnebis niWi. sistema TviTmtkicebadia, sadac SeniRbuli varaudebi ganuwyvetliv marTldeba TviT
am varaudebze dafuZnebuli gamocdilebis SedegebiT.
saWiro ar aris am gziT gavagrZeloT siaruli. unari skolebis organizebis
erTaderTi safuZveli rodia. saganmanaTleblo institutebi SesaZlebelia aigos alternatiul daSvebaze, rom Zalisxmeva faqtobrivad qmnis unars. Cveni saganmanaTleblo sistema SesaZlebelia ZiriTadad Zalisxmevis xelSewyobaze aigos (Resnick 1995).
am avtorTa naSromebis safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom swored maswavleblis Rrma
rwmena, rom yvela moswavles namdvilad SeuZlia rTuli
saswavlo samuSaos Sesruleba maRali standartebis SearsebiTad Zalisxmeva qmnis unars.
sabamisad, aris gadamwyveti yvela moswavlisTvis maRali dadebiTi molodinebis matarebeli Setyobinebebis
gadacemisas. miuxedavad Cveni genetikuri memkvidreobisa, Cven yvela daujereblad rTul
analitikur amocanas varTmevT Tavs _ sami wlis asakSi metyvelebas viwyebT, Semdeg yvelas
sakmarisad gviWris goneba saswavlo davalebis kargad Sesasruleblad _ es efeqtiani Zalisxmevis Sedegia. aq sakvanZo sityva efeqtiania. mxolod meti Zalisxmeva warmatebis garantia
ar gaxlavT.

2 am ganzogadebidan gamonaklisi SesaZloa alfred bine, 1908 wels Semecnebaze dafuZnebuli pirveli IQ testis Semqmnelia,
romelmac Tqva, rom: `inteleqti mgrZnobiarea ganviTarebis mimarT; varjiSiTa da wvrTniT, gansakuTrebiT ki, swavlebi saTanado meTodebiT SegviZlia gavzardoT bavSvis yuradReba, mexsiereba, azrovneba davexmaroT gaxdes ufro Wkviani, vidre
iyo~. inteleqti ar aris myari, ucvleli, an platonuri, SezRuduli arsi. inteleqti `wvrTnadia~ (educable). is `gonebrivi orTopediis~ momxre iyo, romelic bavSvebs ukeT dakvirvebas, mosmenas, damaxsovrebasa da msjelobas aswavlis; isini Tavdajerebulobas, konkurenciis unars, simtkices, warmatebis miRwevis survilsa da yvela im saukeTeso gancdas iZenen, romelic Tan
sdevs qmedebas; maT gansakuTrebiT nebisyofis ufro intensiuri gamovlena unda vaswavloT; nebisyofa nebismieri ganaTlebis
gasaRebia.)

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Tavi 11

moswavlis unarze aseTi Sexeduleba avaldebulebs maswavlebels mas efeqtiani Zalisxmeva

aswavlos. es swavlebis rolis bevrisaTvis axali da ucnobi aspeqtia. efeqtian Zalisxmevas
oTxi niSani aqvs:
1. dro.
moswavleebi sakmaris wuTebsa da saaTebs uTmoben samuSaos Sesrulebas. miuxedavad
amisa, es dro arasakmarisia rTuli saswavlo amocanebis Sesasruleblad, es sine qua
non-ia. mravali moswavle ubralod ver xvdeba, rom monaxazis Seqmnaze, gasworebasa
Tu redaqtirebaze daxarjul ramdenime saaTSi naSromi ver gaxdeba maRali standartebis Sesabamisi. maswavlebelma unda imsjelos moswavleebTan erTad, ra dro
unda daxarjon saswavlo davalebaze imisaTvis, rom is maRal standartebs pasuxobdes.
2. gulisyuri.
samuSao dro efeqtiani unda iyos da yuradRebis gafantva ar unda xdebodes. zogierTi moswavle musikas, xmamaRalsac ki, yuradRebis gamfantavad ar miiCnevs. gulisyuris gansazRvraSi individualuri stilis Tavisuflebis xarisxi uzomoa. Tum
ca akademiuri samuSaos Sesrulebisas megobrebTan damdegi SabaT-kviris gatarebaze
saubari an televizoris yureba SeuTavsebelia gulisyuris koncefciasTan.
3. resursebis siuxve.
moswavleebma ician, sad da rogor unda eZebon daxmareba. daxmarebis wyaroebi SesaZlebelia sxva adamianebi (megobrebi, saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis centrebi, naTesavebi) an sxva wyaroebi (damatebiTi literatura, interneti, biblioTeka) iyos.
moswavleebs unda vaswavloT, amgvari resursebis raoba da maTi gamoyeneba. erT-erT
meoTxe klasSi bavSvebis jgufi adgilobrivi amerikelebis tomebze moxsenebas amzadebda. jgufma moxseneba imaze saubriT daiwyo, Tu sad moipoves informacia, ra winaaRmdegobebi SexvdaT da rogor daZlies. swored maswavlebelma aswavla maT, rogor gamoeyenebinaT saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi klasis gareT daxmareba informaciis
mopovebisTvis.
4. strategiebi.
moswavleebma ician akademiuri samuSaoebis Sesrulebis Sesatyvisi strategiebi da
iyeneben maT. mravali literaturuli wyaro adasturebs, rom moswavleebi gacilebiT ukeT asruleben akademiur samuSaos, roca maswavlebeli maT kiTxvis, gaazrebis,
organizebis, namuSevris Semowmebis, ganxilvis, damaxsovrebisa da Sejamebis strategiebs aswavlis (Paris, Wasik, and Turner 1991; Pressley, Borkowsky, and Schneider 1987).
arsebobs maTematikis swavlebis strategiebic. mkiTxveli albaT icnobs kidec am
strategiaTagan zogierTs, magaliTad, urTierTswavlebas, da mnemonikur sakvanZo
sityvaTa teqnikas.
nebismier maswavlebels SeuZlia moswavleTa miRwevebis gaumjobeseba swavlebis rolis
koncefciis gafarToebiT. Cven yvelam metakognituri strategiebi unda vaswavloT teqstidan nawyvetis mniSvnelobis gageba da weris dros azrebis organizeba da warmodgena. es
yvelam erTad unda gavakeToT _ maTematikis, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis, ucxo enebis,
fizkulturis, musikisa Tu xelovnebis maswavleblebma. Cven yvelani kiTxvisa da weris maswavleblebi unda viyoT, radgan es kargad swavlisa da azrovnebis wina pirobaa.
am Sexedulebas didi xnis istoria da saxeli ki aqvs kiTxva da wera konkretul saganSi
(Reading and Writing in the Content Area) da arsebobs saxelmZRvaneloebi maswavleblisaTvis
(Vacca and Vacca 1989). winamdebare Tavis wyalobiT Sexedulebam damatebiTi stimuli SeiZina.
Tu Cven efeqtiani Zalisxmevis mniSvnelobaSi moswavleTa darwmuneba da Tandayolili in-

300

molodinebi

teleqtis Sesaxeb maTi Sexedulebebis Secvla gvsurs, maSin maT saWiro strategiebi unda
vaswavloT.

ramdenime boloTqma
SesaZloa yovel skolas `usazRvro molodinebze~ pasuxismgebeli adamiani sWirdeba,
romelic `gamoaRviZebs~ maswavleblebs,
SesaZloa yovel skolas `usazRvro molodinebze~
drodadro Seaxsenebs maT gadaxedon sapasuxismgebeli adamiani sWirdeba.
kuTar molodinebsa da moTxovnebs moswavleTa saqmianobis mimarT. SesaZloa,
es am Tavis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani gavlena iyos mkiTxvelebze. am parametris ganxilvisas
imedi gvaqvs da gpirdebiT, rom yvela moswavlisadmi samarTliani da erTnairi mopyroba sasikeTod waadgeba maT saswavlo saqmianobas.
molodinis parametri imis magaliTia, rom swavleba saqmeze metia. Tu warmatebuli swavleba moswavleTa sakuTar ZalebSi darwmunebasac, maSin is sulierebasTan dakavSirebuli
saqmianoba ufroa, vidre xeloba.

301

molodinebi - Sejameba
1. zustad vici da darwmunebuli var Tu ara Cems molodinebSi?

pirdapiri
specifikuri
ganmeorebiTi
dadebiTi
modelirebuli
mtkice
swrafi ukukavSiri samuSaosTan
detaluri ukukavSiri samuSaosTan
pirovnuli kontaqti ukukavSirisTvis
bodiSi ar miiReba
saukeTeso namuSevris aRiareba
cudi namuSevris logikuri Sedegebi
2. vugzavni Tu ara yvela moswavles Semdeg zogad Setyobinebebs:
`es mniSvnelovania~.
`Sen SeZleb amas~.
`xels ar Cagaqnevineb~.

molodinebi
Sejameba

Cemi gzavnilebi mkafioa Tu ara da atarebs Tu ara Semdeg Taviseburebebs?

3. aris Tu ara Cemi saerTo standartebi Sesabamisi?

arc erTi.
odnav Tanmimdevruli.
Zalze dabali.
Zalze maRali.
saSualo.
STamagonebel-bundovani.
maRali, magram gaumarTlebeli.
4. rogor vusadageb Cem molodinebs sxvadasxva moswavles?

araviTari diskriminacia.
diferencirebuli da mimRebi.
diferencirebuli da uzrunvelmyofi.
garkveuli daSvebebis gaTvaliswinebiT

maRali standartebisTvis (saukeTeso) mo-

muSave.

5. pigmalionis efeqti. exeba Tu ara qvemoTCamoTvlili kiTxvebi Cems saqmianobas?

sxartebs ufro xSirad vuRimi da mowonebis niSnad Tavs vuqnev Tu ara?

303

ufro xSirad sxartebis mxares viWer xolme Tu ara?

sxartebs ufro xSirad vuyureb xolme Tu ara TvalebSi?
nel moswavleebs axali masalis swavlis ufro nakleb SesaZleblobas vaZlev Tu ara?
sxart moswavleebs ufro met miniSnebas vaZlev araswori pasuxis SemTxvevaSi Tu ara
(meti gameoreba da perifrazireba)?
sxarti moswavleebis pasuxebs ufro met yuradRebas vuTmob Tu ara?
sxart moswavleebs pasuxisTvis ufro met dros vaZlev Tu ara?
sxart moswavleebTan ufro xSiri saswavlo urTierToba maqvs Tu ara?
sxartebs ufro xSirad vaqeb swori pasuxisTvis Tu ara?
nel moswavleebs ufro xSirad vakritikeb mcdari pasuxisTvis Tu ara?
zemoT CamoTvlili kiTxvebi ufro gogonebs exeba Tu biWebs?

304

molodinebi - savarjiSo
molodinebTan dakavSirebiT Cveni repertuaris safuZvelia Cvenive Sexedulebebi Cveni, rogorc maswavleblis rolisa da moswavleTa SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb. am kiTxvaris mizania SevamowmoT, ramdenad gvesmis Sexedulebebsa da am
Sexedulebebis safuZvelze Seqmnil gamocdilebas Soris kavSiri.

molodinTa Setyobineba
1. moitaneT qvemoT mocemuli oTxi sferodan molodinis erTi magaliTi:
2. Sromis xarisxi da raodenoba.
4. saqmisa da meojaxeobis rutina.
5. interpersonaluri qceva.
6. rogoria zemoT CamoTvlil erT-erT kategoriaSi (da ara sxvebSi) molodinTa
sizustis Sedegebi? moitaneT magaliTebi da iyaviT specifikuri.
7. `Sens naSroms daxvewa sWirdeba~ naTqvamis nacvlad Cemi molodinebi SeiZleba
specifikurad Sevatyobino Semdegi sityvebiT . . .
8. moitaneT molodinTa ganmeorebiTi Setyobinebis magaliTebi.
9. maswavlebels SeuZlia moswavlisTvis dadebiTi molodinebis Setyobineba
misi SesaZleblobebis Taobaze. gamoiyeneT citireba realur konteqstSi
aseTi molodinis sademonstraciod.
10. ra ori mniSvneloba aqvs sityvas `modelirebuli~ molodinebTan dakavSirebiT?

molodinebi savarjiSo

3. Sromis Cvevebi da procedura.

11. aRwereT sul mcire xuTi gansxvavebuli xerxi, Tu rogor vlindeba maswavleblis qcevaSi daJineba.
12. aRwerT is faqtorebi, romlebic gansazRvravs moswavlesTan mimarTebiT daJinebis xarisxs.
13. moswavles samuSaos droulad Caubareblobis sapatio mizezi aqvs. rogor
moiqceviT am situaciaSi ise, rom ar daarRvioT principi `bodiSi ar miiReba~?
14. moitaneT iseTi ukukavSiris ori magaliTi, romelic aRiarebs saukeTeso namuSevars.
15. moitaneT cudi namuSevris logikuri Sedegebis ori kargi magaliTi.

atribuciis Teoria
atribuciis Teoria asaxavs Cveni warmatebisa da marcxis Cveneul axsnas. adamianis mier misive saqmianobis miRma arsebuli mizezebis aRqma arsebiTia misi mekoncefciis, momaval saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli molodinebis, `SemiZlias~
gancdisa da Semdgomi motivaciis TvalsazrisiT. qvemoT mocemuli sakiTxebi
atribuciis Teoriis mimoxilvaa.

305

1. mcirewlovani bavSvebi sakuTar warmatebas miaweren

da
.
2. ufro mozrdili bavSvebi da zrdasrulebi sakuTar
warmatebas miaweren
.
3. mizezi imisa, rom maswavlebels ar uyvars Tqma _ `ar idardo, es advili testia~ _
aris
.
4. mizezi imisa, Tu ratom unda moekidos maswavlebeli frTxilad naTqvams _ `warmate.
bas gisurveb am davalebis SesrulebaSi~, aris
5. moswavleebis mier kargad Sesrulebuli samuSaos Semdeg mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar
unda vTqvaT _ `biWebi marTlac, sxartebi arian~ _ aris
.
6. mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar unda vuTxraT moswavles, romelmac winaaRmdegoba daZlia
_ `ubralod, meti unda gemuSava~, aris
.
7. Tu moswavle ambobs, rom testSi kargi Sefaseba misi siadvilis gamo daimsaxura atribuciis Sesacvlelad SesaZlebelia vuTxraT
.

aTi sfero: sami sakvanZo molodinis Setyobineba

1. ra miTiTebebi unda gamoviyenoT moswavleebisTvis sami Setyobinebis gagzavnisas?
2. 11.1 sqemaze asaxuli repertuaridan nebismieri pasuxi SeiZleba Sesatyvisic iyos da
Seusabamoc. axseniT, rogor SeiZleba Seqeba Seusabamo iyos, xolo kritika Sesatyvisi.
3. Tu sami Setyobinebis gagzavna gvsurs, rogor viqceviT sakuTr TavSi Caketil da
zogjer mdumare moswavleebTan, romlebic gamoZaxebisas ar gvpasuxoben? ras isaxavs
miznad es midgoma?
4. rodesac moswavleebi daxmarebas gvTxoven, ra principiT varCevT maTTan sasaubro
sityvebs?
5. moitaneT Seqebis magaliTi, romelic moicavs specifikurobis, pirobiTobisa da
gulwrfelobis da Sesabamisobis niSnebs.
6. moitaneT Seqebis magaliTi, romelic warmatebas erTdroulad miawers Zalisxmevasa
da unars.
7. ratom agzavnis uaryofiT Setyobinebas gamasaSualebeli testis ganmeorebiTi Cabareba?
8. ra aris warmatebuli xelaxla swavlebis sakvanZo elementebi?
9. moitaneT davalebis micemis iseTi magaliTi, rodesac moswavleebs atyobinebT mis
sirTules da imavdroulad maTi SesaZleblobebisadmi rwmenas.
10. maswavleblebi molodinis Semcvel Setyobinebebs gzavnian moswavlis Secdomebis
gansazRvrisa da am Secdomebis gasworebaze muSaobis dros. dawereT im moswavlesTan dialogi, romelmac Secdoma dauSva. dialogSi ecadeT atribuciis Secvlas, rom
warmatebis miRwevis mTavari elementi efeqtiani Zalisxmevaa.

306

globaluri rwmenis sistemebi `Cemi, rogorc maswavleblis rolis~

Sesaxeb.
qvemoT mocemuli kiTxvebi 11.2 sqemaSi aRweril maswavleblis oTx tips
exeba.
1. rogor warmarTavs swavlebas arasaxarbielo moswrebis moswavleebTan pirveli da
meoTxe tipis rwmenis sistemis mqone maswavlebeli?
2. ras niSnavs umaRlesi Sefasebis miReba im klasSi, sadac aswavlis:
3. pirveli tipis maswavlebeli:
4. meore tipis maswavlebeli:
5. mesame tipis maswavlebeli:
6. meoTxe tipis maswavlebeli:
7. moitaneT ramdenime magaliTi imisa, Tu ra emarTeba meoTxe tipis maswavlebels, romelic perspeqtivas kargavs.
8. rwmenaTa mesame da meoTxe sistemebs Soris mravali msgavsebaa. CamoTvaleT gansxvavebebi.
9. am oTxi saxis rwmenidan, savaraudod romelma ufro SeiZleba warmoSvas disciplinis
problemebi da ratom?
10. savaraudod, Tavdapirvelad, romeli tipi `Sewyvets muSaobas~ da ratom?
11. ra gansxvavebaa meore da meoTxe tipis rwmenaTa sistemis mqone maswavleblebs Soris?
12. ratom aris mniSvnelovani rwmenaTa am oTxi sistemis Seswavla?
13. ra saswavlo saqmianoba moeTxoveba ufro metad saSualo skolis maswavlebels, romelic rwmenis meoTxe tipis sistemis gatarebas cdilobs?

307

Tavi 11

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310

12
pirovnuli
urTierTobis
damyareba
rogor davamyaroT xelsayreli
pirovnuli urTierToba
moswavleebTan?
urTierTobis gzebi
maswavleblis rva ZiriTadi Tavisebureba

pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba

irovnuli urTierTobis agebis parametri exeba im urTierTobas, romelsac maswavleblebi amyareben moswavleebTan da elementebs, romlebic am urTierTobas
warmatebas moutans. maswavlebels moswavleebTan kargi urTierTobis damyarebis
mravali mizezi aqvs, romelTa Soris erT-erTi klasis marTvaa. rogorc wesi, is moswavleebi,
romelTac maswavlebeli uyvarT da pativs scemen, programasac iTviseben da disciplinis
problemebic naklebad aqvT. im moswavleebs ki, romlebsac ar moswonT TavianTi maswavlebeli an neitraluri urTierToba aqvT masTan, meti midrekileba aqvT cudi qcevisaken, cudad
swavloben programiT gaTvaliswinebul sakiTxebs da ver erTvebian swavlebaSi. arsebobs moswavleebTan kargi urTierTobis damyarebis sxva mizezebic, romelTa Sorisaa: vagrZnobinoT
moswavleebs Tavi Rirseul adamianebad, SevqmnaT klasSi usafrTxo, sasiamovno da jansaRi
adamianuri garemo da saxaliso gavxadoT swavleba. yvela maswavlebeli ama Tu im saxis urTierTobas amyarebs moswavleebTan, es urTierTobebi mniSvnelovani cvladia imis gasagebad,
Tu ra xdeba rTul saklaso sazogadoebaSi da rogor iqcevian da swavloben moswavleebi.
arsebobs maswavlebelsa da moswavleebs Soris pirovnuli urTierTobis xarisxobrivi Sefasebis ori gza: erTia is, romliTac maswavlebeli moswavleTa pirovnul samyaroebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs da meore maswavleblis Taviseburebebi, romelic urTierTobebSi siyvarulsa da pativiscemas uyris safuZvels.

urTierTobis gzebi
erTi adamiani rom meores, rogorc individs daukavSirdes, man unda gaicnos is. Tu maTematikas vaswavliT, SeiZleba yuradReba mivmarToT maTematikaze da ara moswavleze, magram Tu
moswavlesac yuradRebiT movekidebiT, SevZlebT ukeT da guldasmiT movisminoT misi pasuxebi da ukeT avuxsnaT koncefciebi. amrigad, maswavlebeli konkretuli gziT pirovnulad ukavSirdeba moswavles: is informaciis procesoria. Tu maswavleblis urTierToba moswavlis
mimarT imedebiT, SiSiT, ocnebebiT da miznebiT aris savse, maSin is moswavlis am aspeqtebs
ecnoba, am mdgomareobaTa gasaRebs eZebs, masze da mis Sinagan samyaroze fiqrobs. Tu maswavlebeli moswavleebTan erTad sportul TamaSebSi monawileobs, is moqmedebs, rogorc gundis
wevri an metoqe. SesaZloa maswavlebeli mimdinare sakiTxebze esaubreba moswavles, masTan
erTad muSaobs proeqtebze, exmareba samuSaos dagegmvaSi, esaubreba saintereso pirad gamocdilebaze ojaxSi an skolis gareT, rac ase mniSvnelovania moswavlisTvis. amrigad, maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierTobis uamravi forma arsebobs: informaciis procesori,
TanamgrZnobi, mimdinare movlenebze mosaubre, saerTo interesebi garkveul saqmianobebSi
an sakiTxebSi da a.S.

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amas garda, maswavlebelma sxvadasxva moswavlesTan SesaZloa sxvadasxvagvari urTierToba daamyaros. amisaTvis sasargeblo iqneba, gamovarkvioT Cveni sakuTari repertuari da moviZioT is SesaZleblobebi, romlebic saSualebas mogvcems, Sesabamisad vupasuxoT moswavleTa
moTxovnilebebsa da klasis garemoebebs. pirovnuli urTierTobis damyarebis parametrebis
am sferoSi maswavleblis qcevis oTxi done SeiZleba gamovyoT:
1. gamovricxoT moswavleebTan, rogorc individebTan urTierToba.
2. davamyaroT moswavleebTan, rogorc individebTan mxolod erTi saxis urTierToba
(magaliTad, viyoT informaciis procesori, sportuli TamaSebis monawile da Sesvenebaze mosaubre).
3. moswavleebTan mravalgvari urTierToba davamyaroT.
4. SevarCioT moswavleebTan urTierTobis gza.
urTierTobis meoTxe done im maswavlebels axasiTebs, romelic moswavleebTan, rogorc
individebTan urTierTobisTvis xelmosaWids eZebs da ar sjerdeba aSkarasa da iols. aseTi
maswavlebeli, SesaZloa, gascdes sakuTar identobas da konkretul moswavlesTan urTierTobis dasamyareblad Seqmnas xelsayreli SesaZleblobebi saskolo dRis manZilze an skolis
Semdeg. zogierTi maswavlebeli yovel moswavlesTan yovelTviur Sexvedras awyobs (magaliTad, Tvis TiTo dRe TiToeuli moswavlisTvis). zogierTi calkeul moswavleebTan erTad
sadilobs. SesaZloa, magaliTad, devidTan urTierTobis damyarebis kargi dasawyisi masTan
erTad pianinoze simReris Sesruleba iyos.
cxadia, rom rac ufro ukeT arCevs maswavlebeli calkeul moswavleebTan konkretul
garemoebebSi urTierTobis gzebs, miT ufro myar da nayofier urTierTobas amyarebs moswavleebTan.

maswavleblis rva ZiriTadi Tavisebureba

maswavleblis TaviseburebaTa ganxilva Cveni naSromisaTvis axali, xolo TviT urTierTobaTa sferosTvis gamorCeuli sakiTxis Seswavlis saSualebas gvaZlevs. miuxedavad amisa,
Cveni azriT, aucilebelia maswavlebelTa qcevis garkveuli jgufebis gamoyofa, romelTac
moswavleebi xSirad moixsenieben intervius dros maswavleblis Sesaxeb kiTxvebze pasuxisas
(Johnson 1976). yvelaze mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebi da qcevebi moicavs: samarTlianobas,
garegnobas, iumoris grZnobas, Tavazianobas, pativiscemas, bunebriobas, urTierTobis aRdgenisa da aqtiuri mosmenis unars. sasargeblo iqneba am TaviseburebaTa dakavSireba pirovnuli urTierTobis damyarebasTan, radgan isini xels uwyobs maswavleblis mimarT met pativiscemas, rac, SesaZloa, kargi pirovnuli urTierTobis safuZveli gaxdes.

samarTlianoba
es ufro sine qua aris, vidre pirovnuli Rirseba. Tu moswavleebi usamarTlod miiCneven
maswavlebels masze damokidebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas (magaliTad, saSinao davalebebis micema, kamaTis dros `msajoba~, daxmarebis xelis SeTavazeba, gundebis SerCeva), isini
ver Seiyvareben mas.

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pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba

garegnoba
garegnobas moswavleebi mosalodnelze met yuradRebas aqceven im maswavleblis aRwerisas, romelsac pativs scemen. moswavleebi maswavleblis kopwiobasa da sifaqizes, sufTa
tansacmels, pativiscemis niSnad miiCneven. maTi azriT, zrdasruli (maswavlebeli) maT (moswavleebs) imdenad mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs, rom cdilobs kargad gamoiyurebodes (maTTvis).

iumoris grZnoba
uiliam glaseri `realurobiT Terapiis~ avtori, ambobs, rom iumori zrunvis erT-erTi
formaa. sulac ar aris aucilebeli, maswavlebelma anekdotebi uambos moswavleebs, mTavaria,
mas gulRia reaqcia hqondes sasacilo momentebSi an gaexumros im moswavleebs, romlebic
gansakuTrebiT rTul samuSaos arian SeWidebulni.

Tavazianoba
Rirseuli Jesti, romelic SesaZloa Zalze formaluri da TiTqmis ritualuric ki iyos,
pirdapiri niSania individis aRiarebisa. is personaluri Jestia da dakavSirebulia pirovnuli urTierTobis damyarebis am parametrTan. rogorc wesi, moswavleebi Sesabamisad pasuxoben Tavazianobas. mtkiceba ar sWirdeba imas, rom Tavazianoba aRiqmeba, rogorc maswavleblis
sasurveli qceva. is moxseniebuli gvaqvs, rogorc pirovnuli urTierTobis damyarebasTan
dakavSirebuli Tavisebureba, radgan moswavleebi mas mniSvnelovnad miiCneven da urTierTobis iseTive karg safuZvlad gveCveneba, rogorc samarTlianoba. is sine qua non-ia (aucilebeli
piroba) da ara pirovnuli Rirseba. Tavazianobis ararseboba amuxruWebs urTierTobas.

pativiscema
maswavlebeli moswavleebis, rogorc adamianebis mimarT, pativiscemas mravali formiT
gamoxatavs (Moustakas 1966). man SeiZleba pativi sces moswavlis interesebs da dRis ganmavlobaSi garkveuli dro gamouyos am interesebis dakmayofilebisaTvis an scados maTi integrireba kurikulumis standartul miznebTan. SesaZloa, gamoamJRavnos moswavlis mosazrebebis mimarT pativiscema imiT, rom waaxalisos da am mosazrebaTa gaukritikeblad (Tumca
garkveuli SesworebebiT) gamoxatvis saSualeba misces. maswavlebeli moswavleebis mimarT
pativiscemas imiTac gamoxatavs, rom maT Secdomebs Seuracxyofis, damcirebis gareSe usworebs (Randolf da Howe 1966), an Secdomebze saubars moswavlis namuSevris Rirsebaze saubriT iwyebs. maswavlebelma moswavlis namuSevris dafaseba damokidebulebiTac SeiZleba
gamoxatos: gamofinos, an ise isaubros masze, rom moswavle maswavleblis gulisyurianobaSi
darwmundes, miuxedavad imisa dadebiTia Sefaseba Tu garkveul Sesworebebs iTvaliswinebs
(magaliTad, imis nacvlad rom ubralod Tqvas `araCveulebrivia~ an `kargi namuSevaria~, ambobs `namdvilad kargad gamogivida obobis pawawina nawilebis xatva~).
imis Tqma rodi gvsurs, rom frazebi `kargi namuSevaria~ an `araCveulebrivia~ _ arc ise
kargia garkveul garemoebebSi, vidre gansakuTrebuli Rirsebebis aRmniSvneli frazebi (Ginott 1965). mxolod imas vusvamT xazs, rom fraza, romelic moswavlis namuSevrisadmi namdvil
yuradRebas gamoxatavs, Seqebis garda pativiscemis maCvenebelicaa. maswavlebels moswavlis
namuSevris mimarT yuradRebisa da pativiscemis gamoxatva usityvodac SeuZlia, namuSevris
xangrZlivi da yuradRebiani yurebiT da gulwrfeli fraziT, `kargi namuSevaria, julia~.

315

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realuroba
zogjer maswavleblis qceva xels uSlis moswavleebs, dainaxon is iseT pirovnebad,
romelsac fiqri da gancda SeuZlia, aqvs warsuli da gamocdileba. moswavleebi, romlebic
maswavlebels saxelis nacvlad `maswavlebelo~-Ti mimarTaven, swored am models pasuxoben.
bavSvebi maswavlebels realur adamianad, pirovnebad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ganixilaven, Tu
maswavlebeli amis nebas aZlevs.
arsebobs qceva, romlis saSualebiTac maswavlebeli avtoritetuli figuris am imijs
`maswavlebeli realuri pirovneba~ imijiT cvlis. maswavlebeli sakuTari cxovrebidan
anekdotebs uambobs moswavleebs, axdens pirovnuli gamocdilebis integracias axsnasa da
prezentaciebTan. `me~ Setyobinebebi, rogorc es tomas gordons (Thomas Gordon, 1974) aqvs
aRwerili, pirdapiri verbaluri qcevaa, romlis saSualebiTac maswavlebeli sakuTar grZnobebs da qcevas gadmoscems. (ix. Tavi yuradRebis Sesaxeb). efeqtianobis wvrTnaSi motanilia
uamravi SemTxveva, rodesac bavSvebma, romlebic verc ki xvdebodnen, rom maTi qceva saSinlad
stkenda guls maswavlebels, `me~-Setyobinebis Sedegad Secvales uaryofiTi qceva. amgvari
Setyobinebebis gamoyenebisas, zogjer, Tavdapirvelad moswavleebs sTxovdnen sakuTari maswavlebeli grZnobebis mqone adamianad ganexilaT.

urTierTobis aRdgenis unari

rodesac maswavlebeli mkacrad eqceva moswavles (magaliTad, agdebs saklaso oTaxidan) an
gabrazebas gamoxatavs imiT, rom disciplinisaken mouwodebs (`axlave Sewyvite! ar SeiZleba
sxvisi namuSevris gafuWeba. Tu gafuWebulis aRdgenaSi ar miexmarebi, dRes aq aRar daginaxo!~), maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierTobas saavdro Rrubeli faravs (wesiT, asec unda
iyos). amgvari incidentebis Semdeg, maswavlebeli, romelic kargi urTierTobis SenarCunebas
cdilobs, sxva konteqstSi dadebiT qcevas amJRavnebs moswavlis mimarT. es urTierTobis aRdgenaa: maswavlebeli atyobinebs moswavles, rom brazi gulSi ar Caudvia, rom maTi urTierToba Zveleburad `ZalaSia~. aseTi saqcieliT maswavlebelsa da moswavles Soris daZabuloba
ixsneba da moswavles emociurad exsneba gza saklaso saqmianobebSi CasarTvelad. maswavleblis qcevaSi ar Cans arc bodiSi, arc gamoCenil simkacreze an braze uaris Tqma. misi saqcieli
`ambobs~, `kargi, modi isev vimuSaoT~, rac normaluri urTierTobisken dabrunebaa.
amgvar qcevaze dakvirvebisas, SesaZloa, vinmem, ubralod, moswavlisaken gadadgmuli
pirovnuli nabiji dainaxos, romlis mizani disciplina da incidentis aRmofxvraa. Cven gvsurs, gaCvenoT, ramdenad Sors SeiZleba wavides maswavlebeli dadebiTi urTierTobis damyarebis mizniT da droulad dainaxos incidentSi Carevis saWiro momenti.

aqtiuri mosmena
guldasmiT (refleqsur) mosmenas ukukavSiri aqvs mTxrobelis naambobis SinaarsTan,
SeniSvnebTan da am gziT igebs mTxrobeli, rom usmenen. aqtiuri mosmenisas ukukavSirs
gancdiTi komponenti emateba da msmeneli mosaubres xmamaRla agebinebs naambobis gavleniT
gancdili mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, aqtiurma msmenelma SesaZloa Tqvas, `am problemebiT damZimebuli da imedgacruebuli [grZnoba] xar~. is maswavlebeli, romelic aqtiur
mosmenas iyenebs, uSualod atyobinebs moswavles pirovnul grZnobebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom
SesaZlebelia aqtiuri mosmeniT manipulireba da misi aragulwrfeli gamoyeneba, gonivruli
iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom aqtiuri mosmena urTierTobis damyarebisaken mimarTuli qcev-

316

pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba

aa. is TanagrZnobis verbaluri gamoxatvaa. sizustesa da pativiscemasTan Serwymuli (Egan

1975) aqtiuri mosmena bavSvebs imis gancdas uCens, rom maTi esmiT da maTze zrunaven (Aspy &
Roebuck 1977). `is namdvilad mismens~, ase axasiaTeben moswavleebi im maswavlebels, romelic
uyvarT da pativs scemen.
maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierTobis xarisxisa da saklaso garemos Seswavla namdvilad Rirs. maswavleblis saswavlo qcevis TaviseburebaTa gasaanalizeblad, unda
gvaxsovdes, rom nebismieri TaviseburebisTvis Sesabamisi qmedeba SesaZlebelia icvlebodes
mocemul momentSi swavlebisa da swavlis arsebul formebTan erTad. magaliTad, maswavlebeli SeiZleba TvalsaCinod ar gamoxatavdes moswavleebis, rogorc individebis mimarT pativiscemas daprogramebuli swavlebis (instruqtaJis) dros, roca moswavleebs urTierToba
aqvT sistemasTan da ara maswavlebelTan, rogorc pirovnebasTan. SesaZloa erTi an ramdenime
dRe dasWirdes imas, rom maswavlebelma gamoamJRavnos (saaSkaraoze gamoitanos) am nawilSi
aRweril TaviseburebaTa sruli repertuari. amrigad, qcevis Semowmeba moiTxovs xangrZliv
an SesaZloa ramdenime ganmeorebiT dakvirvebas sruli repertuaris xilvis mizniT.

317

pirovnuli urTierTobis

daakvirdiT sakuTar an sxva maswavleblis qcevas da gansazRvreT qvemoT CamoTvlili urTierTobebis romel formas Seesabameba. yoveli qcevis an TaviseburebisTvis, romelsac sakuTar Tavs miawerT, scadeT Sesabamisi magaliTis gaxseneba.
sasurveli Taviseburebebis ganviTarebisaTvis moiniSneT saWiro dro an SesaZlebloba. iyaviT SeZlebisdagvarad zusti.
1. moswavleebTan urTierTobis gzebi: SemoxazeT Sesabamisi done.
arc erTi gza
erTi gza
sxvadasxva gza
individis Sesatyvisi gza
1. Taviseburebebi: Seamowme, romeli miesadageba.

samarTlianoba
garegnoba

iumoris grZnoba
Tavazianoba

pativiscema
realuroba (namdviloba)

urTierTobis aRdgenis unari

aqtiuri mosmena

pirovnuli urTierTobis
damyareba - Sejameba

damyareba - Sejameba

319

pirovnuli urTierTobis

1. pativiscema da samarTlianoba ori Taviseburebaa pirovnuli urTierTobis

damyarebis eqvsi Taviseburebidan. gaixseneT da CamoTvaleT is movlenebi
an situaciebi, rodesac moswavleebma Secvales TavianTi azri maswavleblis samarTlianobisa da pativiscemis Sesaxeb.
2. SearCieT samarTlianobisa da pativiscemis amsaxveli or-ori movlena an
situacia. moitaneT xuTi specifiuri magaliTi imisa, rogor SeiZleboda
moqceuliyo maswavlebeli, rom moswavleebi maTTdami pativiscemis grZnobasa da samarTlianobaSi daerwmunebina.

pirovnuli urTierTobis
damyareba - savarjiSo

damyareba - savarjiSo

321

Tavi 12

literatura
Allender, J. S., M. Seitchik. And D. Goldstein. `Student Involvement and Patterns of Teaching. Journal
of Classroom Interaction 16 (Summer 1981): 11-20.
Aspy, D., and F. N. Roebuck. Kids Dont Learn From People They dont Like. Amherst, Mass.: Human
Recourse Development Press, 1977.
Brophy, J. Teacher Praise: A Functional Analysis. Review of Educational Research 51 (Spring 1981): 5-32.
Brown, I., and R. C. Goodall. Enhancing Group Climate through Systematic Utilization of Feedback.
Journal of Classroom Interaction 16 (Summer 1981): 21-25.
Egan, G. The Skilled Helper. Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., 1975.
Fraser, B. J., and P. OBrien. Student and Teacher Perceptions of the Environment of Elementary
School Classrooms. Elementary School Journal 85 (May 1985): 567-580.
Ginott, H. G. Between Parent and Child. New York: Macmillan, 1965.
Gordon, T. Teacher Effectiveness Training. New York: Wyden Press, 1974.
Johnson, M. S. I Think My Teacher Is. Learning (February 1976).
Joos, M. The Five Clocks. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967.
Mergendoller, J. R., and M. J. Packer. Seventh Graders Conceptions of Teachers: An Interpretive
Analysis. Elementary School Journal 85 (May 1985): 581-600.
Moustakas, C. The Authentic Teacher. Cambridge, Mass.: Howard A. Doyle Publishing Co., 1966.
Randolf, N., and William Howe. Self Enhancing Education. Palo Alto, Calif.: Sanford Press, 1966.
Rogers, V. R., Laughing with Children. Educational Leadership. (April 1984): 44-50.

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13
saklaso garemo
sazogadoeba da urTierTdaxmareba
riski da Tavdajerebuloba
gavlena

saklaso garemo

aklaso garemos Sesaxeb kvlevebi mwiria, magram naTeli: mwiria kognitur sferoSi arsebul kvlevebTan SedarebiT, xolo naTelia imdenad, ramdenadac kvlevaTa Sedegebi
Tanamimdevrulia populaciis, moswavleTa asakisa da sagnebis mixedviT. Tu moswavleebi siZneleebTan SeWidebisas riskis gawevisa da mcdelobisaTvis ndobas, mxardaWerasa da
usafrTxoebas grZnoben, maT skolisa da swavlis mimarT damokidebuleba sasikeTod ecvlebaT (Moos and Moos 1978; Haertel, Walberg, and Haertel 1981; Fraser and Fisher 1983; Fraser 1986, 1989;
Nunnery, Rutler, and Bhaireddy 1993).
zemoTqmuli TiTqos saRi azria, Tumca kvlevebi am sferoSi ukanaskneli 30 wlis manZilze
siaxliT ver daikvexnis. 30 wlis win vicodiT, rom likertis skalis (Likert scale likertis
skala (1932 wels rensis likertis mier SemuSavebuli jamuri Sefasebebis skala) fsiqometriuli skala, romelic xSirad kiTxvarebsa da anketur kvlevebSi gamoiyeneba. cdis piri
yoveli debulebis mimarT sakuTari Tanxmobis xarisxs gamoxatavs skalis diapazoniT _
`savsebiT veTanxmebi~ da `savsebiT ar veTanxmebi~. yoveli konkretuli debulebis SefasebaTa
jami saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovavlinoT cdis piris ganwyoba ama Tu im sakiTxis mimarT. red.
Sen.) mixedviT gamorCeul maswavleblebs, ukeTesi Sedegebi hqondaT moswavleebTan, Tumca
ar vicodiT, ras akeTebdnen isini praqtikulad amis misaRwevad. warmodgena ar gvqonda sicxadis elementebisa da maTi urTierTkavSiris, am urTierTkavSiris operaciuli modelis an elementTa mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. dRes gacilebiT meti informacia gvaqvs sicxadis parametrze.
misi arsebiTi elementebis Camoyalibeba da Sesabamisi monacemebis safuZvelze warmatebul
swavlebasa da swavlaSi am elementebis wvlilis Sesaxeb msjeloba mainc SegviZlia. saklaso
garemosTan mimarTebaSi saqme sxvagvaradaa. aq likertis skalis doneze varT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saklaso garemos Sesaxeb kvlevebi 1920-ian wlebSi iRebs saTaves,
uitolma (Withall 1949) pirvelma Camoayaliba jgufis iseTi fenomenis ganmarteba, romelic
socialur-emociuri klimatis saxeliT aris cnobili. man aRniSna,
(socialur-emociuri klimati aris) zogadi emociuri faqtori, romelsac individebs Soris urTierTobisas vxvdebiT. mas garkveuli kavSiri aqvs mimReobis im
xarisxTan, romelsac jgufis wevrebi gamoxataven erTmaneTis moTxovnilebebisa
da miznebis mimarT. operirebis TvalsazrisiT, igi gavlenas axdens: (1) yoveli
individis Sinagan samyaroze; (2) jgufis esprit de corpsze (frang. kastur sulze,
solidarobaze. red. Sen.); (3) jgufis mniSvnelobis grZnobasa da individualur
miznebsa da aqtivobebze; (4) obieqturobaze, romliTac problemas ekidebian; (5)
jgufSi interpersonaluri urTierTobebis xarisxze.

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SemdgomSi Catarebuli kvlevebiT `gavleniani~ cvladebi Seiswavles da daadgines, rom

moswavleebs ukeTesi Sedegebis aqvT, roca klasSi erTianobis maCvenebeli maRalia, xolo
uTanxmoebis, sirTuleTa da konkurenciis maCvenebeli dabali (Fraser and OBrien 1985)
zogadad kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom `moswavleTa kognituri, emociuri da qceviTi Sedegebi
ukavSirdeba maT mier saklaso oTaxis fsiqologiur TaviseburebaTa aRqmas~ (Chavez 1984; Battistich da sxvebi 1995)*. 1
qvemoT moyvanili oTxi debuleba adasturebs saklaso garemos did mniSvnelobas:
1. yoveli adamianis ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebis cnobili da universaluri sia aseTia: usafrTxoeba, TviTkontroli, siyvaruli, CarTuloba, TviTSefaseba,
aRiareba, TviTaqtualizacia, Tavisufleba da garToba. (ix. Maslow 1962; Dreikurs and
Gray 1968; Schutz 1967; Glasser 1965, 1994).
2. konkretuli individis am fsiqologiur moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis xarisxi
gansazRvravs mis mier swavlisTvis daxarjuli energiisa da yuradRebis `raodenobas~. Tu individi gulnatkenia da ver ikmayofilebs am moTxovnilebebs, swavla neldeba an wydeba. Tu es moTxovnilebebi adekvaturad kmayofildeba, swavlis procesi
normalurad mimdinareobs, xolo Tu umaRlesi xarisxiT kmayofildeba warmatebul
swavlas win veraferi eRobeba.
3. klasis garemo uSualo gavlenas axdens moswavleTa warmatebaze. is individualur
gavlenas axdens yoveli sabaziso fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebaze.
is ara erTaderTi, magram arsebiTi cvladia, romelic gavlenas axdens skolaSi yoveli moswavlis fsiqologiur moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis xarisxze.
4. roca saklaso klimati usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebebs scildeba da xels uwyobs iseTi mniSvnelovani sazomebis ganviTarebas, rogoricaa erTobis Camoyalibeba, riskis
gaweva da gavlena, swavlis procesi warmatebulia.

klasis
klimati

moswavlis
individualuri
fsiqologiuri
moTxovnilebebi

swavlis
procesi

1 am TaviseburebaTa mniSvnelobis gansazRvrisas ganviTarebis iseTi programebSi, rogoricaa `swavlis sazomebi~ (Marzano and
Pickering 1992), daiwyes moswavleTa mier mimReobis, unarisa da usafrTxoebis grZnobis komponentebis CarTva. arakomerciuli
organizaciis `socialuri pasuxismgeblobis~ TanamSromlebi mTeli qveynis masStabiT konfliqtis gadaWrisa da sazogadoebis
Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb seminarebs gvTavazoben. maTi misamarTia: 23 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138; 800-370-2515. Northeast
Foundation for Children msgavs maRali xarisxis seminarebs gvTavazobs. misi misamarTia: 71 Montague City Road, Greenfield MA
01301; 800-360-6332.)

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saklaso garemo

ras niSnavs saklaso klimati?

saklaso klimatis Cveneuli ganmarteba aseTia: `moswavleTa grZnobebi da rwmenebi da maT
Sedegad Camoyalibebuli qcevis erToblivi modelebi sazogadoebasTan, urTierTTanadgomasTan, riskis gawevasTan, TavdajerebulobasTan, gavlenasa da kontrolTan dakavSirebiT~.
sazogadoeba da urTierTTanadgoma ganimarteba, rogorc individis grZnobebi jgufTan
mimarTebaSi miRebis, CarTulobis, wevrobis da TviT megobrobisa da siyvarulis gancda.
riskis gaweva da Tavdajerebuloba Sinagani pirovnuli sazomia, romelzec mniSvnelovan
gavlenas axdens sxva adamianTa reaqcia individis qcevaze. daTrgunva da sarkazmi (Tundac
faqizad gamoxatuli) amcirebs adamianis im rwmenas, rom SeuZlia Tavisuflad iazrovnos da
scados. saklaso klimati, sadac saTanadod fasdeba mcdeloba da mondomeba, moswavleebs
exmareba imis gaazrebaSi, rom Secdoma swavlis erT-erTi SesaZleblobaa da ara pirovnuli
naklis niSani. gavlena da kontroli saklaso klimatis pirovnul qmedobaunarianobasTan
dakavSirebuli sazomia da ganisazRvreba, rogorc individis efeqtianoba. is Semdeg kiTxvebs pasuxobs: me, rogorc individi, ramdenad faseuli var saklaso sazogadoebisTvis? ra
SesaZleblobebi maqvs me, rogorc moTamaSes, rogorc gavlenis momxdens da ara inertul adamians, romlis saklaso oTaxSi yofna veraviTar cvlilebas ver axdens klasis cxovrebaze?
zemoCamoTvlili sazomebi gavlenas axdens swavlis procesze.
saklaso garemos zemoT moyvanili sami ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli Sejamebulia 13.1 sqemaze,
romelic yovel maTgans ganixilavs, rogorc klimatis Camoyalibebis aspeqts. am maxasiaTeblebs srulyofilebisa da momwifebulobis safexurebi aqvs da maswavlebelma, romlis mizani
romelime maxasiaTeblis srulyofaa, am safexurebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda dagegmos aqtivobebi. pirveli maxasiaTeblis sazogadoeba da urTierTTanadgoma _ safexurebi, kargad aris
Seswavlili ganviTarebis Sesaxeb daweril literaturaSi (Aspy 1977, Wood 1994, Johnson and
Johnson 1995). Semdegi ori maxasiaTeblis safexurebi ufro hipoTezuria, Tumca maTi elementebi kvlevebis Sedegad aris dadgenili.
qvemoT ganxilulia yoveli maxasiaTebeli da aRwerilia misi TiToeuli elementis mniSvneloba (magaliTad, ras niSnavs sazogadoebis maxasiaTebelSi `sxvaTa gacnoba~ da ratom aris
is mniSvnelovani saklaso oTaxis klimatisaTvis?) yoveli elementis ganxilvamde Cven aRvwerT specifikur strategiebsa da gamocdilebas, romlis gamoyenebac maswavlebels SeuZlia
misi ganviTarebis mizniT.

sazogadoeba da urTierTTanadgoma
saklaso klimatis es sazomi aRwers CarTulobis, wevrobisa da urTierTmxardaWeris
xarisxs, romlebsac moswavleebi grZnoben erTmaneTis mimarT. am sazomis saTanadod ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, moswavles SeuZlia Tqvas: `me vgrZnob, rom aq mimiRes da wevri var. adamianebi Cems mxareze arian. me SemiZlia, davexmaro sxvebs, xolo sxvebi me damexmarebian~.
am sazomSi ganviTarebis xuTi donea da yoveli maTgani Taviseburebis amsaxvel debulebasTan aris dawyvilebuli:

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Tavi 13

moswavleTa miRwevebis xelSemwyobi garemo

sazogadoeba da
urTierTTanadgoma

Tavdajerebuloba
da gariskva

gavlena
da kontroli

`me vgrZnob, rom aq mimiRes da wevri

var. adamianebi Cems mxareze arian.
me SemiZlia, davexmaro sxvebs, xolo
sxvebi me damexmarebian~.

`gariskva usafrTxoa. Tu vecdebi,

Secdomebze viswavli da movindomeb,
SemiZlia warmatebas mivaRwio~.

`garkveuli gavlenis moxdena

SemiZlia. sityva meTqmis. Cemi
azri mniSvnelovania~.

CarTuloba da
wevroba

moswavleTa xuTi Sexeduleba, romelic

xels uwyobs an uSlis swavlas

pirovnuli
efeqtianoba

sxvaTa
gacnoba

Secdomebi swavlaSi
gvexmareba.

Secdomebi sisustis
niSania.

moswavleebs mivceT
ufleba gavlena
moaxdinon klasis
tempze.

misalmeba, aRiareba,
mosmena, reagireba da
dadastureba

Tqvengan ar moelian,
rom pirvelive jerze
yvelafers CaswvdebiT.
mniSvnelovania
yuradReba, mondomeba da
xarisxi.

mniSvnelovania
tempi. ufro swrafi
ufro gonieria.

saklaso TamaSis
wesebze SeTanxmeba.

jgufis identoba,
pasuxismgebloba da
urTierTdamokidebuleba.

Kkargi moswavleebi
iTxoven daxmarebas
da ukukavSirs
Sesrulebuli samuSaos
mimarT.

karg moswavleebs
sakuTari ZalebiT
SeuZliaT
yvelafris
mogvareba.

moswavleTaTvis
swavlis principebisa
da sxva strategiebis
swavleba.

kooperaciuli
swavleba, socialuri
unar-Cvevebi, saklaso
Sexvedrebi, jgufebis
dinamika.

Zalisxmeva da efeqtiani
strategiebi warmatebis
ZiriTadi pirobaa.

Tandayolili
inteleqti
warmatebis
ZiriTadi pirobaa.

moswavleebi iyeneben
swavlis stilisa da
arCevanis gakeTebis
Sesaxeb codnas.

problemebisa gadaWra
da konfliqtebis
mogvareba.

nebismier moswavles
SeuZlia warmatebis
miRweva da ara mxolod
yvelaze swrafs.

mxolod gamorCeul
erTeulebs
SeuZliaT
warmatebis miRweva.

moswavleebi da
maTi sazogadoeba
warmoadgens codnis
wyaros.

sqema 13.1 saklaso klimatis sami ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli

yoveli maxasiaTebeli SesaZlebelia ganviTarebis calkeul stadiebad daiyos.

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saklaso garemo

1. sxvaTa gacnoba: `me vicnob am adamianebs da isini micnoben me~.

2. misalmeba, aRiareba, mosmena, reagireba da dadastureba: `me vgrZnob, rom mimiRes da
wevri var; adamianebi pativs mcemen da me pativs vcem maT~.
3. jgufis identuroba, pasuxismgebloba da urTierTdamokidebuleba: `me am jgufis
wevri var. Cven erTmaneTi gvWirdeba da gvsurs erTmaneTisTvis warmateba~.
4. kooperaciuli swavla, socialuri unar-Cvevebi, jgufis Sekrebebi da jgufis dinamika: `me SemiZlia davexmaro sxvebs da isini me damexmarebian~.
5. problemaTa gadaWra da konfliqtis mogvareba: `Cven SegviZlia urTierTobis dros
warmoqmnili problemebis mogvareba ~.
amgvari Tbili da megobruli urTierTobebi arc SemTxveviT da arc TavisTavad ar yalibdeba. maswavlebels didi wvlili Seaqvs klasSi gamefebuli CarTulobisa da megobruli klimatis simtkicesa da struqturaSi (Cabello and Terrell 1993): es gaxlavT calkeul moswavleebTan maTi verbaluri urTierTobis modelebi, moswavleTa konfliqtebis mogvarebis gzebi,
TanamSromlobis struqturebi, romlebsac isini acnoben moswavleebs da socialuri unarCvevebis swavleba.

sxvaTa gacnoba
ufrosi klasebis inglisuri enis maswavlebelma jin stenfordma (Gene Stanford), 1977 wels
gamocemul wignSi `efeqtiani jgufebis ganviTareba klasSi~, saklaso klimatis es maxasiaTebeli ganmarta, rogorc ganviTarebis konsazogadoebis mSeneblobaSi Cadebuli es
tiniumi. igi mixvda, rom jgufis wevrad yofnis
mokrZalebuli investiciebi grZelvadian pe
safuZveli iyo jgufis wevrebis Sesaxeb inriodSi zrdis davalebis Sesrulebisa da masze
formaciis qona. amis gamo saswavlo wlis dawdaxarjuli drois efeqtianobas.
yebidan pirveli ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi
igi regularulad atarebda klasSi gacnobis
mokle aqtivobebs (gacnobis ocdaerTi aqtivoba mis wignSia mocemuli).
is maswavleblebi, romlebic yovel kvira ramdenime wuTs uTmobdnen am aqtivobebs, ar
uCiodnen saswavlo programiT gaTvaliswinebuli saqmianobebisaTvis drois naklebobas.
sazogadoebis mSeneblobaSi Cadebuli es mokrZalebuli investiciebi grZelvadian periodSi
zrdis davalebis Sesrulebisa da masze daxarjuli drois efeqtianobas. (igive SeiZleba iTqvas am maxasiaTebelSi sazogadoebis mSeneblobis sxva doneebzec.).
dRes aTobiT wignia xelmisawvdomi, romlebic gvTavazoben gacnobis SesaniSnav aqtivobebs (Stanford 1977; Shaw 1992; Seigle and Macklem 1993; Bennett and Smilanich 1994). wignSi `bingo
adamianebi~ (People Bingo) an mis versiaSi `moZebneT pirovneba vinc~ moswavleebi cdiloben
miniSnebis saSualebiT gamoicnon jgufis wevris vinaoba, magaliTad: `weliwadi gaatara safrangeTSi. yovelma moswavlem unda moZebnos is klaseli, romelmac safrangeTSi erTi weli
gaatara. zogierTi aqtivoba ufro grZelia, magaliTad partniorTa struqturirebuli interviu. intervius Semdeg masze dayrdnobiT yoveli partniori Tavis mewyviles acnobs mTel
klass an mcire jgufs.
Cveni erT-erTi yvelaze ufro sayvareli aqtivobaa artefaqtebis CanTa. es aqtivoba erTnairad popularulia mozrdilTa jgufebSic da mexuTeklaselebSic. monawileebs moaqvT CanTebi, romelSic awyvia maTi cxovrebis an interesebis amsaxveli nivTebi. erT-erTi monawile

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Tavi 13

iRebs nebismier CanTas, saTiTaod alagebs nivTebs da warudgens maT wriulad ganlagebul
monawileebs. isini cdiloben gamoicnon CanTis mflobeli. mexuTe nivTis wardgenis Semdeg
(zogi nivTis simciris gamo SeiZleba yvelam ver dainaxos is Soridan kargad), jgufi iwyebs
koleqtiuri azris gamotanas. Semdeg CanTis namdvili mflobeli warudgeba klass da uxsnis
yoveli nivTis mniSvnelobas. SesaZlebelia, rom erT jerze orma an samma monawilem moaswros
Tavis wardgena.
am aqtivobis popularoba mozrdilTa Soris imis mauwyebelia, Tu ramdenad mcirea SesaZlebloba, icnobde kolegebs. urTierTobebis CamoyalibebisTvis saWiro ar unda gaxdes
TanamSromelTan ganmartoeba.
sazogadoebis mSeneblobis strategiebi dawyebuli meeqvse klasidan sul ufro did mniSvnelobas iZens klasis klimatis Seqmnis mTlian struqturaSi.

misalmeba, mosmena, reagireba, aRiareba da dadastureba

SeginiSnavT odesme, rom zogierT garemoSi (zogjer mTel qalaqSic ki) quCaSi Semxvedri
adamianebi TvalebSi giyureben, giRimian da gesalmebian? moswavleTaTvis erTmaneTis Sesaxeb
informaciis miwodebis garda SegviZlia imazec vimuSaoT, rom SevqmnaT saTanado pirobebi da
vaswavloT maT erTmaneTis aRiarebisa da erTmaneTze reagirebis unar-Cvevebi. is adamianebi,
romlebsac regularulad esalmebian da aRiareben, rogorc wesi, ufro advilad swavloben.
grinfildis centraluri skolis (masaCusetsi) dilis Sexvedris struqturaSi pirvelive
aqtivobaSia gamoyenebuli aTobiT formatidan erT-erTi, romlis mixedviTac wriulad mdgomi bavSvebi erTmaneTs esalmebian. es aqtivoba mxolod dawyebiT klasebSi rodi gamoiyeneba. dadebiTi misalmeba aRiarebis erTgvari formaa, romelsac nebismier asakSi unda SevuwyoT xeli. vudi (Wood 1994) wers: `moswavleebisaTvis (IV, V da VI klasebi) mniSvnelovania
ara mxolod erTmaneTis misalmeba diliT, aramed imis swavlac, rom klasis nebismier wevrs
megobrulad da guliTadad miesalmon. genderi, dajgufebebi da saukeTeso megobrebi ganviTarebis erTgvari problemaa 9-13 wlis asakSi. yovel diliT misalmeba moswavleebs am problemebis usafrTxo daZlevaSi exmareba. is maswavleblisTvis yovel diliT socialuri unarCvevebis programis yoveldRiuri aTvlis wertilicaa~.
misalmebis aqtivobis erT-erTi nimuSis, dawyebiT klasebSi misalmebis aqtivobis Sesatyvisi magaliTia misalmeba burTis gadagdebiT, romelic mravalgvari SeiZleba iyos maRal
klasebSi sirTulisa da TanamSromlobis waxalisebis mixedviT. es aqtivoba ase iwyeba: wriulad mdgomi bavSvebi erTmaneTs burTis gadagdebiT esalmebian. magaliTad, lesli misalmebas iwyebs sityvebiT `dila mSvidobisa, jon!~ da Semdgom jons ugdebs burTs. joni salams
ubrunebs leslis, misalmebisTvis irCevs wridan sxva bavSvs da awvdis burTs. roca burTi
bavSvebis wres `Semoivlis~, kvlav leslis ubrundeba `salmiT~. sxva variantSi, burTi ramdenime jerze Semoivlis wres uxmod (misalmebis da laparakis gareSe) da bavSvebi ixaliseben
am aqtivobiT (Stephenson and Watrous 1994).
moswavleTa mier erTmaneTis aRiareba da dadastureba SesaZlebelia jgufebis Sexvedris
dros. socialuri kompetenciis programa (Seigle and Macklem 1993) yuradRebis centrSi yofnas iyenebs rogorc dadebiTi atribuciebisa da qcevis ganmtkicebis aqtivobas. maswavlebeli
irCevs erT bavSvs (yovel jerze sxvadasxvas), romelic unda moeqces yuradRebis centrSi.
danarCenebi rigrigobiT eubnebian amorCeul bavSvs specifikur komplimentebs: `tim, sasiamovnoa Seni yuradReba sxva bavSvebis mimarT, magaliTad is, rom Sen Seminaxe adgili raTa

330

saklaso garemo

Cavmdgariyavi wreSi~. yovel bavSvs erTxel aqvs laparakis ufleba da is mimarTavs amorCeul
bavSvs da ara maswavlebels. yuradRebis centrSi myofi bavSvi mxolod ismens.
kargi mosmena SeiZleba iswavlebodes araorazrovnad. moswavleebma kargi mosmenis swavla
SesaZlebelia sarkesTan varjiSiT daiwyon. ori partniori dgas da irCevs vin iqneba wamyvani
(A adamiani) da vin iqneba mimdevari (B adamiani). A xelebs maRla swevs da atrialebs ise, rom
xelisgulebi mimarTuli iyos B-sken, romelmac xelebi A-s analogiurad (sarkeSi asaxuli
gamosaxulebis msgavsad) unda amoZraos. daaxloebiT 45 wamis Semdeg maswavleblis niSanze
partniorebi cvlian rolebs. A xdeba mimdevari (mimbaZveli), xolo B wamyvani. aqtivobis
kargad SesrulebisTvis orive partnioris yuradReba urTierTze unda iyos mimarTuli. es
qmnis pirdapiri swavlebis safexurs da socialuri unar-Cvevebis, gansakuTrebiT mosmenis,
varjiSis saSualebas.
bavSvebisaTvis mosmenis pirdapiri swavleba moicavs rolur TamaSs da varjiSs. es SesaZlebelia daviwyoT maTTvis kiTxvis dasmiT: `gaixseneT vinme, vinc namdvilad gismenT. Tqveni
azriT, ratom iqceva es adamiani ase?~ gaiTamaSeT yuradRebiT mosmenis aqtivobis rolebi
da mieciT saSualeba, gamoxaton sakuTari azri imis Sesaxeb, ra dainaxes da ra gaigones. CaiwereT maTi pasuxebi. sTxoveT moswavleebs, gaixsenon is adamiani, romelic maT ar usmens. kvlav gaaTamaSebineT rolebi da CaiwereT, ras fiqroben imis Sesaxeb, rac dainaxes da gaigones.
amis Semdeg moswavleebi ukve mzad arian sameulebad (msmeneli, mosaubre da damkvirvebeli)
ivarjiSon mosmenaSi.
mravali maswavlebeli iyenebs mosmenis varjiSs saskolo praqtikaSi. magaliTad, ekiTxeba
moswavles, surs Tu ara Seajamos is, razec wina gamomsvlelma isaubra diskusiis dros. moswavleebs ar SeuZliaT winaswar gansazRvron, rodis mouwevT sxvisi Sexedulebis Sejameba.

jgufis identoba, pasuxismgebloba da urTierTdamokidebuleba

kooperaciuli swavlebis sturqturebi (ix. Kagan 1992) da kooperaciuli modelebi (Johnson nd Johnson 1987; Slavin 1986) mxars uWeren gundis Camoyalibebas, radganac isini ayalibeben
bunebriv jgufebs, sadac individebi mWidro kavSirSi arian erTmaneTTan. amgvarad, gundis
saxelis, logos an droSis Seqmna bavSvebs bunebrivad akavSirebs erTmaneTTan. maRal klasebSi moswavleebi erTmaneTze damokidebulni xdebian da xvdebian, rogor sWirdebaT erTmaneTi. `jigsou~ (struqturis saxelwodeba aRebulia TamaSidan jig-saw puzzle naxatis awyoba
nawilebiT. mTargmn. Sen.) struqtura (Aronson 1978) aZlierebs urTierTdamokidebulebas,
radgan moswavleebs Tanatolebis imedi unda hqondeT konkretuli masalis swavlis dros da
SeZlon masalis TavianTi `monakveTis~ wardgena gundis wevrebisaTvis. (ix. Sejibris Sesaxeb
Sexeduleba TavSi `swavlis gamocdileba~).
damtvreuli kvadratebi aris aqtivoba, romelsac xSirad iyeneben moswavleTaTvis urTierTdamokidebulobis gasacnobad. xuTi mTliani 6 inCiani gverdis mqone kvadrati, iWreba
naWrebad, ireva xuT dastad da ideba xuT konvertSi (ix. sqema 13.2). moswavleTa xuTi gundidan yoveli TiTo konverts iRebs. maTi mizania saubris an miniSnebis gareSe aawyon xuTi
mTliani kvadrati. maT ar SeuZliaT kvadratis nawilebis sxvisgan aReba, SeuZliaT mxolod
miscen naWrebi. gundis wevrs kvadratis nawils pirdapir aZleven. am savarjiSos Sejameba 13.2
sqemaSi CamoTvlili kiTxvebiT warmodgenas gviqmnis, Tu ra SeiZleba moxdes TamaSis dros
gundis wevris ignorirebis, TamaSidan gasvlis an dominirebis mcdelobisas.

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Cveulebrivi saswavlo davalebebi SeiZleba SevusabamoT damtvreuli kvadratebis struqturas. marTlweris (teqnikuri, ucxo enis an inglisuri sityvebis) swavlisas, sityvebi SeiZleba daiWras da Calagdes calkeuli asoebis mixedviT Seqmnil konvertebSi. es asoebi SerCevis gareSe xuT konvertSia moTavsebuli. xuTi gundidan TiToeuli iRebs TiTo konverts.
gundis amocanaa erTmaneTTan saubris da erTmaneTisgan sityvis Semadgeneli asoebis aRebis
gareSe sworad Seadginon sityvebi. sworad dawerili sityvebis furceli xelmisawvdomi unda
iyos gundisaTvis, rom maT davalebis Sesrulebis dros SeZlon erTmaneTis rCevis gaTvaliswineba.

socialuri unar-Cvevebi da jgufis dinamika

sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis meoTxe doneze yuradReba maxvildeba jgufebSi efeqtiani
muSaobis unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebaze. socialuri unar-Cvevebi zemoT aRwerili mosmenis
magaliTis msgavsad iswavleba. saklaso Sexvedrebi am socialur unar-CvevaTa swavlebisa da
varjiSis zogadi struqtura xdeba. (socialuri unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebisTvis saklaso Sexvedrebis Catarebis Sesaxeb sami unikaluri wyarosTvis ix.GGlasser 1969, Seigle and Macklem 1993,
and Wood 1994).
sasargebloa SeTanxmebis Ziebis savarjiSoebi saqcielis analiziTa da SedegebiT. iseTi
amocanebi, rogoricaa `kosmosSi dakarguli~
saklaso Sexvedrebi socialur unar-CvevaTa
da `gadarCena arqtikaSi~ (Lafferty 1987), iseT
swavlebisa da varjiSis zogadi struqtura
problemebs ayeneben mexuTe klasis moswavleTa
xdeba.
winaSe, romlebic saganTa CamonaTvalSi prioritetebis gamoyofas moiTxovs; magaliTad, oci
sagnidan romeli aTi unda iqnes arCeuli TviTmfrinavis katastrofis dros subarqtikul
pirobebSi maSvelTa mosvlamde gadarCenisTvis? Tavdapirvelad moswavleebi individualurad asruleben savarjiSos, Semdeg Tavidan akeTeben gundis wevrebTan erTad da uziareben
informaciasa da mosazrebebs. gundis arCevani TiTqmis yovelTvis ufro axlos aris eqspertis pasuxTan, vidre calkeuli individis pasuxi. amgvarad, davaleba mimarTulia SeTanxmebis gamoyenebis sargeblianobaze. savarjiSos Semdeg, gundebi iTvaliswineben miTiTebebs
da ikvleven gundis calkeuli wevrebis mier Sesrulebul rolebs erTad muSaobis procesSi.
swavlebis procesSi irkveva, ra qceva SeiZleba Seasrulon individebma imisTvis, rom gundi
efeqtiani gaxdes. aseve Cndeba informacia xelisSemSlel qcevazec da imaze, risi gakeTeba
SeuZlia calkeul individs morigi aqtivobisas gundis ufro efeqtiani wevrobisaTvis.
gamocanebi (Stanford 1977) kidev erTi struqturaa. gamocanis amosaxsnelad saWiro miniSnebebi mocemulia 3X5 zomis baraTebze. yovel moswavles TiTo baraTi eZleva. davalebis mizania deduqciuri logikiT damnaSavis amocnoba baraTebze mocemuli miniSnebebis gamoyenebiT.
wriulad mjdom moswavleebs TavianTi baraTis xmamaRla wakiTxva SeuZliaT, Tumca ara aqvT
ufleba, miscen is sxva moswavles an waikiTxon sxva moswavlis baraTi. es struqtura aiZulebs
moswavleebs, gauziaron erTmaneTs informacia, garkveuli wesiT daalagon is da ganiviTaron
organizatoruli da lideruli unar-Cvevebi. aqac, rogorc yvela amgvari davalebebis Sesrulebisas, Semajamebeli analitikuri ganxilva (e.w. damuSaveba) aqtivobis umniSvnelovanesi
nawilia. swored am dros iazreben moswavleebi jgufis progresis xelSemwyob da xelSemSlel
faqtorebs da gamoxataven Sexedulebebs imis Taobaze, ris ukeT gakeTebas ecdebian momavalSi.

332

damtvreuli kvadratebi

D
C

yoveli nakrebi SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva feris muyaosgan damzaddes.

kvadratis nawilebze waSaleT fanqriT dawerili asoebi da daawereT

im konvertis nomeri, romelSic devs. es davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg
gagiadvilebT Sesabamis konvertSi nawilebis Cawyobas da momdevno jgufisaTvis nakrebis momzadebas.

konvertebs vnomravT cifrebiT 1, 2, 3, 4 da 5. kvadratebis nawilebs

vanawilebT xuT konvertSi Semdegi wesiT: 1-l konvertSi ideba I, H da E
nawilebi; me-2-Si _ A, A, A da C; me-3-Si A da J; me-4-Si D da F, xolo me5-Si G, B, F da C.

xazebi ise unda gaivlos, rom A, C, E da a.S. asoebiT aRniSnuli

nawilebi erTi zomis iyos. ramdenime kombinaciiT SesaZlebelia erTi
an ori kvadrati miviRoT, magram mxolod erTi swori kombinaciiT miviRebT 6 inCiani gverdis mqone xuT kvadrats. daxazvisa da asoebis daweris Semdeg kvadratebs vWriT.

8. ra gaigeT kooperaciul amocanebze jgufuri muSaobis Sesaxeb?

7. ra gaigeT sakuTari Tavis, TanamSromlobisa da Sejibris Sesaxeb?

6. ra roli Seasrula jgufis TiToeulma individma?

5. iyo Tu ara umoqmedod jgufis romelime wevri?

4. gadadga Tu ara vinmem iseTi nabiji, romelmac Secvala jgufis damokidebuleba?

3. ra moxda Semdeg? Seicvala Tu ara strategiebi? gqondaT Tu ara jgufSi funqcionirebis gansxvavebuli
fazebi?

2. ras fiqrobdiT pirveli xuTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi?

1. ra moxda pirvel etapze? ra strategiebi gamoviyeneT

dasawyisSi?

msvleloba

(kvadratis nawilebze aRniSnuli asoebi mxolod imas emsaxureba, rom davalebis dasrulebis Semdeg es nawilebi Sesabamis
konvertSi davabrunoT.)

2. wevrebma erTmaneTs kvadratis nawilebi ar unda sTxovon sityviT an usityvo miniSnebiT. (wevrebs SeuZliaT
nebayoflobiT miscen nawilebi sxva wevrebs.)

1. wevrebma ar unda isaubron.

wesebi

miTiTebebi
nakrebi Sedgeba konvertisgan, romelSic Calagebulia sxvadasxvagvarad daWrili muyaos kvadratebi. sworad awyobis SemTxvevaSi, miyovel Tqvengans aqvs konverti, romelSic kvadratis
iReba xuTi erTnairi zomis kvadrati. moswavleTa xuTkacian jgufebs
nawilebia
Cawyobili. jgufis mizania niSnis micemisTanave aawurigdebaT TiTo nakrebi.
yos xuTi erTnairi zomis kvadrati. gverdis zoma unda iyos
nakrebis mosamzadeblad 6 inCiani gverdis mqone kvadratebi unda
6 inCi. davaleba Sesrulebulad ar CaiTvleba, sanam xuT erTdaixazos, dalagdes da fanqriT (raTa mere advili iyos waSla) daeweros
nairi zomis kvadrats ar miiRebT.
asoebi qvemoT mocemuli nimuSis Sesabamisad.

miTiTebebi damtvreuli kvadratebis nakrebis Sesaqmnelad

saklaso garemo

sqema 13.2: savarjiSo `damtvreuli kvadratebi~

es savarjiSo xSirad moswavleebisTvis urTierTdamokidebulebis cnebis gasacnobad gamoiyeneba.
aRebulia wignidan A Handbook of Structured Experiences for Human Relations Training, Volume 1 J.

William Pfeiffer and John E. Jones, Editors. La Jolla: University Associates Publishers, Inc., 1974.

333

Tavi 13

gamocanebSi klass avaleben, wamoayenon braldeba mxolod maSin, Tu yvela monawile eTanxmeba mas. mcdari braldebis SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebeli ar eubneba swor pasuxs da sTxovs miubrundnen jgufur muSaobas da samxilis xelaxla ganxilvas. miuxedavad imisa, amoicnoben
Tu ara moswavleebi damnaSave mxares, aqtivoba 20 wuTis Semdeg sruldeba da klasi ubrundeba
igive davalebas meore dRes.
moswavleTa mier am aqtivobis safuZvelze warmatebuli jgufuri muSaoba da individualuri socialuri Tu davalebis amoxsnis unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibeba maT yoveldRiur qcevaze
sasikeTod ver aisaxeba (ar moxdeba transferi), Tu maswavlebeli gamiznulad ar dagegmavs
amgvar transfers. socialuri unar-Cvevebis warmatebuli swavleba moiTxovs (1) unar-Cvevis
saxeldebas, (2) cxovrebaSi am unar-Cvevis sargeblianobis Sesaxeb warmodgenis Seqmnas, (3)
mis modelirebas, (4) moswavleTa mier am unar-CvevaSi varjiSs da (5) Sesrulebuli samuSaos
Taobaze moswavleTaTvis pirdapiri ukukavSiris uzrunvelyofas. maswavleblisgan miRebuli ukukavSiris garda, moswavleTa mier jgufSi funqcionirebis sakuTari donis gaazreba
(gaaanalizon da moaxdinon TviTSefaseba) korelaciaSia unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibebasa da akademiur miRwevebTan (Yager da sxvebi 1986.) socialuri Cvevebis detaluri swavleba, Sedegebis
xSiri Sejameba da damuSaveba moswavleebs uyalibebs molodinebs am unar-Cvevebis klasSi gamoyenebis Taobaze. arasaskolo garemoze transferi moxdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT me-9 TavSi
_ `swavleba transferisaTvis~ _ swavlis principebis Sesaxeb rekomendaciebs.

konfliqtis mogvareba
klasSi (an skolaSi) jansaRi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis bolo safexuria misi wevrebisaTvis sakuTari konfliqtebis mogvarebis unaris Camoyalibeba. es moicavs imis aRiarebas, rom
konfliqti Cveulebrivi ram aris da rom uTanxmoeba (romelic igive ar aris, rac konfliqti)
namdvilad sasargebloa swavlisTvis.
konfliqti ganisazRvreba rogorc situacia, romelSic ori adamianis moTxovnilebebi
erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba da mimdinare qceva an moqmedeba mimarTulia imaze, rom erTma
gaimarjvos meoris xarjze. konfliqtis mogvareba niSnavs orive mxarisTvis misaRebi gadawyvetilebis povnas an orive mxaris mier kompromiss.
konfliqtis mogvarebis modelTa umravlesobas msgavsi safexurebi aqvs da msgavs unarCvevebs aviTarebs. magaliTad, tomas gordonis (Thomas Gordon 1974) modeli moicavs aqtiuri
mosmenis unar-Cvevebs da `me~-Setyobinebas _ arsebiT sakomunikacio unarebs, romelic adamianebs konfliqtis mogvarebis klasikur safexurebs aswavlis.
qvemoT CamoTvlili programaTa umravlesobaSi sxvadasxva saxiT gvxvdeba:
1. gaacnobiere sakuTari brazi, damSviddi da Tavi xelSi aiyvane. am safexurze zogi
programa relaqsacias an sakuTar Tavze orientirebul Sesvenebis teqnikas aswavlis.
2. gansazRvre namdvili problema. jonsoni da jonsoni (Johnson and Johnson 1995, gv. 5-6)
meore safexurs sasargeblo komponentebad anawevreben:
yy
yy
yy
yy
yy

erTdroulad gansazRvre problema, rogorc mcire da specifikuri.

gansazRvre, ra unda TiToeul adamians.
gansazRvre, ras grZnobs TiToeuli adamiani.
gacvale mxareTa mizezebi da logikuri dasabuTeba.
Secvale rakursi.

am safexurs garkveuli dro sWirdeba. bevri modeli mxars uWers im mosazrebas, rom

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saklaso garemo

saWiroa moswavleebma sakuTari moTxovnilebebis gansazRvra iswavlon da ara mxolod maTTvis sasurveli moqmedebiT an gadawyvetilebiT saubari. am SemTxvevaSi xSirad saWiroa
kiTxvebis gansazRvra, dasma da aqtiuri mosmena. swored amitom erTveba xSirad procesSi
neitraluri Suamavali.
1. gansazRvre dadebiTi mizani. pozitiurad Camoayalibe sasurveli Sedegi, magaliTad:
`Cven orives gveqneba sakmarisi dro kompiuterTan samuSaod~.
2. moifiqreT problemis mogvarebis ramdenime varianti. am safexurze moswavleebs
xSirad gonebrivi ieriSis teqnikas aswavlian.
3. SeafaseT problemis mogvarebis gzebi da airCieT erT-erTi sacdelad.
4. SeimuSaveT gegma. xSirad mxolod gadaWris gzis arCeva (mag., `sadilis Semdeg kompiuterTan muSaobis dros Suaze gaviyofT~) ar kmara. saWiroa specifikuri gegma,
romelic gansazRvravs vin ras, rodis da sad gaakeTebs. SesaZlebelia, saWiro gaxdes
gegmis werilobiTi SeTanxmeba.
5. SeafaseT gegma, raTa SeamowmoT, orive mxare icavs Tu ara sakuTar valdebulebebs,
ramdenad kargia gegma da sWirdeba Tu ara Sesworeba. (am safexurebis Sesaxeb detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. Johnson and Johnson 1995, gv. 5:1-5:30.)
Cven darwmunebulni varT, rom jonsoni da jonsoni (1995) marTlebi arian: Suamavloba
yvela moswavles unda vaswavloT da ara mxolod zogierTs. swored mediatoris rolSi swavloben da iTaviseben moswavleebi konfliqtis mogvarebis unar-Cvevebs. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi SeZleben isini konfliqtis dros am unar-CvevaTa damoukideblad gamoyenebas. imis Tqma
gvsurs, rom Suamavlobis swavleba yvela moswavlisTvis konfliqtis efeqtiani mogvarebis
unar-CvevaTa swavlebis da yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi misi transferis yvelaze mZlavri modelia.
socialur problemaTa mogvarebis Taobaze Sexvedrebi, romelic uiliam glasers (William Glasser 1969) aqvs aRwerili Tavis wignSi `skola marcxis gareSe~, idealuri saSualebaa am
safexurebisa da maTi Sesabamisi unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebisTvis.
saklaso klimatis Sesaxeb Catarebul kvlevaSi, romlis mizani klimatis cvladebis genderisa da rasis _ gansxvavebuli efeqtebis Seswavla iyo, dengma (Deng 1992) aRmoaCina, rom,
erTi mxriv, SavkanianTa, laTinoamerikelTa da TeTrkanianTa da, meore mxriv, biWebsa da gogonebs Soris miRwevebi maTematikis Seswavlisas mkveTrad gansxvavebuli iyo klasSi susti
sazogadoebisa da maRali daZabulobis pirobebSi. es aRmoCena xazs usvams imas, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs saklaso sazogadoebas, rogorc cvlads imisaTvis, rom gogonebma maTematikaSi,
xolo feradkanianma moswavleebma (integrirebuli klasebSi) TiTqmis yvela saganSi miaRwion
warmatebas.

riskis gaweva da Tavdajerebuloba

saklaso sazogadoebis Camoyalibebidan riskis gawevaze saubris gagrZelebisas, vikvlevT,
risi gakeTeba SeuZlia maswavlebels Tavdajerebulobis xelSewyobisa da usafrTxo garemos
Camoyalibebis mizniT. saklaso klimatis am aspeqtis xuTi done iseve calsaxad ganmaviTarebeli ar gaxlavT, rogorc es saklaso sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis SemTxvevaSi iyo, radgan
aq yoveli done Sexeduleba ufroa, vidre nabijTa nakrebi. Cveni azriT, klasSi inteleqtualuri riskis gawevis safuZvelia Secdomebis arsisa da maTi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb Sinagani

335

Tavi 13

rwmena, swavlis tempi da mis mniSvneloba, sakuTari ZalebiTa Tu sxvebTan erTad an sxvebis
daxmarebiT siaxlis wvdoma.2 SesaZloa Secdomebis, tempisa da daxmarebis Sesaxeb produqtiuli Sexedulebebis wyaro inteleqtis Sesaxeb warmodgena iyos (kerZod, rom SesaZlebelia
inteleqtis ganviTareba da nebismier adamians SeuZlia warmatebis miRweva saWiro droisa da
swavlis kargi strategiebis gamoyenebiT.) ra urTierTkavSiric unda arsebobdes am SexedulebaTa Soris, cxadia, rom maswavleblis qcevis repertuaris gansazRvra TiToeuli Sexedulebis ganmtkicebiT SegviZlia.
13.3 sqema gviCvenebs xuT Sexedulebas, romlebic xazs usvams riskis gawevis uaryofiT
da dadebiT formebs. dadebiTi Sexedulebebi `aTavisuflebs~ cxovrebas, xolo uaryofiTi
`zRudavs~.

dadebiTi Sexedulebebi

uaryofiTi Sexedulebebi

Secdomebis Sesaxeb:

Secdomebis Sesaxeb:

Secdomebi gvexmareba swavlaSi.

Secdoma sisustis niSania.

tempis Sesaxeb:

tempis Sesaxeb:

ar gvevaleba yvelafris pirvelive jerze

gageba. mniSvnelovania yuradReba, xarisxi da
mondomeba.

mniSvnelovania siswrafe. ufro swrafi

ufro sxartia.

daxmarebis Sesaxeb:

daxmarebis Sesaxeb:

kargi moswavle iTxovs daxmarebas da

karg moswavles Tavad SeuZlia samuSaos

ukukavSirs Sesrulebul samuSaosTan

dakavSirebiT.

Sesruleba.

Zalisxmevisa da unaris Sesaxeb:

Zalisxmevisa da unaris Sesaxeb:

Tanamimdevruli Zalisxmeva da efeqtiani

strategiebi warmatebis ZiriTadi pirobaa.

warmatebis ZiriTadi piroba Tandayolili

inteleqtia.

Zalisxmevisa da unaris Sesaxeb:

Zalisxmevisa da unaris Sesaxeb:

warmatebis miRweva nebismier adamians

SeuZlia da ara mxolod yvelaze swrafs.

mxolod ramdenime Zalze gonier adamians

SeuZlia warmatebis miRweva.

sqema 13.3: xuTi Sexeduleba, romelic safuZvlad udevs riskis gawevas

dadebiTi Sexedulebebi `aTavisuflebs~ cxovrebas, xolo uaryofiTi `zRudavs~.

klasis klimatis riskis gawevis sazomi dakavSirebulia imasTan, Tu ramdenad Tavdajerebulia moswavle da agreTve mis mier socialuri da akademiuri riskis gawevasTan. am sazomis saTanadod ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi moswavles SeuZlia Tqvas: `am SemTxvevaSi gariskva
usafrTxoa. Tu ufro metad vecdebi, Secdomebze viswavli da movindomeb, warmatebas mivaRwev~.

2 madlobas vuxdiT jon daurias (John DAuria) SexedulebaTa amgvari sistemis Camoyalibebisas kritikuli mosazrebisaTvis.

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saklaso garemo

moswavlis riskianobis ganviTarebisTvis saWiroa specifikuri strategiebisa da midgomebis Tavmoyra. zogjer maswavlebeli aRiarebs riskianobis mniSvnelobas, magram iSviaTad
uxsnis moswavleebs misi ganviTarebis gzebs. magaliTad, erTi avtoris azriT, `gagebisTvis
swavleba mniSvnelovanwilad aris damokidebuli im socialur normaTa damkvidrebaze, romlebic xels uwyobs sxva adamianTa Sexedulebebis pativiscemas. amis miRweva mxolod saubriT
SeuZlebelia. Tqven unda SecvaloT socialuri normebi, rasac dro da simtkice sWirdeba~
(Lampert 1994).
rogor unda SevZloT es?
gTavazobT kidev erT magaliTs. sanimuSo maswavlebelTa gamocdilebis araCveulebriv
aRweraSi, romlebic sxvadasxva disciplinebSi moswavleTaTvis problemebis gadaWris swavlebisas kognitur strategiebs iyeneben, brueri (Bruer 1993) wers:
sabazo gakveTili mizidulobis Sesaxeb kursis me-6 kviras iwyeba. am droisTvis
minstrelma (maswavlebeli) klasTan urTierTgagebis garemo Seqmna. mas wvdomis gaRrmavebisTvis saWiro pirobebi aqvs Seqmnili klimati, sadac kiTxvebis
dasmisa da gansxvavebuli azrisadmi pativiscema dominirebs, sadac mecnieruli
msjelobis procesi Ria da gacnobierebulia. veterani maswavleblebic ki gaocebulni arian imiT, rogor Tavisuflad gamoxataven moswavleebi mosazrebebs,
akeTeben daSvebebs da msjeloben Sexedulebebze. (gv. 42)
rogor SeZlo minstrelma, rom misi moswavleebi aseTi Tavisuflebi gamxdariyvnen?
ramdenime dRis Semdeg minstreli klasTan erTad aanalizebs, ra dro dasWirdeba 1-kilogramian da 5-kilogramian sagnebs erTi da imave distanciidan CamovardnisaTvis. isini mniSvnelovan eqsperiments atareben pizaSi galileos
apokrifuli eqsperimentis miniaturul models. iatakze orive burTis erTdrouli dacemis Semdeg minstreli dafisken brundeba, sadac Tavsatexis pasuxebi aqvs dawerili. `zogierTi Tqvengani SesaZloa Tavs sulelad grZnobs amgvari
pasuxebis xilvisas. Tavi sulelad ar unda igrZnoT, vnaxoT, ra aris mniSvnelovani am pasuxebSi. Tqveni azriT, ratom ecema mZime sagnebi ufro swrafad?~
msjelobs maswavlebeli* (gv. 43-44) amjerad, Tavisufali garemos Seqmnis gasaRebis wvdomas viwyebT.
gTavazobT gariskvis mniSvnelobis aRiarebis saboloo magaliTs:
maswavleblebisTvis rTulia kvlevis swavleba da iseT unar-Cvevebs moiTxovs,
romlebic TviT skolis personalis intensiuri ganviTarebis gziT unda Camoyalibdes. Tu moswavle ar endoba maswavlebls an sxva moswavleebs, dasmul kiTxvas, romlis mizani iyo ufro Rrmad daefiqrebina moswavle saganze, ukuSedegi
SeiZleba hqondes. moswavles SeiZleba egonos, rom es kiTxva wina kiTxvaze arasworad gacemuli pasuxis gamo dausves da surT, rom klasis winaSe misi ugunureba gamoamzeuron. savaraudoa, rom
amgvari safrTxe Seamcirebs maRal
moswavleTa umetesoba skolaSi swavlis pirve
doneebze azrovnebis unars ra Seilive wlebidan igebs, rom Secdoma sasargeblo
Zleba iyos imaze ufro saSiSi, vidre
monacemi ki ar aris, aramed sisustis niSani.
sajaro marcxi da dacinva?
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT maswavlebelTa amerikuli federaciis kvartaluri Jurnalis American Educator-is 1993 wlis gazafxulis
gamocemidan. Bruer, John T. `The Minds Journey from Novice to Expert~. American Educator 38 (zafxuli 1993): 6-15.) DE

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amgvari instruqciis efeqtianobisaTvis maswavlebelma iseTi saklaso garemo

unda Seqmnas, sadac moswavleebi Tavs usafrTxod igrZnoben sakuTari fiqrebis
gamoxatvisas, endobian TavianT maswavlebels da Tanaklaselebs da sadac maT esmiT gansxvaveba ideebis kritikasa da adamianebis kritikas Soris. (xazgasma Cvenia) (Ellsworth and Sindt 1994).
safrTxis (dacinvis, sulelis rolSi yofnis, an Secdomis) `gauvneblebis~ASedegebi dadasturebulia tvinis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb mimdinare kvlevebiT (Sylvester 1994). ra SegviZlia
vTqvaT riskis gawevis klimatis xelSewyobis specifikur gzebze?

Secdomebi
Cvens qveyanaSi sjeraT, rom inteleqti ucvleli, Tandayolili da myari bunebisaa. moswavleTa umetesoba skolaSi swavlis pirvelive wlebidan igebs, rom Secdomebi sasargeblo
monacemebi an swavlis SesaZleblobebi ki ar aris, romlebic unda gamoiyeno, aramed sisustis niSania. swored Secdomis, rogorc swavlis SesaZleblobis, xelSewyoba aris moswavleTa
Tavdajerebulobisa da riskis gawevis survilis safuZveli. es idea gamoxata 30 wlis win jerom brunerma, roca Tqva, rom Cveni mizania davexmaroT moswavleebs `miiRon warmateba da
marcxi ara rogorc jildo an sasjeli, aramed rogorc informacia~. swored ase iqcevian is
adamianebi, romlebic warmatebas aRweven saklaso garemos am elementis Camoyalibebisas. beverli holisi (Beverly Hollis) linkolnis (masaCusetsi) me-7 klasis maswavlebeli wers:
wlis dasawyisSi, roca moswavleebi pasuxis gacemas dumils amjobineben da lodinis dro erTgvari satanjvelia, me vekiTxebi: `aris Tu ara es sikvdil-sicocxlis situacia? ara, maS ra moxdeba, Tuki SegeSlebaT? es xom erT-erTia im
uTvalav pasuxTagan, romlis gacema sicocxleSi mogiwevT, ra moxdeba Tuki
SecdebiT? Tu SecdebiT, garantias gaZlevT, rom swori pasuxis mosmenamde wasvlis uflebas ar mogcemT. magram ufro mniSvnelovania, rom pasuxis gacemisas gariskeT. ramdeni sazriani pasuxi da SeniSvna ver movismineT imis gamo, rom
Tqven, rogorc moswavleebs, Secdomis SegeSindaT. ar msurs, rom aseTi SiSi
Cveuli ram gaxdes Cvens klasSi~.
vesaubrebi Cems pirad cxovrebaSi gaweuli riskebis Sesaxeb, velur adgilebSi
kanoeTi Cems erTTvian mogzaurobaze da ama Tu im Temis konkretuli gziT swavlebis riskze. `minda, raRac axali movsinjo, rac viswavle da Tqveni ukukavSiri
mWirdeba~, veubnebi maT. aseT ukukavSirs yoveli Temis Seswavlis Semdeg vTxov.
veubnebi, rom SeuZliaT miTxran, Tu ar moewonebaT masalis axsnisas Cems mier
gamoyenebuli konkretuli midgoma im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki SemomTavazeben pozitiur kritikas da aRniSnaven ra moewonaT da ratom, SemomTavazeben alternativebs
an rCevebs, ra SeiZleboda gamekeTebina ufro ukeT. [yuradReba miaqcieT, rom
moswavleebisTvis kritikis nebis micemiT, b-ni holisi maT garkveul Zalauflebasac aZlevs.] maT aseve vaZlev uflebas, airCion konkretuli Temis Seswavlis
sasurveli midgoma da vTxov, amixsnan, ratom miaCniaT es midgoma saukeTesod.
maT moswonT Zalaufleba; isini daujerebel gamWriaxobas avlenen da Sedegad
iReben Cems maRal molodinebs da Cems kritikas arasasurveli Sefasebis miRebisas. testirebisas moswavleebs damatebiTi qulebis mogrovebis saSualebas vaZlev, Tuki SeZleben sakuTari Secdomebis CamoTvlas an testis kiTxvis araswo-

Ellsworth, P. C., and V. G. Sindt. `Helping `Aha` to Happen: the Contributions of Irving Sigal.` Educational Leadership 51 (May 1994):
40-44. Copyright 1994 by ASCD. ibeWdeba nebarTviT. yvela ufleba daculia.B

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rad gagebis mizezs. aseve Riad da advilad vaRiareb sakuTar Secdomebsac. imedi
maqvs, rom gulwrfelobisa da riskis gawevis es atmosfero saSualebas maZlevs,
Sevusworo moswavleebsac da sakuTar Tavsac ise, rom Secdomebis gamo Tavi damnaSaveebad an sulelebad ar vigrZnoT.
ana Saini (Anna Shine) bostonis axali inglisis skolis maswavlebeli ambobs:
erT-erTi qceva, romelsac wavaxaliseb, Secdomebis daSvebaa. Cems moswavleebs veubnebi, rom mcdar pasuxze imdenad ar vidardeb, ramdenadac imaze, Tu ar
ecdebian. mcdeloba da Secdomebis daSveba sasircxvilo ar aris, sasircxviloa
sizarmace. sircxvilze uaresia swavlis gamouyenebeli SesaZlebloba. gamudmebiT vaxseneb, rom CemTvisac da maTTvisac gagebaa mniSvnelovani da ara Secdomebi.
aSkaraa, rom moswavleebi ar gariskaven, Tu Tavs usafrTxod ar grZnoben. ase
rom, vcdilob Cems klasSi swored usafrTxo garemo Sevqmna Secdomebis daSvebis
TvalsazrisiT, radgan moswavleebs SeuZliaT Secdomebis safuZvelze iswavlon.
arsebiTad, moswavleebs didi (2-inCiani diametris mqone) oqrosferi varskvlavebiT vajildoeb or SemTxvevaSi: samuSaos kargad Sesrulebis da Secdomebis daSvebisas.
rodesac oqros varskvlavebs pirvelad vaCveneb, ise miyureben, rogorc sulels. `oqros varskvlavi SecdomisaTvis?~ fiqroben isini. `albaT, ar icis, ras
akeTebs~. miuxedavad amisa, isini swrafad igeben, rom `oqrosvarskvlaviani Secdoma~ iseTi Secdomaa, romlis safuZvelze yvela moswavles raRacis swavla
SeuZlia. aseTi Secdomis daSvebiT moswavle TanaklaselebisTvis swavlis axal
SesaZleblobas uzrunvelyofs da Tavadac swavlobs, rom gariskva usafrTxoa.
amgvari riskis gaweviT, moswavle izrdeba (misi codna da Tavdajerebuloba), sasurvel oqros varskvlavs iRebs, xolo klasi swavlobs.
msgavs SemTxvevebSi CrdiloeT polusis feirbenkis (alaska) dawyebiTi skolis maswavlebeli teri makarti (Terry McCarthy) `simamacis qulebs~ uwers im bavSvebs, romlebsac ar eSiniaT rTul sakiTxebze muSaoba scadon maSinac ki, rodesac darwmunebulebi ar arian sakuTar
TavSi. dakvirvebuli maswavlebeli Tavis gamogonili am da mravali sxva gziT, gaazrebulad
qmnis da uwyobs xels klasSi riskis gawevisa da Secdomis daSvebisTvis usafrTxo garemos.

tempi
meore Sexeduleba, romelic bavSvebs `moaqvT~ skolaSi, aseTia: ufro swrafi ufro sxartia, imis nacvlad, rom sjerodeT yuradReba, xarisxi da mondomebaa mniSvnelovani. ras
akeTeben maswavlebelebi moswavleebisaTvis am damTrgunveli rwmenisagan ganTavisuflebis
mizniT?
me-11 TavSi aRvwereT xelmeored testirebis politika, romlis mixedviTac moswavlis
saboloo Sefasebis safuZveli iqneba mis mier miRebuli umaRlesi qula miuxedavad imisa,
ramdenjer gaivlis testirebas (ra Tqma unda, testebis alternatiuli formebis arsebobis
gaTvaliswinebiT). aseTi forma Secvlis testirebisa da xelmeore testirebis maCveneblebis
gasaSualebis praqtikas. aseTi praqtikis gareSe `A~, `B~ da `ar Caubarebia~ Sefaseba mxolod
imis niSania, rom saboloo Sedegia mTavari da sxva araferi. aseTi gziT saboloo Sedegamde
misvla sulac ar aufasurebs sxva moswavlis mier pirvelive jerze miRebul `A~ Sefasebas,

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ubralod zogs grZeli gza sWirdeba warmatebamde.3

lodinis drois gamoyeneba da misi mniSvnelobis axsna klasisTvis yoveldRiuri praqtikaa,
romelic ufro azrovnebasa da mondomebas uwyobs xels, vidre siswrafes. velslis saSualo
skolis maswavlebeli meri en pilati (Mary Ann Pilat) msgavs praqtikas iyenebs:
moswavleebs vuxsni, rom sworxazovnad moazrovneebi swrafad pasuxoben dasmul kiTxvebs, magram arasworxazovani geStalt-moazrovneebi xSirad stimuls
aZleven gansxvavebul azrovnebas. am saintereso fiqrebis midevnebis nacvlad
swrafad sworxazovnad moazrovneebs ukve mzad aqvT kiTxvaze pasuxi. rogorc
wesi, arasworxazovani moazrovneebi naklebad monawileoben saklaso diskusiebSi, amitom diskusiis dawyebamde ZiriTad kiTxvebs dafaze vwer da klass 5 wuTs
vaZlev maTze fiqrisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi gacilebiT meti bavSvis CarTulobas
viReb Sedegad, TviT im bavSvebisac ki, romlebic arasodes iReben xmas.
bolo strategia, romelic tempTan SedarebiT yuradRebisa da mondomebis mniSvnelobas
usvams xazs, gaxlavT me-11 TavSi aRwerili `xelaxali swavlebis sistema~.

ukukavSiri da daxmareba
kidev erTi faqtori, romelic xels uSlis swavlas da zians ayenebs saklaso garemos, aris
Sexeduleba, rom `kargi moswavle sakuTari ZalebiT akeTebs yvelafers~ nacvlad Sexedulebisa, rom kargi moswavle iTxovs daxmarebas da uzrunvelyofs ukukavSirs.
maswavleblebi xels uwyoben am Sexedulebis ganviTarebas misi modelirebiTa da
waxalisebiT da iseTi struqturebis SeqmniT,
romlebic aaSkaraveben mas. magaliTad, weris
mraval programaSi Tanaklaselebis mier redaqtirebis procesi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sagnebis mixedviT moxsenebis werisas; namuSevris
saboloo variantis damuSavebamde moswavleebma unda moisminon monaxazis Sesaxeb TanatolTa kritika sazogadod miRebuli kriteriumebis mixedviT.

kargi moswavle iTxovs daxmarebas da uzrunve

lyofs ukukavSirs.

saklaso rutinaSi aseve SeiZleba gamoviyenoT urTierTdaxmarebis sxva struqturebic:

moswavleebs

SeuZliaT morigeobiT awarmoon Canawerebi JurnalSi (romelic ukana

merxze devs) im moswavleebisaTvis, romlebmac gakveTili (ebi) gaacdines. es Canawerebi
`dabrunebuli~ moswavleebisTvis erTgvari resursi iqneba _ daexmareba gaigon is masala, romelic ver moismines gacdenis gamo. moswavle, romelic am Canawerebs awarmoebs, personalurad exmareba im moswavles, romelmac gaacdina.

maswavlebels SeuZlia daajgufos an daawyvilos moswavleebi, raTa isini daexmaron

erTmaneTs saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis an testirebisTvis momzadebaSi.

kooperaciuli swavlis sxvadasxva modeli, romlebic gundis warmatebis SemTxvevaSi

emyareba misi yvela wevris stimuls. testirebaSi individualuri qulis mateba TviT am
individis wina testirebis saSualo qulasTan SedarebiT, mTeli gundis qulis matebas
niSnavs. gundisTvis swavlis dro uzrunvelyofilia ise, rom wevrebs SeuZliaT erTmaneTis daxmareba. (ix. Slavin 1986).

3 novatorul skolebSi mxars uWeren Sefasebis amgvar politikas. ori semestris nacvlad trimestrebi aqvT. trimestrebs
Soris Sualedi erTi kvira or mizans emsaxureba: im moswavleebs, romlebmac maRal donis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad daasrules
saswavlo kursi, SeuZliaT mis ganvrcobasa da srulyofaze izrunon; moswavleebs, romlebmac jer ver daasrules kursi maRal
doneze, damatebiTi kvirisa da maswavleblis daxmarebis gamoyeneba SeuZliaT.)

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aqtivobaTa sxva mravali struqtura, magaliTad, TanagundelTa konsultaciebi, oTxi

kuTxe, Semowmeba wyvilebSi da Semswavleli megobrebi (Kagan 1992) aswavlis moswavleebs
saWiro daxmarebis Txovnas.

Zalisxmeva da unari
Tu moswavleebs inteleqtis Tandayolilobis, ucvlelobis, gazomvadobisa da usamarTlod ganawilebis sjeraT, aseve daijereben, rom inteleqtis `raodenoba~, romelic maT aqvT,
ZiriTadi faqtoria, romelic gansazRvravs warmatebebs skolaSi da skolis gareT momaval
cxovrebaSi (Howard 1993). SeerTebul StatebSi sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT yvelaze metad
ganviTarebuli da gavleniania Sexeduleba, rom inteleqti aris is, rac aregulirebs Cvens
SesaZleblobebs. arsebiTad. inteleqtis, rogorc ucvlelisa da gazomvadis koncefcia Tavad SevqmeniT Cveni istoriis konkretul monakveTSi daaxloebiT 1890-1920 wlebSi (Gould
1982; Oakes 1985).
am nawilSi ganvixilavT am Sexedulebis Sedegebs, kontrSexedulebis `tkbil nayofs~
da moswavleTa Sexedulebis sasikeTod Secvlis gzebs. sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba, romlis
mixedviT Tanamimdevruli Zalisxmeva da efeqtiani strategiebi warmatebis mTavari faqtoria, motivaciis wyarod iqceva da xels Seuwyobs swavlas, Tuki Secvlis rwmenas, rom Tandayolili inteleqti warmatebis mTavari faqtoria (Howard 1993). Tanamimdevruli strategiiTa
da efeqtiani ZalisxmeviT nebismier moswavles SeuZlia warmatebis miRweva da ara mxolod
yvelaze swrafsa da Tavdajerebuls.
atribuciis Teoria gvixsnis ori gansxvavebuli Sexedulebis moqmedebis dinamikas (Weiner
1970). Teoriis mixedviT Cvens mier Cvenive warmatebisa da warumateblobis mizezebis axsnas
(atribucias) gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs Cvens momaval qcevaze. arsebiTad, es Sinagani axsna aris pasuxismgebeli Cvens momaval qcevaze. is maswavleblebi, romelTac surT daexmaron
moswavleebs Tandayolili inteleqtis Sesaxeb Sexedulebis SecvlaSi Zalisxmevisa da kargi
strategiebis mniSvnelobis sasargeblod saklaso cxovrebis aT sferoSi (me-11 Tavi) dadebiTi qcevis mowmeebi xdebian. magaliTad, isini moTminebiT agrZeleben muSaobas im moswavleebTan, romlebic swrafad ver pasuxoben; iyeneben miniSnebebs da lodinis dros. aq winamdebare
Tavi nawilobriv Tanxvdeba me-11 Tavs (maswavleblis qcevis Seswavla, romelic arwmunebs moswavleebs sakuTar SesaZleblobebsa da Zalisxmevis mniSvnelobaSi). sami Setyobinebis `es
mniSvnelovania~, `amis gakeTebas SeZleb~, `danebebis nebas ar mogcem~ gagzavna aseve mniSvnelovania moswavleTa dasarwmuneblad imaSi, rom maT sakmarisi inteleqti aqvT rTuli
masalis dasaZlevad. dasaxmareblad maT mxolod xangrZlivi muSaoba, saWiro resursebi da
swavlis strategiebi sWirdebaT. maswavleblis movaleobaa detalurad aswavlon maT strategiebi.

gavlena
`kargma maswavlebelma icis, rom swavlaSi CasarTvelad moswavleebs sakuTrebis garkveuli grZnoba unda hqondeT klasis an davalebis mimarT pirovnuli Zalaufleba, rwmena,
rom maT gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT~ (Dodd 1995). es Sexeduleba aisaxa 1980-iani da 1990-iani
wlebis or naSromSi. pirveli, azrovnebisa da individualuri stilis (mag., Myers and McCaulley 1985; Harrison and Bramson 1982) Sesaxeb SexedulebaTa mravali sistemiT dadginda, rom kargad funqcionirebisTvis bevr adamians sWirdeboda sakuTari garemos garkveuli aspeqtebis
marTva an kontroli. meore, konstruqtivistuli swavlis da swavlebis Sesaxeb literatura

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amtkicebs, rom namdvili gagebisTvis gamiznuli swavla moswavleebisgan moiTxovs sakuTari

mniSvnelobebis Seqmnas (Brooks and Brooks 1993). es niSnavs imas, rom maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT moswavleebs unda hqondeT sakuTari kiTxvebisa da kvlevis sakuTari mimarTuleba.
zemoxsenebuli literaturac amasve amtkicebs: warmatebuli maswavlebeli poulobs gzebs,
rom moswavleebs Tanaziarobis (monawileobis) garkveuli gancda gauCndeT da klasSi movlenaTa msvlelobasa da inteleqtualur cxovrebaze sakuTari gavlena igrZnon.
mravali gza arsebobs imisTvis, rom moswavleebs sakuTar saskolo cxovrebaSi arCevani da
gavlena SevTavazoT. erT-erTi maTgani miekuTvneba klasis socialur cxovrebas saklaso
TamaSis wesebs, rogorc interpersonaluri qcevis wesebis opozits. saklaso TamaSis wesebi
saklaso diskusiis Catarebisas socialur normebsa da procedurebs miekuTvneba. xSirad
am wesebze zepirad an werilobiT ar Tanxmdebian, Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, mis cvlilebas
girCevdiT. maswavlebelis mier dasmuli kiTxva, moswavlis pasuxi da maswavleblis Sefaseba
diskusiis Cveuli ciklia, romelic asaxavs `wess~ - saklaso oTaxSi maswavlebeli gaakontrolebs saubars. klasze an saswavlo gegmaze kontrolis daukargavad, maswavlebels SeuZlia
moswavleebs diskusiisa da saqmianobis warmarTvis proceduruli sistemis Camoyalibebasa
da moqmedebaSi monawileobis neba darTos.
sakuTrebisa da gavlenis grZnobis Camoyalibebis erT-erTi gza swavlis stilsa da arCevans exeba. bevri avtori (mag., Mamchur 1990) amtkicebs, rom moswavleebs SeZlebisdagvarad
unda mivceT arCevanis saSualeba axali koncefciebis swavlis an davalebebis Sesrulebisas.
maT mier arCevanis gakeTebas SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos maTive codnam sakuTari swavlis stilis
Sesaxeb.
dabolos, saklaso TamaSis wesebze kontrolisa da Sesasrulebeli saswavlo aqtivobebis
formirebaSi monawileobis garda moswavleebs erToblivi sakuTrebac SeiZleba hqondeT klasis inteleqtualur cxovrebaze kiTxvebis dasmisa da maTi mniSvnelobebis Camoyalibebis saSualebiT.
am Tavis darCenili xuTi nawili asaxavs saklaso cxovrebaze moswavleebisTvis WeSmariti
gavlenis uflebis Cveneuli strategiuli midgomis siRrmesa da sirTules. am nawilebze muSaobisas sasargebloa imis gacnobiereba, romeli maTgania ufro rTuli da ratom. saklaso
klimatis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, amiT Tavidan aicilebT sakuTari SesaZleblobebis
zRvarze metis gakeTebis safrTxes. saWiro ar aris xuTive sakiTxs erTdroulad mimarToT
an sxva doneze gadasasvlelad `ganviTarebis~ konkretul dones `daelodoT~. albaT, saWiro
iqneba gvaxsovdes, rom qvemoT aRwerili xuTi midgoma TandaTanobiT rTuldeba da Tu dainteresebuli xarT, rom moswavleebs saklaso cxovrebaSi monawileobis grZnoba da gavlena
ganuviTardeT, monawileobis naklebad rTuli formebiT daiwyoT da TandaTan gadaxvideT
ufro rTulze.

SewyviteT Cemi swavleba

`SewyviteT Cemi swavleba~ mianiSnebs imaze, rom vaswavloT moswavleebs signalebis gamoyeneba, raTa Seatyobinon maswavlebels, rodis veRar aRwevs swavleba mizans. lilian ketzi
(Lilian Katz 1992) saubrobs sakuTari vaJisTvis, axalbeda maswavleblisTvis warmatebuli swavlebis zogierTi ZiriTadi principis swavlebaze:
erTi ram, rac maswavlebelma mudam unda gaakeTos. . . nebismieri asakis moswavles aswavlos Semdegi frazebis Tqma: `damacadeT, ver gavige~, `SeiZleba kidev
erTxel amixsnaT?~ `amas gulisxmobdiT?~ `SegiZliaT kidev erTxel maCvenoT?~
`sworad gavige?~ rac moswavles saSualebas miscems gamoxatos, rodis sWirdeba

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daxmareba. mas SeuZlia dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebs ubralod uTxras: `maniSne xeliT, roca ver gaigeb~ (ASCD Conference 1992).
Tu
maswavleblebi

seriozulad

ekidebian

am

miTiTebebs

, miniSnebaTa

iseT

sistemas

uvi
Tareben moswavleebs, rom es ukanasknelni sakuTari iniciativiT aRiareben, rom ver gaiges
da Tavidan axsna sWirdebaT. xeliT miniSnebebi, magaliTad, qvemoT mimarTuli cera TiTi,
SesaZloa erT-erTi aseTi signali iyos. SeiZleba SuqniSnis msgavsad moswavleebma wiTeli,
yviTeli an mwvane baraTebi dailagon magidis kuTxeSi, rac maswavlebels saSualebas aZlevs,
mxedvelobiT
swrafad

daadginos

, gaiges

Tu

ara

moswavleebmaroca

moswavlis niSanze swavlebis Sewyveta saklaso kulturis nawili xdeba, sxva simboloebi an frazebi am kulturis
asaxvas emsaxureba. erT-erTma maswavlebelma Tavis klass uambo, rogor gaCerda mogzaurobis dros misi ojaxi qmari da eqvsi Svili sadilisaTvis `makdonalds~-Si. `sad aris bobi?~
ikiTxa dedam oTxi milis gavlis Semdeg. aRmoCnda, rom sasadilodan gamosulebs siswrafeSi
bili `makdonalds~-Si `darCaT~.
`makdonalds~-Si xom ar damrCiT?~ _ amis Semdeg maswavlebeli am frazas, rogorc Sifrs xSirad iyenebs imis gasarkvevad, gaiges Tu ara moswavleebma. `misis svift, Cemi azriT,
`makdonalds~-Si dagrCiT!~ iumornarevi Sifri maswavleblisTvis swavlebis Sewyvetinebas emsaxureba da maswavleblis damadasturebeli reaqcia aCvenebs, rom es praqtika mniSvnelovania, radgan vergagebis gamo SeniRbuli gakicxvis nacvlad moswavlisTvis Seqeba moaqvs.

saklaso TamaSis wesebze SeTanxmeba

saklaso TamaSis wesebze SeTanxmeba niSnavs moswavleebis CarTvas saklaso saqmianobis
rutinisa da proceduris SeqmnaSi. es wesebi gansxvavdeba qcevis im wesebisagan, romelsac
maswavlebeli da moswavleebi saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi SeimuSaveben xolme. es usityvo, aralegaluri da araformulirebuli wesebia. isini maswavleblisa da moswavlis da moswavleebs
Soris interaqcias exeba iseTi sakiTxebze, rogoricaa kiTxva-pasuxi, saklaso dialogi da
procedurebi. kiTxva-pasuxis gakveTili SeiZleba erTgvar TamaSad iqces, Tu moswavleebi
swori pasuxis gacemiT gamarjvebas, xolo pasuxis arcodnis SemTxvevaSi `gauCinarebas~ (`damalvas~) ecdebian.
erTxel Cvens kursebze dik adamsma (Dick Adams), niutonis (masaCusetsi) CrdiloeTis saSualos skolis xelmZRvanelma moswavleebs hkiTxa: `miTamaSia Tu ara TqvenTan odesme `
gamoicani, ras vfiqrob~? es cneba maSin Segvxvda, rodesac me-8 TavSi kiTxvis dasmis teqnikas
SevexeT. albaT, gaxsovT, rom is maswavleblebi, romlebic am TamaSs sTavazoben maswavlebels,
bundovan kiTxvebs usvamen maT da miuxedavad imisa, rom gonebaSi erT konkretul pasuxs elodebian, kiTxvis maTeulad dasma uamrav SesaZlo pasuxs iZleva. `ase arasdros movqceulvar,
ara?~ kiTxulobs diki. moswavleebi Tavis dinjad dakvriT dadebiTad pasuxoben. `marTla?
SegiZliaT magaliTebi gaixsenoT?~
isini ixseneben. Semdgomma msjelobam gviCvena, rogor unda warimarTos klasis diskusia
ise, rom maqsimalurad gavzardoT moswavleTa nayofieri monawileoba. magaliTad, maswavlebelma moswavleebTan erTad gadawyvita, rom im moswavles, romelic dasmul SekiTxvas ver
upasuxebda, am SekiTxvis gadamisamarTeba SeeZlo sxva moswavlisaTvis. Tu miyolebiT sami
moswavle ver gascemda pasuxs maswavleblis kiTxvas, diki daaskvnida, rom man arasworad dasva kiTxva; am SemTxvevaSi mas gansxvavebulad unda daesva kiTxva an moswavleebisTvis ekiTxa
azri.
moswavleebs imdenad moewonaT es aqtivoba, rom gvTxoves videoTi gadagveRo. mivxvdiT,
rom moswavleebi mxolod axali saqmianobiTa da saklaso diskusiis meti sicxadiT ki ar iyvnen

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gaxarebulni, aramed im gavleniT, rac maT TviT klasis marTvaSi hqondaT. maswavlebelTan
TanamSromlobiT maT saklaso TamaSis wesebi Secvales da tradiciuli pasiuri msmenelebidan
aqtiur da avtoritetul moTamaSeebad gadaiqcnen.
am istoriis mizania Semdegi kiTxvis dasma: saklaso TamaSis wesebze gavlenis, interaqciisa
da muSaobis formebisa da dinamikis CamoyalibebaSi monawileobis ra SesaZleblobebi aqvT
moswavleebs? rogor unda CamovuyaliboT maT Tanaziarobis (inglisuri sityvis ownership-is
qarTul sinonimad `Tanaziaroba~, `monawileoba~ varCieT, Tumca, zogjer `mesakuTreobasac~
viyenebT. red. Sen.) grZnoba am wesebis mimarT?

vaswavloT moswavleebs swavlis principebisa da sxva strategiebis

gamoyeneba
saklaso cxovrebaze gavlenis grZnobis Camoyalibebis mesame gza is aris, rom gavuziaroT
moswavleebs swavlebisa da swavlis is strategiebi, romlebsac Tavad viyenebT. swavlebisa da
swavlis strategiaTa saidumlo codnis gaziarebiT moswavleebs arCevans, Zalauflebasa da
sakuTari swavlis kontrolis saSualebas vaZlevT.
me-9 TavSi moxseniebuli swavlis mravali principi pirdapiro gziT unda vaswavloT moswavleebs, raTa SeZlon maTi gamoyeneba da efeqtian moswavleebad iqcnen. igives Tqma SeiZleba me-8 TavSi naxsenebi mTeli rigi teqnikebis mimarTac. kargi iqneba, Tu gadavxedavT am principebs da davadgenT, romeli maTgani ufro waadgebaT moswavleebs swavlis instrumentebad.
rac ufro metad davinteresdebiT moswavleebisTvis Zalauflebisa da arCevanis SeTavazebiT, miT ufro araorazrovnad gadavcemT maT gankargulebaSi swavlis instrumentebs da davarwmunebT maT damoukidebel gamoyenebaSi.
gTavazobT moswavleTaTvis SeTavazebul zogierT Cveneul princips:

Tanamimdevroba: moswavleebs SeuZliaT am principis gamoyeneba axali sityvebis (an

Tanamimdevruli bunebis nebismieri masalis) swavlisas ise, rom maTTvis yvelaze Zneli
sakiTxebi iyos optimalur pirvel an bolo adgilze.

varjiSi: moswavleebs am principis codnis gamoyeneba sakuTari individualuri varjiSis grafikis optimizaciisTvis SeuZliaT.

miznis dasaxva: moswavleebs am principis gamoyenebiT SeuZliaT realisturi akade-

miuri da qceviTi winsvlis miznebi dasaxon da maTi miRwevisTvis efeqtiani gegmebi

Seadginon.

axsnis instrumentebi: vizualuri xatebi da gansakuTrebiT grafikuli organizatore-

bi SeiZleba moswavlis mudmiv instrumentad iqces. xatis gamoyeneba SeiZleba Sesvenebis

drosac da mniSvnelobis vizualurad gaazrebis drosac. grafikuli organizatorebi
SeiZleba Cvevad iqces, rogorc SeniSvnaTa Caweris teqnologia, romlis saSualebiTac
kiTxvis, weris an naxvis dros moswavleebi iTviseben informacias. maswavlebels SeuZlia integrirebulad SesTavazos moswavleebs am instrumentebis gamoyeneba davalebebis Sesrulebisas da SesTavazos maTi gamoyenebis dros da gza (ix. me-8 Tavi).

moswavleTaTvis am strategiebis gacnobis dros, im maswavleblebs, romlebmac atribuciis Teoria ician da TavdadebiT emsaxurebian samgvari molodinis Setyobinebis gagzavnas
(`es mniSvnelovania~, `amis gakeTebas SeZleb~, `danebebis nebas ar mogcem~), gansakuTrebuli
aRmoCena eliT. maT gauCndebaT xSiri SesaZlebloba daakavSiron am strategiaTa gamoyeneba
moswavlis warmatebasTan da ar miscen saSualeba moswavles, warmateba inteleqts miaweros.
`joz, romelime grafikuli organizatori gamoiyene am Tavis swavlis dros? ara? kargi, naxe!

344

saklaso garemo

Sen calsaxad vizualuri Semswavleli xar. Senc da mec es kargad viciT. modi, vnaxoT, rogor
SegviZlia am strategiis gamoyeneba aseTi masalis swavlisas. vici, rom amis gakeTebas SeZleb!~

swavlis stili da arCevani

`moswavleTa mier swavlis stilis Sesaxeb codnis gamoyeneba~ niSnavs, rom maswavlebeli
ara mxolod iyenebs swavlis stilis Sesaxeb sakuTar codnas moswavleTa swavlis stilisadmi
adaptaciis mizniT, aramed moswavleebsac aswavlis swavlis maTeul stils da mis gavlenas
imaze, romeli davaleba iqneba maTTvis rTuli da romeli advili. amas garda, isini stimuls
aZleven moswavleebs gamoiyenon swavlis sakuTari stilis Sesaxeb codna swavlis warmarTvisa
da davalebaTa modifikaciisaTvis, rac maT sakuTari Zlieri mxareebis gamoyenebis saSualebas miscems. es moswavleTaTvis Zalauflebis micemis ufro rTuli safexuria, radgan maT
davalebebis, testisa da proeqtis formebis arCevanis saSualebas aZlevs. weriTi samuSaosagan gansxvavebuli nebismieri samuSao (nonreport report) amgvari arCevanis praqtikaa.
am wignis mravali mkiTxveli daswrebia swavlis stilis Sesaxeb seminarebs da zogierTma
maTganma, SesaZloa, Zalian kargad icis swavlis erTi ar ramdenime stilis struqturis gamoyeneba. es struqturebi gvexmareba gavigoT msgavseba da gansxvaveba adamianTa mier swavlis dawyebis, msvlelobisa da naswavlis gamoxatvis gzebs Soris. aseve gvexmareba saswavlo
garemos TaviseburebaTa da individebisTvis sxvadasxva aqtivobaTa misadagebis gagebaSi. magaliTad, zogi ukeT swavlobs saubriTa da sxvebTan interaqciiT, zogi sxvebTan interaqciis
dawyebamde kiTxviT, mosmeniT, danaxviT. swavlis upiratesi stilis Sesaxeb codnis es nakrebi
kargi saSualebaa imisTvis, rom moswavleebs saklaso cxovrebis mimarT Tanaziarobis grZnoba
ganuviTaroT.
moswavleebisTvis swavlis sakuTari stilis gacnobierebaSi daxmarebiT maT Zalauflebis
mniSvnelovan formas vacnobT. pirvel yovlisa, moswavleebs SeuZliaT ganWvriton (maswavleblis daxmarebiT) konkretuli davalebis sirTule, romelic ar Seesabameba maTTvis swavlis
upirates stils. swavlis stilis kargad gacnobis SemTxvevaSi, masTan asocirebuli faseulobaTa sistema saSualebas aZlevs moswavleebs, sirTule dainaxon konkretuli davalebis
Sesrulebisas da miaweron is gansxvavebulobas da ara naklovanebas. meore, swavlis stilis
ganWvreta da misi Sesabamisoba an Seusabamoba davalebasTan moswavleebs damatebiTi Zalisxmevis mobilizebisa, da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, daxmarebis povnis saSualebas aZlevs. rodesac moswavleebs maTive swavlis stilis Sesaxeb codnis gamoyenebisken vubiZgebT, garkveul
Zalauflebas vaZlevT.
swavlis stilis Sesaxeb codnis miwodeba yvelaze martivia upiratesi modalobis gansazRvriT: vizualuri, smeniTi, kinestetikuri an maTi kombinaciiT. moswavleTaTvis swavlis
upiratesi stilis gansazRvrisTvis SeiZleba gamoviyenoT upiratesi modalobis dasadgeni
martivi testebi (ix. Barbe and Milone 1980). Semdeg ki unda veZeboT (da xmamaRla gavuziaroT
moswavleebs) gansxvavebuli modalobis Sesatyvisi swavlebis varirebis gzebi.4
tvinis marjvena Tu marcxena naxevarsfero anu globaluri analizi swavlis gansxvavebuli stilis Sesaxeb SexedulebaTa kidev erTi sistemaa, romelsac moswavleebi iyeneben. rita
dani (Rita Dunn 1990) moswavleebs kidev erT sasargeblo Sexedulebas sTavazobs nayofieri
swavlisTvis. entoni gregorkis (Anthony Gregorc 1985) SexedulebaTa sistema swavlis stilis
Sesaxeb Zalze rTuli, magram imavdroulad Zalze sasargebloa. bernis makartis (Bernice McCarthy 1987) 4MAT sistema mexuTea, xolo gardneris (Gardner 1983) mravalmxrivi inteleqtis
4 swavlebaSi mravali modalobis CarTvisaTvis mosazrebaTa sasargeblo wyaroa David Lazear, Multiple Intelligence Approaches to
Assessment and Seven Pathways to Learning, published by Zephyr Press.

345

Tavi 13

Sesaxeb Sexeduleba _ meeqvse. dabolos, maiers brigsisa (Myers Briggs) meSvide.

es Sexedulebebi Zalze mniSvnelovania da, Cveni azriT, isini maswavleblis profesiuli
codnis arsebiTi nawilia. saklaso garemosa da, kerZod, gavlenis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania erT-erTi maTganis arCeva da misi SeTavazeba moswavleebisTvis. es imas ki ar niSnavs, rom
Sexedulebis gacnobis safuZvelze maT sakuTar Tavs esa Tu is iarliyi `gamouweron~, aramed SeZlon sakuTari Zalisxmevis regulireba, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi daxmarebis Txovna da
zogjer davalebis Secvlis Taobaze iniciativis gamoCena swavlis stilis Sesaxeb sakuTari
codnis gamoyenebiT.
moswavleTaTvis davalebis modifikaciis Sesaxeb sakuTari azris gamoTqmis nebarTvisa da
motivaciis uzrunvelyofas arCevanis sakiTxTan mivyavarT.
ra saxis arCevani unda gaakeTon moswavleebma sakuTar akademiur samuSaosTan dakavSirebiT da rogor? karolin mamCuri (Carolyn Mamchur 1990) wers: `moswavleTaTvis arCevanis micema rTul sakiTxad SeiZleba mogveCvenos. magram sinamdvileSi Zalze martivia. wesi aseTia:
yovelTvis, roca SegiZliaT, mieciT moswavles arCevanis saSualeba~.
zepiri davalebebi moswavleTa mier davalebaTa formebze gavlenis kargi magaliTia. maTSi
gansakuTrebulad gamorCeuli araferia. es gare davalebebia ramdenime ZiriTadi gansxvavebiT. zepiri samuSaoa yvelaferi, rac tradiciuli werilobiTi informaciis kategoriaSi ar
xvdeba. misi amocanaa moswavleebi miaCvios im azrs, rom maswavleblisTvis misaRebi da dasafasebeli iqneba maTi mosazrebebi. maTi pirveli kiTxva aseTia: `Tqven ra gsurT?~ radgan ician,
rom maswavleblisTvis siamovnebis miniWeba sasurveli Sefasebis miRebis umoklesi gzaa.
gTavazobT zepiri samuSaos magaliTebs:
1. moswavleebs SeuqmeniT STabeWdileba, rom standartuli werilobiTi moxsenebiT ver
miiReben kreditebs, radgan is ar akmayofilebs davalebis moTxovnebs.
2. davalebis SesrulebisTvis sakmao raodenobis qulebi daaweseT, rom misma Seusruleblobam uaryofiTad imoqmedebs Sefasebaze.
3. SeqmeniT Sefasebis iseTi skala, romliTac Tanabrad SeafasebT Sinaarss da SemoqmedebiTobas (ufro martivad Tu vityviT, moswavlis Zalisxmevas codnis personalizaciisTvis).
4. SearCieT Zalze zogadi Tema da mieciT moswavleebs arCevanis farTo SesaZlebloba.
magaliTad, gazomvis swavlebisas mieciT saSualeba, SearCion gazomvasTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri ram. miuTiTeT, rom profesiaTa mxolod mcire nawils (hobi,
sporti da sxv.) ara aqvs araferi saerTo gazomvis ama Tu im saxesTan. dausaxeleT magaliTebi. waaxaliseT, daasaxelon iseTi ram, rasac savaraudod araferi saerTo ara
aqvs gazomvasTan (mzad iyaviT daasaxeloT gazomvasTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobebi).
5. dausaxeleT moswavleebs zepiri saxis samuSaos formatis ramdenime magaliTi (es magaliTebi uamravia da mxolod warmosaxva Tu udebs zRvars). magaliTad, maT SeuZliaT moigonon TamaSi, daweron simRera, dadgan warmodgena, moamzadon prezentacia
slaidebiT an dabeWdon, Seqmnan teqsturi faili an modeli. gaafrTxileT, rom met
kredits miiReben im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Tqveni SeTavazebuli ideisagan gansxvavebul rames warmoadgenen.
6. albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovania, rom ar SeasrulebinoT aseTi saxis davaleba, Tu mzad
ara xarT moswavleTa ideebis WeSmaritad dafasebisTvis. Tu ver SeZlebT kargisa da
cudis Sesaxeb Tqveneul mosazrebebze uaris Tqmas da namuSevris maTi TvaliT danaxvas, samudamod dakargavT maT ndobas. ar unda dauweroT qula ugulisyurod da cudad Sesrulebuli samuSaosTvis. erTxel moswavlem momitana fexsacmelebis yuTi,
romelsac erT boloSi naxvreti hqonda. naSroms `Savi xvrelis muSa modeli~ erqva!

346

saklaso garemo

aRmovaCine, rom Tu ideas 10 quliT Sevafasebdi, Sesrulebas 10-iT, Sinaarss

10-iT, xolo Zalisxmevas 5 quliT, maTi jami 35 qula realuri maCvenebeli
gamodioda. Zalisxmevis qulas maSin viyenebdi, rodesac moswavles proeqtze
samuSaod sami kvira hqonda da man mxolod 15 wuTi, an ramdenime saaTi gaimeta.
Sedegis mixedviT advilia daxarjuli drois gansazRvra.
pirvel jerze am Sefasebis gamoyenebisas, moswavleTagan, savaraudod, wignidan
gadmoRebuli kolaJebis, koleqciebisa da gancxadebaTa kolaJs miiRebT. magram,
rodesac moswavleebi dainaxaven, rom yvelaze gabedul, SemoqmedebiT da `saxaliso~ proeqtebs aqebT, SemdgomisTvis met dros gaimeteben proeqtze samuSaod.
am proeqtebze muSaobis pirveli wlis bolos maT iseT Temas vaZlev, romelzec
klasSi ar gvimuSavia, magaliTad, mzis energia. isini Temas ikvleven, warmoadgenen Sedegebs metaforul mzis Rumels da miniaturul mzis saTburs e.w.
trombis kedlebiT, romelic mzis akumulirebas axdens da plastmasis boTlebisgan aris damzadebuli. isini mzis energiis TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovan aspeqts
moicaven maswavleblis daxmarebis gareSe. amgvar davalebaTa yvelaze arsebiTi
aspeqti is aris, rom xSirad, is moswavleebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, C an D Sefasebas iReben Cveulebriv davalebebSi, am SemTxvevaSi damoukideblad muSaoben
da ukeTes Sedegs aRweven.
Zepiri davalebebi moswavleebs dagegmvis, kvlevis da Sesrulebis saSualebas
aZlevs. is stimuls aZlevs maT SemoqmedebiT potencials da Sinaarsze muSaobas aiZulebs. bevri moswavle daxmarebisTvis `eqsperts~ eZebs da mraval sainteresos swavlobs xaliCebis, fotografiis, bgerebisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb.
maswavleblisTvis Zalze saintereso da sasiamovnoa iseTi proeqtebis xilva,
romlebic odnavadac ki ar hgavs mosalodnels. (Anonymous, Mindsight, New
Lenox, III., 1989).
specifikuri kriteriumebis gansazRvra moswavleebisTvis naTels gaxdis, xarisxis ra
atributebi unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli zepir davalebaSi. magaliTad, mzis energiis Sesaxeb kriteriumi SeiZleba iyos: (1) xsnis mzis energiis gardaqmnis sam gansxvavebul gzas, (2)
msjelobs mzis energiis sxvadasxva formebis danaxarjebsa da sargebelze da (3) iyenebs monacemebs mzis, wiaRiseuli sawvavisa da birTvuli energiebis efeqtianobis Sesadareblad. am
kriteriumebis gamoyenebiT moswavleebs SeuZliaT aTobiT sxvadasxvagvari prezentaciis Seqmna, romlebic maT mier naswavls asaxavs.
rendolfi da evertsoni (Randolf & Evertson 1995) moswavleTa arCevanis martiv magaliTebs
gvTavazoben, romlebic naTlad gviCvenebs maT winaSe arsebul mravalferovan SesaZleblobebs:
misis kuperi xSirad moswavleebs iseTi davalebebis arCevis uflebas aZlevs, romlebsac Tavad unda urCevdes. moswavleTa kontrolis sferoebi moicavs: gadawyvetilebas monawileobis formis Sesaxeb, klasis yuradRebis miqcevas da diskusiis gaZRolas. . . moswavle liderebi, rogorc wesi, klasis winaSe dganan, magram
misis kuperi maT TavianTi magidebidan wakiTxvis nebasac aZlevs. is aseTive arCevanis saSualebas aZlevs klasisTvis pirveladi namuSevrebis gacnobisas. is faqti,
rom maswavlebeli ar gansazRvravs Sesatyvisi monawileobis am aspeqts, moswavleebs aZlevs arCevanis saSualebas, Tavad gansazRvron kontrolis es apeqti.
moswavleTa mier arCevanis gakeTebis, aqtivobis mimdinareobisa da diskusiis kontrolis
es unari nawilobriv gansazRvravs kooperaciuli swavlis warmatebas. kooperaciuli swavlis
yvela modelSi moswavleebi jgufebad muSaoben, sadac akontroleben dialogs, vin saubrobs,
rodis da ramden xans.

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Tavi 13

moswavleebi da maTi sazogadoebebi, rogorc codnis wyaro

konstruqtivistuli swavleba
konstruqtivistuli pedagogika moswavleTa gavlenas klasis inteleqtualur cxovrebaze avrcelebs da SesaZloa moswavleTa Tanaziarobis grZnobis yvelaze maRali done iyos.
imavdroulad is yvelaze rTulia da maswavlebelTa Sexedulebebis sistemis cvlilebas
moiTxovs; Cvenma umravlesobam iseT skolebSi miiRo ganaTleba, sadac codna gadmogvces
moxmarebisa da aTvisebisTvis. bruksi da bruksi (Brooks & Brooks 1993) konstruqtivistuli
pedagogikis xuT urTierTmomcvel princips gvTavazoben:
1. moswavleTaTvis mniSvnelovani problemis wamoWra;
2. swavlis ageba `didi ideis~ an sawyisi koncefciebis irgvliv;
3. moswavleTa Tvalsazrisis garkveva da dafaseba.
4. kurikulumis `morgeba~ moswavleTa hipoTezebze;
5. moswavleTa swavlis Sefaseba swavlebis konteqstSi (gv. 33).
ozibeli (Ausubel 1963) aRniSnavs, rom kargi swavlebisas yovelTvis rCeba adgili `aqtiuri
swavlisTvis~, magram aseve rCeba didi adgili kargad dagegmili swavlebisTvis, romelic moswavleebs saSualebas aZlevs sakuTari ZalebiT gansazRvron mniSvnelobebi.
rendolfi da evertsoni (Randolf & Evertson 1995) interaqtiuri diskusiis analizisas,
amgvar pedagogikas aRweren: `codnis ageba, romelic saubris saSualebiT xdeba, damokidebulia Zalauflebis gadanawilebaze maswavleblisgan moswavleze. is faqti, rom codna moswavleTagan momdinared ivaraudeba, moswavleebs codnis mflobelebad warmogvidgens, codna
ki, rogorc wesi, maswavleblis sakuTrebaa xolme~.
konstruqtivistuli swavleba moswavleebs codnis mwarmoeblebisa da codnis redaqtorebis rols akisrebs nebismier disciplinaSi (Brooks & Brooks 1993). rendolfisa da evertsonis kvlevaSi aRwerilia gakveTilebis seria literaturaSi. isini gviCveneben, rogor
SeuZlia maswavleblis mier dialogis gaazrebul regulirebasa da moswavleebTan interaqcias moswavleebi codnis WeSmarit mflobelebad aqcios. magaliTad, misis kuperma sTxova
moswavleebs arakebis magaliTebis motana misi gmirebis analizis mizniT. man klass arakebis
moralis ganzogadeba sTxova:

348

maswavlebeli:

risi Tqma SegviZlia arakis moralis Taviseburebebze? [moswavleebi

sTavazoben mosazrebebs.]

iqneb imis axsna gvWirdeba, ra aris arakis gakveTili anu morali. es

aris miTiTeba imisa, rogor gavxdeT ukeTesebi.

laura:

araki cdilobs dagvicvas Secdomebisgan. [maswavlebeli dafaze

wers: `araki gvexmareba gavxdeT ukeTesebi da gvicavs Secdomebisagan~.]

timi:

ar geTanxmebiT. zogjer arakSi yvelaferi arc ise kargadaa.

hilari:

SeuZlia dagvexmaros. [maswavlebeli `gvexmareba~-s nacvlad wers

`SeuZlia dagvexmaros~: `araks SeuZlia dagvexmaros, gavxdeT ukeTesebi da dagvicvas Secdomebisgan~.]

onika:

magram Secdomebs xom yvela uSvebs.

maswavlebeli:

marTali xar (dafaze daweril winadadebas amatebs: `an viswavloT

gmirebis mier daSvebul Secdomebze~.), arakis mizania dagvexmaros,
Tavidan aviciloT bevri Secdoma.

saklaso garemo

am epizodis analizisas rendolfi da evertsoni (Randolf & Evertson 1995) weren:*

diskusia misis kuperis SekiTxviT iwyeba. moswavleTa pasuxebi misTvis ar aris
is informacia, romlis miRebac surs, amrigad, misis kuperi sakuTar pasuxs
sTavazobs: morali gvaswavlis, rogor gavxdeT ukeTesebi. pasuxis Camoyalibebisas misis kuperi sakuTar SekiTxvasac azustebs: mas moralis mizani ainteresebs.
am axali informaciis saSualebiT, lauras SeuZlia iseTi pasuxi SesTavazos maswavlebels, romelic azustebs dafaze daweril pasuxs. misis kupers klasSi avtoritetis pozicia aqvs acnobs Temas, moswavleebi sTavazoben SesaZlo pasuxebs, is afasebs, uaryofs manam, sanam iseT pasuxs ar moismens, romelic mis
molodinebs Seesabameba.
interaqciis buneba icvleba imiT, rom timi misis kuperisa da lauras erTobliv
pasuxs eWvqveS ayenebs. sinamdvileSi, timi Tavad kisrulobs pasuxis Semfaseblis
rols da misis kupers lauras TanamSromlis rols akisrebs. amrigad, misis kuperis pasuxis Sefasebac iseve SeiZleba, rogorc sxva monawilis pasuxisa.
onika da suzani uerTdebian sakiTxis ganxilvas, kiTxvis qveS ayeneben moralis
saWiroebas da TviT mis gansazRvrebas. ratom unda ecados morali CvenTvis
Secdomebis Tavidan acilebas, Tu maT mainc davuSvebT? kiTxuloben isini. maTi
monawileoba diskusiaSi axali Temis safuZveli xdeba, razec misis kuperi Sesabamisad reagirebs, afasebs, mianiSnebs misaRebi mosazrebebis Sesaxeb da Sesabamisad asworebs dafaze pirvelad Canawers. amrigad gansazRvreba misis kuperis,
lauras, timis, hilaris, onikasa da suzanis erToblivi ZalisxmeviT iwereba dafaze.
aseTive scenariT SeiZleba moswavleTa mier codnis ageba maTematikasa Tu nebismier sxva
saganSi. amgvari swavleba zogierTi maswavleblisgan moiTxovs rolis Secvlas da isini codnis `administratorebidan~ moswavleTa mier mniSvnelobis gansazRvris procesSi damxmareebad iqcevian.
xSirad konstruqtivistul swavlebaSi maswavleblis roli ganisazRvreba imiT, rom moswavleebi Caabas winaswarmetyvelebaSi, Semdeg saganze dakvirvebaSi da hipoTezis wamoyenebaSi, romelsac Semdeg moswavleebi gamoscdian dakvirvebis safuZvelze. magaliTad, moswavleTa umetesoba winaswarmetyvelebs, rom mZime sagnebi ufro swrafad ecema, vidre msubuqi,
rac ar aris swori. hipoTezis wamoweva da Semdgomi eqsperimentebisa Sesaxeb dialogi da
axsna-ganmartebebi, romelsac konstruqtivisti maswavleblebi mimarTaven, iseTive TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba, rogoric rendolfisa da evertsonis magaliTSi gvaqvs mocemuli.
is cvlilebebi, romlebic maswavleblis repertuarSi konstruqtivistuli swavlebis
CarTvas moaqvs, Znelad SesamCnevi, magram arsebiTia. erTi SexedviT saklaso oTaxi, davalebebi da Temebi TiTqos didad ar icvleba. cvlileba TvalSi sacemia moswavleTa dialogSi
da maswavleblisa da moswavleTa rolebis cvlilebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom zedapiruli
cvlilebebi umniSvneloa, rolis cvlileba mniSvnelovania da erTmniSvnelovnad adasturebs
moswavleTa motivaciisa da Zalisxmevis zrdas da gagebis gaumjobesebas (Newmann & Wehlage
1995).

* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Randolf, Catherine H., and Carolyn M. Evertson. `Managing for Learning: Rules, Roles, and Meaning in a Writing
Class`. Journal of Classroom Interaction 30 (Summer 1995): 17-25.)

349

Tavi 13

kulturis TvalsazrisiT relevanturi swavleba

2020 wlisTvis, rodesac SeerTebul StatebSi moswavleTa TiTqmis naxevari feradkaniani
iqneba,5 gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania gvqondes iseTi skolebi, sadac yvela moswavlis kulturas aRiareben da daafaseben. am moswavleTa kulturis gauTvaliswinebloba skolis artifaqtebSi, tradiciebSi, xelovnebaSi da kurikulumSi, maT ara marto motivacias uspobs, aramed mravali maTganis gaucxoebasac iwvevs (Cummins 1986). ledson-bilingss (Ladson-Billings
1995) es argumenti kurikulumis ufro myisier zonaSi gadmoaqvs da gviCvenebs, rom sazogadoebis gamoyeneba kurikulumis agebisas swavlas ufro mravalmniSvnelovnad, aqtiurad da
kulturis TvalsazrisiT, relevanturad aqcevs:
saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi erT-erTma maswavlebelma moswavleebs im sferos dasaxeleba
sTxova, romelSic Tavs kompetenturad Tvlidnen. Semdeg Tavi mouyara `klasis eqspertebis~
sias da dauriga moswavleebs. mogvianebiT, moswavleebs sTxova, kalendarze moeniSnaT dRe,
rodesac TavianTi kompetenciis sferodan prezentaciis warmodgenas moisurvebdnen. prezentaciis dros moswavleebi moelodnen, rom Tanaklaselebi yuradRebiT mousmendnen da seriozulad miiRebdnen im codnas, romlis gaziarebasac sTavazobdnen CainiSnavdnen da/an relevantur SekiTxvebs dasvamdnen. moswavleebis mier SeTavazebuli Temebi mravalferovnebiT
gamoirCeoda: repi, kalaTburTi, saeklesio galoba, saWmlis momzadeba, Tmis varcxniloba
da ZiZoba. zogierTma maTganma ufro skolasTan dakavSirebuli kompetenciebi daasaxela
kiTxva, wera da maTematika. miuxedavad amisa, yvela moswavles unda gaeziarebina Tavis kompetencia (Ladson-Billings 1995).
zogierT mkiTxvels, albaT, ainteresebs, rogor SeiZleba amgvari Tavisufali davalebebi
Seesabamebodes kurikulums, romelic moswavleebisgan specifikur unar-CvevebSi gawafvas
moiTxovs. wignis me-16 TavSi aRwerili gamocdilebis gamoyenebiT maswavlebels SeuZlia kvlevis, organizebis, kiTxvis, werisa da metyvelebis (an kurikulumSi mocemuli nebismieri
sxva) unar-Cveva moswavle eqspertebis mier kargi prezentaciis warmodgenis kriteriumebSi
Caaqsovos. ledson-bilingsis azriT, moswavleebs aqvT garkveuli codna, romelsac isini
warmoadgenen da romelsac aRiareben garkveuli faseulobis mqoned. `saklaso eqspertebis~
davalebebi iseTi gamocdilebaa, romelic zrdis moswavlis monawileobisa da gavlenis
grZnobas, radgan moswavlis codna da is kultura, romelic am codnas udevs safuZvlad,
kerZod ki, moswavliseuli kultura naTlad dasturdeba skolis saswavlo aqtivobebiT.
`kulturis TvalsazrisiT relevanturi swavleba~ ledson-bilingsis im statiis saTauria,
saidanac es nawyvetebi gvaqvs motanili. kulturis TvalsazrisiT relevanturi swavleba ar
niSnavs sxva kulturebis swavlebas, Tumca amasac garkveuli mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes.
es niSnavs moswavleTa kulturis ganmtkicebas saswavlo gamocdilebaSi iseTi Temebis, movlenebisa da codnis CarTviT, romlis safuZveli TviT moswavleTa kulturaa. es aris zrunva
ara mxolod calkeul moswavleebze, aramed im sazogadoebazec, romlis wevrebic es moswavleebi (kurikulumis gamocdilebis wyaro) arian.
erT-erTi maswavlebeli sazogadoebas kurikulumis agebis safuZvlad iyenebda.
misi moswavleebi ikvlevdnen qveynis istoriul arqivebs, intervius iRebdnen
am qveynis didi `staJis~ rezidentebisagan, qmnidnen kiTxvarebsa da anketebs,
iwvevdnen momxseneblebs, raTa meti gaegoT maTi sazogadoebis istoriuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. maTi saboloo mizani iyo SeemuSavebinaT winadadeba mitovebuli savaWro centris miwis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, romelic narkotikebis moxmarebisa da sxva saxifaTo saqmianobebis adgilad iyo qceuli. proeqti imiT dasrulda,
5 Hodgkinson, H. Presentation to Phi Delta Kappan Annual Conference, 1993.

350

saklaso garemo

rom moswavleebma qalaqis sabWosa da qalaqis dagegmarebis komisias prezentacia

warudgines. erT-erTma moswavlem aseTi ram miTxra: `es [sazogadoeba] arc ise
cudi ram aris. aq bevri kargi ram xdeboda da kvlavac xdeba~. maswavleblis azriT, es gogona imas swuxda, rom moswavleTa umetesobas warmatebis erTaderT
gzad sazogadoebisagan gandgoma miaCnda da ara misi gardaqmna (Ladson-Billings
1995).6

6 sxvagan ladson-bilingsi mtkiced uWers mxars saklaso sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas da urTierTdaxmarebis garemos Seqmnas.

351

saklaso garemo - Sejameba

sazogadoeba da urTierTdaxmareba
rogor waaxalisebT moswavleebs erTmaneTisa da sxva adamianebis gasacnobad?

rodis usmenT, aRiarebT da udasturebT moswavleebs, rom isini mniSvnelovani

adamianebi arian da maTTvis zrunavT?

rodis swavloben moswavleebi jgufur pasuxismgeblobasa da urTierTdamokidebulebas?

ra SesaZleblobebi aqvT moswavleebs socialuri unar-Cvevebisa da kooperaciuli

swavlis gasacnobad?

saklaso garemo - Sejameba

mkiTxvelisTvis sasargeblo iqneba Seafasos saklaso garemos Sesaxeb sakuTari

mosazrebebi da gamocdileba. mkiTxvels vTxovT, Seavsos winamdebare kiTxvari da
sakuTari pasuxebi Seadaros kolegebis pasuxebs.

rogor aswavliT da avarjiSebT konfliqtis gadaWris strategiebSi saklaso oTaxSi da skolaSi?

gariskva da Tavdajerebuloba

ra dros waaxalisebT xolme moswavleTa mier riskis gawevas?

ras akeTebT imisTvis, rom moswavleebi damTrgunveli Sexedulebisagan siswrafe

Tu yuradReba da mondomeba gaaTavisufloT?

353

rodis acnobT moswavleebs Sexedulebas `kargi moswavle muSaobisas iTxovs daxmarebas da ukukavSirs~?

rogor igeben moswavleebi, rom Zalisxmevas garkveuli cvlilebebi moaqvs?

gavlena

rodis ekisrebaT moswavleebs kontrolisa da gavlenis roli?

swavlis ra principebi ician moswavleebma da romelTa gamoyenebas waaxalisebT?

ra SesaZleblobebs sTavazobT moswavleebs swavlebis gamoyenebuli modelebis

farglebSi kontrolisTvis?

ra SesaZleblobebs sTavazobT moswavleebs avTenturi codnis sawarmoeblad da

saklaso diskusiis konstruqtivistuli perspeqtivis mixedviT asagebad?

eqspertobis ra SesaZleblobebi aqvT moswavleebs?

ra saSualebebs iyenebT imisaTvis, rom adgilobrivi sazogadoebis kultura ganixilebodes rogorc `avtoritetuli~ saswavlo gegmisa da, Sesabamisad, codnis
arsebiTi wyaro?

354

saklaso garemo

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14
miznebi
ra vaswavloT da rogor ganvsazRvroT
miznebi?
maswavleblis xedvis xuTi tipi
maswavleblis xedv a da gakveTilis

dagegmva
sirTulis done
mizanTa pirveladi w yaroebi
mizanTa meoreuli wyaroebi

miznebi

m ramdenime wlis win swavlebis parametrebis dasadgenad Catarebul gamokiTxvaSi

monawileTa 80%-is azriT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani parametri miznebis gansazRvra aRmoCnda (Saphier 1980). gamokiTxulebma TavianTi Sexeduleba Semdegnairad ganmartes:
`Tu ar ici, saiT miemarTebi, daniSnul adgils ver miaRwev~, `miznebi amosavali wertilia~ da
`yvelafers, rasac vakeTebT, safuZvlad udevs is, riskenac miviltviT~.
maTi pasuxebi sakmaod logikurad da damajereblad JRerda (sakiTxi ukve amgvarad aRar
ismis. Cven im daskvnamde mivediT, rom yvela parametri mniSvnelovania da erTmaneTs avsebs:
kargad Camoyalibebuli miznebi arafers niSnavs swavlebis swori meTodebis an swori Sefasebis gareSe). magram TvalSi sacemi iyo Seusabamoba maT mier dasaxelebul prioritetebsa
da praqtikul moqmedebebs Soris. cnobilia, rom maswavlebelTa umravlesoba gegmis Sedgenisas imas ki ar isaxavs miznad, rom moswavleebma
iswavlon, aramed imas, rom aqtivobebi SeasruTu ar ici saiT miemarTebi, daniSnul adgils
lon (Peterson, Marx, and Clark 1978; Joyce, Clark,
ver miaRwev.
and Peck 1981): isini gegmaven Tavad ra unda
gaakeTon da ra TanamimdevrobiT, aseve gegmaven moswavleTa mier Sesasrulebel aqtivobebsa da maT mimdevrobas. swavlebis procesisadmi
amgvari midgoma joisis, klarkisa da pekis (1981) azriT, imiT aixsneba, rom maswavleblebi
moqmedeben saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi Sedgenili grZelvadiani gegmis mixedviT da winaswar
aqvT gansazRvruli, Tu ra teqstebi da ra masala unda gamoiyenon wlis manZilze.
aseTi midgoma maswavlebels Sesaswavl masalaze orientirebuls xdis da ara swavlaze,
ris gamoc, SeiZleba, advilad ascdes mizans: Tu masalasa da aqtivobebs miejaWveba, SeiZleba, swavlebis procesSi moswavleTa xalisiT CarTvasac miaRwios, magram gakveTilis Sedegi
gaurkveveli, bundovani da absoluturad daugegmavi aRmoCndes. moswavleTa CarTuloba da
saxaliso gakveTilis Catareba, TavisTavad, kargi mizania, Tumca, arasakmarisi efeqtiani
swavla-swavlebisTvis.
gaurkveveli miznebi SeiZleba uaryofiTad aisaxos gakveTilis processa da swavlebis
xarisxze. amis naTeli ilustraciaa erT-erTi dawyebiTi skolis yofili direqtoris madlen
hanTeris naambobi. mas sabavSvo baRis erT-erT jgufSi sruli qaosi daxvda: oTaxi feradi
qaRaldebiT iyo mofenili da weboTi moTxvrili. indaurebis mimografebze bavSvebi qaRaldebs awebebdnen, raTa SeeqmnaT kolaJi madlierebis dResTan dakavSirebiT. rodesac madleni
dainteresda, Tu ra xdeboda oTaxSi, aRmzrdelma upasuxa, rom bavSvebi ase eziarebodnen
xelovnebas. maT Soris aseTi dialogi gaimarTa:
madleni:

ratom gaarTuleT es procesi indaurebis mimografebiT? SegeZloT

maTTvis pirdapir dagerigebiaT feradi furclebi da migecaT saSualeba, rom SemoqmedebiTebi yofiliyvnen.

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aRmzrdeli:

me mindoda, rom Tvalisa da xelis koordinirebul moqmedebaSi gavarjiSebuliyvnen.

madleni:

maSin, ratom ar SemoaxazvineT indauris konturi? rodesac bavSvebi mTlianad Seavseben mimografs, gagiWirdebaT, maT daanaxvoT,
daicves Tu ara konturi.

aRmzrdeli:

me ufro sxva ram mindoda. es gakveTili dacvis, mofrTxilebis Sesaxeb iyo. bavSvebma webo umiznod daxarjes. me ki vcdilobdi maTTvis amexsna, rom cot-cota exmaraT.

madleni:

maSin maTTvis mcire raodenobis webo unda migecaT da dalodebodiT, indauris ra nawilis dasasruleblad eyofodaT. maSin mixvdebodnen, rom webo uazrod ar unda daexarjaT. maT imdeni webo
hqondaT, rom momWirneobis aucilebloba ver dainaxes.

aRmzrdeli:

ar SeiZleba, rom bavSvebma ubralod ixmauron da ase gaerTon?

madleni:

rogor ar SeiZleba, magram ra moswonT maT yvelaze metad?

aRmzrdeli:

yvelaze metad ezoSi sirbili moswonT.

madleni:

SegeZloT isini naxevari saaTiT gareT gageyvanaT da, ubralod,

Tval-yuri gedevnebinaT, maSin aseTi qaosi ar Seiqmneboda da arc
oTaxi geqnebodaT dasalagebeli (Hunter 1977).*

maswavleblebis mier swavlebis procesis gansxvavebulad warmarTvis mizezebi swavlebis

miznebis gansxvavebul xedvaSi unda veZeboT. zogierTisTvis, miznis gansazRvrisas, amosavali wertili asaxsneli masalaa: `gakveTilis mizania, gavecnoT masalas I msoflio omSi qimiuri
Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb~. maswavlebeli gakveTils imgvarad gegmavs, rom Seexos yvela sakiTxs da
srulad moicvas Tema. misTvis mniSvnelovania, rom moswavleebs Temis irgvliv amomwuravi
informacia miawodos da gakveTilic mTavrdeba. aseTi xedva gavlenas axdens swavlebis procesze: maswavlebeli ejaWveba gegmasa da cxrils da Sedegad, faqtebis CamomTvlelis rolSi
gamodis. TiTqmis uyuradRebod rCeba klasis Semowmeba, moswavleebis aRmomCenis rolSi Cayeneba da sxvadasxva Temis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba.

maswavleblis xedvis xuTi tipi

Cveni dakvirvebiT, arsebobs miznebis xedvis xuTi tipi, romlebsac maswavleblebi iyeneben.
TiToeuls Tavisi adgili aqvs,Mmagram romelimes gansxvavebulobam, SesaZloa, swavlebis procesSi seriozuli xarvezebi Seitanos. ganvixiloT xuTive tipis xedva da Sesabamisi miznebi.

A
masalis amowurvis miznebi
Tu maswavleblis mizani moswavleebisaTvis axali masalis miwodebaa, is sakiTxs udgeba
ara moswavlis, aramed sakuTari poziciidan. is gegmavs rogor moaxdinos masalis prezentacia, rogor axsnas, aRweros Tu Seexos garkveul Temas, movlenebs, procedurebs, procesebs.
gegmis Sesrulebis Semdeg, Tvlis, rom gakveTili Catarda man srulad `amowura masala~,
TiTqos codna sakuTari Tavidan amoiRo da `sadRac Semodo~. xSirad, axali masalis axsnisas,
maswavlebeli ar iyenebs im bazas, romelic moswavleebs ukve aqvT sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da
arc imas arkvevs, ramdenad gaiazres axsnili masala.
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Hunter, M. Presentation at ASCD, 1977.

362

miznebi

aqtivobis miznebi
zogjer, gakveTilis miznebis dasaxvisas, maswavlebeli orientirebulia im aqtivobebze,
romlebic unda, rom moswavleebs Seasrulebinos: savarjiSos amoxsna, kiTxvebze pasuxis
gacema, problemis gadaWra, eqsperimentis Catareba, sakiTxis ganxilva da sxv. sinamdvileSi
mizani aris is, rom davaleba Sesruldes. aseTi midgomis safuZvelze konkretuli davaleba
sulac ar aswavlis moswavles imas, risi swavlebac maswavlebels hqonda miznad dasaxuli da
Sedegad moswavle verafers ver swavlobs.A
dawyebiT klasebSi maswavlebelma SeiZleba moswavleebs daavalos Temis dawera. moswavleTa dainteresebisa da CarTulobis mizniT maswavlebeli maT naxatebian gadasakravebs
urigebs, romlebic SeuZliaT TavianTi `wignis~ ydad gamoiyenon. maT mier warmodgenili
Temebi SeiZleba erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli aRmoCndes: dawyebuli dasrulebuli
SinaarsiT, romelic Sedgeba Sesavlis, ZiriTadi nawilisa da dasasrulisgan, damTavrebuli
maTi naxatebiT teqstis gareSe. vidre bavSvebi dakavebuli arian `wignebze~ ydis gadakvriT,
maswavlebeli cdilobs, TavianTi namuSevrebis Sesaxeb azri gamoaTqmevinos. zogi azrs gamoTqvams, zogic _ ara.Mmaswavlebels yuradReba isev `wignis~ akinZvaze gadaaqvs da cdilobs,
bavSvebis moZraoba gaakontrolos. Tu am process Tvals mivadevnebT, vnaxavT, rom am davalebis Sesruleba, swavlebis TvalsazrisiT,
aranair mizans ar emsaxureba, radgan maswavrodesac maswavleblis mizani mxolod aqtivo
lebeli cdilobs dadebiTi azri gamoTqvas
bebis Sesrulebaa, kritikuli azrovnebis swav
yvela namuSevarTan dakavSirebiT da raime
lebisTvis dro ar rCeba.
konkretuliT ar interesdeba. gamodis, rom
aqtivobis mizania, bavSvebma daweron Tema,
xarisxs ki mniSvneloba ar aqvs. es SeiZlebaMmaswavlebelma Tavad ar aRiaros, magram misi azri
ar iqneba damajerebeli.
aqtivobebis Sesrulebaze orientirebuli maswavlebeli swavlebisas kritikis strategiebs ar mimarTavs, ver axerxebs, rom aqtivobebis Sesruleba moswavleTaTvis swavlis procesad aqcios, radgan arasaTanadod iyenebs Semowmebisa da Sefasebis proceduras. maswavlebeli aqtivobebis Sesrulebas gakveTilis samarTavad iyenebs. mTeli yuradReba mimarTulia
miTiTebebis gacemasa da moswavleTa dasaqmebisken. aseT gakveTilebze bavSvebi SeiZleba xalisiT CaerTon, debatebSic miiRon monawileoba, magram es yvelaferi gakveTilis procesSi
CarTvis mizans ver gascdeba.

CarTulobis miznebi
rodesac maswavlebeli miznad isaxavs gakveTilze moswavleTa CarTulobis miRwevas, am
mizans aRwevs kidec. `xval Cemi mizani iqneba yvela moswavles mivce saSualeba individualurad gamoxatos sakuTari azri kiTxvaze: `rogor moiqceodnen, Zalian saSiSi iaraRi rom gamoegonebiaT, gamoiyenebdnen Tu ara mas mTavrobis winaaRmdeg?~
maswavlebelTa mier gakveTilis dagegmvis procesis Seswavlam aCvena, rom dagegvmisas
ZiriTad miznebs aqtivobebis Sesruleba da CarTulobis miRweva warmoadgens (Clark and Yinger
1979). moswavleTa CarTuloba miRweulia, rodesac isini energiulad da xalisiT asruleben
aqtivobas. gamodis, rom CarTulobis mizani realurad moswavleebis aqtivobiT gatacebas
gulisxmobs. amaSi cudi araferia, piriqiT, araCveulebrivi mizania. Tumca SesaZlebelia, rom
mTeli arsebiT iyo procesSi CarTuli, Sedegad ki veraferi iswavlo. SesaZloa, moswavleebs
procesi moswondeT, magram garToba yovelTvis swavlas ar niSnavs. saxaliso aqtivobebis
maRalSedegianoba udavoa, magram produqtiulobas mxolod maTi saxaliso mxare ar ganapi-

363

Tavi 14

robebs.
davuSvaT, moswavleebs moswonT sityvebis Zebna. maswavlebeli udgens savarjiSos Sesabamisi sityvebis moZebnaze.Mimavdroulad, surs marTlweraSic avarjiSos. amCnevs, rom savarjiSos Sesrulebisas bavSvebi gamxiaruldnen da kmayofilia. magram ismis kiTxva, iswavles
ki maT sityvebis sworad werac? nuTu maswavlebels marTla sjeroda, rom am savarjiSoTi
moswavleebi sityvebis marTlweras iswavlidnen? ara, es davaleba imitom SeurCia, rom icoda, moewonebodaT.Mrogorc irkveva, moswavleebi gagonil sityvebs eZeben da pouloben, maT
sworad daweras ki ver swavloben. es savarjiSo, SesaZloa, maT vizualuri informaciidan sasurveli monacemebis amokrefis unars umuSavebdes da yvela Tu ara, zogierTi maTgani mainc,
sityvebis efeqtianad mosaZebnad, sistemuri Zebnis strategiebsac iviTarebdes, magram maswavleblis mizani am SemTxvevaSi es ar yofila. moswavleebi, romlebic `sistemur Zebnas~ swavloben, amas SemTxveviT, dasaxuli miznisgan damoukideblad akeTeben.

daostatebis (swavlis) miznebi

Tu gakveTilis mizania moswavleebis marTlweraSi gawafva, maSin maswavlebelma maT
swored am Sedegis momtani aqtivoba unda SesTavazos. magaliTad, amuSaos wyvilebad, Seamowmebinos erTmaneTi sityvebis marTlweraSi da Seadgeninos im sityvaTa CamonaTvali, romlebsac sworad ver daweren. Semdeg aTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi ivarjiSon, rom mxedvelobiT, warmoTqmiT, haerSi daweriT daimaxsovron sityvebi. miRweuli Sedegi dasaxuli miznis Sesabamisi
aRmoCndeba anu moswavleebi gaiwafebian sityvebis sworad weraSi.
ganvixiloT SemTxveva, rodesac maswavlebeli mizans Semdegnairad ayalibebs: `gakveTilis
mizania, moswavleebma dainaxon klasis mier gamoTqmuli Sexedulebebis (romlebsac TvalsaCinoebisTvis CamovwerT) racionaluri, moraluri da amoraluri mxareebi~. am SemTxvevaSi
maswavlebels bevr rameze mouwevs yuradRebis gamaxvileba: unda gaarkvios, ra ician misma
moswavleebma da risi gakeTeba SeuZliaT. aseTi gakveTili ar unda iyos droSi SezRuduli
da arc Tematurad mravlismomcveli, Tumca, swavlebis TvalsazrisiT, is efeqtiani iqneba.
amrigad, SegviZlia SevajamoT zemoT ganxiluli oTxi tipis xedva:
1. daostatebis (swavlis) mizani: `gakveTilis bolos moswavleebi SeZleben...~
2. CarTulobis mizani: `minda mivaRwio maT CarTulobas...~
3. aqtivobis mizani: `jer isini Seasruleben... Semdeg ki Sevasrulebineb...~
4. masalis amowurvis mizani: `jer maT unda mivce... Semdeg unda aRvwero, mere ki vTxovo, rom...~
miznebis xedvis zemoxsenebuli tipebi yovelTvis ar unda gaimijnos erTmaneTisgan.
zogjer saWiroa maTi gaerTianeba. rodesac maswavlebeli miznad isaxavs moswavleebi
garkveul codnas daeuflon, man imavdroulad unda gaiTvaliswinos Sesasrulebeli aqtivobebi, dagegmos, rogor miaRwios moswavleTa CarTulobas da gansazRvros klasisTvis misawodebeli masala. piriqiT ki aucilebeli ar
aris magaliTad, axali masalis gadacemis
miznebis maswavlebliseuli xedva klasSi arse
an aqtivobebis Sesrulebis mizani ar moicavs
buli suraTis ganmsazRvrelia.
codnisa da unarebis dauflebas.

364

miznebi

Tu gakveTilze damswre piri maswavlebelTan erTad gakveTilis ganxilvisas gakveTilis

miznis maswavlebliseul xedvas gaarkvevs, gakveTilis xarvezebisa da Sedegis miuRwevlobis
mizezebis dadgenac gaadvildeba. miznebis maswavlebliseuli xedva klasSi arsebuli suraTis ganmsazRvrelia.

zogadi azrovnebis miznebi

modiT, davubrundeT sityvebis Zebnis aqtivobas. davuSvaT, gvinda, rom moswavles
SevaswavloT sistemuri Zebna, rogorc garkveuli strategia. es gaxlavT swored is unari,
romelsac viyenebT, rodesac kaklis an burTulebis grovaSi garkveuli zomis erTeulebs an
rukaze konkretul quCas veZebT.
maswavlebeli, romelsac surs, rom moswavleebs sistemuri Zebnis strategia Seaswavlos,
aucileblad esaubreba klass sityvebis moZebnis gansxvavebul xerxebze, erTmaneTs Seadarebs
sxvadasxva midgomasa da strategias, CamoTvlis strategiebs, dafaze Camowers, moswavleebs
SeekiTxeba, kidev sad da rogor SeuZliaT QcxovrebaSi am strategiebis gamoyeneba da a. S. am
SemTxvevaSi maswavleblis mizans warmoadgens moswavleebSi ganzogadebis unaris zogadi
unar-Cvevis gamomuSaveba, rac gulisxmobs nebismieri konkretuli Sinaarsis codnidan azrovnebis unaris ganviTarebas.
ganvixiloT magaliTi, rodesac sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis Seswavlisas meSvideklaselebi amuSaveben qveTavs arabeTis udabnos beduinebis Sesaxeb. masSi aris uamravi informacia, faqti da cneba. magram maswavleblis survilia, rom misi moswavleebi mxolod faqtebis
codniT ar Semoifarglon da ierarqiul urTierTobebsac gaecnon ara mxolod beduinebis
magaliTiT, aramed, zogadad ierarqiuli urTierTobebis arss Caswvdnen da aseTi urTierTmimarTebebis aRmoCena da warmodgenac iswavlon. amitom maswavlebeli damatebiT davalebas aZlevs klass da sTxovs, daadginon terminebi, romlebsac emyareba qveTavi da Seadginon
diagrama, romelic am terminTa urTierTmimarTebas gamoxatavs. 14.1 sqema gviCvenebs or sxvadasxva diagramas, romelTa msgavssac, savaraudod, moswavleebi Seqmnian.
aqve SevniSnavT, rom es ori diagrama gamoxatavs ori tipis azrovnebas. pirvel maTganSi terminebi sididis mixedviT subordinaciulad aris dalagebuli: mura erT-erTi tomis saxelia. yoveli
tomi, maT Soris murac, klanebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, ocdaxuT-ocdaxuT ojaxs
aerTianebs. klans saTaveSi udgas Seixi. TiToeul ojaxs marTavs patriarqi, romelic `tyavis
saxlSi~ (beduinebis sacxovrisSi) cxovrobs haramxanasTan erTad. Semdeg etapze, subordinaciuli daqvemdebarebis nacvlad, xdeba tomis warmomadgenlebis kategoriebad dajgufeba.
meore diagramaze gamosaxuli urTierTmimarTeba SemTxveviTia da erTmaneTTan kavSiri ar
aqvs. Sedgenilia Tavisufali asociaciiT da arc raime saxis daqvemdebarebas asaxavs.
diagramebis Sedgenis Semdeg moswavleebi jgufurad muSaoben da ganmartaven, ra principiT daakavSires cnebebi erTmaneTTan. jgufSi mosazrebebis urTierTgaziarebis Semdeg
diskusia klasSi grZeldeba. mosazrebaTa Sejerebis Sedegad, sakuTari magaliTebis gamoyenebiT moswavleebi ganmartaven, ras niSnavs ierarqiuli anu subordinaciuli urTierTmimarTeba. maswavlebeli ki xSirad axsenebs sityvebs: `ierarqiuli~, `subordinaciuli~,
radgan gakveTilebis am ciklis mizani swored aseTi tipis azrovnebis gamomuSavebaa imisda
miuxedavad, sakiTxi beduinebs Seexeba, sports Tu kompiuterul programirebas. mizani, am
SemTxvevaSi, codnis dauflebas scdeba (Tumca, moicavs mas) da garkveuli tipis azrovnebis
unars aviTarebs.

365

Tavi 14

beduinTa

tomi
mura
klanebi (25 ojaxi)
Seixi
klanis wevri
Tivis saxli
qaravani
haramxana

aqlemebi

dResaswaulebi

vaWrebi
gvalva

qorwineba

vaWroba
ugemuri

mziTevi

mura
tomebi
klanebi

beduini

dResaswaulebi

qaravnebi

klanis wevrebi

aqlemi

qorwineba

vaWroba

Seixi

Tivis saxli

mziTevi

vaWari

Radio
tranzistori

unaleqoba

gvalva

sqema 14.1: ierarqiuli urTierTkavSirebi beduinTa cxovrebaSi

366

miznebi

azrovnebis mravalgvari tipi arsebobs, romelTa ganviTarebac maswavlebelma, SeiZleba,

Temis Seswavlis pararelurad daisaxos miznad. magram aseT SemTxvevaSi, roca maswavlebels Temis SeswavlasTan erTad ganzogadebis unaris gamomuSavebac surs, Sesabamisad unda
Secvalos davalebis Sinaarsi da swavlebisadmi midgoma.

Aazrovnebis unarebis Camoyalibebisa da daostatebis miznebis

gamijvna
azrovnebis ganviTarebisa da codnis dauflebis miznebs Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa.
Tumca, orive maTgani moswavleTa gawafviskenaa mimarTuli. swavlebis saboloo mizani xom
is aris, rom moswavleebi daeuflon codnasa (magaliTad, SeZlon ganmarton samoqalaqo omis
mizezebi) da samoqmedo unarebs (magaliTad, weron leqsikurad da gramatikulad gamarTulad, gamoiyenon ruka erkveodnen grZedebsa da ganedebSi). azrovnebis ganviTarebis mizani
ki is aris, rom moswavleebma SeiZinon zogadi azrovnebis unari SeZlon Sedareba da Sepirispireba, sakuTari varaudis gamoTqma, daskvnebis gamotanamde realuri problemis gamokveTa. sxvagvarad Tu vityviT, mizani is gaxlavT, rom moswavleebma SeiZinon an gaiumjobeson
garkveuli tipis azrovnebis unari da sxva konteqstSic SeZlon misi gamoyeneba.
mxolod iseTi davalebis micema, romlis Sesrulebac garkveuli tipis azrovnebis unars
moiTxovs, ar niSnavs azrovnebis unaris swavlebas. iseve, rogorc gamoTqmiT kiTxva ver uviTarebs moswavleebs kiTxvis strategiebs (Duffy and Roehler 1986).
TiTqmis nebismieri davalebis Sesrulebisas moswavleebs garkveul doneze fiqri
moeTxovebaT, magram azrovnebis unaris ganviTarebis mizani aSkarad Cans maSin, rodesac maswavlebeli mizanmimarTulad aswavlis maT garkveuli tipis azrovnebas.
Tu survili gvaqvs, rom moswavleebma ganiviTaron X tipis azrovneba, SeiZleba maT mravalgzis mivceT iseTi davaleba, romlis sworad Sesasrulebladac es unari moeTxovebaT,
magram Tu Tavad Cven naTlad ara gvaqvs gansazRvruli moswavleTa saWiroebani, ver movaxerxebT gasagebad avuxsnaT, ra evalebaT da rogor gadavidnen zogadi azrovnebis safexurze.
rodesac Cvens mizans azrovnebis garkveuli tipis swavleba warmoadgens, unda davasaxeloT, romeli tipia es, vaswavloT da vavarjiSoT am mimarTulebiT, saTanadod gamovexmauroT maT miRwevebsa Tu problemebs. yovelive amis garda, moswavleebma praqtikuli davalebac unda Seasrulon. im SemTxvevaSi, roca maswavlebeli miznad isaxavs bavSvebSi azrovnebis
ganviTarebas (anu ubralod saazrovno davalebas ki ar aZlevs), igi:
1. asaxelebs azrovnebis tips;
2. gasagebad ganmartavs mis arss (mohyavs magaliTebi safexurebis mixedviT da moswavleebsac msgavs davalebas aZlevs);
3. gamoyofs safexurebs;
4. iZleva miniSnebebsa da mimarTulebebs;
5. moswavleebs praqtikulad amuSavebs da saTanado komentarebs akeTebs;
6. afasebs moswavleTa miRwevebs azrovnebis mocemuli tipis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT.
samwuxarod, praqtikaSi mxolod me-6 etapi gvxvdeba. es azrovnebis unaris ganviTarebas
ki ar niSnavs, aramed am unaris testirebis etapia, TiTqos moswavleebi am unars testirebis
procesSi SeiZenen. iseTi davalebis micema, romelic azrovnebis unars saWiroebs, ar uzrunvelyofs am unaris swavlebas, iseve, rogorc gamoTqmiT kiTxvaSi varjiSi arafers aZlevs
moswavleebs kiTxvis unar-Cvevis strategiis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT (Duffy and Roehler

367

Tavi 14

1986). nebismieri davalebis Sesruleba moswavleebisagan garkveul doneze fiqrs moiTxovs,

magram azrovnebis unaris ganviTarebis mizani TvalsaCinoa maSin, rodesac maswavlebeli
mizanmimarTulad aswavlis maT garkveuli tipis azrovnebas.
14.2 sqemaze Sejamebulia zemoaRwerili miznebis 5 tipi, xolo 14.3 sqema maT grafikuli
winmswrebi aqtivobebis saSualebiT gamosaxavs.

saxelwodeba

detaluri aRwera

mizani

zogadi azrovnebis
unari: moswavleze,
kerZod ki mis saazrovno
saSualebebze,
orientirebuli

`diagramiT gamosaxon
`beduinebis cxovrebasTan~
dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi
terminebis urTierTmimarTeba~

moswavleebma gamoxaton
da ganaviTaronGgarkveuli
tipis azrovnebis unari

akademiuri codnis an
unarebis daufleba:
moswavleze
orientirebuli
orientirebulia
moswavlis mier
informaciisa da
unarebis Seswavlaze

`SeZlon erTmaneTs auxsnan

I msoflio omis gamomwvevi
ZiriTadi mizezebi~. `rukaze
gazomon manZili masStabis
gamoyenebiT~.

moswavleebs hqondeT
konkretuli codna an
unari

CarTuloba: moswavleze
orientirebuli _ anu
bavSvebis reaqciaze
gaTvlili

`moTxrobis wakiTxvis Semdeg

klasis azrs gamovikiTxav da
gavmarTavT diskusias~.

moswavleTa CarTuloba
iyos SesamCnevi, programa
minimumi maTi aqtiuri
monawileoba, xolo
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi,
maTi Segulianeba da
gaxalisebaa.

aqtivobebi: moswavleze
orientirebuli, anu ras
moimoqmedeben bavSvebi.

`diafilms naxaven, Semdeg

samxreTis rukas Seadgenen
da mere qveTavis bolos
moTavsebul SekiTxvebs
upasuxeben~.

garkveuli davalebis
Sesruleba.

masalis miwodeba:
maswavlebelze
orientirebuli ras
gaakeTebs maswavlebeli,
rogoria misi gegma axali
masalis asaxsnelad.

jer siTbur reaqcias

ganvixilav, Semdeg gadaval
endoTermul reaqciaze,
entrofiasa da entalfiaze
da Semdeg valentobas
gavimeorebT.

moxdes mosazrebebis
gamoTqma da kiTxvebze
pasuxis gacema rogorc
moswavleTa, ise Cemi
mxridan.

sqema 14.2 mizanTa xuTgvari xedva

mizanTa xuTi wre

zogadi azrovnebis swavleba konkretuli Temis gamoyenebis gareSe SeuZlebelia, aqedan
gamomdinare, TiTqmis yovelTvis, zogadi unarebis mizanTan erTad xorcieldeba codnisa
da unarebis dauflebis mizanic. amitom aris, rom 14.3 sqemaze gamosaxul diagramaze, `azrovnebis unarebis~ wre Seicavs `daostatebis~ wres. piriqiT ki amis aucilebloba ar aris:
maswavlebeli, SesaZloa, miznad isaxavdes daostatebas dauflebas da, amave dros, sulac ar
gegmavdes romelime tipis azrovnebis swavlebas.

368

miznebi

azrovnebis unarebi
ra saxis azrovneba minda icodnen da ganuviTardeT
Cems moswavleebs?

daostatebis miznebi
ra minda, rom moswavleebma icodnen
da ris gakeTebas SeZleben gakveTilis bolos?
rogor davrwmunde, rom maT es ician da SeuZliaT?

CarTuloba
rogor uzrunvelvyo
moswavleTa CarTuloba?

aqtivobebi
ra aqtivobebi SevurCio
moswavleebs imisaTvis, rom
masalas Caswvdnen da Sesabamisi
unarebi ganiviTaron?

masalis amowurva
ra codna (Temebi) da
unarebi unda SeiZinon
moswavleebma?

sqema 14.3: miznebis xedva: mTavari kiTxvebi gegmis Sesadgenad

es grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebi miznebis xuTgvar xedvas asaxavs.

369

Tavi 14

analogiurad, 14.3 sqemaze gamosaxuli sxva wreebis ganlagebac sxvadasxva mizanTa urTierTmimarTebas gviCvenebs. magaliTad, moswavleebisTvis Temis gadacema SesaZlebelia maT
mier aqtivobebis Sesrulebis gareSe, magram azri ara aqvs aqtivobebis Sesrulebas, Tu isini
mocemul Temas ar efuZneba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, maswavlebelma SeiZleba moswavleebs aqtivobebi Seasrulebinos ise, rom naTlad arc hqondes warmodgenili Sedegi (rac, samwuxarod, xSirad gvxvdeba praqtikaSi), magram codnisa da unarebis dauflebis mizani ver miiRweva
Sesasrulebeli aqtivobebisa da mocemuli Temis gauTvaliswineblad. amitomaa, rom `mCarTulobis ~ miznis wre kidev ori miznis wres Seicavs.

maswavleblis xedvis roli gakveTilis dagegmvisas

Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom miznebis xedvis mixedviT maswavleblebi ramdenime kategoriad iyofian: zogi maTganisTvis arsebiTia masalis gadacema da radgan maTi mizania amomwuravad
moicvan masala, isini bevrs saubroben da maTi gakveTilebi ufro leqciuri xasiaTisaa, naklebad amowmeben imas, Tu ramdenad gasagebia es leqciebi moswavleTaTvis.
isini ki, visTvisac amosavalia aqtivobebis Sesruleba, cdiloben, moswavleebi mudam dakavebuli hyavdeT, zogjer jgufuradac amuSaon. moswavleTa namuSevrebsac xSirad Zalze
mowesrigebulad inaxaven, magram radgan swavlebisas, wamyvania miznebis xedva aqtivobebis
TvalsazrisiT, Sedegad viRebT iseT klasebs, sadac moswavleebs arc imaze aqvT mkafio warmodgena, ras swavloben da arc xarisxiani namuSevris kriteriumebze.
isini ki, visTvisac gadamwyvetia CarTulobis miRweva, miuxedavad imisa, rom saamisod did
energias xarjaven da xalisian gakveTilebs atareben, iseTive Sedegi aqvT, rogorc aqtivobebis moyvarul maT kolegebs.
wina TavebSi vnaxeT, Tu raze akeTeben aqcents sxvadasxva kategoriis maswavleblebi
gakveTilis dagegmvisas da aRvniSneT, rom misasalmebelia moswavlis, viTarebisa da saswavlo kursis Sesabamisad gamoyenebuli maTi nebismieri Zalisxmeva. zemoaRniSnuli `aqcentebi~
mizanTa xuTive tipis xedvis gaTvaliswinebiT unda Seicvalos, radgan sxvagvarad verasodes
gavcdebiT masalis gadacemis an aqtivobebis Sesrulebis mizans da ver mivaRwevT mTavar
mizans codnisa da unarebis dauflebas.
meore mxriv, maT, vinc kargad gegmavs gakveTils da naTlad aqvs warmodgenili, sabolood
ra unda icodnen da SeZlon maTma moswavleebma, samuSaod saTanado masala sWirdebaT. maT
unda SearCion da moifiqron iseTi aqtivobebi, romlebic moswavleebs winaswar gansazRvruli codnis dauflebamde miiyvans. gakveTilis kargad dagegmva niSnavs 14.3 sqemaze warmodgenili yvela kiTxvis pasuxs. am kiTxvaTa Tanamimdevroba pirovnebazea damokidebuli, magram
nebismier SemTxvevaSi mTavari orientiri codnisa da unarebis dauflebis mizani unda iyos
da is SekiTxva, romelic masTan mimarTebaSi ismeba: `ra minda, rom moswavleebma icodnen da
SeZlon gakveTilis bolos? rogor davrwmunde, rom maT es ician da SeuZliaT?~
Tu maswavlebels logikisa da analizis unari aqvs da Tanamimdevrulia, misTvis amosavali
iqneba codnisa da unarebis mizani da swored amis mixedviT SeimuSavebs Sefasebis kriteriumebs da dasaxavs amocanebs swori Sefasebis gansaxorcieleblad, Semdeg ki gansazRvravs
miznis Sesabamis aqtivobebsa da masalas.
zogierT maswavlebels gaTvlili aqvs is aqtivobebi da masala, romelmac, misi azriT, moswavleTa yuradReba unda miipyros. mas SeuZlia dagegmva aqtivobebiT daiwyos, magram aqtivobaTa codnisa da unarebis mizani Sors ar unda gadados. yovelTvis, roca maswavlebeli
klass raimes aswavlis da Semdeg awarmoebs dakvirvebas, misTvis orientiri unda iyos erTaderTi ram: ra ecodinebaT moswavleebs da ris gakeTebas SeZleben isini sabolood.

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naTeli mizani aris erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli, Tu ra ecodinebaT da ras SeZleben moswavleebi swavlebis bolos. mosalodneli suraTi gonebaSi unda warmovidginoT, sakuTar Tavs es
SekiTxva unda davusvaT da mosazrebebi werilobiT CamovayaliboT. rac Zalian mniSvnelovania, es suraTi moswavlis TvaliT unda davinaxoT _ maTi moswrebis donis mixedviT unda saxavdes maswavlebeli miznebs.
Cveni azriT, nebismieri miznis dasaxvisas SesaZlebelia moswavleTa saboloo Sedegis ganWvreta. maSinac ki, rodesac mizani exeba moswavleebSi `damokidebulebis~ an `Sefasebis~ unaris Camoyalibebas. SevecdebiT aseve dagarwmunoT, rom Tu miznebis Camoyalibebisas ar ganvWvretT Sedegs, aseTi miznebi myisve gadaiqceva masalis gadacemis, aqtivobebis Sesrulebis
an CarTulobis miznebad. samive es mizani ki gacilebiT umniSvneloa, vidre codnisa da unarebis dauflebis mizani. Cven imis damtkicebasac SevecdebiT, rom `dauflebis~ miznisadmi
sxva miznebis daqvemdebareba swavlebis xarisxs aumjobesebs, radgan swavleba metad xdeba
moswavleze orientirebuli, izrdeba Semowmebis, kriteriumebis Sesatyvisad ukukavSiris,
Canawerebis warmoebisa da moswavleTa individualuri diagnostirebis saWiroeba.
modiT, daviwyoT zemoaRniSnuli mosazrebiT, rom miznis dasaxvisas yovelTvis winaswar
unda ganvWvritoT mosalodneli Sedegi. rogor SeiZleba amis gakeTeba, rodesac moswavleebSi garkveuli damokidebulebis Camoyalibebas visaxavT miznad?
ganvixiloT magaliTi: mister qasvels surs, rom mis moswavleebs klasikuri musikis
mimarT dadebiTi damokidebuleba ganuviTardeT. rogor darwmundes, rom mizans miaRwia? ras
gulisxmobs is, rodesac ambobs: `minda, rom moswavleebi beThovens afasebdnen~. SesaZloa is
gulisxmobs, rom beThovenis simfoniis sirTulem da sifaqizem unda gamoiwvios pativiscema.
SesaZloa, Tvlis, rom zog adamianSi simfoniis mosmenisas, misi gaanalizeba esTetiuri siamovnebis gancdas iwvevs? SesaZloa, mas warmoudgenia, rom nawarmoebis dafaseba miiRweva misi
sidiadis, unikalurobis Tu sxva dadebiTi mxareebis codniT, xolo mowoneba misi mravaljer
mosmeniTaa SesaZlebeli? Tu mas aseTi warmodgena aqvs, maSin ise unda warmarTos gakveTili,
rom moswavleebs konkretuli moqmedebebisken ubiZgos, magaliTad, gaaanalizon simfoniis
sxvadasxva nawili da gaakeTon Canawerebi. sityvierad aRweron is principebi, romelTa mixedviTac beThoveni Temebs aviTarebda da maT variaciebs qmnida, an amoacnobinos sxvadasxva simfonia. mas winaswar SeuZlia warmoidginos procesi, Tu rogor asruleben moswavleebi yvela
am moqmedebas, radganac man gansazRvra, ras SeiZleba niSnavdes `dafaseba~ mocemul SemTxvevaSi, magram Tu mister qasveli am dafasebas Tavis gonebaSi ar `gadaTargmnis~ moswavleTa
mier moqmedebebis Sesrulebis `enaze~, da, maSasadame, moswavleTa TavebSi ar Caixedavs, raTa
Tanamimdevruli iyos, misi yovelgvari mcdeloba ar iqneba efeqturi. is imoqmedebs moswavleebisgan gaucxoebulad: Seasrulebinebs maT aqtivobebs, moaxdens garkveuli mosazrebebis
prezentacias, magram es yvelaferi, SesaZloa, moswavleebma ugulisyurod gaakeTon. Tu mister qasvelma miznis dasaxvisas warmosaxva ar moiSvelia, mis mier gamoyenebuli aqtivobebi,
SeiZleba, sruliad usargeblo aRmoCndes.
mizani, romelic Semdegnairad formulirdeba: `moswavleebma es unda ganicadon~, Cven marTebulad ar migvaCnia. Tu Tqven praqtikulad SeecdebiT moswavleebs raime `ganacdevinoT~,
amao iqneba maTi dainteresebis molodini. Tu gancdis aqtivobis Catareba gsurT, winaswar
dausaxaxeT maT konkretuli amocana. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Sedegi ar geqnebaT (`rodesac
maswavleblebi moswavleebs damoukideblad ganmcdelis mdgomareobaSi ayeneben, moswavleebi amaze civad reagireben~, SeniSnavda jim kilroi tulanis universitetidan).
modiT, sxva kuTxiT SevxedoT am sakiTxs: Tu maswavlebeli moswavleebs ar dausaxavs amocanas aqtivobis micemamde, maSin moswavleebi daugegmav amocanas Seasruleben an arafers ar
Seasruleben. Tu adamians ar vetyviT sad mivides, rogor miva daniSnul adgilamde? da Tu
mainc miaRwevs, es ubralod gamarTleba iqneba da, savaraudod, meti droc dasWirdeba. klasSi
ocdaxuTi moswavlidan mxolod ramdenimem SeiZleba gaikvlios gza daniSnulebis adgilamde,

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danarCenebi ki verasodes mivlen iq damoukideblad.

amrigad, isev ismis mTavari SekiTxva: iyo Tu ara mizani naTeli? maswavleblis mier Catarebuli zemoaRniSnuli RonisZiebebis Tvalis gadavlebiT, SegviZlia Tu ara davaskvnaT, ra
unda scodnodaT an SesZlebodaT Semswavlelebs sabolood? SesaZloa, maswavlebelma miznebi gansazRvra, rac arc Tu ise rTuli saqmea, anda sadme wignSi amoikiTxa, an samuSao rveulSi
CainiSna (swavlebis procesSi esec dasafasebelia), magram jer kidev ar aris yvelaferi. damkvirvebelma (an TviTdamkvirvebelma) unda SeZlos gareSe piris TvaliT gadaxedos gakveTilis mTel msvlelobas da ifiqros: `nanaxidan da gagonilidan Cans, rom mizania moswavleebma SeZlon nawarmoebis garCeva (dadebiTi gmiri, uaryofiTi gmiri, kvanZis Sekvra, siuJeti,
kulminacia, Tema) da daasaxelon magaliTebi nawarmoebidan, romelic wasakiTxad hqondaT~.
SeiZleba mizani sityvasityviT ar ganmartos maswavlebelma, magram aSkara iyos moswavleebisTvis. maT unda icodnen, ra aris mizani, maTac unda SeZlon miznis Sesaxeb saubari gakveTilis dasrulebisas. aqve SevniSnavT, rom garda xiluli miznebisa, SeiZleba faruli miznebic
arsebobdes, magaliTad: ramdenime moswavle sxvebs Sekreba-gamoklebaSi avarjiSebs, cxadia,
rom mizani klasSi koordinirebuli muSaoba da sxvebis daxmarebaa. pirvelklaseli (!) deidre
izolirebulad zis kubebis grovasTan (Tumca kubebisken ar ixedeba). uecrad ismis maswavleblis SeniSvna da vxedavT mis Jestikulacias, riTac vaskvniT, rom is deidres mimarTavs: mialage! tyuilad gaqvs ukmayofilo saxe! ar ici, ra aris Seni movaleoba? amrigad, maswavlebli
deidresTan dakavSirebiT danarCeni klasisgan sruliad gansxvavebul mizans isaxavda.
sakiTxis kvlevisas aRmovaCineT, rom SekiTxvaze `iyo Tu ara mizani naTeli?~ SeiZleba
arsebobdes ramdenime pasuxi: `diax~, `ara~, `bundovani iyo~. Camouyalibebeli an Zalze bundovani miznebi saxezea, Tu: gakveTilze gabneulad, araTanamimdevrulad msjeloben mocemuli masalis garSemo an am masalas saerTod ar exebian, msjelobisas mniSvnelovan detalebs
ar ukavSireben erTmaneTTs an ganvlil masalasTan dakavSireba, moswavleebi did energias
xarjaven im masalaze, rac ukve gaiares da dauflebis donesac miaRwies. am ukanasknels ganmtkicebis process ver vuwodebT, radgan ganmtkicebasac Tavisi adgili unda hqondes da iseT
masalasTan dakavSirebiT unda xdebodes, romelsac realurad sWirdeba ganmtkiceba.

sirTulis ra donis daZlevaa mizanSewonili?

`arc Zalze cxelia da arc Zalze civi, swored rom zomieria, Tqva qoldiloksma Dda sul
gaaTava kuTvnili ulufa~. Bvidre jei makviker hanTi (J. McVicker Hunt 1961) daamkvidrebda
termins, `Sesabamisobis problema~, ganmanaTleblebi cdilobdnen, rom moswavleTaTvis arc
Zalian rTuli samuSao miecaT da arc metismetad advili, magram imdenad rTuli ki unda yofiliyo, rom isini daZabuli Sromis Sedegad gadaadgilebuliyvnen codnis skalaze optimaluri manZiliT. Sesabamisi sirTulis SesarCevad, maswavlebelma kidev erTxel unda gaarkvios,
sad imyofebian misi moswavleebi da dasvas kiTxva: `ra sirTulis lukma SeiZleba SevTavazo,
rom moxdes maTi codnis morigi zrda?~ magaliTad, dawyebiTi klasebis bavSvebs maswavlebelma SeiZleba `lukma~ daunawevros _ nawil-nawil miawodos SesaTvisebeli masala, bolos
ki, imave gakveTilze, saerTo mniSvnelis gamoyvaniT, Seajamebinos es nawilebi. bavSvebi maSinve aiTviseben yvelafers. meTerTmeteklasel moswavleebs germaniis istoriis gakveTilze
bismarkis sityvaze `sisxli da rkina~ _ msjelobisas, SeuZliaT ara mxolod paraleli gaavlon am sityvis istoriul fonsa da mis Sinaarss Soris, aramed, mis safuZvelze, imsjelon
bismarkis xasiaTze.
Tu fiqrobT, rom sirTulis daZlevis sakiTxi individualuria, marTali brZandebiT. individualuria erTdroulad asaTvisebeli Sesaswavli sakiTxebis raodenoba da midgoma ra
zomis nawilebad davyoT masala, rom gaviTvaliswinoT rogorc individebis, ise jgufis in-

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teresebi. termini `individualuri~ SeiZleba gulisxmobdes kidev mravali aspeqtiT gansxvavebul midgomas (ix. Tavi 15), romelic umeteswilad swavlebis procesis warmarTvas ukavSirdeba. Cven ukve visaubreT, ris da ramdenis swavleba SeiZleba davisaxoT miznad, magram ar
gvisaubria, rogor unda vaswavloT.
rogor gavarkvioT, rom miwodebuli masalis zoma mizanSewonilia iyo jgufisTvis? SesaZloa, Tavidan rTuli dasaZlevi iyo, magram Semdeg siaxles alRo auRes, moswavleTa SekiTxvebis Semdeg naTeli moefina manamde Znelad gasageb sakiTxebs. magram roca moswavleebi
dabneulobis dasafarad `diax~ replikiT gvexmianebian, an Canawerebis CaniSvniT arian garTuli, realoba Znelad aRsaqmelia, Tumca, uaryofiT Sedegs mainc SevamCnevT: dabneuloba,
daTrgunuloba, imedgacrueba da Semawuxebeli dumili gasdevs fonad Zalze rTul (an araadekvaturad gadacemul) masalas; Zalian advili samuSaos Sesrulebisas ki moswavleebi erTmaneTTan saubroben, aqeT-iqiT ixedebian, saqmes ugulisyurod ekidebian (miuxedavad amisa,
advili davaleba bolos mainc unda Semowmdes).
isic SesaZlebelia, rom zemoxsenebuli, uaryofiTi SedegisTvis damaxasiaTebeli moqmedebebi arc SeiniSnebodes, magram miznebi mainc ar iyos moswavleze orientirebuli. am SemTxvevaSi saWiroa moswavleTa SesaZleblobebis codna, swori daskvnis gamosatanad ki unda
ganvsazRvroT, ramdenad Seesabameba es SesaZleblobebi maswavleblis mier wamoyenebul
moTxovnebs. swori gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, swavlebis yvela atributTan erTad, misawodebeli masalis zomis SesarCevad, kargad unda vicnobdeT moswavleebs da Tavad masalis
konteqsts.

saidan iRebs saTaves miznebi?

saswavlo gegmis Sedgenisas yovelTvis Cndeba kiTxva: `ra unda vaswavloT?~ es SekiTxva
ismis ori mwvave problemis mimarT: (1) vin unda gadawyvitos, Tu ra vaswavloT da ra iswavlebodes? da (2) ra aris mniSvnelovani da, Sesabamisad, ra Seva programaSi? am kiTxvebze sapasuxod, davakvirdeT miznebis wyaroebs klasSi. pirveladi wyaroebis (moswavle, maswavlebeli,
avtoritetuli wyaro an jgufi) meSveobiT gavigebT, Tu vin iRebs gadawyvetilebas. xolo
meoreuli wyaroebis meSveobiT gavarkvevT, programis SemdgenelTa azriT, risi swavlebaa
mniSvnelovani.

pirveladi wyaroebi
yvela miznis oTxi pirveladi wyarodan erT-erTi SeiZleba Seesatyvisebodes:

moswavle.

moswavles ainteresebs bayayebi da gombeSoebi da unda, rom maT Sesaxeb

yvelaferi iswavlos.

maswavlebeli. is, rac maswavlebels Rirebulad miaCnia, SeiZleba mis miznebad iqces

mxolod misi gonebrivi wyobis, warsulis, midrekilebis, gamocdilebis an piradi arCevanis gamo. mag.: Tu maswavlebels Zalian ainteresebs veSapebi da am sakiTxSi gansakuTrebiT aris gaTviTcnobierebuli, SeuZlia, es codna moswavleebsac gauziaros
da Sesabamisi sakiTxebi saswavlo gegmaSi CarTos. Tu maswavlebels aqvs gamocdileba
musikis sferoSi, SeiZleba misi mizani saorkestro instrumentebis gacnobas ukavSirdebodes. Tu maswavlebeli afasebs kritikul azrovnebas da is ganaTlebuli adamianis
mniSvnelovan maxasiaTeblad miaCnia, SeuZlia moswavleebSi kritikuli azrovnebis gamomuSaveba Tavis uSualo miznad aqcios.

avtoriteti.

mravali mizani gareSe avtoritetebidan gamomdinareobs: teqstidan,

erovnuli saswavlo gegmidan, sistemidan, savarjiSoebis krebulidan an maswavleblis

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gzamkvlevidan. davuSvaT, maswavlebelma airCia teqsti. am SemTxvevaSi, romeli iqneba miznis wyaro maswavlebeli Tu teqsti? Tu teqsti sistematurad da meTodurad
gamoiyeneba, teqsti iqneba wyaro, miuxedavad imisa, vis mieraa SerCeuli. Tu maswavlebeli sxvadasxva teqsts mimarTavs da maT garkveuli ganzraxviT mizanmimarTulad iyenebs, Tanac SerCevas Tematurad axdens, maSin miznis wyaro maswavlebelia.

jgufi. mTeli klasi (romelic SeiZleba jgufad moviazroT) an klasis garkveuli jgu-

fi SeiZleba warmoadgendes miznis wyaros. saerTo interesebis irgvliv gaerTianebiTa

da maswavlebelTan molaparakebis gziT mizani SeiZleba jgufis mier iyos mowodebuli
da erTi garkveuli jgufisken mimarTuli. `modiT filmi gadaviRoT!~ aseTma ideam
SeiZleba aitacos eqvsi meSvideklaseli. maT SeuZliaT maswavleblis zedamxedvelobiTa da xelmZRvanelobiT Seadginon TavianTi klasis Sesaxeb Ffilmis proeqti. muSaobis procesSi gamoikveTeba kinowarmoebasTan dakavSirebuli saswavlo miznebi (filmis
Janris gansazRvra: Tu isini airCeven dokumentur Janrs, isaubreben da gaerkvevian,
riT gansxvavdeba es Janri sxvebisgan; filmis dagegmvaze muSaoba: daformatebis, moswavleTa interviuebis, sxvadasxva teqnikis gamoyeneba da montaJi).

Tu maswavleblebis muSaobas am TvalsazrisiT davakvirdebiT, vnaxavT, rom zogi maTganis

miznebis saTave erTi wyaroa, sxvebisa ki ori, sami da oTxic ki. miznebis wyaroebidan gamomdinare, maswavleblebi gansxvavebulad warmarTaven gakveTils. im maswavleblebs, romlebic miznis arCevis saSualebas jgufs an individs aZleven, aqvT sruliad gansxvavebuli atmosfero
da Sedegi imaTTan SedarebiT, visi miznebic uSualod avtoritetul wyaros emyareba, xolo
im maswavleblebs, romlebic sakuTari pirovnebidan gamomdinare irCeven mizans, uzarmazari
energia da Zalisxmeva sWirdebaT maT misaRwevad. usargeblo iqneba imis mtkiceba, rom zemoxsenebuli oTxi wyarodan romelime maTgans raime upiratesoba aqvs sxvebTan SedarebiT.
saswavlo procesSi oTxive gamoiyeneba, magram imisaTvis, rom gasagebi iyos, ra codnasa da
gamocdilebas iZenen moswavleebi da maswavlebelma Tavisi arsebiTi wvlili Seitanos maTi
gamocdilebis gamdidrebasa da Rirebulebebis CamoyalibebaSi, yvelas (mSoblebis, maswavleblebis, administraciisa da sameurveo sabWosaTvis) unda ganemartos, ras emsaxureba saswavlo gegmaSi dasaxelebuli esa Tu is mizani. igive unda iTqvas meoreul wyaroebzec.

meoreuli wyaroebi
garda mizanTa pirveladi wyaroebisa, mniSvnelovani roli ekisreba meoreul wyaroebs
(maTi umravlesoba tailerma daamkvidra (Tyler 1949), romelTac aqve ganvixilavT.

Tanamedrove cxovreba. Cvens sinamdvileSi karg magaliTs warmoadgens ekologia da

haeris dabinZureba; inflaciis mizezebi da misgan dacvis meqanizmebi; qorwineba, ganqorwineba da ojaxi. SesaZloa, aRniSnul problemebTan dakavSirebuli miznebi warsulSi aqtualuri ar iyo da momavalSic ar gaxdes saWiro maTi gaTvaliswineba, magram
dRes namdvilad mniSvnelovania. saswavlo gegma, romelic iTvaliswinebs rasobrivi da
kulturuli tolerantobis, adamianTa Soris gansxvavebulobis pativiscemis danergvas, albaT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iqneba integrirebul skolebSi, sadac rasobrivi dapirispirebis problemaa.

kultura.Ggarkveuli miznebis gaTvaliswineba skolebSi, SesaZloa, adgilobrivi kul-

turiT iyos nakarnaxevi. magaliTad, amindTan dakavSirebuli terminologiis sworad

gamoyeneba sanapiro dasaxlebebSi, sadac Tevzis rewvas misdeven da amindi uSualo
gavlenas axdens cxovrebis ritmze; aseve mniSvnelovania soflis istoriis codna misi
mcxovreblebisTvis, an mcenareTa zrdisa da moyvanis ciklebis Seswavla im dasaxlebebSi, sadac soflis meurneoba ZiriTadi dargia (Tumca, es imas ar niSnavs, rom zemoxsenebuli miznebis gavrceleba regionebis mixedviT izRudeba).

sacxovrebeli adgili. miznebis wyarod SeiZleba gamoviyenoT adgilobrivi resursebi.

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magaliTad, wyalsacavis ekologiuri mdgomareoba, safosto momsaxurebis operaciebi

(Tu fosta maxloblad mdebareobs); an adgilobrivi warmomavlobis avtoris, magaliTad, henri david toros (masaCusetis Stati, konkordi) cxovreba da Semoqmedeba.

akademiuri disciplinebi. yovel disciplinas maTematikas, literaturas, biolo-

gias, istorias, geografias, xelovnebas _ aqvs ierarqiuli struqtura, romlis meSveobiTac xdeba maTi Seswavla. disciplinis samyaroSi Semswavlelebi codnis SeZenas
ierarqiuli gziT cdiloben, anu cdiloben am konkretuli disciplinis enaze ifiqron,
am SemTxvevaSi meoreuli miznebis safuZveli es disciplinebia. mravali mizani skolaSi
mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli saswavlo disciplinebTan.

SemswavlelTa

saWiroebani. moswavleTa garkveul jgufs SeiZleba sWirdebodes

miTiTebis micema, magaliTad, higienaSi. maTTvis SerCeuli saswavlo mizani unda exebodes janmrTelobas, sisufTaves da, SeiZleba, sakvebsac ki, radgan skola (an maswavlebeli) amCnevs, rom moswavleebs am mimarTulebiT saTanado Cvevebi ar gaaCniaT. sxva
jgufSi SeiZleba iseTi problema iyos, rogoric aris moswavleTa Soris uTanxmoeba,
erTmaneTis mosmenis uunaroba. aseT jgufs sWirdeba socialur problemaTa mogvarebis mimarTulebiT muSaoba. sazogadoebrivi saWiroebebidan gamomdinare miznebi
im SemTxvevaSi ikveTeba, rodesac maswavlebeli, administracia an sameurveo sabWo
adgens, rom arsebobs garkveuli deficiti. aseTi miznebi SeiZleba awmyo saWiroebas
ukavSirdebodes (higiena, janmrTeloba), anda prevenciuli RonisZieba iyos. Zalze
gavrcelebulia midgoma, romlis mixedviTac yvela mizani, ZiriTadi unar-Cvevebis
swavlebis CaTvliT, momavali saWiroebebisTvisaa gaTvlili, magram yoveli Semswavlelis saWiroeba ver gaxdeba meoreuli miznis erT-erTi wyaro, Tu igi mTlianobaSi
am wyarodan ar gamomdinareobs. terminSi `SemswavlelTa saWiroebani~ pirveli sityva
mianiSnebs SemswavlelTa jgufs, romelic awmyoSi garkveuli mimarTulebiT deficits
ganicdis, an es deficiti momavalSi iCens Tavs (mTels klasze ki igi ar vrceldeba) da
amitom saWiro xdeba am mimarTulebiT swavleba.

sagani, rogorc informaciis mTavari wyaro. zogierTi meoreuli miznis wyaros war-

moadgens saganTan dakavSirebuli informacia. magaliTad, ar mogveTxoveba, vicodeT

samxreT amerikis mTavari produqtebi uSualod disciplinis ierarqiuli koncefciis
mixedviT, magram sagnis codnisTvis es aucilebelia. aseT mTavar informaciebTan dakavSirebuli miznebis dasaxva skolis yvela safexurze xdeba. vin iyvnen me-18 saukunis inglisis mniSvnelovani poetebi? romel samedicino profils miekuTvneba SokSi
Cavardnili pacienti? da a. S.

filosofia. idealur SemTxvevaSi ras unda emsaxurebodes miznebi? `ganaTlebuli ada-

miani~ Semdeg kriteriumebs unda akmayofilebdes: SeeZlos kritikuli azrovneba,

hqondes sxvisi mosmenisa da sxvebis poziciaze reagirebis unari, obieqturad Seafasos isini da daicvas sakuTari Sexedulebebi. es da mravali mosazreba ganaTlebulobis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT garkveuli miznebis miRma. zogierTi saklaso programa aqcents akeTebs damoukideblobisa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis unar-Cvevebze,
SemoqmedobiTobaze, radgan am programebSi aisaxeba an SemdgenelTa Rirebulebebi, da/
an Sexedulebebi moswavleebSi sasurveli Tvisebebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. miznebi,
romlebic ukavSirdeba im Sexedulebas, Tu ra moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes ganaTlebuli kursdamTavrebuli, momdinareobs garkveuli `filosofiidan~, romelic, am
SemTxvevaSi, meoreul mizans warmoadgens.*

mizanTa saTaveebi metyvelebs imaze, Tu ras aniWeben upiratesobas programis Semdgenel* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Tyler, R. W. Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949. 1949
University of Chicago Press. yvela ufleba daculia.

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Tavi 14

ni. pirveladi wyaroebis garkveviT viRebT informacias, Tu vis mieraa miznebi SerCeuli, ra
roli aqvs moswavles am procesSi. SeuZlia Tu ara maswavlebels sakuTari iniciativiT Secvalos saswavlo gegma, ramdenad axdens gavlenas saswavlo gegmaze gareSe avtoritetuli wyaroebi?
meoreuli wyaroebi migvaniSnebs imaze, Tu risi codnaa mniSvnelovani programis SemdgenelTa azriT. ra sakiTxebSi unda moxdes moswavleTa gaTviTcnobiereba? ra moTxovnebs
gviyenebs Tanamedrove cxovreba, adgilobrivi kultura da sacxovrebeli adgili? ra mniSvneloba eniWeba disciplinaTa koncefciebs? awarmoeben Tu ara programis avtorebi SemswavlelTa kvlevas, rom miznebi maT saWiroebebs miusadagon? xdeba Tu ara filosofiur SexedulebaTa programaSi SeRweva mizanTa meSveobiT? am kiTxvebze pasuxebi gvaZlevs informacias
imis Taobaze, Tu ra iswavleba da ratom. mizanTa wyaroebis Sesaxeb monacemebis Segroveba
saSualebas gvaZlevs, movipovoT sasargeblo informacia zemoxsenebul umniSvnelovanes
kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad da saswavlo procesis saintereso kuTxiT dasaxasiaTeblad.

daostatebis miznebis Sesatyvisi qceva

meoce saukunis 60-ian wlebSi pofasa (Popham 1970) da mejeris (Mager 1962) wyalobiT popularuli gaxda qceviTi miznebis detaluri werilobiTi aRwera, sadac moswavleTa saqmianobis
donis kriteriumTan erTad, gansazRvruli iyo am saqmianobis Sesrulebis pirobebic. magaliTad:
gamravleba-gayofis aTi mravalmoqmedebiani magaliTi moswavleebma 90%-iani sizustiT naxevar saaTSi unda amoxsnan.
es axali midgoma, romelic male qilikisa da dacinvis sagani gaxda, miznad isaxavda moswavleTa miRwevebze yuradRebis koncentrirebasa da Sedegebze pasuxismgeblobis gazrdas.
unar-Cvevebis kompleqsurad gamoyenebis miznebi arsobrivad gansxvavebulia da operaciis Sesrulebis unarebis SeTvisebas gulisxmobs, romelTa dauflebis doneze dakvirveba
xdeba SemuSavebuli kriteriumebis mixedviT (es iqneba maTematikuri manipulaciebi, wakiTxulis gaSifrva Tu weris teqnika). magram es meTodi ar gamodgeba moswavleebisTvis erTmaneTTan TanamSromlobis saswavleblad. ra efeqtiani kriteriumebi unda SeimuSaos maswavlebelma imisaTvis, rom moswavleebs TanamSromlobisadmi pativiscema aswavlos? mas SeuZlia
waakiTxos moswavleebs moTxrobebi an aCvenos videorgolebi da sTxovos TanamSromluri da
araTanamSromluri qcevebi amocnoba, magram iqneba Tu ara es aqtivoba sasargeblo?
sxvadasxva konteqstSi sxvadasxva enobrivi specifikis gamoyeneba unda moxdes _ maswavlebelma sxvadasxva tipis miznebze muSaobisas, Sesaferisi ena unda SearCios. am TvalsazrisiT, maswavleblebi SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT: maswavleblebi, romlebic miznebis ganxorcielebisas konteqstis mixedviT Sesabamis enas iyeneben da maswavleblebi, romlebic am
mimarTulebiT ar muSaoben. unar-CvevaTa kompleqsurad gamoyenebis miznebis mniSvneloba
ufro gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu mas ganvixilavT xelovnebis saswavlo gegmis an, magaliTad, ferweris kursis konteqstSi. maswavlebelTa erTi nawili, zogadad, saubrobs iseT miznebze, romlebic unar-CvevaTa gamoyenebis sferos ganekuTvneba. magaliTad: `bavSvebi kompetenturad
SeZleben samniSna cifrebis (romelTa Sua cifri nulia) Sekrebas~.Mmagram ar aris dakonkretebuli, Tu ras gulisxmoben, terminiT `kompetenturad SeZleben~. pofemisa da beikeris azriT
(Popham and Baker 1970), dauflebis donis misaRwevad da Sesafaseblad aucilebelia kriteriumebis SemuSaveba.

376

miznebi

Sejameba
am Tavis Sejamebisas, miznebTan dakavSirebiT Semdegi xuTi kiTxva unda daisvas:
1. qmnis Tu ara mizani naTel suraTs, kerZod, ra ecodinebaT da ras SeZleben Semswavlelebi?
2. maswavlebeli, gegmis Sedgenisas, eyrdnoba Tu ara mizanTa xuTive wris kiTxvebs?
3. aris Tu ara sirTulis Sesabamisi done?
4. saidan iRebs saTaves miznebi (mizanTa wyaroebi)?
5. aris Tu ara konteqstis Sesabamisi miznis ena?

377

miznebi - Sejameba
1. qmnis Tu ara mizani naTel suraTs, kerZod, ra ecodinebaT da ras SeZleben
moswavleebi?
ara,

bundovania

2. aris Tu ara sirTulis done Sesabamisi?

Zalian rTulia
Zalian advilia
Sesabamisia
moswavleTa maqsimalur Zalisxmevas moiTxovs

3. ra aris miznis wyaro?

moswavle

sazogadoeba

maswavlebeli

saswavlo disciplina

jgufi

SemswavlelTa saWiroebaniA

avtoriteti

mniSvnelovani informacia

Tanamedrove cxovreba

filosofia

miznebi - Sejameba

diax,

kultura

4. maswavleblis xedvis romeli tipi warmoadgens safuZvels?

zogadi azrovneba
swavla (daostateba)
CarTuloba
aqtivobebis Sesruleba
masalis amowurva

379

miznebi - savarjiSo

gansazRvreT, ra tipis xedvasTan (masalis amowurva, aqtivobebis Sesruleba, CarTuloba, daostateba, zogadi azrovneba) aris dakavSirebuli qvemoT warmodgenili
kiTxvebi, romlebic daismis gakveTilis dagegmvisas?
1. rogor uzrunvelvyo moswavleTa CarTuloba?
2. azrovnebis romel tipze minda moswavleebma imuSaon da daxvewon?
3. ra codnas, unar-Cvevasa da koncefcias Sevaswavli?
4. ra aqtivobebis Sesrulebaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom moswavleebi masalas Caswvdnen da Sesabamisi unarebi ganiviTaron?
5. ra minda, moswavleebma icodnen da SeZlon gakveTilis bolos? rogor davrwmunde, rom maT es ician da SeuZliaT?

gansazRvreT, qvemoT CamoTvlili miznebis miRma arsebuli xedvis tipi. SesaZlebelia, erTze meti tipis arseboba.
1. moswavleebi waikiTxaven nawarmoebs `wiTeli poni~, erTmaneTs gauziareben mosazrebebs saukeTeso epizodebis Sesaxeb da daweren erTgverdian eses, sadac
megobars am wignis wakiTxvas urCeven.
2. `dRes Cven kvadratul gantolebaze gadavalT. jer mis ganmartebas agixsniT,
Semdeg kvadratuli gantolebis amoxsnis erT-erT gzas giCvenebT, bolos ki
jgufurad imuSavebT da xuT magaliTs amoxsniT~.

miznebi - savarjiSo

miznebis xedva

3. `maS ase, vfiqrob, Zalian mogewonebaT is, rasac axla gavakeTebT. CvenTan aris
xuTi axali centri, sadac SegiZliaT ivarjiSoT werasa da kiTxvaSi. zogi
Tqvengani marto imuSavebs, zogi ki partniorTan erTad. Tqven mogiwevT daweroT, kasetas mousminoT, Tqveni mosazrebebi partniors gauziaroT da masTan
erTad SeTanxmebas miaRwioT~.
4. moswavleebi erTujrediani cxovelis niSan-Tvisebebs asaxeleben, xataven erTujrediani cxovelis sam nimuSs da varauds gamoTqvamen, rogori iqneba ganviTarebis Semdegi safexuri.
5. `waikiTxeT Cem mier mocemuli statia Ramurebze, upasuxeT SekiTxvebs samuSao
furcelze, Semdeg gveqneba diskusia am sakiTxze~.
6. gamoiyeneT gasul kviraSi naswavli teqnika, romlis meSveobiTac gavaanalizeT
da SevafaseT jon fijerald kenedis saaarCevno kampaniis dros misi kritikuli gamosvlebi da gaaanalizeT da SeafaseT mimdinare saprezidento kampaniis
mniSvnelovani gamosvlebi.
7. `momaval kviraSi vimuSavebT deteqtiuri Janris nawarmoebebze. moTxrobebis
kiTxvisas, koncentrirebas movaxdenT idumalebiT mocul ambebze, gveqneba
roluri TamaSebi. me, piradad, am Temis momzadebisas, Zalian gavxalisdi~.
8. `SeadgineT grafiki da daasaxeleT is movlenebi, romelTa gamoc 1945 wels
vietnamis omi daiwyo. Tqveni pasuxebis partnioris pasuxebTan Sejerebis Semdeg, amoirCieT erT-erTi movlena, romelmac yvelaze didi roli Seasrula am

381

TvalsazrisiT. Semdeg moamzadeT oTxwuTiani gamosvla da daicaviT Tqveni

pozicia. daixmareT analizisa da Sefasebis meTodi~.
9. `mivdivarT zooparkSi, rom davbrundebiT, daxatavT cxovels, romelic
yvelaze metad mogewonebaT da dawerT moTxrobas masze~.
10. `bendis dRevandel repeticiaze davukravT yvela rCeul nawarmoebs, rom
morigi sagazafxulo koncertisTvis movemzadoT~.

davalebebi
miznebTan dakavSirebuli Cveni xedvebi Tavs iCens moswavleebisaTvis micemul
davalebebSi. davalebebs SeuZlia Semswavlels daexmaros codnisa da unarebis
dauflebisa da zogadi azrovnebis miznebis miRwevaSi, an, SesaZloa, mxolod Sesasrulebel aqtivobebad iqces. gansazRvreT, ra tipis xedva aris mocemuli CamoTvlil davalebebSi.
1. waikiTxeT me-14 Tavi samyaros warmoSobis Sesaxeb.
2. waikiTxeT igavi `mela da qaTami~, aRmoaCineT da daasaxeleT igavisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli xuTi niSani.
3. xvalisTvis waikiTxeT qveTavi peplebis Sesaxeb, ganmarteT xuTi axali leqsikuri erTeuli da SeadgineT winadadebebi maTi gamoyenebiT.
4. waikiTxeT Tavi Sua dasavleTis Statebis Sesaxeb da konturul rukaze sworad
miuTiTeT Statebis saxelebi.
5. waikiTxeT `romeo da julietas~ meore moqmedeba. biWebi moemzadon, rom xvalisTvis waikiTxon julietas teqsti, xolo gogonebma moamzadon romeos teqsti.
6. waikiTxeT Tavi `dabadeba~ da moemzadeT, rom erTmaneTs SeadaroT darviniseuli evoluciis Teoria da bibliuri Sesaqmis versia.
7. SeasruleT kent ricxvebTan dakavSirebuli magaliTebi da gamoTvaleT dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ricxvebi.
8. xvalisaTvis, gTxovT, airCioT is produqti, romelsac reklamas gaukeTebdiT,
SeurCieT sareklamo warwera da ganmarteT Tqveni arCevanis mizezi. isaubreT,
ra ferebs gamoiyenebdiT da ratom, ra saSualebiT gaavrcelebdiT reklamas
da ratom.
9. xval purs gamovacxobT. gaimeoreT receptSi miTiTebuli etapebi da moemzadeT am procesis gansaxorcieleblad.
10. dRes giCvenebT burRis sworad gamoyenebas. xvalisTvis moamzadeT SekiTxvebi
am sakiTxze.

Sefaseba
moswavleTa Sefasebac erT-erTi xerxia miznebis misaRwevad. gansazRvreT, mizanTa xedvis tipi im SefasebaSi, romelSic aqcenti Semdeg aspeqtebze keTdeba:
1. ramdenad aqtiurad monawileobdnen moswavleebi diskusiaSi?
2. ramdenad kargad iqceodnen moswavleebi muzeumSi eqskursiaze?

382

3. ramdenad sworad SeZles moswavleebma jadosnuri zRaprisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebis gansazRvra?

4. SeZles Tu ara moswavleebma kategoriebad daeyoT is informacia, romelic
maT miiRes nawarmoebiT `edna ferberi~ da Semdeg ramdenad sworad moaxdines
am kategoriaTa saxeldeba?
5. SeuZliaT Tu ara moswavleebs, erTmaneTs Seadaron da daupirispiron ori
lideri - martin luTer kingi da mahaTma gandi?

gadaaqcieT daostatebis miznad

SecvaleT qvemoT CamoTvlili miznebi ise, rom maT gamoxaton daostatebis an
zogadi azrovnebis miznebi.
1. moswavleebi monawileobas miiReben ZuZumwovarTa Sesaxeb diskusiaSi.
2. moswavleebi paralels gaavleben berZnul da romaul civilizaciebs Soris.
3. moswavleebi gamoavlenen enTuziazms xatvisadmi.
4. moswavleebi iTamaSeben kalaTburTs.
5. moswavleebi waikiTxaven Tavs dasavleTis Sesaxeb da isaubreben kovboebis
cxovrebaze.
6. moswavleebi monawileobas miiReben sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Temaze gamarTul diskusiaSi.
7. moswavleebi samxatvro muzeums daaTvaliereben da daweren eses sayvareli
naxatis Sesaxeb.
8. moswavleebi gamoiyeneben mrgvalsa da ormxriv xerxsa da burRs.
9. moswavleebi monawileobas miiReben zamTris koncertSi.
10. moswavleebi gaecnobian lora ingals vilderis wignebs.

383

Tavi 14

literatura
Bussis, A. M., E. A. Chittenden, and M. Amarel. Beyond Surface Curriculum: An \ Interview Study of Teachers' Understandings. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1966.
Clark, C. M., and R. J. Yinger. "Teachers Thinking." In P.L. Peterson and H.J. Wahlberg (eds.). Research
on Teaching. Berkeley: McCutcheon, 1979.
Duffy, G., L. Roehler, and G. Rockliffe. "How Teachers' Instructional Talk Influences Students' Understandings of Lesson Content." Elementary School Journal 87, no. 1 (September 1986).
Hunt, J. McV. Intelligence and Experience. New York: Ronald Press, 1961.
Hunter, M. Presentation at ASCD, 1977.
Joyce, B. R., C. Clark, and L. Peck. Flexibility in Teaching. New York: Longmans, 1981.
Mager, R. R. Preparing Instructional Objectives. Palo Alto: Fearson Publications, 1962.
Peterson, P. L., C. W. Marx, and C. Clark. "Teacher Planning, Teacher Behavior, and Student Achievement." American Educational Research Journal 15 (Summer 1978): 417-432.
Popham, W. J., and E.L. Baker. Systematic Instruction. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1970.
Saphier, J. D. "The Parameters of Teaching: An Empirical Study Using Observations and Interviews to
Validate a Theory of Teaching by Linking Levels of Analysis, Levels of Knowing and Levels of
Performance." Ph.D. diss., Boston University, 1980.
Tyler, R. W. Basic Principles ofCurriculum and Instruction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949.
Zahorik, J. A. "Learning Activities: Nature, Function, and Practice." Elementary School Journal 82 (1982):
309-317.

384

15
swavlis gamocdileba
rogor mivusadagoT moswavles swavlis
stili?

swavlis gamocdileba

swavlis procesi, anu sakiTxi `rogor vswavlobT?~ ar gulisxmobs saswavlo kursis Sinaarssa da maswavleblis mier Sesrulebul aqtivobebs. is niSnavs interaqcias Semswavlelsa da im garemos Soris, romlis mimarTac is reagirebs. Seswavla xdeba maSin, rodesac
moswavle Tavad moqmedebs, anu Semswavleli imas swavlobs, rasac Tavad akeTebs da ara
imas, rasac maswavlebeli akeTebs. r. taileri,
`saswavlo gegmisa da swavlebis ZiriTadi principebi~

wavlis procesis ganxilva mniSvnelovania imiT, rom SesaZlebloba geZlevaT, moswavleebisaTvis SeTavazebul aqtivobebs daakvirdeT da maTSi axali niuansebi aRmoaCinoT. Tqvens winaSe arsebulze ufro sruli suraTi iqmneba imisaTvis, rom dainaxoT,
rogor swavloben moswavleebi da aseve ra SemTxvevaSi ver swavloben isini. am informaciam
SeiZleba erT-erT daskvnamde migiyvanoT:
`kargia, rom me aseT meTodebs ar viyeneb da rasac vakeTeb swored saswavlo gegmiskenaa
mimarTuli, raimes Secvla ki saWiro ar aris~.
`aris bevri iseTi ram, rasac ar viyeneb, arada, namdvilad sasargeblo iqneboda. ara
uSavs, uamravi dro maqvs maT dasanergad. albaT, sjobs isini bolosTvis, damatebis
saxiT Semovinaxo~.
`aris ramdenime sakiTxi, razec aqamde ar mifiqria. kargi iqneba maTi danergva, amis gakeTebas axlave Sevecdebi~.
arsebiTi is gaxlavT, rom SeZloT sxvebis an swavlebis meTodebs sakuTar axleburad
SexedoT, ufro meti ram dainaxoT da axali informaciis safuZvelze ufro swori gadawyvetilebebi miiRoT. imedia, es Tavi bevri mniSvnelovani sakiTxis aRqmasa da gacnobierebaSi
dagexmarebaT.
swavlebis procesi moswavleebis TvaliT unda davinaxoT. pirvel yovlisa, vsvamT kiTxvas:
`rogor aRiqvamen moswavleebi saklaso garemos? rogori maxasiaTeblebi aqvs aqtivobebs?
rogor aRiqvams mas moswavle Sesrulebisas?~ Semdegi kiTxvebi aseTia: `ra daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba? ra mniSvneloba aqvs yovelive amas? ramdenad mniSvnelovania, rogor aRiqvamen
moswavleebi aqtivobaTa ama Tu im maxasiaTebels? aris Tu ara es arsebiTi sruli saswavlo
kursis TvalsazrisiT?~ am sakiTxebSi garkveva arCevanis gakeTebis saSualebas mogvcems _
swavlebis formis SerCeva xom maswavleblis prerogativaa. moswavlis azrovnebis tipebs
realuri, materialuri sagnis, magaliTad, kldis msgavsad davaxasiaTebT. is materialuri
ar aris, Tumca realuria da kldis msgavsad Taviseburebebi aqvs. kldis msgavsad, romelsac
garkveuli niSan-Tvisebebi aqvs (mag.: aris sferuli, kvercxisebri, cilindruli, kubis formis; aqvs feric, SeiZleba iyos yavisferi, nacrisferi, molurjo, mowiTalo, movercxlisfro), swavlis processac konkretuli maxasiaTeblebi aqvs. magaliTad, swavlis procesSi
zedamxedveloba sami mizniT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes: damoukideblobis ganviTarebis, moswavleTa daxmarebis an uSualod meTvalyureobis mizniT. swavlebis ra forma sWirdebaT
moswavleebs konkretul SemTxvevaSi? SeiZleba maT dRis ganmavlobaSi uSualo kontaqti da
yuradReba sWirdebaT, xolo dRis bolos maTi damoukideblad muSaobaa mizanSewonili? anu
zedamxedvelobis TvalsazrisiT, maTTvis Sesabamisi swavlebis forma etapobrivad icvleba,
e. i. swavlis procesi maxasiaTeblis mixedviT icvleba.

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Tavi 15

swavlis procesis analiziT miviRebT imis srul da detalur suraTs, Tu rogor iTviseben moswavleebi dagegmili aqtivobebis Sesrulebisas. Tu am aqtivobebs garkveuli drois
manZilze davakvirdebiT, SevamCnevT, rogor xdeba rgolebis erT jaWvad gadaqceva swavlis
procesSi. Semdeg ki SegviZlia SevafasoT, ramdenad pasuxobs moTxovnebs miRebuli jaWvi.
viyenebT Tu ara swavlebis yvela models praqtikaSi swavlebis mxolod konkurentul da
individualistur models veyrdnobiT, Tu kolaboraciulsac viyenebT? aRqmis romeli
arxebis stimulirebas vaxdenT? mxedvelobidan xom ar gvrCeba kinesTetikuri (Sexeba) arxi?
swavlebisas ramdenad daculia balansi konkretulsa da abstraqtuls Soris? kiTxvis `rogor vswavlobT?~ gacnobiereba dagvexmareba periodulad davakvirdeT sakuTar muSaobas da
gadavamowmoT, vTavazobT Tu ara moswavleebs sasurvels. dabolos, am sakiTxis codna kargi
iaraRia maswavleblisTvis, raTa SeZlos moswavleebisa da jgufebisTvis swavlebis formebis
individualurad SerCeva.
naSromis momdevno nawilSi detalurad aRvwerT saswavlo procesis maxasiaTeblebs da
visaubrebT maTi gamovlenis SesaZlo formebze. Sedegad, SegeZlebaT gansazRvroT Tqveni,
rogorc maswavleblis profili. Semdeg gaarkvevT, ramdenad Seesabameba moswavleebs Tqven
mier SeTavazebuli variantebidan arCeuli meTodebis speqtri.

informaciis wyaroebi
ganmartebani
mTeli is informacia, romelsac moswavleebi swavlis procesSi iReben, SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT: standartuli da Seqmnili informacia. informaciis standartuli wyaroa teqsti, cnobari, maswavlebeli, an informaciis nebismieri sxva wyaro. Seqmnili informacia aris
codna, romelic Semswavlelebma iseTi procesis meSveobiT miiRes, romelSic Tavad monawileobdnen, magaliTad, dakvirvebis, cdis Catarebis, intervius, deduqciis, induqciis, logikis,
kamaTis, debatebis, SekiTxvebis dasmis safuZvelze.
informaciis wignSi moZebna standartuli wyaros gamoyenebas niSnavs. Tumca, informaciis wignSi moZebnis iniciativa SeiZleba moswavlisgan modiodes, misi mizani da arCevani
(azrovnebis tipis mixedviT) iyos, magaliTad, man SeiZleba wignSi moZiebuli informaciis
mixedviT TviTmfrinavis detalebi Seqmnas, magram es mainc standartul wyaroze dayrdnobiT moxdeba.

mniSvneloba
mniSvnelovania, gavarkvioT, ganzrax vayenebT Tu ara moswavleebs iseT mdgomareobaSi,
romelic imis nacvlad, rom pirdapir miiRon informacia, romlis Sekreba, momzadeba da damuSaveba specialurad maTTvis moxda, aiZulebs, gaaaqtiuron sakuTari resursebi da masze
daafuZnon axali codna. informaciis arc erTi wyaro saukeTeso ar aris, magram maT sxvadasxvagvari efeqti aqvT Semswavlelze. Tu swavlebisas informaciis mxolod erTi wyaro gamoiyeneba, aseTi saganmanaTleblo programa daubalansebelia.

388

swavlis gamocdileba

resursebi
ganmartebani
moswavleebma saswavlo kursisTvis SeiZleba gamoiyenon erTi an meti resursi:
teqsti
maswavlebeli
Tanatolebi
mSoblebi
interviuebi gareSe pirebTan (garda mSoblebis, maswavleblebisa da Tanatolebisa)
dakvirveba
audiovizualuri masala
onlaini an eleqtroaparatura
cnobari
sakuTari warmosaxva an gamocdileba
am CamonaTvalis warmodgena resursebis im nusxis gasafarToeblad dagvWirda, romlebmac
swavlis procesze unda moaxdinon gavlena da gavarkvioT, ramdeni maTgani gamoiyeneba Cvens
praqtikaSi.

mniSvneloba
saganmanaTleblo kursis manZilze, yvela zemoCamoTvlili resursi unda gamoviyenoT.
gavarkvioT, nebismieri kursis, safexuris an klasisTvis romeli resursebi an resursTa ramdenad farTo speqtris gamoyenebaa Sesabamisi da sasurveli da SevadaroT arsebul realobas. moswavleTa aTvisebis procesze individualuri dakvirvebisaTvis sasargeblo iqneba,
davadginoT, am resursTagan ramdeni gamoiyenes sxvadasxva saganmanaTleblo kursze da SevafasoT, ramdenad Seesabameba erTmaneTs resursTa efeqturoba da programis intensivoba.

pirovnuli relevanturoba
ganmartebani
individualuri relevantobis misaRwevad swavlis procesSi unda CavrToT warmosaxva,
modelireba da realuri garemo. xarisxis maCvenebelia is, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba saswavlo
situacia moswavlisTvis mniSvnelovan cxovrebiseul aspeqtebs. ramdenad mWidro kavSirSia
saswavlo situacia skolis gareT arsebul realur samyarosTan?
magaliTad, rveulSi iseTi magaliTis amoxsna, romelic fulis Sekrebas moiTxovs
(124.35+3.50=?), warmosaxviTi aqtivobaa, radgan samuSao rveulis furclebze fulis angariSi skolis gareT cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar aris. magram Tu klasSi gaTamaSdeba
situacia, moewyoba daxlis modeli, sadac nebismieri produqti `gaiyideba~, moswavleebi
ki pirobiTi an namdvili fuliT `ivaWreben~, maSin moxdeba realobis simulacia. xolo Tu

389

Tavi 15

klasi supermarketSi garkveuli RonisZiebisTvis fuls daxarjavs, magaliTad, wveulebisTvis produqts SeiZens, moswavleebs mTeli rigi procedurebis ganxorcieleba mouwevT:
produqtis arCeva, vaWroba, fulis gadaxda da xurdis miReba. es iqneba realuri aqtivoba _
realur samyarosTan integrirebuli da uSualod dakavSirebuli.
warmosaxviTi swavlis process, ra Tqma unda, Tavisi daniSnuleba aqvs _ igi swavlisa da
codnis SeZenisas xSirad gamoiyeneba da Seucvlelia. indoeTis istoriis Seswavla mxolod
am qveynis istoriuli saitebiT arasruli iqneba (Tumca maTi gamoyeneba namdvilad sasurvelia). istoriuli sakiTxebis Seswavlas aucileblad sWirdeba wignebis wakiTxva. amrigad,
gamarTlebuli ar iqneba Teoriuli masalisa
da realuri gamocdilebis safuZvelze swavbevr maswavlebels miaCnia, rom saswavlo ga
lebaTa erTmaneTTan dapirispireba da romemocdileba dakavSirebuli unda iyos realur
lime maTganis upiratesobis mtkiceba. ra Tqma
samyarosTan.
unda, Sors varT im azrisgan, rom moswavleebma mTeli saskolo programa skolis Senobis
gareT unda gaiaron, rom realuri cxovrebis saSualebiT swavlis process eziaron: xatva
realuri iqneba yvelgan, sadac unda daxatos adamianma _ am moqmedebis Sesruleba skolaSic SeiZleba da samxatvro saxelosnoSic. igive SeiZleba vTqvaT SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis
nebismier sxva dargSi muSaobaze. mxareTa debatebi yovelTvis realuri gamocdilebaa da ara
simulacia, miuxedavad imisa, sasamarTloSi mimdinareobs Tu ara. mravali saskolo procedura imTaviTve realuria moswavleebisTvis. magaliTad, moswavleTa Soris kamaTi masalebis
ganawilebasTan dakavSirebiT maTTvis realobaa, Tumca xSirad ganzrax aris provocirebuli.

mniSvneloba
ganaTlebis mravali specialisti miiCnevs, rom swavlis rac SeiZleba meti procesi unda
davukavSiroT moswavlis realur cxovrebas mis skolis gareT gamocdilebas. swavlebis
Teoriis erT-erTi skolis warmomadgenelTa azriT, aseTi swavlis procesi gacilebiT efeqturi da mtkicea (Dale, uTariRo). am Teoriis mixedviT, moswavles aqvs konteqsti, romelSic
axali informaciis transferi SeuZlia da Tavis pirad cxovrebasTan relevantobis gamo is
motivirebulia, araTu daeswros aseT sagakveTilo process, aramed misi aqtiuri monawilec
gaxdes. es ki moswavlis CarTulobis garantiaa, rac swavlebas maqsimalurad efeqturs xdis.
Teoriis mimdevarTa azriT, mniSvnelovania vicodeT, ramdenad miaxloebulia realobasTan
moswavleTaTvis SeTavazebuli saswavlo procesebi. skolamdeli asakis bavSvebisa da Ria
gakveTilebis specialistebs saswavlo procesi gansakuTrebiT am kuTxiT ainteresebT (Bussis, Chittenden, and Amarel 1976).
swavlis procesebs Soris gansxvavebis ukeT dasanaxad, SegviZlia monacemTa baza gamoviyenoT. Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT moqmedebiT (keTebiT) swavlasa da Teoriul swavlas, uzarmazar gansxvavebas davinaxavT. aucilebelia, davadginoT, ra adgili uWiravs saswavlo gegmaSi
realobidan swavlas da ramdenad Seesabameba is masalis Sinaarssa da moswavles. saswavlo
gegmis efeqtianoba SegviZlia SevafasoT Teoriul, simulaciur da realobis safuZvelze
swavlis procesTa Soris arsebuli balansis mixedviT. aseTi balansi saukeTeso saSualebaa
saswavlo miznebis mocemul droSi gansaxorcieleblad.

.
390

swavlis gamocdileba

konkurencia
ganmartebani
jonsonma da jonsonma (Johnson & Johnson 1975, 1987) swavlis procesis sami modeli SemoiRes:
kolaboraciuli (TanamSromluri), konkurentuli da individualisturi. swavlis procesSi
mniSvnelovania is urTierTdamokidebuleba da urTierTkavSiri, romelic arsebobs moswavleebs Soris da, agreTve, moswavleebsa da maswavlebels Soris. es urTierToba asaxavs klasis socialur klimats, romelSic gvxvdeba rogorc konkurentuli, ise arakonkurentuli
garemo, an urTierTdaxmareba.
rodesac moswavleebi erTad muSaoben, raTa gaarkvion, ra faqtorebi axdens gavlenas sanTlis wvis xangrZlivobaze, isini kolaboraciuli modeliT muSaoben.
kolaboraciulia modeli, rodesac maT gacnobierebuli aqvT, rom yoveli maTganis mier miznis miRweva uSualod aris damokidebuli maTTan dakavSirebul sxva
moswavleTa mier miznis miRwevaze. magaliTad, Tu yvela moswavlis mizania im
faqtorebis CamoTvla, romlebic gavlenas axdens sanTlis wvis droze, isini
mizans mxolod saWiro CamonaTvalis Sedgenis SemTxvevaSi miaRweven. kolaboraciul mizanze muSaoba saWiroebs saerTo miznis misaRwevad aucilebeli qcevebis koordinirebas. Tu erTi moswavle aRwevs mizans, maSin masTan dakavSirebuli yvela moswavle misi warmatebis moziarea. magram Tu moswavleebi erTmaneTs
sanTlis wvis drois xangrZlivobis ganmapirobebel faqtorTa yvelaze srulyofili CamonaTvalis SedgenaSi Seejibrebian, saqme gveqneba konkurentul
modelTan. konkurentuli modeli im SemTxvevaSi muSaobs, roca moswavleebs
gacnobierebuli aqvT, rom mizans mxolod maSin miaRweven, Tu sxvebi amas ver SeZleben, radgan bolos mxolod erTi saukeTeso gamovlindeba, sxvebi ki damarcxebulebad CaiTvlebian. konkurentuli interaqcia gulisxmobs brZolas miznis
misaRwevad, rac erTis mier miznis miRwevas niSnavs. bolos, ganvixiloT mesame _
individualisturi modeli: es modeli maSin moqmedebs, roca moswavleebi damoukideblad muSaoben, magaliTad, romelime maTematikuri operaciis Sesasruleblad. am SemTxvevaSi, erTi moswavlis mier miznis miRweva ar aris damokidebuli sxvebis mier miznis miRwevaze. erTis warmateba an warumatebloba ar
aisaxeba meoris warmatebaze Tu warumateblobaze. romelime moswavlis mier gamoTvlis ama Tu im maTematikuri meTodis daufleba ar ganapirobebs sxvebis mier
mocemuli meTodis dauflebas an verdauflebas. individualisturi modeliT
muSaobisas ar xdeba moswavleTa Soris interaqcia, yoveli maTgani problemis
gadaWris sakuTar gzas eZebs imisda miuxedavad, sxvebi aRweven Tu ara mizans
(Johnson & Johnson 1975, gv. 7).*
jonsonma da jonsonma saswavlo procesis organizebis formebze (interaqcia moswavleTa
Soris da interaqcia maswavlebelsa da moswavles Soris) dakvirvebis mizniT Seadgines kiTxvari, romlis SekiTxvebzec unda gaecaT an dadebiTi `diax~, an uaryofiTi `ara~ pasuxi.
Sedegad, swavlebis sami modelisTvis samgvari procentuli maCvenebeli gamoikveTa. miRebuli suraTis mixedviT, swavlis procesisTvis iSviaTad gamoiyeneba mxolod kolaboraciuli
modeli. kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT,
dominanturia iseTi saswavlo procesi, romelSic konkurentuli modelisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi sWarbobs.

* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Johnson, D. W., and R. T. Johnson. Learning Together and Alone. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Printice Hall, 1975, 1987.

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392

cxaddeba gamarjvebuli
gundis vinaoba (pirvel
adgilze gasulTa qulebi)

mesame, 2 qula

meore adgili, 4 qula

gamarjvebuli, 6 qula;

cxaddeba
gamarjvebuli
gundebis vinaoba.

moswavleebi
agroveben
qulebs sakuTari
ZalebiT da
Tavad asruleben
konkretul
davalebebs.

15-wuTian
Tavsatexs
moswavleebi
damoukideblad
asruleben.

individualuri testebi.

gundebi gadanawildebian,
raTa ganaxorcielon
moswavleTaSorisi swavla.

gundi iSleba. sxvadasxva

gundebis warmomadgenlebi,
romlebsac erTi da igive
masala aqvT qmnian `eqspertTa
jgufs, raTa erTmaneTs
gauwion xelmZRvaneloba
da moamzadon gundis
prezentacia.

gundis wevrebi
damoukideblad swavloben
TavianT nawilebs.

araerTgvarovan jgufSi 4-5 moswavle

erTmaneTis gamokiTxvas awarmoebs da davalebas
asrulebs.

SejibrSi Tanabari
SesaZleblobebis
moswavleebi sxvadasxva
samwevrian gundebs
warmoadgenen. isini
TamaSoben akademiuri
masalis gamoyenebiT:

jgufebs eZlevaT
amocanebi.

gayaviT masala 5-6

moswavlisTvis 5-6 nawilad.

mTliani klasis instruqtireba

iReben jgufis
Sefasebas.

jgufebi erTad
muSaoben.

jgufebi msjeloben,
rogor ganawildes
masala erTi
mTliani produqtis
misaRebad.

socialuri
unarebis varjiSi da
sajaro ganxilva.

Johnson &
Johnson

moswavleTa
gundebi

Tavsatexi

gunduri
Sejibri

sqema 15.1. kooperaciuli swavlis xuTi formati

marcxnidan marjvniv izrdeba interaqciisa da komunikaciis unaris saWiroeba.

klasi afasebs jgufebis wvlils.

gegmaven prezentacias.

jgufebi aanalizeben progress da

process.

damoukidebeli muSaoba, swavla.

rolebis miReba, dagegmva.

qvejgufebis Seqmna da didi

proeqtidan qveamocanis miReba.

did jgufTan saswavlo amocanis

formulireba.

moswavleTa reaqciebis Seswavla.

Tavsatexi, saintereso situacia.

Jgufuri jvleva

Tavi 15

swavlis gamocdileba

samecniero literaturis mniSvnelovan nawilSi aRiarebulia kolaboraciuli swavlis

procesis efeqtianoba rogorc gagebis, ise Sedegis TvalsazrisiT. am aRiarebis kvaldakval
gamoCnda specialuri literatura, romelic eZRvneba kolaboraciuli modeliT saswavlo
procesis warmarTvis teqnikas. maswavleblebs SeuZliaT kolaboraciuli modelis, sul
cota, xuTi sxvadasxva formis danergva (sqema 15.1). diagramaze zemoaRniSnuli formebis
dalagebis principi is aris, Tu ra roli eniWeba TiToeuli maTganis gansaxorcieleblad moswavleTa interaqciisa da komunikaciis unars (marcxnidan marjvniv naklebad saWirodan
ufro saWirosken).
ganvixiloT konkretuli saswavlo procesi da davadginoT, romeli maxasiaTebelia misTvis dominanturi: kolaboraciuli, konkurentuli Tu individualisturi. Cven davakvirdiT
erT-erT samecniero laboratoriaSi mimdinare saswavlo kurss, sadac moswavleTa jgufebi
erTad muSaobdnen. maT saerTo aparatura hqondaT, erTmaneTs uziarebdnen ideebsa da informacias, radgan erTsa da imave cdas atarebdnen. es TanamSromlobis namdvili nimuSi iyo. moswavleebi, amave dros, cdis Sedegebs damoukideblad iwerdnen sakuTar rveulebSi. momdevno
etapze moswavleTa sxvadasxva jgufi sxvadasxva adgilze imyofeboda. zogi maTgani marto
muSaobda, radgan im momentSi iq sxva aravin iyo, an kidev imitom, rom marto muSaoba undoda
(ris uflebasac maswavlebeli aZlevda). roca isini mzad iyvnen testisTvis, individualurad
abarebdnen tests. testirebas uZRoda moswavlesTan maswavleblis individualuri muSaoba.
aRniSnuli saswavlo procesi, udavod, individualisturia. zemoaRniSnul laboratoriul
kursebze ar SegviniSnavs, rom moswavleebi gajibrebodnen erTmaneTs da miRebuli qulebi
SeedarebinoT, Tumca gasaubrebisas maswavleblebma gaixsenes aseTi SemTxvevebi. Tumca, moswavleebs qulebi romc SeedarebinaT, es ar iqneboda konkurenciis, rogorc swavlis erTerTi modelis, dadastureba, radgan testebSi miRebuli qulebis Sedareba im SejibrebiTi
bunebis gamoxatulebaa, romelic saerTod axasiaTebs bavSvebs, adamianebs, kulturebs Tu
TviT testirebis process.
konkurenciis CvenTvis saintereso forma aRmovaCineT Semdeg saswavlo procesSi: es gaxldaT gunduri TamaSis msgavsi aqtivoba, roca jgufebs davaleba sxvebze swarafad da zustad unda SeesrulebinaT, an sxvebisTvis unda daeswroT kiTxvaze swori pasuxis gacema. Sejibrisken xSirad Tavad moswavleebi miiswarafvian, an mSoblebi, kultura Tu sacxovrebeli
adgili ubiZgeben, magram mxolod konkurentuli qcevis gamovlinebis gamo ver mivakuTvnebT
swavlis process swavlebis konkurentul models. zemoCamoTvlil sam modelze saubrisas,
gvainteresebs konkurentuli, TanamSromluri an individualisturi qceva, romelic gegmiT
aris gaTvaliswinebuli da ganpirobebuli da mxolod am pirobis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia mivakuTvnoT saswavlo procesi ama Tu im models. Tu moswavleTa konkurentuli, TanamSromluri an individualisturi qceva saswavlo procesis Semadgenel nawilad ar
moiazreba, aseT saswavlo process ver mivakuTvnebT zemoCamoTvlil maxasiaTeblebs.
Cven mier ganxilul magaliTSi, romelic samecniero laboratoriaSi Catarda, konkurentuloba saswavlo procesis damaxasiaTebeli niSani ar iyo, radgan maswavlebels an saswavlo
gegmas ar miucia aseTi qcevisTvis biZgi.

mniSvneloba
onkurenciis dadebiTi an uaryofiTi mxareebis Sesaxeb diskusia xSirad imarTeba mSoblebs, ganmanaTleblebs Tu quCaSi gamvlelebs Soris. konkurentulia garemo, romelSic Cven
vcxovrobT da romlis Sesaxebac sakuTari Sexeduleba gvaqvs Camoyalibebuli. swavlebis mocemuli maxasiaTeblebi moiTxovs maswavlebelTa yuradRebis mobilizebas, rom gaarkvion,

393

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ramdenad damaxasiaTebelia konkurentuli, TanamSromluri an individualisturi niSnebi

moswavleTa swavlis procesisTvis, iZenen Tu ara isini TanamSromlobis an konkurenciis gamocdilebas. swavlebis sami modeli saswavlo procesis dabalansebis saSualebasac iZleva.
maTi meSveobiT moswavleebi cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas (TanamSromlobis, konkurenciis an individualuri muSaobis TvalsazrisiT) saswavlo procesSi gadatanili realobidan
iZenen aseT situaciaSi maT saswavlo procesis mimarTulebis mimcemni ganzrax an uneblied
ayeneben. xdeba am maxasiaTeblebis kontroli da situaciis Sesabamisad cvla. ase rom, swavlebis sami modelis gamoyenebiT pedagogi moswavleebs sxvadasxvagvar garemos uqmnis.

Sesabamisoba
maswavlebelma SeiZleba moaxdinos jgufebisa da individebis diferencireba imisda mixedviT, Tu swavlebis romeli modelia maTTvis ufro efeqtiani.

zedamxedveloba
ganmartebani
maswavlebelma SeiZleba uSualo zedamxedveloba gauwios moswavleebs, gaakontrolos,
ras da rogor akeTebs TiToeuli maTgani. zogi SeiZleba damoukideblad muSaobdes da Tavad
kisrulobdes pasuxismgeblobas sakuTari namuSevrisTvis. zogs ki pedagogi uwyobs xels, rom
davalebas Tavi gaarTvas: pasuxobs mis SekiTxvebs, awvdis winadadebebsa da rekomendaciebs,
usvams mastimulirebel SekiTxvebs (Dunn and Dunn 1978). dakvirvebebis Sedegad gamoikveTa, rom zedamxedveloba SeiZleba samgvarad ganxorcieldes: kontroli, xelSewyoba da damoukideblad muSaobis saSualebis micema.

mniSvneloba
mocemuli maxasiaTeblis SezRuduli speqtri (magaliTad, Tu maswavlebeli yovelTvis
yvela saswavlo aqtivobas akontrolebs) mTlianad dominanturs xdis swavlebis konkretul
formas. zedamxedvelobis formebis viwro an farTo speqtris gamoyeneba Sesabamis gavlenas axdens moswavleTa Camoyalibebaze, vinaidan maTze zemoqmedebs garemo, romelSic uwevT
yofna. warmovidginoT is suraTi, romelic SeiZleba miviRoT zedamxedvelobis mxolod erTi
konkretuli formis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi da sakuTar Tavs SevekiTxoT: gvindoda Tu ara
aseTi Sedegis miReba? saswavlo gegma an Cven am Sedegs viTvaliswinebdiT?

Sesabamisoba
maswavleblebma moswavleTa diferencireba imis mixedviT unda moaxdinon, Tu ra saxis da
ra dozis zedamxedveloba sWirdebaT da maqsimalurad miusadagon zedamxedvelobis formebi:
jeini damoukideblad Zalze nayofierad muSaobs, mxolod iSviaTad sWirdeba maswavleblis konsultacia. maswavleblis mudmivi kontroli mas xels uSlis aRqmaSi. martas damoukideblad ar SeuZlia samuSaos organizeba. man SeiZleba ramdenjerme scados samuSaos

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swavlis gamocdileba

dawyeba, magram ver moaxerxos. uSualo kontrolis gareSe, man SeiZleba uamravi dro dakargos. maswavlebeli mas zedamxedvelobas uwevs, xolo jeins srul Tavisuflebas aZlevs.
swored aseve SeiZleba jgufebis diferencirebac. Tu maswavleblis midgoma jgufebisa da individebis mimarT am princips emyareba, maSin is sworad usadagebs zedamxedvelobis formebs.

TviTgamoxatva
ganmartebani
saswavlo procesSi moswavleebs TviTgamoxatvis SesaZlebloba an eZlevaT, an ara. TviTgamoxatva SeiZleba xatviT, mxatvruli weriT, artistizmiT, saubriT, saintereso namuSevris
SeqmniT. mxolod SekiTxvebze pasuxebis gacema ar gulisxmobs TviTgamoxatvas im TvalsazrisiT, romelic CvenTvis mniSvnelovania. TviTgamoxatva niSnavs individis unikaluri unarebis gamovlenas, an misTvis biZgis micemas, rom Cveulebrivi, standartuli informacia
Taviseburad gadmogvces. biologiis gakveTilze moswavleebisTvis micemuli davaleba,
daxaton mitozi (miuxedavad Sesrulebuli namuSevrebis gansxvavebuli xarisxia), maswavleblis mier winaswar dakonkretebuli davalebaa da moswavleebs TavisuflebisTvis adgils ar
utovebs. davaleba, naxatiT asaxon romelime musikaluri nawarmoebis mosmenis Semdeg sakuTari STabeWdilebebi, aseve winaswar gansazRvrulia, Tumca moswavleebs met Tavisuflebas
aZlevs, asaxon musikiT gamowveuli maTTvis mniSvnelovani asociaciebi. davaleba, Seajamon
turneris sazRvrebis Teoria, moswavleebs TviTgamoxatvis saSualebas ar iZleva. Tu aRniSnul Temas (maTi warmosaxvis gaaqtiurebis mizniT) sxva saxiT SevTavazebT, magaliTad, 100
wlis win rom ecxovraT, rogori reaqcia eqnebodaT Tavisufali miwebis sakiTxis ganxilvisas,
isini sakuTari damokidebulebis gamovlenas SeZleben.

mniSvneloba
es maxasiaTebeli saganmanaTleblo programisTvisac mniSvnelovania. mis Sesaxeb monacemebi Sesabamis suraTs gviqmnis da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, misi rolis gazrdis, an mTlianad
saswavlo procesis arsebiTi cvlilebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. ra Tqma unda, SegviZlia realobis Sedareba imasTan, rac dagegmili gvqonda da im SemTxvevebis gamoyofa, rodesac Cvenma
mcdelobam, moswavleebs TviTgamoxatva moexdinaT, nayofi gamoiRo.

Sesabamisoba
mniSvnelovania, gavarkvioT, rodesac maswavlebeli moswavleebs TviTgamoxatvis saSualebas aZlevs, an misken ubiZgebs, imavdroulad TviTgamoxatvis maTTvis saukeTeso gzis
arCevis saSualebasac Tu aZlevs. roca am maxasiaTebels individs usadageben, mas winaswar
esaubrebian da uxsnian, rom TviTgamoxatvis mizniT sxvebisgan gansxvavebuli xerxebisa da
saSualebebis gamoyeneba SeuZliaT.

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abstraqciis xarisxi
ganmartebani
saswavlo procesi SeiZleba iyos konkretuli, TvalsaCinoebaTa (xatebis) gamoyenebiT an
abstraqtuli (Bruner 1966). konkretulia maSin, rodesac moswavleebi xedaven an exebian realur obieqts, an sxva saxis gamosaxulebas da MSeuZliaT interaqcia maTi meSveobiT. abstraqtuli ki niSnavs simbolurs, rodesac saswavlo procesi mTlianad sityvebsa da mosazrebebs
emyareba, ar aris TvalsaCinoebebiTa da konkretuli obiqtebiT uzrunvelyofili.

mniSvneloba
Cven SegviZlia erTmaneTs SevadaroT abstraqciis sxvadasxva xarisxi, romlis SeTavazebac konteqstis mixedviT xdeba da vimsjeloT, situaciasTan misi Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb. aseve
unda gaviTvaliswinoT, moswavleTa asaki da azrovnebis tipebi. dawyebiT safexurze, ra Tqma
unda, metia saswavlo procesSi konkretulis Semotanis saWiroeba, vidre ufro maRal safexurebze.

Sesabamisoba
radgan erTi da imave asakis bavSvebi, abstraqtuli informaciis gadamuSavebis unaris
TvalsazrisiT, xSirad sxvadasxva doneze imyofebian, maswavlebelma isini Sesabamisad unda
dayos da saswavlo procesSi individulurad SesTavazos abstraqciis Sesaferisi done. gonebaSi SeRwevis aseTi meTodi tipobriv saSualo skolis saswavlo gegmaSi gamoiyenes konrad
toeferma (Conrad Toepfer 1981) da sxvebmac. aRmoCnda, rom abstraqtuli saswavlo procesis
dros moswavleebs moeTxovebaT iseTi saxis azrovneba, romelic 12 wlis asakis amerikeli
mozardebis mxolod 12%-s aqvs. toeferis mtkicebiT, maswavlebelma moswavleebs maTi SesaZleblobebisTvis Sesabamisi abstraqciis xarisxi unda SesTavazos, gansakuTrebiT, gardatexis periodSi 12-14 wlis asakSi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, moswavleTa moswrebis mkveTri
diferencireba moxdeba. is da misi kolegebi maswavleblebs urCeven, Seamowmon moswavleTa
azrovnebis done (mTeli rigi konkretuli, Sesabamisi operaciebis meSveobiT) da Sesaferisi
swavlebis forma SeurCion maT. toeferis azriT, inteleqti ar aris dakavSirebuli abstraqtuli azrovnebis unarTan.
abstraqtuli azrovnebis unars didi mniSvneloba aqvs swavlis nayofierebisTvis. amitom
saTanado gamokvlevis safuZvelze moswavleTa gonebrivi ganviTarebis yovel safexurze
saWiro modeli unda gamoviyenoT.

kognituri done
ganmartebani
blumis (Bloom 1956) taqsonomia eqvs kognitur dones: gaxseneba, wvdoma, analizi, gamoyeneba, sinTezi da Sefaseba. moswavleTa kognituri donis dasadgenad swavlis process unda
davakvirdeT. SegviZlia, davakvirdeT maswavleblis mier moswavleebisTvis SeTavazebul
swavlebis formasac da ganvsazRvroT aTvisebis done. swavlis erT konkretul procesSi,
SesaZloa, aTvisebis sxvadasxva donis gamoyeneba iyos saWiro.

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swavlis gamocdileba

mniSvneloba
mkvlevrebi xangrZlivad ikvlevdnen verbaluri interaqciis dros maswavlebelTa mier
dasmul SekiTxvebs, romlebic Seesabameboda aTvisebis maRal dones. gamoirkva, rom rac
ufro maRali donisaa SekiTxva, miT ukeTesia, radgan swavlebis procesSi aris mcdeloba,
rom moswavleTa Sedegebi SekiTxvebis dones
Seesabamebodes (Winne 1979a). Tumca, aTdiferencirebis SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebelma,
visebis maRali donis Sesabamisi SekiTxvebis
SesaZloa, dabali unarebis mqone moswavleebs
didi doza, SesaZloa, Zalze Seusabamo iyos
maRal doneze azrovnebis SesaZlebloba waarT
im moswavleTaTvis, romelTac igive masala
vas, maTi warumatebloba kidev ufro gazardos
aTvisebis ufro dabal doneze ar daumuSaveda sabolood aucruos guli skolaze.
biaT. me-10 TavSi Cven ganvixileT swavlebis
parametrebi da vnaxeT, rom garkveul modelebSi saWiroa aTvisebis operaciebis garkveuli TanamimdevrobiT miwodeba. isini daumuSaveblad arc erT safexurze ar unda SevitanoT.
Tu Tvals yuradRebiT mivadevnebT aTvisebis doneebs, romlebsac maswavleblebi saswavlo procesSi gvTavazoben, SevZlebT SeTavazebuli speqtris Sesaxeb garkveuli monacemebis
Tavmoyras. konkretuli donis dominirebis SemTxvevaSi, ismis SekiTxva: `ratom?~ Tu maswavlebeli an saswavlo gegma azrovnebasTan dakavSirebul raime gansakuTrebul mizans iTvaliswinebs, gavarkvioT, ramdenad Seesabameba ganzraxva realobas.

Sesabamisoba
Tu maswavlebeli erTi da imave masalasTan dakavSirebul saswavlo process imgvarad
usadagebs moswavleebs, rom sxvadasxva moswavles aTvisebis sxvadasxva done moeTxoveba, e.
i. xdeba aTvisebis doneTa diferencireba. aseTi diferencirebis SemTxvevaSi safrTxe is aris,
rom maswavlebelma, SesaZloa, dabali unarebis mqone moswavleebs maRal doneze gadasvlis
SesaZlebloba waarTvas. xSirad. maswavleblis dabali molodini ukavSirdeba moswavlis Tandayolil dabal SesaZleblobebs.
amis gamo, maswavlebelma, SesaZloa, isini mudam erTi da imave mocemulobis farglebSi
avarjiSos, uintereso gaxados maTTvis swavleba. es kidev ufro gazrdis warumateblobis
dones, rasac Sedegad mohyveba skolaze gulis acrueba. saWiroa didi yuradReba da sifrTxile, raTa maswavlebelma garkveul saswavlo procesebSi ar SezRudos moswavleTa monawileoba. mas SeuZlia saswavlo procesebis diferencireba moswavleTa Sesabamisad, maT Soris
tempis individualurad SerCeviT, magram igi valdebulia, gamoZebnos gzebi da saSualebebi,
rom yvela moswavles, unarebis miuxedavad, aTvisebis doneebis sruli speqtri SesTavazos.

A struqturireba
ra igulisxmeba, rodesac amboben, rom moswavleebi etapobriv konkretulobas saWiroeben?
Cveni dakvirvebiT, am termins sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT iyeneben. erT-erTi versiiT, moswavles sWirdeba axlo kontaqti da zedamxedveloba, anu davaleba nawil-nawil unda davuSaloT
da dawvrilebiT avuxsnaT ra, sad da rogor unda gaakeTos. saswavlo procesis am segments
SegviZlia `miTiTebebis micema~ vuwodoT. aseTi damatebiTi miTiTebebis gareSe, aqtivoba ver
Sesruldeba. zogjer moswavleebs sTxoven, pirdapir Seudgnen saqmes, zogjer ki maTsa da

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Tavi 15

maswavlebels Soris xdeba detaluri dakonkreteba, ra da rogor unda gakeTdes. maswavleblis mier micemuli miTiTebebis tipebs Soris gansxvavebis gasaanalizeblad, davakvirdeT,
ra doziT da vis mier xdeba dakonkreteba: maswavleblis mier (Zlieri konkretuloba), maswavleblisa da moswavlis gasaubrebisas (zomieri konkretuloba) da moswavlis mier (naklebi
konkretuloba). maswavlebeli unda axdendes moswavleTa diferencirebas da icodes, vis ra
dozis unda SesTavazos dakonkreteba.
garkveuli mimarTulebis misacemad maswavlebeli xSirad detalur axsna-ganmartebas iZleva (Tavad iRebs gadawyvetilebebs da iZleva instruqciebs): ra konteqstze unda imuSaon, ra
procedurebi unda ganxorcieldes, ra unda Sesruldes (wera, msjeloba, Sedareba, mosmena),
ra produqti unda Seqmnas moswavlem da ra pirobebs unda akmayofilebdes davaleba. swored
es gaxlavT etapobrivi konkretulobis xuTi komponenti konteqsti, moqmedeba, procedurebi, produqti, davalebis Sesrulebis pirobebi.

vin iRebs gadawyvetilebas?

aravin

moswavle

SeTanxmebiT

maswavlebeli

(dabali struqtura maRali struqtura)

1.

Sinaarsi

2.

qceva

3.

procedurebi

4.

produqti

5.

daskvniTi nawili
msgavs analizs SexvdebiT Berlak da sxv., 1975.

Sinaarsi
konteqsti niSnavs garkveul sakiTxTan dakavSirebul saintereso obieqts an informacias.
vin iRebs gadawyvetilebas, vin axdens SeTavazebas, an vin aris pasuxismgebeli, rogor daamuSaon moswavleebma esa Tu is sakiTxi? imisaTvis, rom moxdes pasuxismgeblobis mizanSewonili
ganawileba, Tema kargad unda gavaanalizoT. gavarkvioT sakiTxis moculoba. ganvixiloT magaliTi:

398

swavlis gamocdileba

aqtivoba

sakiTxi

pasuxismgebeli
mxare

kiTxvebze pasuxi samoqalaqo omis

brZolebis gameoreba; maswavlebeli
SekiTxvebs
qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT svams.
ainteresebs, rom moswavleebma SeZlon
identificireba da ar aerioT brZolebis
Tanamimdevroba.

moswavleebis mier
mowodebuli informacia

maswavlebeli

maswavlebeli ambobs: `waikiTxeT

es wigni da upasuxeT bolo gverdze
dasmul SekiTxvebs~.

wigni
SekiTxvebi

maswavlebeli

maswavlebeli ambobs: `davalebad geqnebaT

Tqvens mier arCeuli wignis ganxilva~.

wigni

moswavleebi

(Tumca, dro da Sesasrulebeli moqmedeba maswavleblis mier aris dagegmili, konteqsts,

raze imuSaos da ris Sesaxeb daweros, moswavle irCevs).
maswavlebeli sTavazobs moswavleebs:
`kubebiT aageT im maRaziis modeli,
romelsac Cven vestumreT~.

maRaziis modeli

maswavlebeli

(Tumca, moswavle Tavad akontrolebs produqtis formas, anu Tavad wyvets, ra saxe eqneba
maRazias, gamosayenebeli masalis, anu kubis da maRaziis modelis idea maswavleblis mier aris
miTiTebuli. moswavle rom arCevanSi Tavisufali yofiliyo da Tavad gadaewyvita, ra saxiT
gamoexata maRazia (mag.: daexata, gamoeZerwa), maSin produqtis formis ganmsazRvreli moswavle iqneboda, xolo Sinaarsis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba kvlav maswavleblis mier iqneboda
miRebuli).
diskusia klasSi saskolo avtobusebis
dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebze;
maswavlebeli moswavleebs exmareba
gaerkvnen yvelaferSi da cdilobs
gamoaxatvinos pozicia.

argumentebi, poziciebi da
poziciebis safuZvlebi

moswavleebi

filmebis Sesaxeb diskusiis Semdeg

moswavleebi ayalibeben jgufebs
kinowarmoebis garkveuli aspeqtebis
Sesaswavlad: specefeqtebi, rolze
SerCeva, scenari, gadaRebebi. moswavleebi
maTTvis saintereso aspeqtis mixedviT
irCeven jgufebs, maswavlebeli ereva imis
dasazusteblad, romeli jgufebi Seiqmnas
da ra SemadgenlobiT.

specialuri efeqtebi;
rolze SerCeva;
gadaRebebi;
scenaris Seqmna

molaparakebiT

399

Tavi 15

zogadad, maswavlebeli yovelTvis Tavadaa pasuxismgebeli SinaarsisTvis. im magaliTSi,

romelSic moswavleebi debatebs marTaven avtobusiT momsaxurebis dadebiT da uaryofiT
mxareebze, savaraudoa, rom maswavlebelma SesTavaza Tema. is aris pasuxismgebeli Temaze da
misi ganxilvis siRrmeze, magram es detalebis doneze ufro maRali donea. Tu maswavlebeli
pasuxismgebelia moswavleTa pasuxebzec, maSin SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom is SinaarsisTvisac pasuxismgebelia, magram Tu moswavleebs SemoaqvT iseTi informacia, romelic maswavleblis
SekiTxvasTan arapirdapir kavSirSia, an iseTi detalebi, romlebic maswavleblis SekiTxvis,
an mis mier wamoweuli Temis konteqstSi ar jdeba, maSin detalebis doneze moswavleebi arian
SinaarsisTvis pasuxismgebelni (Tumca, SesaZloa, ara zogadad Temaze).
axla ganvixiloT SemTxveva, rodesac diskusiis sawyis etapze maswavlebeli kisrulobs pasuxismgeblobas SinaarsisTvis, Semdeg ki cvlis strategias, diskusias ufro Riad da Tavisuflad warmarTavs da moswavleebs imave masalasTan dakavSirebiT Tavisufali msjelobisken
ubiZgebs. `axla ki dafiqrdiT, Tqven rogor moiqceodiT general lis adgilze? Tqveni azriT,
man swori gadawyvetileba miiRo? rogor daasabuTebT Tqvens mosazrebas?~ mocemul SemTxvevaSi, SinaarsisTvis pasuxismgeblobam maswavleblidan moswavleebze gadainacvla, riTac
Seicvala swavlis procesis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli.
swavlebis individualistur modelSi advili SesamCnevia, vin aris pasuxismgebeli detalebis doneze. Tu kvlevas CavatarebT, mraval gakveTils SeviswavliT da swavlis sxvadasxva process davakvirdebiT, SevniSnavT, vin aris pasuxismgebeli mxare: maswavlebeli, moswavle
Tu maT Soris miRweuli SeTanxmeba.

qceva
imisTvis, rom gavarkvioT, vin gansazRvravs moswavlis mier Sesasrulebel moqmedebas,
davakonkretoT, kerZod, ras akeTebs moswavle. vin gadawyvita, rom swored es unda Sesrulebuliyo: maswavlebelma, moswavlem Tu maT Soris molaparakebam? vin airCia, ra unda gaekeTebina moswavles, waekiTxa, daewera, Seejamebina, kiTxvebze epasuxa, raime aego Tu daexata?
aq saubaria swavlebis individualistur modelze. swavlebis sxva procesebis ganxilvisas,
visaubrebT maswavleblis rolzec moswavleTa qcevis gansazRvrisas _ zemoT xsenebuli
sami SesaZlo variantidan romeli monawileobs? (iqneb, ar erTi!) magaliTad, Tu maswavlebels mxedvelobidan gamorCeba, Seatyobinos moswavleebs, ras moelis maTgan, magram Sesasrulebeli moqmedeba maTTvis isedac naTeli da gasagebi iqneba (magaliTad, samuSao rveulis gverdis dasruleba TavisTavad gulisxmobs, rom moswavleebma Tanamimdevrulad unda
Seasrulon am gverdze mocemuli savarjiSoebi), maSin aseTi `gamorCena~ Sedegze ar aisaxeba.
Tu Sesasrulebeli moqmedeba moswavleebisTvis gaugebaria, an samuSao TviT maswavlebelsac
saTanadod dagegmili ar aqvs (am dros moswavleebi dabneulad kiTxuloben: `ra unda gavakeToT?~), maSin SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom Sesasrulebeli moqmedebisTvis pasuxismgebeli mxare
ar arsebobs. miTiTeba _ `Semdegi Tavi geqnebaT~, _ SeiZleba Ggulisxmodes, `waikiTxeT da
Tavis bolos mocemul SekiTxvebs upasuxeT~, an `mxolod waikiTxeT~ an `waikiTxeT Sinaarsis gacnobis mizniT~. Tu maswavlebelma Sesasrulebeli moqmedeba ar daakonkreta, SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom Sesasrulebeli moqmedeba gansazRvruli ar aris.

procedurebi
proceduruli moqmedebebi gulisxmobs iseT detalebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, klasis
jgufebad dayofa marTlweraze muSaobis mizniT, savarjiSosTan dakavSirebiT miTiTebebis

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swavlis gamocdileba

micema, aseve molaparakebac, romelsac moswavleebi awarmoeben, rom gadawyviton, rogor

gaarTvan Tavi mocemul davalebas. procedurebi SeiZleba gansazRvros maswavlebelma an moswavlem, an maT Soris molaparakebis Sedegad dadgindes. ganvixiloT magaliTi. maswavlebeli
ambobs:
`klasi sam jgufad unda gaiyos: jon, gari da jorj, Tqven pirvel jgufSi
iqnebiT~.
`jer rveulSi imuSaveT, amoiwereT is erTeulebi, romlebic gagiWirdebaT da
Semdeg ganvixiloT~.
`wriuli mimdevrobiT TiToeulma Tqvenganma Tqvas, ra waukiTxavs hemingueis
Sesaxeb. me ki Tqvens naTqvams dafaze davafiqsireb~.
`rogor gavakeToT, yvelani miiRebT monawileobas?~
`jonma SemogvTavaza, moviwvioT gazeTis redaqtori da gavesaubroT. Tanaxma
xarT Tu ara, rom Jurnalistikis kursi am RonisZiebiT daviwyoT?~ (Joyce 1969).
zemoT moyvanil magaliTebSi, SesaZloa, maswavlebels saswavlo procesis warsamarTad
garkveuli monaxazi hqonda, magram misi gamoxatva ver moaxerxa. maSin, gamodis, rom procedurebi gansazRvruli ar iyo. Tu maswavlebeli ambobs, `imuSaveT Tqvens saqaRaldeebSi~ da
moswavleebs saTiTaod ganusazRvravs davalebas (`Carli, Sen pirveli ori furceli gaakeTe
da Sesamowmeblad momitane!~), maSin procedurebi maswavleblis mieraa gansazRvruli. magram,
Tu gaurkvevelia, ra procedurebi unda ganxorcieldes, an TviT maswavlebelsac am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT bundovani warmodgena aqvs, naTlad ver uxsnis moswavleebs rogor moiqcnen, maSin mivdivarT daskvnamde, rom procedurebi ar gansazRvrula.

daskvniTi nawili
rogor arkvevs moswale, dasrulda Tu ara konkretuli saswavlo procesi? Sesrulebis piroba ramdenime TvalsazrisiT unda ganisazRvros: dro, samuSao masalis raodenoba, misaRebi
produqtis saxe. vin awesebs limits: maswavlebeli, moswavle Tu orive erTad?
rig SemTxvevebSi, piroba imTaviTve moswavlis mier aris gansazRvruli (magaliTad, xatvis an SemoqmedebiTi weris dros, garda iseTi SemTxvevebisa roca maswavlebeli davalebas
garkveuli detalebis miTiTebiT iZleva, vTqvaT, `dawereT oTxgverdiani moTxroba~). umetes
SemTxvevebSi ki Sesrulebis pirobebs maswavlebeli adgens, `gaakeTeT, davalebis pirveli
sami xazi~. Tu Sesrulebis piroba Tavidanve mkafiod ar gavagebineT moswavles, SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom problema aRniSnuli pirobis gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT gvaqvs. ismis
SekiTxva: `Sesrulebis pirobis gansazRvis ra variatebi aqvs maswavlebels da iyenebs Tu ara
maT Sesabamisad?~
Tu maswavlebeli moswavleebs aZlevs saqaRaldes axali samuSao furclebiT da moelis,
rom moswavleebi TavisiT mixvdebian da imuSaveben, gamodis rom mas arc procedurebi aqvs
gansazRvruli da arc davalebis Sesrulebis piroba, rac aucileblad aisaxeba Sedegze.

produqti
vin gansazRvravs, ra saxis produqti unda miviRoT: maswavlebeli, moswavle Tu orive erTad?

401

Tavi 15

maswavlebeli

`davasaxeloT samoqalaqo omis progresuli Sedegebi~. (CamonaTvali iqneba produqti.)

moswavle

nebismier SemoqmedebiTs an gamomsaxvelobiTs aqtivobas (naxati,

Txzuleba) moswavleze gadaaqvs pasuxismgebloba, Tu ra saxis
produqti Seiqmneba.

SeTanxmeba

`rogor warmovadginoT gamokiTxvis monacemebi?~ maswavlebeli

da moswavleebi Tanxmdebian formaze. SesaZloa, airCion Zeluri
grafikis saxiT warmodgena.

Sesabamisoba
swavlis efeqtianoba aris erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc maswavlebeli sxvadasxvagvarad
unda miudges moswavleebs (ix. Colarusso 1972). SesaZloa, jimma damoukideblad moaxerxos
Catarebuli cdidan monacemebis amokrefa, freds ki maswavleblis detaluri ganmarteba
dasWirdes, rom cda misTvis maqsimalurad Sedegiani aRmoCndes. erT jgufs, SesaZloa, damoukideblad SeeZlos wasakiTxi masalis SerCeva, meores ki daxmareba dasWirdes (Sinaarsi).
Tu maswavleblis mizani moswavleTa damoukideblobisa da TviTmotivaciis gazrdaa, igi
TandaTan unda gadavides meti dakonkretebidan nakleb dakonkretebaze. aseT SemTxvevaSi,
man moswavleebs unda SeurCios dakonkretebis is done, romelic mizanSewonili iqneba maTi
efeqtiani SedegisTvis. arsebobs situacia, romelic met dakonkretebas moiTxovs da, am SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebelma dro da energia ar unda daiSuros. TandaTanobiT unda Seecados,
rom zog sakiTxze moswavleebTan erTad (garkveul nawilTan mainc) miiRos gadawyvetileba.
vTqvaT, procedurebze an namuSevris dasrulebis pirobebze. saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi
ufro da ufro meti moswavle CaerTveba gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi da maTi damoukideblobis xarisxi gaizrdeba.
Cveni azriT, etapobrivi dakonkretebis (da pasuxismgeblobis) sakiTxis gageba dagvexmareba, gaverkveT im sakmaod damabnevel CanawerebSi, romlebic, 1960-1970-iani wlebis e. w.
Ria gakveTilebs asaxavs. masSi Cans, rom maswavlebeli gansazRvravda dakonkretebis donis
moswavleebTan Sesabamisobas. moswavles ar avalebda konkretuli amocanis Sesasruleblad
damoukidebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebas, Tu is amisTvis mzad ar iyo. zogjer mTeli klasi
erTnair etapobriv dakonkretebas saWiroebs, zogjer ki aucilebelia am procesis moswavleTa Sesabamisad diferencireba (Berlak da sxvebi 1975).
devid hantisa (David Hunt) da misi kolegebis mier Catarebuli kvlevebis Semdeg (1966),
swavleba gacilebiT efeqtiani gaxda, radgan praqtikaSi damkvidrda moswavleebisTvis pasuxismgeblobis delegireba maTi ganviTarebis donis Sesabamisad. Uuamravi xerxi arsebobs
imis gasarkvevad, Tu ra doziT Careva sWirdeba moswavles (Hunt 1971; Hunt and Sullivan 1974;
Rich and Bush 1978). Cvens mier ganxiluli etapobrivi konkretulobis SesaZlo variantebi
maswavleblis mxridan, moswavlis mxridan, SeTanxmebis Sedegad Seesatyviseba hantis mier
gamoyofil meti, naklebi da zomieri konkretulobis doneebs.

dajgufeba da interpersonaluri sirTule

ganmartebani
moswavle SeiZleba muSaobdes damoukideblad, TanaklaselTan, TanaklaselTa jgufTan,
mTel klasTan, mxolod maswavlebelTan erTad, sxva zrdasrul adamianebTan erTad (stumar-

402

swavlis gamocdileba

Tan, mSobelTan), anda maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT patara jgufTan erTad. saswavlo kursis manZilze SeiZleba moxdes zemoCamoTvlili eqvsi kombinaciidan erTi an meti variantis
gamoyeneba. sxvadasxva saswavlo procesi SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvar dajgufebas saWiroebdes.

mniSvneloba
maswavleblis mier swavlebis procesSi Seqmnili jgufebis Taviseburebani saswavlo gegmidan gamomdinareobs. ra saxis jgufis Seqmnaa mizanSewonili saswavlo miznis misaRwevad? ramdenad Tanxvdenilia ganzraxva da realoba? jgufebis kombinaciebze saubrisas, gvainteresebs jgufis rogorc raodenobrivi, ise Tvisebrivi mxare. sainteresoa, jgufis wevrebs Soris
interaqciis formac. Tu jgufi 6 moswavlisgan da maswavleblisgan Sedgeba da moswavleebi
maswavleblis SekiTxvebs pasuxoben, maSin moswavleTa Soris aranairi kavSiri ar myardeba da
Zalze susti interaqcia arsebobs maswavlebelTan, radgan moswavleTa pasuxebi mxolod faqtobriv informacias Seicavs. am SemTxvevaSi personaluri urTierTkavSiris done dabalia.
Tu amave jgufs maswavlebeli SesTavazebs, rom TanaklaselTa pasuxebi ganavrcon, ganmarton an gaabaTilon, moswavleebi erTmaneTTan uSualo saubars daiwyeben, xolo maswavlebeli situaciis daregulirebasa da mediatoris funqciis Sesrulebas Seecdeba. Sesabamisad,
personaluri urTierTkavSiri aRar iqneba susti da ufro zomier xasiaTs SeiZens. xolo Tu
moswavleebi sruliad Tavisuflad esaubrebian erTmaneTs, dialogis formatsa da CarCoebs
Tavad aweseben da samoqmedo gegmasac damoukideblad adgenen, maSin personaluri urTierTkavSiri maRali xarisxisaa.
Tu saswavlo gegmis mizani socialuri xasiaTisaa, magaliTad, TanamSromloba, erTmaneTis
mosmena, urTierTpativiscema, maSin SeiZleba moswavleTa jgufebi, wyvilebi Tu sxva saxis
kombinaciebi maswavleblis Caurevladac Seiqmnas. saswavlo gegmis nebismieri Temis ganxilvisas personaluri urTierTkavSiris simWidrove da am urTierTobiT miRebuli Sedegi saSualebas gvaZlevs davinaxoT, ras eniWeba mniSvneloba konkretul saswavlo procesSi. personaluri urTierTkavSiri saswavlo procesis Semadgeneli nawilia da maswavlebelma mas
saswavlo miznebidan da moswavleTa saWiroebebidan gamomdinare unda misces mimarTuleba.

Sesabamisoba
personaluri interaqciis dros maswavlebelma jgufebi moswavleTa individualur TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT unda Seqmnas (Colarusso 1972). jimi did jgufSi kargad muSaobs,
patara jgufSi ki Cumad aris da Tanaklaselebs eTiSeba. rogorc Cans, mas mxolod ramdenime moswavlesTan erTad SeuZlia efeqtiani muSaoba. is mxolod maT aZlevs saSualebas, rom
daexmaron da mxolod maTTan (erT jerze mxolod erTTan) SeuZlia TanamSromloba. amitom
maswavlebeli SeZlebisdagvarad xSirad qmnis misTvis xelsayrel kombinacias: maswavlebelijimi da Tanaklaseli-jimi (Tumca, imavdroulad, maswavlebeli cdilobs, mas jgufSi muSaobasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi daaZlevinos). es gaxlavT maswavleblis mier moswavlis
individualuri xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT personaluri interaqciis dagegmvis magaliTi.
zogjer Tavisebureba mTel klass axasiaTebs. magaliTad, zogierT klasSi did jgufebad
muSaoba SeuZlebelia. aseT SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebelma individualuri da mcire jgufebSi
Sesasrulebeli samuSaoebi didi raodenobiT unda dagegmos.
mis jeimsi amCnevs, rom jgufSi personaluri interaqcia ver xerxdeba. moswavleebs aqvT
mosazrebebis urTierTgaziarebis problema, erTmaneTs msjelobas ar aclian. amitom is amcirebs personaluri urTierTkavSiris simWidrovis xarisxs da zrdis sakuTar, rogorc Suamav-

403

Tavi 15

lis rols. Sedegad, moswavleebi avlenen analizis unaris maRal dones. gamodis, rom am jgufs
personaluri urTierTkavSiris simWidrovis maRali xarisxi ar esaWiroeba.
Tu maswavlebeli moswavleTa dajgufebisas da personaluri interaqciis warmarTvisas individzea orientirebuli, maSin is am maxasiaTeblis saWiroebis mixedviT misadagebas axdens.
ra xdeba, rodesac Seusabamobas vawydebiT? am SemTxvevaSi, savaraudoa, rom swavlis
procesi warumateblad mimdinareobs. Seusabamoba niSnavs, rom raRac rigze ver aris da
destruqciuli qceva da uyuradReboba vlindeba. am dros moswavlebi rTul mdgomareobaSi
arian. maswavleblis valia, gaarkvios, ramdenad ukavSirdeba Seqmnili sirTuleebi Seusabamo
dajgufebas an personalur interaqcias. rogor unda dadgindes mizezebi?
mravaljeradi dakvirvebis Sedegad SeiZleba gamoikveTos warmatebuli da warumatebeli
Semadgenlobis jgufebi. Tu erTi da imave Semadgenlobis jgufi xSirad cud Sedegs aCvenebs,
gamodis, rom saqme gvaqvs Seusabamo dajgufebasTan, an Seusabamo personalur interaqciasTan. damkvirvebeli xSirad iseT rames amCnevs, rac maswavleblisTvis, SesaZloa, dafaruli
iyos. Tumca, xSirad mxolod damkvirveblisTvis rTulia mizezis migneba da umjobesi iqneba,
Tu damkvirvebeli problemis mizezebs maswavlebelTan erTad moZebnis.

informaciis sirTule
`Semecnebis dabali donis mqone moswavleebs uWirT gonebis Tvali gaadevnon kompleqsur informacias da Tavi gaarTvan masTan dakavSirebul davalebas. xolo im moswavleebs,
romelTac Semecnebis maRali done aqvT, kompleqsuri xasiaTis informaciis damuSaveba ufro
uadvildebaT~ (Hunt 1971). es mosazreba, TiTqos martivia, rasac ver vityviT TviT sakiTxis
Sesaxebac. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom moswavlis
Semecnebis done ar unda gavaigivoT inteleqtmoswavleTa Senecnebis done da maTi inteleqti
Tan da SesaZleblobasTan. magaliTad, or sakan SesaZlebloba erTi da igive ar aris.
maod gonebagaxsnil mozards SeiZleba hqondes
erTmaneTisgan Zalze gansxvavebuli Semecnebis
done. ras niSnavs informaciis kompleqsurad damuSaveba? Cven gamovyofT informaciis kompleqsurobis sam dones: maRals, saSualos da dabals.

pirveli, anu kompleqsurad dabali donis informacia niSnavs sworxazovan informacias, sadac faqtebi erTmaneTs misdevs. aseTi informaciis saswavlad saWiroa damaxsovreba,
Tanamimdevruloba, gageba da unarebi. Semswavlels ar moeTxoveba alternativebis gaTvaliswineba, an sxvadasxva Tvalsazriss Soris (magaliTad, adamianis grZnobebsa da orientaciebs
Soris) gansxvavebaTa gamokveTa. Semecnebis dabali donis mqone adamianebs sakuTari Sexedulebis SemuSaveba uWirT, magram sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisis Seswavla ar uZneldebaT.

meore doneze Cndeba sxvadasxva alternativa. moswavleebs moeTxovebaT, erTmaneTisagan gamijnon da ganasxvaon wyaroebi, Sexedulebebi, SesaZlo ganmartebani. Tu garkveul
cnebas erTze meti ganmarteba aqvs, moswavlem konteqstis mixedviT yvelaze Sesabamisis amocnoba unda SeZlos. Cndeba Sedarebisa da Sepirispirebis saWiroeba. moswavleebs SeuZliaT
garkveuli monacemebis safuZvelze Camoayalibon sakuTari Sexedulebebi.

mesame, anu kompleqsurobis maRal doneze moswavleebs SeuZliaT ramdenime alternativis erTdroulad gaTvaliswineba. maT gansxvavebisa da gamijvnis imdenad didi unari aqvT,
rom damatebiT ramdenime Tvalsazrissa da ganmartebas Soris urTierTmimarTebis danaxvis
unari uviTardebaT.

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swavlis gamocdileba

mniSvneloba
ra Tqma unda, zemoxsenebuli 3 done ganviTarebas eqvemdebareba (5 wlis bavSvebs ar SeuZliaT dainaxon urTierTkavSiri sxvadasxva Tvalsazriss Soris). ase rom, moswavleebs maTi
ganviTarebis donis Sesabamisi kompleqsurobis amocanebi unda SevTavazoT Dda Semdeg doneze
mxolod maSin gadaviyvanoT, roca amisTvis mzad iqnebian. aseve ar unda gamogvrCes Mmxedvelobidan moswavleTa diferencireba kompleqsurobis TvalsazrisiT da yoveli maTganisTvis Sesabamisi samuSaos micema.
hantis ganviTarebis modeli erTdroulad iTvaliswinebs Cven mier ganxilul etapobriv
dakonkretebas, dajgufebas/personaluri urTierTkavSiris simWidroves da informaciis
kompleqsurobas. es gaxlavT Semecnebis donis sami waxnagi, romelTa Soris urTierTkavSiri
arsebobs. Semecnebis dabali donis mqone moswavle (ris Sesamowmebladac hantma specialuri
testi SeimuSava) nayofier muSaobas SeZlebs Zlieri etapobrivi dakonkretebis, jgufSi naklebi dinamikis da informaciis dabali kompleqsurobis SemTxvevaSi. da piriqiT, Semecnebis
maRali donis mqone moswavle ukeT swavlobs naklebi etapobrivi dakonkretebis, mWidro
jgufuri interaqciisa da kompleqsur informaciaze muSaobis dros. am saxis Sesabamisoba
kvlevis Sedegadac dadasturda da didi moulodneloba iyo. Sesabamisobas adgili aqvs rogorc bavSvebSi, aseve zrdasrul adamianebSi da misi gaTvaliswineba sagakveTilo procesisa
da jgufuri muSaobis warmatebiT warmarTvaSi dagvexmareba (Gower and Resnick 1979; Rich and
Bush 1978).

aRqmis arxebi
ganmartebani
gavarkvioT, ra roli aqvT swavlis procesSi SegrZnebebs da davakvirdeT gamoxatvis im
ZiriTad saSualebebs, romlebsac moswavleebi iyeneben axali informacias an azrebis mosmenis, produqtis damoukideblad Seqmnis an codnis gadmocemisas. SesaZloa, moswavles aRqmis erTi an randenime arxi hqondes ganviTarebuli _ xedviTi, smeniTi, SexebiTi, kinesTetikuri. gamoxatvis ZiriTadi saSualebebi, romelTac moswavleebi swavlis procesSi iyeneben,
SeiZleba iyos mamoZravebeli kunTebi, xma an arc erTi. moswavlem codna metyvelebiT, werilobiT, an sxva xiluli unariT SeiZleba gadasces.

mniSvneloba da Sesabamisoba
swavlis procesis individualizebis erT-erT saSualebas moswavleTaTvis optimaluri
mimRebi da gadamcemi arxebis gaaqtiureba warmoadgens. danma da danma am sakiTxis kvlevas
didi Sroma miuZRvnes (Dunn and Dunn 1978). aRniSnulis praqtikaSi ganxorcielebis mizniT,
SegviZlia davakvirdeT moswavleebs da vnaxoT, rom erTsa da imave an msgavs miznebze samuSaod, yoveli maTgani xasiaTis Sesabamis mimReb da gadamcem arxs iyenebs.
moswavlis mier informaciis misaRebad gamoiyeneba Semdegi arxebi: vizualuri, smeniTi
da SexebiTi/kinesTetikuri. swavlis procesSi moswavlis moqmedebis (moqmedeba gadacemis
mizniT) gaTvaliswinebiT, SegviZlia CamovTvaloT mTeli rigi arxebi, romelTac is iyenebs:
metyveleba, wera, raime aqtivoba (mag.: xatva, ageba, manipulireba, moZraoba). moZraobiT gadacemis mizniT, moswavlem SeiZleba kunTebis garkveuli jgufi gamoiyenos: mTavari mamoZravebeli kunTebi, mcire kunTebi, xma, an pasiuroba (umoZraoba).

405

Tavi 15

swavlis procesis sami maxasiaTeblis monacemebze dakvirvebiT, SegviZlia, SevafasoT, ramdenad aqtiuri iyo da Seesabameboda swavlis procesi saswavlo programis moTxovnebsa da
moswavlis saWiroebebs. es monacemebi maswavleblebisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan maTi
meSveobiT eqmnebaT naTeli suraTi, ra xerxebi unda gamoiyenon swavlis procesSi moswavleTa
aRqmis arxebis maqsimalurad CarTvis mizniT.
aRqmis mravalferovani arxebis gamoyenebis SemTxveviTi xasiaTis SemTxvevaSi, ver iqneba uzrunvelyofili misi moswavlesTan Sesabamisoba. Sesabamisoba maSin dasturdeba, roca
moswavles an garkveul jgufs individualurad maTi xasiaTidan gamomdinare vusadagebT,
anu, rodesac maswavlebeli moswavles aRqmis misTvis dominanturi arxis gamoiyenebisaken ubiZgebs, an moswavleTa garkveul jgufs sistematurad aZlevs specialur davalebebs,
romelTa meSveobiTac erTi da imave miznis misaRwevad sxvebisgan gansxvavebul swavlis process sTavazobs.

masStabi
ganmartebani
zogjer obieqtis, nabeWdis da saswavlo procesSi gamosayenebeli sxva modelis masStabi
icvleba izrdeba an pataravdeba. masalis masStabi, Sesabamisad, SeiZleba iyos gazrdili,
Semcirebuli an normaluri.

mniSvneloba
saswavlo procesis sxva maxasiaTeblebis msgavsad, masStabic erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia da
xels uwyobs Semswavlelis interaqcias garemosTan, romelsac saswavlo gegmis avtori da
maswavlebeli akontroleben. am maxasiaTebelze dakvirveba gvexmareba, pasuxi gavceT kiTxvas: ramdenad srulad viyenebT swavlebis procesSi masStabiT manipulirebis SesaZleblobebs? magaliTad, Semcirebuli masStabis modelebiT SegviZlia abstraqtulad warmodgenili
Sinaarsi xatovani formiT gadmovceT, riTac im moswavleebs davexmarebiT, romlebsac uWirT
abstraqtuli azrovneba. skolis kedlebs miRma arsebuli garemo (nakaduli, qalaqi, xeoba),
SegviZlia klasSi didi naxatebis saxiT SevitanoT (3 futi 4 futze) da saklaso oTaxis mTel
kedelze ganvaTavsoT. samuSao furclebis zomis SecvliT, standartuli davalebebis did
dafaze SesrulebiT, asawyobi asoebisa da cifrebis gamoyenebiT, maswavlebels SeuZlia standartuli saswavlo procesis gaxaliseba da gamravalferovneba.

Sesabamisoba
masStabs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dawyebiT safexurze unda mieqces, radgan dawyebiT
klasebis moswavleebisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs nabeWdis zomas da furcelze erTeulTa
raodenobas.

406

mocemuli Semajamebeli savarjiSo dagvexmareba, swavlis process moswavlis

TvaliT SevxedoT, SevafasoT swavlebis erTi dRe an gakveTilebis erTi cikli da vnaxoT, moswavleze orientirebuli swavlebis misaRwevad maqsimalurad viyenebT Tu
ara SesaZleblobebs.
1.

informaciis wyaro:

standartuli

Seqmnili

2.

gamoyenebuli

teqsti

dakvirveba

resursebi:

maswavlebeli
Tanatolebi

audiovizualuri
onlainis

mSoblebi
interviuebi

momsaxureba
eleqtroaparatura
cnobari
warmosaxva
gamocdileba

3.

piradi relevantoba:

warmosaxviTi

simulaciuri

realuri

4.

konkurencia:

konkurentuli

individualisturi

TanamSromluri

5.

zedamxedveloba:

zedamxedveloba
damoukidebloba

xelSemwyobi
Sesabamisi

6.

TviTgamoxatva

Aar xdeba

xdeba

Sesabamisia

7.

abstraqciis xarisxi:

konkretuli

xatovani

abstraqtuli

8.

kognituri done:

gaxseneba
wvdoma
analizi
gamoyeneba
sinTezi
Sefaseba

9.

etapobrivi
dakonkreteba:
ar aris

maswavlebeli

moswavle

swavlis gamocdileba Sejameba

swavlis gamocdileba - Sejameba

SeTanxmeba

Sinaarsi
qceva
procedurebi
produqti
daskvniTi nawili
10.

dajgufeba da
interpersonaluri
sirTule:

dabali
maRali

saSualo
Sesabamisi

407

11

informaciis
sirTule:

dabali
maRali

saSualo
Sesabamisi

12

aRqmis arxebi:
moswavleTa

mxedvelobiTi

SexebiT/

Zalisxmeva

smeniTi

kinesTetikuri
Sesabamisi

moswavleTa

ZiriTadi

mcire kunTebis

motoruli unarebis
gamoyeneba

kunTebis
monawileobiT

monawileobiT
pasiuri

xma

13

408

moswavlis
saqmianobis Sedegi

metyveleba
Sesruleba

wera
Sesabamisi

masStabi:

normaluri
gazrdili

Semcirebuli
Sesabamisi

swavlis gamocdileba - savarjiSo

informaciis wyaroebi
personaluri relevantoba
zedamxedveloba
abstraqciis xarisxi
etapobrivi dakonkreteba
informaciis sirTule
masStabi

gamosayenebeli resursebi
konkurencia
TviTgamoxatva
kognituri done
dajgufeba da interpersonaluri
sirTule
aRqmis arxebi

swavlis procesis zemoCamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebi saswavlo gegmaSi an

sagakveTilo procesSi sxvadasaxva saxiT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT. SemoxazeT, romeli saxiT gvxvdeba igi qvemoT moyvanil citataSi an situaciaSi:

informaciis wyaroebi
1. `sakvanZo sityvebis mosaZebnad leqsikons gamoviyenebT~.
standartuli

Seqmnili

orive

2. `amerikis revoluciis Sesaxeb qveTavis kiTxvisas, airCieT erT-erTi imdroindeli istoriuli figura da hkiTxeT partniors, ratom iyo mis mier arCeuli
piri konkretul poziciaze. yuradRebiT iyaviT, rom partniorebma erTsa da
imave istoriul pirze ar isaubroT~.
standartuli

Seqmnili

swavlis gamocdileba
- savarjiSo

swavlis process Semdegi cameti maxasiaTebeli aqvs:

orive

3. `van gogis Sesaxeb filmis naxvis Semdeg gamoiyeneT azrovnebis induqciuri

meTodi da SeajereT mosazrebebi van gogze, rogorc mxatvarze. daiwyeT im masalis gamoyenebiT, romelsac filmSi naxavT~.
standartuli

Seqmnili

orive

4. `dRevandeli gakveTilis Temaa globaluri ekonomika, kerZod, ra mniSvneloba

aqvs globalur ekonomikur procesebSi monawileobas~.
standartuli

Seqmnili

orive

personaluri relevantoba
1. moswavleebi, romlebic biznesis samarTals swavloben, monawileoben saswavlo sasamarTlo procesSi.
warmosaxviTi

simulaciuri

realuri

2. meeqvseklaseli moswavleebi miwisqveSa sarTulze tutanhamonis samarxis konstruqcias ageben.

409

warmosaxviTi

simulaciuri

realuri

3. saSualo safexuris moswavleebi saqalaqo samTavrobo Sexvedraze skolis

warmomadgenlebad airCies. Sexvedras eswrebian xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, sxvadasxva organizaciis xelmZRvanelebi, sameurveo sabWoebis wevrebi,
kafeteriis momsaxure personali, avtobusebis mZRolebi.
warmosaxviTi

simulaciuri

realuri

4. saswavlo wlis bolos sabavSvo baRis aRsazrdelebi Seadgenen ilustrirebul

`wigns~ daDam dawesebulebis momaval aRsazdelebs mouTxroben, ra elodebaT
da ras iswavlian pirvel wels.
warmosaxviTi

simulaciuri

realuri

5. saSualo safexuris moswavleebi dizainis gakveTilze Seqmnian da gaaformeben

skolis speqtaklis afiSebsa da programebs.
warmosaxviTi

simulaciuri

realuri

6. sabazo safexuris moswavleebisgan Semdgari ansambli weliwadSi sam koncerts

Seasrulebs.
warmosaxviTi

simulaciuri

realuri

7. umaRlesi buRalteriis Semswavleli studentebi awarmoeben institutTan

dakavSirebuli klubebis saqmis warmoebas.
warmosaxviTi

simulaciuri

realuri

8. meeqvseklaselebi weren da aformeben pirvelklaselTaTvis gadasacem wignebs.

warmosaxviTi

simulaciuri

realuri

9. moswavleebs geometriaSi davalebad aTi amocana aqvT

warmosaxviTi

simulaciuri

realuri

10. qimiis gakveTilze airebis bunebis Sesaswavlad moswavleebi cdebs atareben.

warmosaxviTi

simulaciuri

realuri

miznis struqtura
1. jgufSi 4 moswavle muSaobs. Mmoswavleebi statiis analizs weren, Semdeg erTmaneTs ukiTxaven, saukeTesos arCeven da oTaxSi saukeTeso namuSevrisTvis
gankuTvnil adgilze aTavseben.
konkurentuli

individualisturi

TanamSromluri

2. moswavleebma romanis erTi Tavi unda waikiTxon, daweron ganxilva da gamoTqvan varaudi, rogor SeiZleba ganviTardes movlenebi momdevno TavSi. bolos,
namuSevrebi maswavlebels unda gadascen.
konkurentuli

individualisturi

TanamSromluri

3. moswavleebi 4 kacian jgufebad muSaoben, rom maTematikis davalebasTan dakavSirebiT SeTanxmebas miaRwion. isini im amocanaTa sias, romlebzec ver Tanxmdebian, maswavlebels gadascemen, romelic maTi amoxsnis gzas mTel klass
aCvenebs. Semdeg jgufebi imuSaveben klasis mier mniSvnelovnad miCneul erTerT unarze. roca yvela wevri davalebas Seasrulebs, jgufi wamaxalisebel
qulas miiRebs maswavlebelsa da jgufs Soris winaswar SeTanxmebuli prizis

410

mosapoveblad.Yyvela jgufs aqvs qulebisa da prizis miRebis Sansi.

konkurentuli

individualisturi

TanamSromluri

4. gamokiTxvis dros moswavleebs individualurad iZaxeben maswavleblis mier

dasmul SekiTxvebze sapasuxod.
konkurentuli

individualisturi

TanamSromluri

5. mesameklaselebi gakveTilebis damTavrebis Semdeg saswavlo centrSi damatebiTi unarebis ganviTarebaze muSaoben.
konkurentuli

individualisturi

TanamSromluri

6. romanis Seswavla randenime etapad xdeba: jer moswavleebi erTi Tavis Semajamebel savarjiSos Seasruleben da varauds gamoTqvamen Semdeg TavSi movlenebis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT. meore dRes isini oTxwevrian jgufebs
qmnian, romelTagan erT-erTs momzadebuli aqvs mocemuli Tavis ucxo sityvaTa ganmartebani. meore moswavles momzadebuli aqvs sadiskusio kiTxvebi
jgufisTvis. mesames _ Sedarebebis, metaforebisa da sxva mxatvruli xerxebis
magaliTebi, meoTxe ki mdivan-Semmowmebelia. jgufSi muSaobis dasrulebis
Semdeg individualurad abareben namuSevrebs Sesafaseblad. abareben aseve
werilobiT mosazrebebs ukve Semdgari jgufuri Sexvedrisa da momavali
Sekrebis prioritetuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb.
konkurentuli

individualisturi

TanamSromluri

zedamxedveloba
gaecaniT zemoT motanil 6 magaliTs da gaarkvieT: maswavlebeli pirdapir
zedamxedvelobas axorcielebs, xelSemwyobis funqcias asrulebs Tu moswavleebs
damoukideblad amuSavebs. SesaZlebelia erTze meti pasuxic.
1. zedamxedveloba

damoukidebloba

xelSewyoba

2. zedamxedveloba

damoukidebloba

xelSewyoba

3. zedamxedveloba

damoukidebloba

xelSewyoba

4. zedamxedveloba

damoukidebloba

xelSewyoba

5. zedamxedveloba

damoukidebloba

xelSewyoba

6. zedamxedveloba

damoukidebloba

xelSewyoba

TviTgamoxatva
daadgineT, winamdebare magaliTebSi eZlevaT Tu ara moswavlebs sakuTari unikalurobis gamoxatvis saSualeba.
1. meoreklaselebi eqskursiaze fermas stumroben. klasSi dabrunebis Semdeg maT
sTxoven, eqskursiis STabeWdilebebi werilobiT gadmoscen da daasuraTon.

411

diax

ara

2. saSualo safexuris moswavleebs avtomeqanikis kursze karbiuratoris Seqmnas

sTxoven, risTvisac saWiro masalis minimalur raodenobas aZleven.
diax

ara

3. meoTxeklasel moswavleebs mzis sistemis modelis Seqmnas sTxoven

diax

ara

4. moswavleebi ikvleven CrdiloeT amerikaSi kolumbis mogzaurobamde (1492) arsebul kulturebs. maT unda daweron, daxaton an isaubron, maTi azriT, ramdenad
zianis momtani aRmoCndeboda kolumbis mogzauroba am kulturebisTvis.
diax

ara

abstraqciis xarisxi
1. moswavleebs sTxoven, gamosaxon wylis molekula wyalbadsa da Jangbads Soris arsebuli bmebis meSveobiT. Semdeg Seqmnan molekulis diagrama da daweron misi formula.
konkretuli

xatovani

abstraqtuli

2. moswavleebi weren gamoxmaurebas wakiTxul Txzulebaze.

konkretuli

xatovani

abstraqtuli

3. moswavleebi CxirebiTa da kubebiT qmnian orniSna ricxvebis modelebs. Semdeg isini Cxirebsa da kubebs xataven da erTmaneTs umateben.
konkretuli

xatovani

abstraqtuli

4. moswavleebi Taxvis, daTvis da irmis fitulebis bewvis sixSiris Sesamowmeblad samecniero muzeumSi midian.
konkretuli

xatovani

abstraqtuli

etapobrivi dakonkreteba
1. `dawereT moxseneba TqvenTvis saintereso pirovnebis biografiis Sesaxeb~.
ar aris

moswavlis
mier

SeTanxmebiT

maswavleblis

m i e r

2. `es Tavi bolomde waikiTxeT. upasuxeT bolos mocemul SekiTxvebs da SeamowmeT

pasuxebi~.
ar aris

moswavlis
mier

eTanxmebiT

aswavleblis

m i e r

3. mimdinare Tema aRmoCenebs exeba, amoirCieT mecnieri an periodi, romelsac ufro

Rrmad SeiswavlidiT. male gveqneba mosamzadebeli Sexvedra, sadac Tqvens Temebs
ganvixilavT, visaubrebT, rogor unda CaataroT kvleva da rogor warmoadginoT
Sedegebi klasis da/an Cems winaSe.
ar aris

412

moswavlis
mier

SeTanxmebiT

maswavleblis

m i e r

swavlis gamocdileba

literatura
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Aronson, E. The Jigsaw Classroom. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1978.
Bates, J. "Extrinsic Reward and Intrinsic Motivation: A Review with Implications for the Classroom."
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Berlak, A., et al. "Teaching and Learning in English Primary Schools." School Review (February 1975):
215-243.
Bloom, B. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I. New York: David McKay, 1956.
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Understandings. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1976.
Colarusso, C. Diagnostic Educational Grouping: Strategies for Teaching. Bucks County (Pennsylvania) Public
Schools, March 1972.
Dale, E. "Cone of Learning." Unpublished paper, University of Ohio.
Davis, O. L. (ed.). Perspectives on Curriculum Development. Washington, D.C.: Association for Supervision
and Curriculum Development, 1976.
Deutsch, M. "An Experimental Study of the Effects of Cooperation and Competition upon Group Process." Human Relations 2 (1949): 199-231.
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Reston, Va.: Reston Publishing Co., 1978.
Gehlbach, R. D. "Individual Differences: Implications for Instructional Theory, Research and Innovation." Educational Researcher 8 (April 1979): 8-14.
Gower, R. R., and H. Resnick. "Theory and Research: Evaluation Results." Project funded by Office of
Career Education, U.S. Office of Education, August 1979.
Gregorc, A. F., and H. B. Ward,, "A New Definition for Individual." MASSP Bulletin (February 1977).
Hunt, D. E. Matching Models in Education. Monograph No. 10. Ontario, Canada: Ontario Institute for
Studies in Education, 1971.
Hunt, D. E., and E. V. Sullivan. Between Psychology and Education. Hinsdale, 111.: Dryden Press, 1974.
Johnson, D. W., and R. T.Johnson. Learning Together and Alone. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall,
1975, 1987.
Johnson, D. W., L. Skon, and R.Johnson. "Effects of Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic
Conditions on Children's Problem-Solving Performance." American Educational Research Journal
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Johnson, D. W., R. T.Johnson, E.J. Holubec. Advanced Cooperative Learning. Edina, Minn.: Interaction
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Tavi 15

Joyce, B. R. A Guide to the Teacher-Innovator: A Program to Prepare Teachers. Washington, D.C.: American
Association of Colleges for Teacher Education, 1969.
--------. Selecting Learning Experiences. Washington, D.C.: Association for
Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1978.
Rich, H. L., and A. J. Bush, "The Effect of Congruent Teacher-Student Characteristics on Instructional
Outcomes." American Educational Research Journal 15 (Summer 1978): 451-458.
Rosenholtz, S. J., and B. Wilson. "The Effect of Classroom Structure on Shared Perceptions of Ability."
American Educational Research Journal 17(Spring 1980): 75-82.
Sharam, S. "Cooperation Learning in Small Groups." Review of Educational Research 50 (Summer 1980):
241-272.
Slavin, R. E. "Cooperative Learning." Review of Educational Research 50 (Summer 1980): 315-342.
Toepfer, C. F., Jr. Brain Growth Periodization Research. Washington, D.C.: Association for Supervision and
Curriculum Development, 1981.
Tyler, R. Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949.
Winne, P. H. "Experiments in Relating Teachers' Use of Higher-Level Cognitive Questions to Students'
Achievement." Review of Educational Research 49 (Winter 1979a).
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414

16
Sefaseba

Sefaseba

avTentikuri Sefaseba saskolo reformis troas cxenia.

grant uiginsi

modiT, saintereso monacemis analiziT daviwyoT: TiTqmis ar arsebobs korelacia skolaSi miRebul niSnebsa da cxovrebaSi miRweul warmatebas Soris iseTi indikatorebis mixedviT, rogoricaa: xelfasi, Tanamdeboba, statusi, gavlena, bedniereba da sxv. (Samson da sxvebi
1984).Aam marTlac gansacvifrebeli aRmoCenis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, ra azri aqvs Sefasebis
sistemas? is, rac mogvianebiT warmatebis sawindari xdeba, arc testiT izomeba da arc Sefasebis Cveneuli sistemiT (iqneb, rasac vaswavliT, arc is unda iswavlebodes!).
saubaria swavlis Sefasebasa da Sefasebis
TiTqmis ar arsebobs korelacia skolaSi miRe
arsebuli sistemebis arasaxarbielo Sedebul niSnebsa da cxovrebaSi miRweul warmate
gebze, ris safuZvelzec 1990-ian wlebSi Sefasebis alternatiuli gzebis Zieba daiwyo.
bas Soris.
swored Sefasebisa da swavlebis mWidro kavSiris gamo gaxda es moZraoba swavlebaze da mis Sedegebze moqmedi mZlavri berketi.
swavlebis Tanamedrove inovaciaTa Soris Sefaseba, SesaZloa, swavlebis procesis gaumjobesebis, maswavlebelTa repertuaris gafarToebisa da modernizebis yvelaze mZlavr berketad miviCnioT. Sefasebis sistema moqmedebs imaze, Tu ras vaswavliT, rogor vaswavliT, ra
dros vuTmobT calkeul Temebs da ra aqtivobebis Sesrulebas vTxovT moswavleebs yoveldRiurad. is gvaiZulebs, swavlebis mkafio miznebi davsaxoT da gavlenas axdens imazec, ramdenad mkafiod esmiT moswavleebs is, rasac akeTeben, ramdenad koncentrirebulni da motivirebulni arian.
maswavlebels didi dro ar dasWirdeba Sefasebis iseTi sistemis dasanergad, romelsac
am TavSi aRwerili Taviseburebebi eqneba. ganaTlebis reformaSi moswavleTa saqmianobis Sefasebis mniSvneloba klebulobs, radgan sayovelTaod cnobili xdeba standartizebuli testebis naklovanebebi (aseve ecema maswavleblis saqmianobis Sefasebis mniSvnelobac. mraval
StatSi saxelmwifo kanoniT licenzireba, sertificireba da ganmeorebiTi sertificireba
uSualod ukavSirdeba gamovlenili unarebis Sefasebas.) standartuli testebis avtorebi
uars amboben iseT sakiTxebze, romelic ar axdens jgufTa Soris diskriminacias; amis mizezi
is gaxlavT, rom normaluri ganawilebis mrudi normaze dafuZnebuli standartuli testebisTvis kultia da Seqmnis mizans daxarisxebasa da ranJirebas pasuxobs. amrigad, standartul
testebSi codnis `gasazomad~ kargi sakiTxebisa da amocanebis SerCeva mniSvnelobiT meore
adgilze dgas, radgan pirvelxarisxovani moswavleTa daxarisxebaa. amgvari midgoma miuRebeli xdeba im sazogadoebisTvis, romelic mogviwodebs, rom moswavleebi XXI saukunisTvis
movamzadoT.
`avTentikur~, `alternatiul~ an `saqmianobis~ Sefasebad wodebuli axali midgomis mizania gaamdidros standartuli testebi da gardaqmnas swavlebis praqtika. am TavSi ganvixilavT, ra wvlilis Setana SeuZlia am procesSi Sefasebas da swavlebisa da swavlis ra Sedegebs
unda velodeT. Cveni mizania: (1) CamovayaliboT kargi Sefasebis Taviseburebebi, (2) SemogTavazoT kargi Sefasebis modelebi da (3) dagexmaroT, gaamdidroT sakuTari repertuari kargi
SefasebisTvis saWiro gzebiT.

417

Tavi 16

Sefasebis karg sistemas Semdegi maxasiaTeblebi aqvs:

1. is efuZneba swavlis mniSvnelovan da kargad mofiqrebul miznebs.
2. swavlebis dasawyisSive gvTavazobs warmatebis naTel kriteriumebs da modelebs.
3. SeZlebisdagvarad iyenebs realur cxovrebiseul amocanebs an maT modelirebas.
4. moswavleebs rTavs TviTSefasebaSi, erTobliv kritikasa da miznebis dasaxvaSi.
5. iyenebs monacemTa Segrovebis mraval xerxs.
6. inaxavs karg angariSebs.
7. Seesatyviseba teqnikurad gamarTul kriteriumebs.
8. moqmedebs informaciuli angariSis sistemebi.
am rva maxasiaTeblis ganxilvis garda, Cven Semdeg sakiTxebsac SevexebiT:
1. saerTo saswavlo jgufebi da Sefaseba: maswavlebelTa jgufma, romlebic erTsa da
imave klasTan muSaobs an erTsa da imave masalas aswavlis (an orive pirobas akmayofilebs), erTad unda imuSaos Sefasebis saerTo davalebebis/amocanebis Seqmnaze.
2. Sefasebis gavlena swavlebaze: moswavlis codnis Sefasebas talRiseburi gavlena
aqvs mTel skolaze. is moqmedebs saswavlo gegmaze, swavlebis mimarTulebaze da,
kidev ufro mZlavrad, moswavlis motivaciasa da yuradRebaze.
3. standartebi: Sefasebis kargi sistema xels uwyobs swavlas imiT, rom sanimuSo saqmianobis maRal standartebs awesebs yvela moswavlisTvis. is uzrunvelyofs ukukavSirs standartTan progresis mniSvnelovan niSnulebze. Sefasebis sistemam unda
gamoxatos calkeuli moswavlis saqmianobis xarisxi universaluri standartis Sesabamisad.

Sefasebis miznebi
mniSvnelovania, rom maswavleblebsa da moswavleebs kargad esmodeT Sefasebis azri. rogori gasakviric unda iyos, xSirad moswavlem ar icis konkretuli Sefasebis mizani, sanam
maswavlebeli ar auxsnis (rac iSviaTad xdeba). Cveni dakvirvebiT, TiTze CamosaTvleli gvyavs
is maswavleblebi, romlebic moswavleebs Semajamebel da diagnostikur testebs Soris gansxvavebas uxsnian. `testis mizania gavigoT, ra iswavleT~ - mxolod amis Tqma sakmarisi ar aris,
radgan moswavleebma ar ician, rogor gamoviyenebT testirebis Sedegebs. (davajgufebT maT,
rom vaswavloT Tu ara? mSoblebisTvis movamzadebT angariSs saerTo progresis Sesaxeb Tu
ara? ganvsazRvravT Tu ara mTeli klasisTvis xelaxla asaxsnel Temebs Tu ara?).

418

Sefaseba

Sefasebis miznebi
1. Semajamebeli debulebebis momzadeba

imis Sesaxeb, zogadad ramdenad kargad

gaarTves Tavi moswavleebma kursis an Temis

miznebs.

codnis sferoSi kompetenturobisTvis.

praqtikis sferoSi kompetenturobisTvis.
winsvlis kandidatobisTvis.
ra saxis codnaa mniSvnelovani.
xarisxiani samuSaos ra kriteriumebi da

2. moswavleTa sertificireba

3. mkafiod axsna

standartebi gvaqvs.

4. swavlebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis

miReba

rodis daviwyoT swavleba.

romeli unarebis ganviTarebaze vizrunoT.
romel moswavleebs romeli unarebi da
qveunarebi vaswavloT xelaxla.

5. ukukavSiri moswavleebTan

Rirsebebis, naklovanebebis da interesebis

6. ukukavSiri maswavleblebTan

swavlebis efeqtianobis Sesaxeb.

saswavlo gegmis efeqtianobis Sesaxeb.
zemoxsenebul erT-erT an yvela punqtze.

Sesaxeb.

7. progresis Sesaxeb angariSi mSoblebisa da sazogadoebisTvis

8. saswavlo gegmis imgvarad srulyofa, rom yvela moswavles SevTavazoT mniSvnelovani,

maRali donis azrovnebis amocanebi.
9. moswavleTa daxarisxeba, ranJireba an
Sedareba

xarisxisa da jildosTvis.
monawileTa SezRuduli raodenobis programebze dasaSvebad.

10. moswavleTa an moswavleTa jgufebis

normebis dadgena.

erovnuli jgufebis mimarT SefardebiTi

miRwevebisTvis.

sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebis mimarT

SefardebiTi miRwevebisTvis.

11. adgilis gansazRvra

12. warmatebis prognozireba

kursebis, klasebis an doneebis mixedviT

calkeul kursSi.
skolaSi.
samsaxurSi.
sqema 16.1: Sefasebis miznebi

419

Tavi 16

moswavleTa Sefasebis mravali mizani arsebobs (16.1 cxrilSi mxolod 12 maTgania aRwerili). zogjer maswavleblebi tests erTdroulad ori an meti mizniT iyeneben, magaliTad
niSnebis dasawerad da swavlebis naklovanebebis dasadgenad. amgvari mravaldaniSnulebiani
testebi, Cveulebriv, araefeqtiania, radgan Sefasebis sxvadasxva formebs sxvadasxvagvari
moTxovnebi aqvs (Bloom da sxvebi, 1981). swored am gansxvavebebis gamo maswavlebelma naTlad
unda gansazRvros Sefasebis mizani. am TavSi cxrilSi moyvanil me-4-8 miznebs ganvixilavT,
romlebic fokusirebulia saswavlo gadawyvetilebebsa da moswavleebTan ukukavSirze.
axla ki ganvixiloT kargi Sefasebis rva maxasiaTebeli. daviwyoT miznebiT.

kargi Sefasebis daxasiaTeba

swavlebis arsebiTi, gaazrebuli miznebi
kargi Sefasebis winapirobaa naTlad avuxsnaT moswavleebs, ra unda icodnen da risi gakeTeba unda SeeZloT (aseTi azrovneba detalurad iyo ganxiluli me-14 TavSi). moswavleebisTvis dasaxuli miznebis miRwevis mniSvnelobis axsna swavlebis Semadgeneli nawili
moswavleebisTvis dasaxuli miznebis miRwevis
unda iyos.
mniSvnelobis axsna swavlebis nawili unda iyos.
swavlebis miznebis axsna mxolod dasawyisia im ciklisa, romelic miznebs swavlis gamocdilebasa da SefasebasTan akavSirebs. maRali
xarisxis samuSaos kriteriumebisa da Tanmxlebi Sefasebis gansazRvra naTels xdis miznebis
arss.
ra ufro mniSvnelovania, warmatebis kriteriumebi Tu Sefaseba? zogjer maswavleblebi
ukumimarTulebiT muSaoben moswavleebs jer SefasebisTvis Sedgenil davalebebs uxsnian,
Semdeg, am davalebebis safuZvelze ayalibeben xarisxiani saqmianobis maxasiaTeblebs; Semdeg
ki, erTmaneTisgan gamoyofen saqmianobis doneebs yoveli maxasiaTeblis mixedviT da sTavazoben magaliTebs. aseTi Tanamimdevroba efeqtiania maSin, rodesac maswavlebels mamotivirebeli da kompleqsuri avTentikuri davaleba aqvs SerCeuli moswavleebisTvis. Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom `didi suraTis~ SedegebTan dakavSirebuli gonebis unar-Cvevebi xSirad
winaswar, SefasebisTvis gankuTvnili davalebebis Sedgenamde unda ganisazRvros. amisTvis
gaweuli Zalisxmeva mogvianebiT sasurveli SefasebiTi davalebis SedgenaSi dagvexmareba.

warmatebis naTeli kriteriumi da misi nimuSebi

moswavleebisTvis (maswavleblebisa da mSoblebisTvis) naTeli warmodgenis Seqmna imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra unda SeZlon moswavleebma, kargi Sefasebis ZiriTadi pirobaa. vgulisxmobT,
kargi saqmianobis Sesaxeb realur warmodgenas da ara mxolod misi niSnebis CamonaTvals.
araferia imaze sasargeblo moswavleTa Zalisxmevis koncentrirebisTvis, vidre ganmartebis
TanxlebiT realuri magaliTis Cveneba, Tu rogor warmoaCens konkretuli nimuSi moswavleebisTvis misaRwevad dasaxul Sedegebs.
makrodoneze moswavleebsa da mSoblebs SeiZleba SevTavazoT sanimuSo produqtebi, romlebic moswavleTa wliuri miRwevis niSnulebs asaxavs konkretul saganSi. 16.2 cxrilSi warmodgenilia sami nimuSi, romelsac bostonis mezeris dawyebiTi skola iyenebs konkretul
asakobriv safexurze kargad Sesrulebuli samuSaos standartebis gasacnobad.
davalebis Sesrulebis, da Sesabamisad, kursis an calkeuli Temis Seswavlis kriteriumebi
unda iyos:

420

Sefaseba

sajaro;
naTeli;
xelmisawvdomi, raTa moswavleebma SeZlon adre warmatebiT Sesrulebuli davalebebis
nimuSebTan dakavSireba;

winaswar SeTavazebuli.
samwuxarod, Sefasebisas yvelaze xSirad maxasiaTebelTa es nakrebia ugulebelyofili.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es niSnulebi xarisxiani samuSaos erTian naTel suraTs gvTavazobs,
moswavleebsa da mSoblebs mkafio warmodgenas ver uqmnis xarisxis arsis Sesaxeb. am funqcias
rubrikebi asrulebs.

rubrikebi: arsi da raoba

termini rubrika, anu qulaTa rubrika gulisxmobs organizebul prezentacias (xSirad matricis formiT), romelSic gansazRvrulia mocemuli naSromis Semowmebis kriteriumebi da
Sesabamisi qulebi. 16.2 cxrilSi naCvenebia rubrikis nimuSi.
kargi naSromis kriteriumebia: teqstis wyoba, winanadadebis struqtura, sityvebis gamoyeneba da formati. es niSnebi mocemulia matricis marcxena mxares. yovel kriteriums sami qvedanayofi aqvs, romelic ganmartavs davalebis Sesrulebis sam gansxvavebul dones. maT Soris
ori carieli adgilia datovebuli moswavlis namuSevris quliT Sesfaseblad. am matricis
mixedviT yoveli kriteriumi 5-baliani sistemiT fasdeba.
wera qvemoT moyvanili nimuSi gviCvenebs, Tu risi dawera unda SeeZlos saSualo skolamdels wlis bolosTvis.

421

Tavi 16

kiTxva da mosmena qvemoT moyvanili nimuSi aris nawyveti wignidan `bnel bnel tyeSi~
jiun meizerisa da jo qoulis avtorobiT da gviCvenebs, risi mosmena da gaazreba unda SeeZlos skolamdels sabavSvo baRis dasrulebis Semdeg. mas unda SeeZlos Semdegi wignebis gaazrebac: Caps for Sale, Farmer in the Dell, Blueberries for Sale, If you Made a million, Stone Soup, The
Hungry Crocodile, and Why Mosquitoes Buzz in Peoples Ears.

bnel bnel tyeSi, bneli bneli biliki iyo. bnel bnel bilikze bneli bneli saxli idga. bnel bnel saxlSi, bneli bneli kibe iyo. bneli
bneli kibis bolos, bneli bneli oTaxi iyo. bnel bnel oTaxSi, bneli
bneli karada idga. bnel bnel karadaSi, bneli bneli yuTi ido. bnel
bnel yuTSi, bneli bneli moCveneba imaleboda.

wera qvemoT moyvanili nimuSi gviCvenebs saSualo meoreklaselis mosalodnel dones

saswavlo wlis bolosTvis.

kiTxva qvemoT mocemuli nimuSi aris nawyveti ezopes wignidan `qalaqeli da sofleli
Tagvi~. meoreklasel moswavles wlis dasasruls Tavisuflad unda SeeZlos qvemoT moyvanili nimuSis sworad, Tavisuflad kiTxva da gageba. aseve unda SeeZlos Semdegi wignebis wakiTx-

ibeWdeba nebarTviT: nawyveti wignidan Curriculum Exemplars for Writing and Reading. The Mather Elementary School, Boston
Massachusetts, 1994.

422

Sefaseba

vac: Amelia Bedelia, Angel Child, Dragon Child, Blueberries for Sale,If you Made a Million,Stone Soup.
The Hungry Crocodile, and Why Mosquitoes Buzz in Peoples Ears.

xaliCebi lamazi, naTeli ferebis iyo. yovel oTaxSi lamazi

skamebi, magidebi da lampebi idga. yvelaze lamazi samzareulo iyo.
sofleli Tagvi aqeT iqiT darboda. samzareulo sisufTaviT brwyinavda. Tagvis Tvalwin uamravi saWmeli iyo.
wera qvemoT moyvanili nimuSi gviCvenebs saSualo mexuTeklaselis mosalodnel dones
saswavlo wlis bolosTvis.

sqema 16.2: komunikaciis standartebis nimuSi.

423

Tavi 16

kiTxva - qvemoT mocemulia nawyveti skot o delis wignidan `lurji delfinis kunZuli~.
meoreklasel moswavles wlis dasasruls Tavisuflad unda SeeZlos qvemoT moyvanili nimuSis sworad, Tavisuflad kiTxva da gageba. aseve unda SeeZlos Semdegi wignebis wakiTxvac: Bridge to Terabithia, Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry, Sarah, Plain and Tall, Stone Fox, Vampire Bat
GirlsClub, Witch of Banneker School, Shiloh, and The Land I Lost.

`diunidan cotaTi moSorebiT, gorakTan axlos, gareuli ZaRlebis xrova davinaxe. isini mravlad iyvnen da wriulad miaxlovdebodnen.
wris SuaSi ramo iyo. zurgze mwoliare, yelSi Rrma Wriloba
hqonda. gaunZrevlad iwva.
rodesac xelSi aviyvane, mivxvdi, rom mkvdari iyo. mas sxva Wrilobebic hqonda. gareul ZaRlebs daeglijaT. didi xnis mkvdari
iyo, misi nafexurebidan Canda, rom gorakamde verc mieRwia.
misgan cotaTi moSorebiT ori ZaRli iwva. erT-erTis gverdiT misi gadatexili Subi egdo. me ramo waviyvane da sofels maSin mivaRwieT, rodesac mze ukve karga xnis Casuli iyo. ZaRlebi
fexdafex momdevdnen, magram rodesac is qoxSi davawvine da
xelketiT gamovedi, dabal goraks CorTiT dauyvnen. didi ruxi
ZaRli grZeli xveuli balniTa da yviTeli TvalebiT, rogorc Cans,
maTi winamZRoli iyo da sul bolos midioda.
bneldeboda, magram gorakamde mainc mivdie. maT uCumrad daixies odnav ukan. or goraks Soris patara xeobaSi manam mivdevdi,
sanam mesame goraks ar mivaRwie, romelic frialo kldes ufro
hgavda. kldis erT-erTi kidis bolos gamoqvabuli iyo. ZaRlebi
saTiTaod Sevidnen gamoqvabulSi~.

sqema 16.2 gagrZeleba

matricis gacnobis Semdeg, moswavlem da mSobelma ukve ician, Tu ras moelis maswavlebeli
da rogoria kargi namuSevris standartebi. maT kidev ufro mkafio warmodgena SeeqmnebaT,
Tuki kargad Sesrulebuli eses nimuSs SevTavazebT, sadac moniSnuli iqneba sasurveli kriteriumebi.
16.3 cxrili Sefasebis kidev erT rubrikas gviCvenebs, romelic biologiis davalebas
exeba.

424

Sefaseba

narkvevi dausrulebelia.
ar aqvs Sesavali, ZiriTadi
da daskvniTi nawilebi.
Tanamimdevrulobis
mcdeloba SeiniSneba,
magram araadekvaturia.

narkvevi kargad aris

organizebuli. moicavs
Sesaval, ZiriTad da
daskvniT nawilebs.
Tanamimdevrulia
da logikurad
gamarTuli.

X6

winadadebaTa
struqtura
gaumarTavia.

aris struqturuli
Secdomebi winadadebis
wyobaSi. winadadebis
agebuleba da struqtura
erTferovania.

winadadebebi
dasrulebulia.
maTi struqtura
mravalferovania.

X5

xSiria Secdomebi
sityvebis SerCevasa da
SewyobaSi.

SigadaSig vxvdebiT
Secdomebs sityvebis
SerCevasa da SewyobaSi.

sityvebi sworad
aris SerCeuli da
gamoyenebuli.

X4

xSiria Secdomebi
marlTwerasa da
punqtuaciaSi.

SigadaSig vxvdebiT
Secdomebs marlTwerasa
da punqtuaciaSi.

marlTwera da
punqtuacia
gamarTulia.

X4

daudevari formatia.
ar aris gamoyenebuli
mindvrebi da
abzacebi. xelnaweri
araTanmimdevrulia.

mindvrebsa da abzacebis
gamoyenebaSi SigadaSig
Secdomebia. saTauri ar
aris an Seusabamoa.

formati daculia.
saTauri Sesaferisia.
daculia. kaligrafia,
mindvrebi da abzacebi
uSecdomoa.

X1

formati

organizeba

Zalian cota an
TiTqmis araferia
dawerili. narkvevi
araorganizebulia,
bundovani da
araTanamimdevruli. ar
Seesabameba saTaurs.

winadadebis
struqtura

leqsika

gramatika da
orTografia

cxrili 16.3: eses Sesafasebeli rubrika*

cifrebi marjvena svetSi Sefasebis sqemas miuTiTebs.

biologia I: dakvirveba ucnob organizmze

Tqven muSaobT biologiis laboratoriaSi. gTxoven ucnob organizmze dakvirvebas
da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli struqturebis SeZlebisdagvarad srul aRweras. aseve
yoveli struqturis savaraudo funqciaze sakuTari varaudis gamoTqmas. dakvirvebisa da Sesabamisi angariSisTvis sami dRe gaqvT. Tqvens gankargulebaSia Semdegi masalebi: moxarSuli safuari, bambis boWkoebi, mikroskopi da slaidebi.*

* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Archibald, D., and F. M. Newmann. Beyond Standardized Tests: Assessing Authentic Academic Achievement
in Secondary School. Reston, Va.: National Association of Secondary School Principals, 1988, p.11. Source: Adams County School # 12,
11285. Highline Drive, Northglenn, Colo.80203

* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Bob Grandgenett, Biology Instructor, West Hancock High School, Britt, Iowa. Observation of Unknown.

425

Tavi 16

dakvirveba

vrceli da kritikuli

saSualo

minimaluri da
arasruli

varaudi funqciebis
Sesaxeb

sruli, logikuri da
gamosadegi

sruli, magram
alogikuri an
gamousadegari

arasruli, alogikuri
da Seusabamo

masalis gamoyeneba

yvela masala
gamoyenebulia

masala gamoyenebulia
erTis garda

masala ar aris
gamoyenebuli

laboratoriuli
samuSao

damoukidebeli

damoukidebeli,
mcireodeni
daxmarebiT

damokidebuli

monacemTa
prezentacia

sruli,
organizebuli,
saxeldebuli

sruli,
organizebuli,
arasrulad
saxeldebuli

arasruli,
araorganizebuli

saxeli

cxrili 16.4: Sesafasebeli rubrika biologiis davalebisTvis.

am magaliTiT cxadi xdeba, rom laboratoriuli samuSao 5 kriteriumis mixedviT Sefasdeba, esenia: 1) dakvirvebis eqstensiuroba, 2) varaudebis sisrule, 3) masalebis gamoyeneba,
4) damoukidebloba laboratoriuli samuSaos Sesrulebisas da 5) monacemTa kompetenturi
prezentacia. Tumca, SesaZloa, aseTma rubrikebma ver Secvalos molodinTa Setyobinebis
savsebiT TviTkmari instrumentebi. magaliTad, am davalebaSi ra kriteriumiT unda ganisazRvros prezentaciis organizebuloba da misi Sesabamisoba 1 an me-2 donesTan? ra gansxvavebaa
srul da arasrul hipoTezas Soris? umaRlesi standartis misaRwevad mzaobisTvis moswavleebs mainc dasWirdebaT am kriteriumebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi magaliTebi. Cveni mizania
ara am rubrikis kritika, aramed imis xazgasma, rogor SeiZleba iqces srulyofili rubrika
kargi swavlebis gzamkvlevad.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas 16.4 cxrilSi mocemul magaliTze, romelSic moswavleebs amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciaSi ganxorcielebuli garkveuli cvlilebebis codnis
demonstrirebas sTxoven konkretul sasamarTlo procesebSi maTi gamoyenebis gziT.

426

Sefaseba

ganxilvis diapazoni

saqmis yvela aspeqti

saTanadodaa
ganxiluli.

yvela aspeqti
srulad aris
ganxiluli, zogi
ufro zedmiwevniT,
zogi naklebad.

proeqtis yvela aspeqti

dabalansebulad,
SesaniSnavad aris
ganxiluli.

gamoxatvis meqanizmi

ramdenime meqanikuri
Secdoma, idea naTladaa
gamoxatuli.

uSecdomo;
gamoxatvis meqanizmi
exmianeba ideebs.

azris gamoxatvis
saukeTeso meqanizmi.

gamoxatvis xarisxi

mTlianobaSi efeqturi
stili, naTeli
fokusireba da aRwera.

stili da xarisxi
exmianeba ideebs.

kargad SemuSavebuli
ideebi da maT
efeqtianad gadasacemad
saukeTesod SerCeuli
stili.

informaciis siRrme

aucilebeli wyaroebis
adekvaturi Seswavla.

gamoyenebuli
wyaroebis siuxve;
koncefciebi,
qveteqstebis
Seswavla.

saqmis Seswavla mraval

wyaroze dayrdnobiT,
koncefciebisa da
uflebaTa Sedegebis
srulyofili
gamoyeneba.

adekvaturoba

SemTxvevebi Sesatyvisad
aris SerCeuli
da cvlilebebs
misadagebuli.

Sesatyvisi
SemTxvevebi
logikurad aris
misadagebuli
konkretuli
uflebebisTvis.

saukeTesod SerCeuli
SemTxvevebi; logikurad
misadagebuli
cvlilebis yvela
an umravlesi
uflebisaTvis.

SeniSvna: am proeqtma SeiZleba semestruli testi Caanacvlos. testirebisTvis gamoyofili dro SeiZleba davuTmoT informaciis gacvlas, calkeul qeisebze da zogadad proeqtze
msjelobas da mosazrebebs proeqtis damuSavebis srulyofis Sesaxeb.
cxrili 16.5: rubrika qeisis Sefasebis proeqtisTvis*

sayuradReboa, rom kriteriumSi `ganxilvis diapazoni~ yvelaze dabali quliT fasdeba

`saqmis yvela aspeqtis saTanadod ganxilva~. es imas niSnavs, rom davaleba dausruleblad
iTvleba, sanam yvela mocemuli aspeqti detalurad ar iqneba garCeuli. (Cven mogvianebiT
davubrundebiT am sakiTxs, radgan es imis maCvenebelia, rom maswavlebels sakmaod maRali
standartebi aqvs da davalebas dausruleblad miiCnevs manam, sanam is standartebs ar akmayofilebs). ufro maRali qulebi (2 da 3) `zedmiwevniT~ da `dabalansebul~ ganxilvaSi iwereba.
zedsarTavebi `Sesatyvisi~ da `safuZvliani~ moswavleebs unda avuxsnaT, raTa msgavsi rubrikebi maTTvis sasargeblo gaxdes. igive SeiZleba iTqvas `informaciis siRrmis~ kriteriumTan gamoyenebuli zedsarTavebis `adekvaturisa~ da `uxvis~ Sesaxeb.
Sefasebis rubrikis meoTxe magaliTi (16.5 cxrili) aRebulia meeqvse klasis sxvadasxva
saswavlo gegmidan.
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Terry Crane, P.O.Box 57, Rockville, Iowa 50469. Government Assessment Project Rubric.

427

Tavi 16

mizani
moswavle gamoamJRavnebs dagrovil codnas SemoqmedebiT da analitikur weraSi.

codnis gamomJRavneba
klasis Canawerebis, individualuri kvlevis, literaturisa da audio-vizualuri
prezentaciebis safuZvelze miRebuli informaciis gamoyenebiT, moswavle mSoblebs uwers werils, romelSic aRwers sakuTar mogzaurobas konkretul qveyanaSi,
misi kulturis damaxasiaTebeli aspeqtebis aRniSvniT:

yy
yy
yy
yy
yy
yy
yy
yy

xelovneba, arqiteqtura, literatura

mTavroba
gamogonebebi da teqnologiuri miRwevebi
socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri sistemebi
rigiTi adamianebis yoveldRiuri cxovreba
religia da zneobrivi Sexedulebebi
geografiis mniSvneloba am kulturis ganviTarebisTvis
am kulturis dacemis mizezi

molodini
pirobebi:

yy
yy
yy
yy
yy

gamarTuli gramatika, marTlwera da punqtuacia;

werili iwereba klasSi;
werilis saboloo varianti ibeWdeba skolaSi kompiuterze;
moswavle SeniSvnebis Caweris Sesatyvis unars gamoiyenebs da SeZlebs mosazrebebis gamoxatvas Sesatyvisi formatiT;
moswavles SeeZleba SeniSvnebis analizi da gamoyeneba, codnis SemoqmedebiTad gamovlena, sakuTari ganwyobis, Sexedulebis gamoxatva.

cxrili 16.6 rubrika meeqvse klasis sxvadasxva saswavlo gegmisTvis

ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Taken from a Cross Curricular Sixth-Grade Exhibition developed by Penny Knox at Los Naranjos School,
Irvine, California.

428

Sefaseba

1 jer ara

moswavle

2 zogjer

maswavlebeli

3 xSirad
4 yovelTvis

dakvirvebis kategoria:
unari

TariRi

TariRi

TariRi

demonstrireba

moswavle iyenebs weris,

gramatikis, marlTweris,
punqtuaciis ZiriTad
meqanizmebs.

1 2 3 4
komentarebi:

1 2 3 4
komentarebi:

1 2 3 4
komentarebi:

1 2 3 4
komentarebi:

moswavles SeuZlia
Canawerebis warmoeba
sxvadasxva wyaroebidan
(saxelmZRvanelo,
literatura,
enciklopedia) da maTi
gamoyeneba wyaros rolSi.

1 2 3 4
komentarebi:

1 2 3 4
komentarebi:

1 2 3 4
komentarebi:

1 2 3 4
komentarebi:

moswavles SeuZlia
mecnieruli wyaroebis
gamoyeneba codnis
SemoqmedebiTad
demonstrirebis, sakuTari
ganwyobisa da Sexedulebis
gamoxatvisTvis.

1 2 3 4
komentarebi:

1 2 3 4
komentarebi:

1 2 3 4
komentarebi:

1 2 3 4
komentarebi:

moswavles SeuZlia
ganmartebiTi eses
warmodgena da ZiriTadi
formatis dacva.

1 2 3 4
komentarebi:

1 2 3 4
komentarebi:

1 2 3 4
komentarebi:

1 2 3 4
komentarebi:

moswavles SeuZlia
teqsturi programebis
gamoyeneba.

1 2 3 4
komentarebi:

1 2 3 4
komentarebi:

1 2 3 4
komentarebi:

1 2 3 4
komentarebi:

429

Tavi 16

sayuradReboa, rom am proeqtis yoveli kriteriumis Sefaseba oTxjer xdeba, samjer

konkretul TariRebSi, xolo erTxel `demonstrirebis~ dros. Sefasebis aseTi formis mixedviT sinamdvileSi moswavle samjer qmnis saboloo produqts (wers werils) da yovel jerze
aqvs ukukavSiri namuSevris xarisxis Sesaxeb. am ukukavSiris gamoyeneba maT SeuZliaT demonstrirebamde aucilebeli unarebis dasaxvewad da arsebuli codnis gasaRrmaveblad. moswavleebs SeuZliaT namuSevrebi saxlSi waiRon da Sefasebis rubrikis mixedviT mSoblebTan
erTad imuSaon. es mSobelTa informirebisa da saswavlo procesSi CarTvis gansakuTrebiT
efeqtiani saSualebaa.
aRwerili davalebebi da rubrikebi zrdadia moswavleTa mier daxarjuli droisa da interdisciplinarobis xarisxis mixedviT. eses daweras moswavlem SesaZloa erTi saRamo moandomos. biologiur dakvirvebas SeiZleba sami laboratoriuli saaTi dasWirdes, xolo konstituciis cvlilebebTan dakavSirebul amocanas daaxloebiT ori kvira. davalebis Sesruleba
gulisxmobs metyvelebis xelovnebis, kvlevis unarebis, socialuri kvlevebis analitikuri
codnis (TviT cvlilebebis) CarTvas. mSoblebisadmi werilis miweras, sadac aRwerili iqneba
konkretuli qveynis kultura, mTeli semestri dasWirdeba da masSi CarTuli iqneba gramatika, forma, organizeba, weris, SeniSvnebis Caweris unari, socialuri kvlevebi da teqnologiuri unarebi. yvela davalebas saerTo aqvs is, rom rubrikebis saSualebiT gansazRvrulia
naSromis xarisxis struqtura.

rubrikis SemuSaveba
kargi rubrika SeiZleba Tabaxis erT furcelze daetios, magram kargi rubrikis damatebaa moswavleTa namuSevrebis nimuSebi, romlebic maT rubrikis raobis gagebaSi daexmareba.
kargad SemuSavebuli rubrika ganmartavs nimuSis xarisxis konkretul donesTan Sesabamisobas. moswavleTa namuSevrebi Sefasebulia oTxi kategoriis mixedviT: gamoucdeli, axalbeda,
praqtikosi da eqsperti. aseve mocemulia detaluri axsna, Tu ra principebiT moxvda namuSevari konkretul kategoriaSi.
nimuSebSi mocemulia kargi namuSevris kriteriumebic. sami analitikuri kriteriumi
gageba/gaazreba, msjeloba da gadmocema kargad Sesrulebuli davalebis gzamkvlevis rols
TamaSobs da moswavleebisTvis mniSvnelovan Sedegebsac moicavs. yoveli nimuSi analitikur
kriteriums gvTavazobs.

amocanis gaazreba

esmis amocanis kiTxva

arCevs amocanis relevantur informacias
grafikuli an dasuraTebuli prezentacia adasturebs amocanis zust interpretacias
SeuZlia amocanis sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocema

430

Sefaseba

azrovnebis strategiebi da maTematikuri procedurebi

arCevs Sesatyvis strategiebs

iyenebs arsebul codnasa da gamocdilebas
gadmoscems azrovnebis process Tanamimdevrulad da logikurad
amocanis amosaxsnelad irCevs Sesatyvis da yvelaze efeqtian maTematikur proceduras

xedavs amocanis amoxsnis ramdenime xerxs

SeimuSavebs sisworis da sizustis Semowmebis sistemas
gadmocema

Sedegebs naTlad, Tanamimdevrulad da akuratulad warmoadgens

iyenebs maTematikuri komunikaciis instrumentebs (cxrilebi da pirobiTi niSnebi)
yoveli kriteriumi aRwerilia imis mixedviT, Tu rogor Sedegs miaRwevs gamoucdeli, damwyebi, praqtikosi da eqsperti. 16.6 cxrili matricis formiT gvTavazobs rubrikis nimuSs.
am Tavis danarTSi mocemulia sanimuSo davalebaTa tipuri nakrebi moswavleTa namuSevrebisa da maTi ranJirebis ganmartebiT. nimuSebi gviCvenebs, rogori gaazrebuli analizi sWirdeba rubrikis sworad gamoyenebas.
miuxedavad nimuSebis maTematikuri Sinaarsisa, msgavsi nakrebi SeiZleba gakeTdes nebismieri disciplinis da disciplinis farglebSi nebismieri unaris an koncefciisTvis. Cven
vemxrobiT im azrs, rom aseTi nakrebebi maswavlebelTa gundma unda gaakeTos.

rubrikebisa da avTentikuri amocanebis dakavSirebis procesi

kargi rubrika Semdegi kriteriumebiT ganisazRvreba:
1. kargad Sesrulebuli samuSaos Riad da zustad Camoyalibebuli kriteriumi, romelic aRwers imas, Tu ra aris mniSvnelovani da arCevans, romelic pirdapir kavSirSia imasTan, ra gvinda rom icodes an ra unda SeZlos moswavlem.
2. debulebebi, romelic gansazRvravs moswavlis saqmianobis doneebs (es debulebebi
xSirad rubrikis msgavsad matricad aris organizebuli).
3. oswavlis namuSevrebis nimuSebi, romlebic gviCvenebs doneebs rubrikaSi.
4. avTentikuri amocana.

431

432

Exemplars, 1994.

eqsperti

praqtikosi

axalbeda

gamoucdeli

done

amocanis amoxsna naTelyofs,

rom moswavles Rrmad esmis
amocana, aqvs maTematikuri
koncefciebisa da amoxsnisaTvis
saWiro informaciis gansazRvris
Sesatyvisi unari.

amocanis amoxsna gviCvenebs, rom

moswavles Rrmad esmis amocana
da misi amoxsnisTvis saWiro
ZiriTadi koncefciebi.

amoxsna ar aris sruli, rac

imaze migvaniSebs, rom amocana
nawilobriv aris gagebuli.

ar Cans maTematikuri msjeloba.

gamoyenebulia Seusabamo
koncefciebi da/an procedurebi.

efeqtianad aris gamoyenebuli maTematikuri

terminologia da pirobiTi niSnebi.

gamoyenebulia Sesatyvisi
maTematikuri procedurebi.

zustad aris gamoyenebuli amocanis

amoxsnis da Sedegebis Semowmebis
procedurebi.

gamoyenebulia daxvewili da
kompleqsuri azrovneba.

zustad da Sesatyvisad aris gamoyenebuli

maTematikuri terminologia da pirobiTi
niSnebi.

maTematikuri TvalsaCinoeba warmatebiT

aris gamoyenebuli amocanis amoxsnasTan
dakavSirebuli ideebis gadmosacemad.

mocemulia amocanis amoxsnis gasagebi,

efeqtiani da detaluri axsna. naCvenebia
yoveli nabiji, romelic mkiTxvels
uadvilebs amocanis amoxsnis gzis gagebas.

Sesatyvisad aris gamoyenebuli zusti

maTematikuri TvalsaCinoeba.

gamoyenebulia swori maTematikuri

azrovneba.

gamoyenebulia efeqtiani da rTuli

strategia.

mocemulia naTeli axsna.

nawilobriv aris gamoyenebuli Sesatyvisi

maTematikuri terminologia da pirobiTi
niSnebi.

maTematikuri TvalsaCinoeba nawilobriv

aris gamoyenebuli.

mocemulia arasruli axsna, romelic naTlad

ar aris Camoyalibebuli.

ar aris gamoyenebuli an Seusabamoa

maTematikuri terminologia da pirobiTi
niSnebi.

maTematikuri TvalsaCinoeba (ricxviTi

diagramebi, grafikebi, cxrilebi) ar aris
gamoyenebuli an Seusabamoa.

ar aris mocemuli amoxsnis ganmarteba,

ganmarteba gaugebaria an Seusabamoa.

gadmocema

sworad aris SerCeuli strategia.

bolomde ver arTmevs Tavs

maTematikur procedurebs.

Cans maTematikuri azrovnebis

garkveuli niSnebi.

gamoyenebuli strategia nawilobriv

sasargebloa, ris gamoc amocana
bolomde ar aris amoxsnili.

maTematikur procedurebSi imdeni

Secdomaa daSvebuli, rom amocanis
amoxsna SeuZlebelia.

ar Cans strategiis an proceduris

elementebi, an gamoyenebulia
araswori strategia.

strategia, azrovneba, procedura

amocana ar aris amoxsnili, an

amoxsna mocemul davalebas ar
Seesabameba.

gageba

Tavi 16

ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Kallick, Bena, and Ross Brewer.Exemplar: A Teachers Solution. Volume 1, nos. 4-12. Underhill, Vermont:

cxrili 16.7: Erubrika nimuSebis mixedviT*

Sefaseba

moswavlis SefasebiTi davalebisTvis kargi rubrikis Seqmnis bolo etapia maswavleblebs

Soris sandoobis uzrunvelyofa. sandooba niSnavs, rom rubrikebi gasagebia da maswavleblebi erTsulovanni arian SefasebaSi, anu erTi da imave moswavlis namuSevars sxvadasxva maswavlebeli erTnairad afasebs. sandoobis aseTi maRali done maSin miiRweva, rodesac moswavleTa namuSevrebs maswavleblebi erTad afaseben, adareben Sedegebs da msjeloben, `sando~
gadawyvetilebis (Sefasebis) misaRebad. am procesis Tanamimdevroba aseTia:

kriteriumi
warmatebis
kriteriumis
dadgena
saqmianobis
doneebis
gansazRvra da
gacnoba

nimuSebis
SerCeva da
Cveneba
avTentikuri
amocanis ageba
maswavleblebs
Soris
sandoobis
damkvidreba.

avTentikuri Sefasebis SemuSavebis procesis dros mniSvnelovania, moswavleebma icodnen, ra codnasa da unarebs moelis maswavlebeli maTgan. sagulisxmoa, rom analitikuri kriteriumebi nimuSebSi maRali donis azrovnebas, problemis gadaWrasa da komunikaciis
avTentikuri Sefasebisas mniSvnelovania,
unarebs moicavs. es SedarebiT dabali donis
moswavleebma icodnen, ra codnasa da unarebs
unarebis, magaliTad, gamoTvlis unaris, gammoelis maswavlebeli maTgan.
ravlebis cxrilis codnisa da sxvaTa mniSvnelobis dakninebas ki ar niSnavs, aramed imis
xazgasmas, rom Sefasebis dros ufro arsebiTi azrovnebis strategiebia. maRali donis amocanis gadaWris unarebze mimarTuli arCevani ganapirobebs Cvens mier SeTavazebuli amocanebis
Sinaarss.
maswavleblebi avTentikuri Sefasebis Seqmnas SemoqmedebiT procesad miiCneven, romelic
momgebiani xdeba kolegebTan da xSirad TviT moswavleebTan maRali donis interaqciis Sedegad. moswavleebisagan mosalodneli codnisa da unarebis gansazRvris Semdeg maswavleblebi
erToblivad qmnian iseT amocanebs, romlebic SeZlebisdagvarad met kriteriums pasuxobs.
SefasebiTi davalebebis pilotirebisas rubrikebis Seqmnaze momuSave maswavlebelTa
jgufi, rogorc wesi, moswavleTa namuSevrebis did nakrebs ganixilavs da maT oTx kategoriad daaxarisxebs: cudi, damakmayofilebeli, kargi da saukeTeso. namuSevris ama Tu im kategoriaSi moxvedras ganapirobebs maswavleblebze am namuSevriT moxdenili STabeWdileba.

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Tavi 16

Semdeg modis procesis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawili: maswavleblebi xelaxla detalurad

amowmeben naSromebs, oRond amjerad detalurad Camoweren yoveli kategoriis maxasiaTeblebs da rubrikis Tavdapirvel monaxazs qmnian. erT-erTi mecnieri aRniSnavs:
standartebze saubrisas Cndeba kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad naTlad unda iyos
Camoyalibebuli standartebi. sakmarisia Tu ara imis Tqma, rom moswavlis namuSevarma unda warmoaCinos `detalebisadmi yuradReba~? Tu unda aRvweroT im detalebis
tipi da raodenoba, romelsac moveliT? TiTqmis eWvgareSea, rom meore kiTxvaze
dadebiTi pasuxi uzrunvelyofs moswavlisa da maswavleblisTvis swavlisa da swavlebis dagegmvis ukeTes gzamkvlevs, Tumca aranakleb mniSvnelovania pirvel kiTxvaze SeTanxmebac (Jamentz 1994, p. 38).

Tu maswavlebeli gamonaxavs dros da yuradRebiT gaanalizebs yoveli rubrikis dones,

swavlis procesis ufro naTeli suraTi Seiqmneba. ufro advilad dagegmavs im aqtivobebs,
romlebic sasurvel Sedegebs moutans.
`ukudagegmareba~, rogorc mas ted saizeri (Ted Sizer 1992) uwodebs, gulisxmobs jer Sefasebis sistemis SemuSavebas, Semdeg ki swavlis im kriteriumebs analizs, romlebic sasurvel Sedegamde miiyvans moswavles. amrigad, maswavlebelTa jgufis mier mniSvnelovani
koncefciebisa da unarebis avTentikuri Sefasebis Sesaqmnelad gaweuli muSaoba SesaZlebelia ukeTesi swavlebisTvis gadadgmul nabijebad CavTvaloT. amis axsna ase SeiZleba: Sefasebidan gamomdinare, maswavlebeli ufro kritikulad afasebs TviT swavlebis processac, raTa
darwmundes, namdvilad uwyobs Tu ara is xels sasurveli codnisa da unarebis ganviTarebas.

moswavleTa Cabma rubrikebisa da standartebis SeqmnaSi

jgufurad momuSave maswavleblebis mier standartebis, rubrikebis SemuSavebis da rubrikebis mixedviT Sesrulebis doneebis dadgenis Semdeg procesSi moswavleebic erTvebian.
moswavleebs SeuZliaT mniSvnelovani roli Seasrulon mosalodneli naSromis Sesafasebeli
kriteriumebis dadgenaSi da am procesSi monawileobiT ukeT gaigon miznebi da maTi miRwevis
ufro meti stimuli gauCndeT. kris gustafsonma (Chris Gustafson 1994) moswavleebis monawileobiT gansazRvra Temis `imigracia~ - standartebi:
bavSvebs Temebis sia SevTavaze da vTxove, erT-erTi maTgani aerCiaT. meore dRes moswavleebi, romlebmac erTi da igive Temebi airCies, dajgufdnen da am Temebis codnis Sesafasebeli standartebis SemuSaveba daevalaT. Semdeg avuxseni, rom Cems mier
nimuSad SeTavazebuli namuSevari C quliT iyo Sefasebuli. yovel jgufs unda gadaewyvita, ras daamatebdnen warmodgenili Sefasebis kriteriums ufro maRali Sefasebis misaRebad. magaliTisTvis, Cven erTad SevimuSaveT werilobiTi proeqtis Sefasebis sistema. aman metismetad ambiciuri pasuxebis uaryofis saSualeba momca.
Sefasebis standartebis SemuSavebis Semdeg, TiToeulma jgufma imsjela imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra moTxovnebi unda daekmayofilebina proeqts B an A Sefasebis misaRebad.
maTi rCevebi gaviTvaliswine da yoveli jgufisTvis cal-calke Camovwere Sefasebis
sistema. meore dRes yvela moswavles misi jgufis mier Seqmnili Sefasebis sistema
davurige.
amrigad, proeqtis daweramde, yvela moswavlem icoda, rogor moxdeboda maTi proeqtebis Sefaseba. rodesac dawerili proeqtebi Sevagrove da saxlSi waviRe, yovel
maTgans Sefasebis standarti hqonda mibmuli. Sedegebi moulodnelad gansxvavebuli
iyo: namuSevrebi bevrad ukeTesi aRmoCnda, radgan yovelma moswavlem ukve icoda, ra
unda gaekeTebina maRali qulis misaRebad; Cveni maRali standartebis Sedegi ukeTesi
proeqtebi iyo; miuxedavad imisa, rom SeniSvnebi mainc damWirda, Sefaseba gacilebiT

434

Sefaseba
ioli iyo. mSoblebsac SeeZloT enaxaT, rogor fasdeboda maTi Svilebis namuSevrebi.
es procesi yvelasTvis Ria iyo da mis SeqmnaSi moswavleebmac Seitanes wvlili~.*

rubrikebi da molodinebi
kargi rubrikebi da moswavleebisTvis Sefasebis kriteriumebis winaswar gacnoba arsebiTia samgvari molodinis gadacemisTvis, esenia: `es mniSvnelovania; Sen es SegiZlia; danebebis saSualebas ar mogcem~. moswavleTa namuSevrebis Sedarebis naTeli kriteriumis gareSe,
SeuZlebeli iqneba dabali moswrebis moswavleebTan nayofieri ukukavSiris damyareba. Tu
maswavlebeli ver gamonaxavs dros aseTi ukukavSirisTvis da ar daexmareba warmatebis misaRwevad mis efeqtian gamoyenebaSi, moswavlem SeiZleba sakuTari uunarobis Sesaxeb gamoitanos
daskvna.
usamarTlobaa, moswavles xarisxis gaumjobeseba mosTxovo, Tu mas warmodgenac ki ar aqvs,
ras gulisxmobs xarisxi. gamudmebiT laparaki imaze, rom isini raRacas ise ver asruleben,
rogorc saWiroa, saqmes ver Svelis. naTeli rubrikebi mniSvnelovani standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT da moswavleTa monawileobiT, garkveulwilad Seamcirebs maT ukmayofilebas,
romelsac kris gustafsoni waawyda SefasebiTi proeqtis Sesrulebisas. gakveTilis Semdeg
moswavlem mas aseTi SekiTxviT mimarTa: `ver gavige, ratom miviRe es niSani~. msgavsi problema
awuxebs moswavleTa umravlesobas.
zemoT aRwerili procesis warmatebisTvis
usamarTlobaa, moswavles xarisxis gaumjobe
masSi maswavlebelTa koleqtivis TanamSromseba mosTxovo, Tu mas warmodgenac ki ar aqvs,
loba aris saWiro. arsebiTad, Cven vcdilobT
ras gulisxmobs xarisxi.
`SevqmnaT profesiuli kultura, sadac maswavleblis mier moswavlis namuSevris analizi mosalodneli da dafasebulia~ (California Assessment Collaborative, in Jamenetz 1993). aseve
mniSvnelovania skolis administratoris an direqtoris rolic maswavleblebisTvis rubrikebis Sesaqmnelad dagegmvis gaadvilebaSi, droisa da sxva resursebis uzrunvelyofaSi.
administratori, rogorc `skolis kulturis mSenebeli~ (Saphier and King 1985) arsebiT
rols asrulebs avTentikuri Sefasebis SeqmnaSi da swavlebis gaumjobesebis mizniT mis danergvaSi.
Cven ganvsazRvreT rubrika da misi Seqmna. vTqviT, rom kargad SemuSavebul rubrikas unda
erTvodes moswavlis mier Sesrulebuli davalebebis nimuSi, romelic rubrikis cxrilis
Sevsebas gagviadvilebs. axla ganvixiloT, rogor unda SevadginoT is davalebebi, romelTa
meSveobiTac SevafasebT, Tu ra icis moswavlem da risi gakeTeba SeuZlia.

realuri cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis amsaxveli da mastimulirebeli davalebebi

marzanos, pikeringisa da makTaisis (Marzano, Pickering, and McTighe 1993) azriT, avTentikuri Sefaseba gulisxmobs, rom `moswavlem codna da unarebi iseve unda gamoiyenos, rogorc skolis miRma `realur cxovrebaSi~ iyenebs~. `Sefaseba avTentikuria, Tu Cven uSualod
vakvirdebiT/vswavlobT moswavlis saqmianobas Sesatyvisi inteleqtualuri amocanebis
amoxsnisas~, amatebs viginsi (Wiggins 1993). amrigad, testi moswavlisagan moiTxovs iseTi
amocanis amoxsnas, romelic realisturia, kompleqsuri da, SeZlebisdagvarad, aris miaxloe* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Gustavson, C. A Lesson From Stacey.Educational Leadership 52, no. 2: 22-23. Copyright 1994 by ASCD.
yvela ufleba daculia.

435

Tavi 16

buli skolis gareT moswavlis saqmianobasTan. `amocana momxmareblis, moqalaqis, muSakis an

konkretuli sferos profesionalis gamocdilebis asli an misi imitaciaa~ acxadebs ana jonsoni (Ann Johnson, workshop handout, 1992).
Sefasebis procesSi avTentikuroba wamyvan rols asrulebs, radgan avTentikuri davalebebi iseve aerTianebs kompleqsur saqmianobas, rogorc realuri cxovrebiseuli problemebi da mets stimuls aZlevs moswavleebs. amrigad, avTentikuri davalebebi ganaTlebis
efeqtianobis ufro saimedo sazomia, Tu ganaTlebas moswavleTa nayofieri cxovrebisTvis
momzadebis saSualebad ganvixilavT. am SemTxvevaSi, Cven vafasebT ara konkretuli maTematikuri davalebis an istoriuli movlenis codnas,
aramed ufro rTuli davalebebis kompleqsurad
avTentikuroba arsebiTia Sefasebisas.
gadaWris unars, romelic maRali donis azrovnebas da codnis integracias moiTxovs. aseTi davalebebi avTentikuria, radgan isini realuri cxovrebiseuli davalebebis pirdapiri modeli
an imitaciaa. maT Sesasruleblad, im unarebsa da codnas veyrdnobiT, romlebsac realuri,
ufro didi problemebis gadasaWrelad viyenebT xolme cxovrebaSi.
qvemoT mocemuli kriteriumebi bavSvebisTvis Seqmnili davalebebis SefasebaSi dagexmarebaT (aRebulia Jamentz 1993):

aRZravs Tu ara davaleba moswavlis interessa da motivacias?

moiTxovs Tu ara davaleba moswavlisgan misi mniSvnelobis gaanalizebas?
waaxalisebs Tu ara davaleba gonebis mniSvnelovani unar-Cvevebis demonstrirebas?
waaxalisebs Tu ara davaleba gamoxatvis mravalgvar formebs?
xom ar Seicavs davaleba SemTxveviT iZulebas?
afasebs Tu ara davaleba garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi miRweul winsvlas?
moiTxovs Tu ara davaleba sxvebTan TanamSromlobas?
davalebaSi pasuxis siRrmezea gamaxvilebuli yuradReba Tu mis moculobaze?
ikvlevs da gansazRvravs Tu ara davaleba moswavlis, erTi SexedviT, uxilav Zlier mxareebs?

ras ufro afasebs davaleba swavlasa da Zalisxmevas Tu Tandayolil talants?

davalebis standartebi mxolod mocemuli disciplinisTvis aucilebeli codnis,
unar-Cvevebis farTo speqtrs moicavs, Tu interdisciplinur unarebsac?

icnobs Tu ara moswavle davalebis Sesrulebamde misi warmatebiT Sesrulebis kriteriumebs?

sworad aris Tu ara gansazRvruli davalebis standartebi?

exmianeba Tu ara davalebis standartebi skolis, raionis an qveynis miznebs?
esadageba Tu ara davaleba qulebis sistemas?
aris Tu ara davaleba mravalganzomilebiani, rac moswavles zog aspeqtSi siZlierisa,
xolo zogSi sisustis gamovlenis saSualebas aZlevs?

aris Tu ara Sefaseba ise agebuli, rom moswavlisa da maswavleblis swrafi da sasargeblo ukukavSiri uzrunvelyos?

iZleva Tu ara davaleba varjiSis, gameorebisa da xelaxla amoxsnis SesaZleblobas?

436

Sefaseba

Cveni azriT, am siis pirveli sami maxasiaTebeli gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania.

am TavSi ukve ganvixileT warmatebuli Sefasebis sistemis sami aucilebeli elementi: (1)
swavlis mniSvnelovani da kargad gaazrebuli miznebi, (2) kargad Sesrulebuli saqmianobis
naTeli kriteriumebi, (3) kriteriumebis Sesatyvisi avTentikuri amocanebi. aseve ganvixileT
maswavleblebis mier kriteriumebis Seqmnisa da maTi rubrikebis saSualebiT gamoxatvis procesebi. ganvixileT procesi, romlis drosac maswavleblebi amuSaveben rubrikebs Sefasebis
mizniT da uzrunvelyofen ukukavSirs moswavlis namuSevarTa nimuSebis Seswavlis safuZvelze.
droa, gadavideT meoTxe elementze moswavlis TviTSefasebaze.

moswavlis CarTuloba TviTSefasebaSi, kolaboraciul

kritikasa da miznebis dasaxvaSi
Sefasebis aqti swavlis aqtic unda iyos; es imas niSnavs, rom moswavleebi mudmivad unda
iyvnen CarTulebi TviTSefasebaSi da sakuTari Zalisxmevis mimarTulebis SecvlaSi. amas
safuZvlad unda daedos maT mier sakuTari namuSevrebis ganxilva, TanatolebTan da maswavleblebTan damyarebuli ukukavSiri. Sefaseba rom swavlis aqtic gaxdes, saWiroa moswavlem TviTSefaseba SeZlos, sakuTari naSromi kriteriumebis mixedviT Seafasos. amisTvis man
aucileblad unda icodes kriteriumebi, Secdomisa da misi gamosworebis gzebis moZebna,
fiqri imaze, rac Seasrula da ukeT Sesrulebis gzebis dasaxva. amgvari samomavlo qmedebebis
gansazRvra moswavlisagan formalur mizanTa dasaxvas moiTxovs, rac imas niSnavs, rom maswavlebeli moswavleebs uSualod aswavlis miznis dasaxvis teqnikasac. es teqnika ki moswavleebs miznebis da maswavleblisa da TviTSefasebis Sedegad miRebuli ukukavSiris integraciis saSualebas aZlevs.
Savelsoni da misi kolegebi (Shavelson 1992)
Sefasebis aqti swavlis aqtic unda iyos.
miuTiTeben `swavlebasa da testirebas Soris
arsebul simetriaze. es imas niSnavs, rom kargi
Sefaseba imavdroulad swavlebis sasargeblo
aqtivobacaa, xolo kargad swavlebis aqtivoba, Tavis mxriv, karg Sefasebas uzrunvelyofs~.
mravali gamorCeuli moazrovne (magaliTad, Wolf gamouqveynebeli naSromi, 1992; Zessoules
and Gardner 1991) am ideis1 mxardasaWerad iyenebs frazas _ `Sefaseba, rogorc swavlis momenti~.
am debulebis miRma arsebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT Secdoma swavlis SesaZleblobaa da ara uunarobis dasturi. swavla procesia, droTa ganmavlobaSi codnisa da unarebis myari akumulireba
da ara movlena. Sesabamisad, miRweva xangrZlivi progresis kontinuumia da Sefaseba gvexmareba
am kontinuumSi moswavlis adgilis gansazRvraSi da ara Rirsebis an sisxartis SkaliT SefasebaSi.
Sefaseba moswavles codnis gzaze mogzaurobaSi sakuTari adgilsamyofelis, samomavlo gegmebis
gansazRvraSi exmareba da ara imis dadgenaSi, kargi moswavlea Tu ara. swored es mosazrebebi dgas
`Sefaseba, rogorc swavlis momenti~ Sexedulebis ukan da isini asaxulia Semdeg debulebebSi:
`iSviaTad Tu aRniSnaven imas, rom testebi arasakmaris informacias gvaZlevs swavlis
Sesaxeb. moswavlis saqmianobis nimuSis Sesaxeb monacemTa nakrebi Sefasebis meorexarisxovan miznebs ufro metad emsaxureba vidre ZiriTads moswavleebi da maswavleblebi namuSevris xarisxis windaxeduli kritikosebi gaxados. . .moswavleebs iS-

1 sxvebi miiCneven, rom Sefaseba swavlis SesaZleblobaa, radgan, rodesac moswavle saintereso da rTuli
davalebis Sesrulebisas manamde uxilav urTierTkavSirebs amCnevs. swavla moswavlesa da davalebas Soris an
moswavleebs Soris interaqciis funqcias iZens da es imitom xdeba rom maswavlebeli moswavleTa azrovnebis
aqtiuri Suamavalia (Baron 1989, gv. 315).

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Tavi 16
viaTad aqvT Sesrulebuli samuSaoebis safuZvelze naswavlis gamoyenebis saSualeba.
arsebiTad, saskolo Sefaseba iSviaTad iZleva kargad Sesrulebuli samuSaos standartebisa da strategiebis sajaro ganxilvis SesaZleblobas. da mainc, yvelam kargad icis, rom mniSvnelovani samuSaos Sesasruleblad saWiroa Zalisxmeva, gadaxedva,
kolaboracia, sajaro ganxilva da msjeloba warumateblobis, riskisa da ostatobis
Sesaxeb.
arsebuli testebis gadakeTebisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom saskolo Sefaseba erT-erTi
epizodia, romlis saSualebiTac moswavleebi swavloben weras, eqsperimentis Catarebas an kvlevis warmoebas, Sefasebam maT unda ubiZgos lampertis (Lampert) mier aRweril `zigzagisebur bilikze~. ufro konkretulad ki, Sefaseba:

unda

iyos namdvili: moswavlisTvis unda moicavdes seriozuli da Tanamimdevruli

muSaobis dapirebas.

unda Sedgebodes muSaobis ganmeorebiTi periodebis Semcveli seriebisgan, sadac aseve

gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba TviTCaRrmavebis, Tanaklaselebis, maswavleblis, Semfaseblis reaqciebze dafiqrebis dro.

moswavles unda aZlevdes sakuTari meTodebisa da drois gamoyenebis saSualebas, raTa

Seafasos gunduri Sexedulebebi da gansazRvros, ra aris kritikaSi misaRebi da ra
sWirdeba niSnis gamosasworeblad.

moswavles

unda aZlevdes saSualebas, rom kritika da refleqsia Tavis sasikeTod

gamoiyenos saboloo naSromSi (Wolfe 1992).

es rekomendaciebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom maswavlebelma klasSi dro da adgili unda gamoyos, imisTvis, rom moswavleebma erTmaneTis namuSevrebi gaakritikon da Seafason. es TanamSromloba da kritika damaxasiaTebelia e.w. `portfolios kulturisTvis, anu garemosTvis,
sadac xSirad da sajarod ganixilaven kargi namuSevris raobas da masze daxarjuli drois
moculobis mniSvnelobas~. amrigad, maswavleblis movaleobaa, rac SeiZleba xSirad Seqmnas
kargi namuSevris sajaro ganxilvis SesaZlebloba.
aseT ganxilvebSi `moswavleebic monawileoben im kriteriumebis dadgenaSi, romelTa mixedviTac Sefasdeba naSromebi~ (Wolfe 1992). amgvarad, isini swavloben iseTi Taviseburebebis
mniSvnelobas, rogoric aris saintereso problebis wamoWris unari. Sefasebis Tanamedrove
sistema maswavlebels akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas da ara testirebis kampanias, radgan Sefaseba sistematurad aris Caqsovili swavlebaSi. raki moswavlis ganviTarebisa da winsvlis procesi fasdeba da ara mxolod erTjeradi saqmianoba, Segrovebuli monacemebi warmogvidgens
rogorc processa da strategias, aseve produqtsac, romelSic mTavari moswavlis TviTSefasebaa.
magaliTad, meaTe klasis geometriis gakveTilze yovel moswavles amocanis amoxsnis sxvadasxva gziT Semowmeba evaleba. kviraSi orjer, gakveTilis dawyebisTanave moswavle Tavis
davalebas Tanaklasels aZlevs, romelic kiTxulobs da naSroms logikuri Tanamimdevrobis,
sisrulis da dinamiurobis (dinamiuroba/kiTxvadoba gulisxmobs akuratulobas da abreviaturebis da anotaciebis sworad gamoyenebas) kriteriumebis mixedviT akritikebs. maswavlebeli periodulad uCvenebs moswavleebs aseTi kritikis nimuSebs. moswavleebi yovel jerze
icvlian Semfasebel partniors.
merveklaselTa Sesamowmeblad maswavlebeli avalebs maT, Tavad Seafason sadiskusio
jgufebSi Sesrulebuli rolebis xarisxi (romelic moicavs Sejamebas, sakiTxis wamoWras,
daZabulobis ganmuxtvas). is moswavleebs uxsnis, rom TviTSefaseba daexmareba gaarkvios,

438

Sefaseba

SeuZliaT Tu ara maT gansxvavebuli rolebis TamaSi. am gziT maswavlebeli cdilobs gamoavlinos is moswavleebi, romelTac meti muSaoba da daxmareba sWirdebaT. yoveli roli axsnili da TvalsaCinod aris naCvenebi maswavleblis mier, moswavleebi varjiSoben da `irgeben~
am rolebs Sedgenili davalebebis meSveobiT. Semdeg maswavlebeli sTxovs, axal sadiskusio
jgufSi monawileobas. maT unda daimaxsovron da Camoweron sakuTari da jgufis sxva wevrebis
mier gaTamaSebuli rolebi. isini warmatebas aRweven, Tu pretenzias ganacxadeben ori an meti
rolis Sesrulebaze da jgufis danarCeni wevrebic mxars dauWeren maT pretenzias. maswavlebeli xvdeba im moswavleebs, romlebmac samze naklebi roli moirges da Semdegi diskusiisTvis damatebiTi rolebis arCevaSi exmareba. moswavle, romelic ufro meti rolis Sesrulebaze acxadebs pretenzias, vidre misi jgufi adasturebs, wers im rolebis damadasturebel
magaliTebs, romlebsac sxvebma mxari ar dauWires. maswavlebeli sakuTar dakvirvebasac awarmoebs imis Sesaxeb, ra rolebs asruleben calkeuli moswavleebi instruqciis dawyebamde.
TviTSefasebam SeiZleba gazardos moswavleTa CarTuloba, kriteriumTa codna da sasikeTod imoqmedos xarisxis gansazRvrazec. uotersi, makmuleni, da gleidi (Waters, MacMullen,
and Glade 1992) moswavleebs periodulad portfoliodan TavianTi saukeTeso namuSevrebis
gamocalkevebas sTxovdnen. isini gvixsnian, rom `aseTi koleqciis Seqmna moswavleebs TavianTi saukeTeso namuSevrebis mudmivi gadasinjvisa da analizis SesaZleblobas aZlevs.
isini arCeven im namuSevars, romelic ukeT warmoaCens maT, grZnoben winsvlas, [da] adgenen
im sastarto xazs, saidanac unda gaagrZelon winsvla~. es koleqciis Taobaze konkretuli
maswavleblisa da moswavlis Sexvedris safuZvelsac qmnis. es Sexvedrebi miznebis dasaxvaSi
moswavleTa CarTvis da sakuTar swavlaze erTgvari mesakuTreobis gancdis Camoyalibebis
araCveulebrivi saSualebaa.

monacemTa Segrovebis mravalgvari saSualebebi

1983 wels flemingma da Cembersma (Fleming and Chambers) aRmoaCines, rom yvela klasSi
moklepasuxebian testebSi faqtebis codnis Sefaseba dominirebda. is Sefasebis yvelaze
gavrcelebuli meTodi iyo amerikis skolebSi. gudledis (Goodlad 1984) gamokvlevebma daadastura, rom zepir gamokiTxvas maswavleblis kiTxvasa da moswavlis pasuxs amerikis skolebSi
gakveTilis drois 80 procenti eTmoba. ra Tqma unda, swavlebisas zepir gamokiTxvasac da
faqtebis codnaze agebul testsac Tavisi adgili aqvs, magram Sefasebis repertuaris simwire
(swavlebis repertuaris simwiris msgavsad) SesaZleblobas uspobs maswavlebels warmatebiT
aswavlos yvela moswavles. wignSi ganxiluli swavlebis yvela sxva sferos msgavsad, arc Sefasebis saukeTeso gza arsebobs; arsebobs moswavlis Sefasebis formebis repertuari.
maswavlebeli unda cdilobdes, rom moswavleTa Sefasebis farTo repertuari hqondes.
Sefasebis formebi moswavleTa swavlis stilis, 21-e saukunis saswavlo gegmis Sesatyvisi
unda iyos, radgan am saukuneSi moswavleebma fiqri, problemebis gadaWra, komunikacia da
TanamSromloba unda iswavlon. cxadia, SefasebisTvis moklepasuxian testebze, esseebsa da
werilobiT angariSze (Tumca es ukanasknelnic Tavis Rirseul adgils SeinarCuneben) gacilebiT meti forma iqneba saWiro.
Cven ganvixilavT Sefasebis ramdenime instruments da swavleba/swavlis Sesatyvis stils.
yovel instruments Tavis adgili aqvs moklepasuxiani testis, essesa da werilobiTi angariSis CaTvliT. magram momaval maswavlebels Sefasebis sxvadasxva instrumentebis Seqmnisa
da gamoyenebis unaric unda hqondes. 16.7 sqemaze naCvenebia Sefasebis instrumentTa mTeli
repertuari da maTi urTierTkavSiri.

439

440

weriTi

ese

realur konteqstSi
CarTuli verbaluri/
weriTi kompleqsuri
mravalsafexuriani
problema

multimediuri
zepiri

angariSi

weriTi

rituali

kompleqsuri
proeqtebi/
gamofena

moswavleTa
produqtebis
Seswavla

namuSevris
nimuSebi

uSualo
Sesruleba

saqmianobaze
dakvirveba

kompiuteruli
simulacia

problemis
gadaWra

interviu

weriTi zepiri

zepiri

mokle pasuxi

testebi

TandaTan ufro kompleqsuri, mravalsafexuriani da mravaldisciplinaruli

Tavi 16

sqema 16.8: Sefasebis instrumentebi moswavlis saqmianobis Sesaxeb monacemebis Sesagroveblad.

Sefaseba

weriTi testebi
mokle pasuxebi
swavlebis praqtikaSi jer kidev gamoiyeneba moklepasuxiani testebi, Tumca maTi mniSvneloba realurad Zalze mcirea. miuxedavad `araavTentikurobisa~, moklepasuxiani testebi
inarCunebs mniSvnelobas faqtobrivi codnis Semowmebis TvalsazrisiT. isini sasargebloa,
Tu gvsurs moswavles ukukavSiri SevTavazoT faqtobrivi codnis Sesaxeb da ganvsazRvroT
samomavlo miznebi.
arapopularobis miuxedavad, moklepasuxiani testebi SeiZleba zepiric iyos. is moswavlis
Sefasebis individualizaciis saSualebaa, misi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia moswavleebma erTmaneTic Seafason.
rodesac kargi Sefasebis maxasiaTeblebs moklepasuxiani testirebis drosac viyenebT, moswavleebma ician warmatebis kriteriumebis arsi (magaliTad, yvela qveynisa da dedaqalaqis
uSecdomod codna). SesaZloa, maT Tvalyuri adevnon sakuTar progress, Sefasebis es monacemebi gaiTvaliswinon da zustad dagegmon, ra da rogor iswavlon kriteriumebis dasakmayofileblad.

esse
esse zepirad an weriT sruldeba. is moswavlisgan maRali donis azrovnebas da garkveuli
drois manZilze dagrovili informaciis gamoyenebas moiTxovs. esseSi moswavlem unda daicvas da gaamyaros sakuTari Sexeduleba sxvadasxva argumentebiT an aCvenos mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSiri movlenebsa da pirobebs, an qmedebebsa da Sedegebs Soris.
essem mniSnelovani roli unda Seasrulos Sefasebis procesSi, magram zepiri prezentaciebi ufro xSirad unda gamoviyenoT da imave kriteriumebiT unda SevafasoT organizeba,
argumentebis damajerebloba, winadadebis struqtura da a.S. qerim da samaram (Curry and Samara 1994) zepiri prezentaciis gzamkvlevi SeimuSaves:
Sesavali momxsenebeli ecnoba auditorias; aRwers Temas; xsnis proeqtis mizans;
msjelobs mosalodnel Sedegebze;
dasawyisi zogadad aRwers Temas; xazs usvams sakvanZo sakiTxebs da iwvevs auditorias;
Sua nawili ZiriTad sakiTxebs detalebiT amyarebs; gzadagza ajamebs; gardamaval
debulebebs ukavSirebs ZiriTad mosazrebebs; auditorias rTavs Sinaarsis ganxilvaSi;
Sejameba mimoixilavs ZiriTad sakiTxebs; msmenels mouwodebs qmedebisken/sTxovs
koncefciebis/Sexedulebebis/poziciis gamoxatvas.
Jestikulacia mxedvelobiTi kontaqti aqvs auditoriis yovel wevrTan; Sesatyvisad uWiravs Tavi; aqvs bunebrivi Jestikulacia/gamoxatva, saubris mkafio/kargad SerCeuli tempi;
vizualuri saSualebebis gamoyeneba _ ZiriTadi sakiTxebis xazgasasmelad; monacvleobiT, SezRudulad iyenebs.

441

Tavi 16

es gzamkvlevi SeiZleba moswavlemac gamoiyenos da maswavlebelmac, rogorc moswavleebisTvis saqmianobis Sesaxeb ukukavSiris kriteriumi. man SesaZlebelia maformirebeli gzamkvlevis rolic Seasrulos zepiri moxsenebebis momzadebisas.

problemis gadawyveta
ganaTlebisken mimarTul ZalisxmevaSi realur, cxovrebiseuli situaciebis amsaxvel
rTul problemebs SeiZleba SevxvdeT, rogorc saxelmwifo, ise raionul doneze. 16.8 cxrilSi motanilia magaliTi akademiuri progresis erovnuli Sefasebis sapilote kvlevis monacemebidan _ maRali donis saazrovno unarebis Sefasebis teqnika sabunebismetyvelo sagnebsa
da maTematikaSi (NAEP 1987).
amgvari davalebebi, rogorc wesi, mimzidvelia xolme moswavleebisTvis maTi pirovnuli
relevanturobis gamo. isini scildeba sityvasTan dakavSirebul tradiciul problemebs.
am SemTxvevaSi moswavle Tavad qmnis moqmedebaTa erTgvar gegmas an movlenaTa faqtobrivi
Sedegebis Sefasebis sqemas. mniSvnelovania, rogorc sakuTari gadawyvetilebis (problemis
gadaWris) axsna, aseve faqtobrivi pasuxi.
Sefasebis es forma moswavlis SesaZleblobaTa diapazons avlens. am SemTxvevaSi maT
moeTxovebaT monacemTa cxrilis interpretacia, qulebis analizi da ranJireba, mTlianad
saqmianobis Sefasebis wesis dadgena da misi axsna.

Sesruleba
saqmianobis Sefaseba Tavs uyris moswavlis Sesaxeb monacemebs TviT saqmianobis (`keTebis~)
procesSi (magaliTad, problemis gadaWra, mecnieruli eqsperimentis Catareba, naxazis Seqmna) da, amgvarad, Tavidan gvaridebs metyvelebis unarebis SesaZlo efeqtebs, rac ase mniSvnelovania tradiciuli testirebisas. es monacemebi informacias gvawvdis rogorc imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor Seasrula moswavlem operacia, ise saboloo Sedegze.

pirdapiri dakvirveba
moswavlis saqmianobaze uSualo dakvirvebas mravali dadebiTi mxare aqvs, Tumca drois da
fulis danaxarjebi xels uSlis mis gavrcelebas. moswavlis saqmianobaze uSualo dakvirveba
maswavlebels konkretulad sasurveli cvladis Sefasebis saSualebas aZlevs (damabneveli
cvladebis gverdis avliT, rogorc magaliTad, weriTi testirebis dros xdeba xolme). magaliTad, gvainteresebs, esmiT Tu ara moswavleebs cvladebis mniSvneloba mecnierebaSi da
SeuZliaT Tu ara am codnis gamoyeneba eqsperimentis dagegmvis da Catarebis dros. amisTvis
SesaZlebelia aseTi davaleba SevTavazoT.

442

Sefaseba

triatloni: monacemTa interpretacia

moswavleebma unda Seiswavlon sportis sam saxeobaSi monawile xuTi bavSvis monacemebi da gansazRvron gamarjvebuli. maT unda Camoayalibon monacemTa gamoTvlisa
da interpretaciis sakuTari xedva da axsnan, ratom SearCies konkretuli `gamarjvebuli~. maT sifrTxile unda gamoiCinon interpretaciisas, radgan dabali qulebis
mqoneT ukeTesi Sedegebi aqvT 50-iardiani distanciis garbenisas, xolo uaresi badros tyorcnisa da mZleosnobisas.

moswavlis Sefasebis furceli

jom, saram, xosem, zabim da kimma olimpiuri TamaSebis mowyoba gadawyvites da unda
SearCion SejibrebaTa saxeebi. jos da xoses mZleosnobasa da badros tyorcna surT,
saras, zabis da kims ki, sirbilSi Sejibri. amitom maT samive saxis Sejibrebis Catareba gadawyvites. samive TamaSi TanabarmniSvnelovania. erT dRes, gakveTilebis Semdeg
maT Sejibri Caatares, mSoblebi msajebi iyvnen da qulebs iwerdnen.
qvemoT mocemulia bavSvebis Sedegebi:
bavSvis saxeli

badros tyorcna

mZleosnoba

50-iardiani garbeni

jo
xose
kimi
sara
zabi

40 iardi
30 iardi
45 iardi
28 iardi
48 iardi

205 futi
170 futi
130 futi
120 futi
140 futi

9.5 wami
8.0 wami
9.0 wami
7.6 wami
8.3 wami

pasuxebi

(a) vin iqneba samive TamaSis erTpirovnuli gamarjvebuli?

(b) axseniT sakuTari gadawyvetileba.

Seamowme, srulad warmoaCine Tu ara mosazreba.

dasabuTeba

cxrili 16.9: problemis gadaWris unaris Sesafasebeli davaleba

Savelsonma da baqsterma (Shavelson and Baxter 1992) Seadgines davaleba, sadac moswavlem
unda gaarkvios, sami markis qaRaldis xelsaxocidan romeli ufro met wyals Seiwovs. am
davalebis amosaxsnelad, moswavleebs samive markis xelsaxocis erTi da igive zomis nimuSi urigdebaT. maT samive xelsaxoci bolomde unda gaJRinTon wyliT. Semdeg unda gazomon
ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Archibald, D and F.M.Newmann. Beyond Standardized Tests: Assessing Authentic Academic Achievement in
Secondary School. Reston, Va.: National Association of Secondary School Principals, 1988, pp.15-16. NASSP servisebisa da/an programebis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informaciisTvis dagvikavSirdiT (703) 860-0200.

443

Tavi 16

yoveli xelsaxocis mier Sewovili wylis raodenoba ori xerxiT: xelsaxocis awonviT an misgan gamowuruli wylis awonviT. Tu mxolod erTi saswori aqvT, yuradRebiT unda iyvnen, rom
erTi xelsaxocidan gamowuruli wylis narCeni SecdomiT meore xelsaxocs ar miaTvalon.

qaRaldis xelsaxocebis Sefasebis forma

moswavle

damkvirvebeli

qula

1. qaRaldis xelsaxocis dasvelebis meTodi

a) WurWeli

b) wveTebi

2. gaJRenTa a)ki

b)ara

g) langari

d) aranairi meTodi

g)kontrolirebuli (wylis

erTnairi rao

denoba samive xelsaxocze)

3. Sedegis gansazRvra
a)
b)
g)
d)
e)

xelsaxocis awonva
wylis gamowurva/misi awonva an moculobis dadgena
Sewovili an gamowuruli wylis gazomva
gaJRenTvisTvis saWiro wylis wveTebis raodenobis daTvla
ararelevanturi gazomvebi (mag. wlis Sewovis dro, wveTebis gavrcelebis
manZili, sisqis gazomva da a.S)
v) sxva
4. gaJRenTvis da/an gazomvis Tvalyuris devneba

ki

ara

odnav sveli
(-/+)

5. swori Sedegi
Sefaseba

meTodi

gaJRenTva

Sedegis
gansazRvra

sofrTxile
gazomvisas

Pswori pasuxebi

A
B
C
D
F

ki
ki
ki
ki
Seusabamo

ki
ki
kontrolirebuli
ara
ara

ki
ki
ki
Seusabamo
ararelevanturi

ki
ara
ki/ara
ki/ara
ki/ara

orive
erTi an orive
erTi an orive
erTi an orive
erTi an orive

cxrili 16.10: qaRaldis xelsaxocebis Sefasebis forma

aseTi davalebebisTvis SedarebiT advilia oqmis Sedgena, sadac aisaxeba, moswavli saqmianobis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi (Tanabari zomis nimuSebis SerCeva, yuradRebiT gazomva da awonva, Sedegebis Cawera. ix. cxrili 16.9). `rac mTavaria, Sefasebis sqemam unda moicvas moswavlis
mier gamoyenebuli procedura da, Sesabamisad, misi saqmianoba unda daaxasiaTos, rogorc
procesis, ise Sedegis TvalsazrisiT~, acxadeben Sevelsoni da baqsteri.
ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Shavelson, Richard J., Gail P. Baxter, and Jerome Pine. Performance Assessment in Science. In Applied Meausurement in Education 4, no. 4, Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlboum Associates, 1991, p. 353.

444

Sefaseba

mravali moswavlis farTomasStabiani standartizebuli Sefaseba (qaRaldis xelsaxocebis

amocanis msgavsi) ufro Zviria da met dros moiTxovs, vidre tradiciuli testireba qaRaldisa da fanqris gamoyenebiT. saklaso oTaxi yoveli aseTi davalebisTvis unda gadavawyoT,
xolo damkvirvebelma calkeuli moswavleebi unda Seafasos. siZviris miuxedavad, Savelsonis
da baqsteris kvlevam cxadyo, rom amgvarad warmarTuli Sefasebis procesi utyuar Sedegebs
gvaZlevs.2
es forma moswavleTa saazrovno unarebis imdenad pirdapir da realistur monacemebs
gvTavazobs, rom mniSvnelovania SerCevis meTodiT moswavleTa yovelwliuri Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom uaxloes momavalSi siZviris gamo ver SevZlebT pirdapiri
dakvirvebiT moswavleTa codnisa da unar-Cvevebis Sefasebas, SerCeviTobis es meTodi saimedo
statistikur monacemebs mogvcems.
calkeul maswavleblebs SeuZliaT pirdapiri dakvirvebis gamoyeneba moswavleTa saqmianobis
Sesafaseblad. magaliTad, maTematikis gakveTilze maswavlebels, albaT, sul orjer dasWirdeba dakvirveba moswavleze qveSmiweriT gayofis Sesrulebisas, rom mis codnaSi darwmundes.

kompiuteruli simulacia
moswavlis saqmianobaze dakvirveba ufro martivi da ekonomiuri rom gavxadoT, SegviZlia es
saqmianoba kompiuterul simulaciad vaqcioT. am SemTxvevaSi realur saqmianobaze dakvirvebis
msgavsad Tavidan avicilebT weriTi testirebis damabnevel cvladebs da konkretulad imas
SevafasebT, risi Sefasebac gvsurs. (es meTodi gamarTlebulia im SemTxvevaSi, roca moswavlem
icis kompiuterTan muSaoba).
Savelsonma (1992) SeimuSava davaleba, romelSic moswavlem saidumlo yuTebis SigTavsis
dasanaxad elementi, naTura da sadenebi wredSi unda SeaerTos.
Jerri - Page #1

Notes Box B has a Bulb in it

sqema 16.11: kompiuteruli simulacia SefasebisTvis.

2 aseve aRniSnaven, rom `saqmianobaze mravali faqtori moqmedebs, gansakuTrebiT, amocanis specifikuroba codnis TvalsazrisiT da amocanaze muSaobis procesSi moswavleTaTvis sakuTar saqmianobaze Tvalyuris devnebis
moTxovna. zogi amocana Tavisi arsiT imTaviTve ufro rTulia. kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, rom moswavleTa
nawils erTi davalebis Sesruleba ufro uadvildeba, nawils ki - meoris. Sesabamisad, davalebaTa garkveul
nawils ganzogadeba sWirdeba, raTa moswavleebma erTnairi TavdajerebulobiT SeZlon maTze muSaoba~ (gv. 358).

445

Tavi 16
moswavleebi eleqtruli wredis Sesaswavlad `makintoSis~ kompiuters iyenebdnen.
isini mausis meSveobiT aerTebdnen wreds, raTa gaegoT, ra iyo saidumlo yuTebSi [ix.
sqema 16.10].

xdeboda naTuris gamosxivebis intensivobis simulacia realur gare

wredSi. moswavleebi survilisamebr mraval wreds aerTebdnen. maT
aseve SeeZloT erTi dasrulebuli wredis ekranze gamotana SedarebisTvis. amocanis Sesrulebamde maswavlebeli moswavleebs acnobda pasuxebis Caweras, sadenis waSlas, samuSaos Senaxvas an ukve Sesrulebuli samuSaos naxvas (gv. 355).*
fizikaSi, qimiasa da maTematikaSi SemuSavebulma aseTive kompiuterulma davalebebma
cxadyo, rom es moswavleTa saqmianobis Sefasebis saxaliso da moqnili gzaa. aseTi Sefasebis
kidev erTi upiratesobaa is, rom moswavlem da maswavlebelma SeiZleba maTTvis xelsayrel
dros dagegmon amgvari davalebis Sesruleba.

saSinao davalebis rveulis Semcvlelebi

da bolos, moswavlis saqmianobis Sesaxeb uSualo monacemebis Tavmoyris kidev erTi meTodia davalebis rveuli, sadac is sakuTar qmedebebs da fiqrebs iwers. Savelsoni (1992, gv. 352)
aqebs am meTods, radgan is iafia da `moswavleebs sakuTari Tavis weris saSualebiT gamoxatvis saSualebas aZlevs, rac mniSvnelovani unaria~. gamocdil maswavlebels swrafad SeuZlia
rveulis Sefaseba. moswavlis unari gasagebad weros, damabnevel cvladad iqceva, Tuki Sefasebis mizani mxolod mecnierul azrovnebas ukavSirdeba.

moswavlis naSromis Semowmeba

zepiri, weriTi da multimediuri angariSebi
angariSi weris, metyvelebisa da komunikaciuri unarebis gamomJRavnebis saSualebaa. am
unarebis mqone moswavleebi angariSis saSualebiT maT warmoCensac SeZleben, xolo naklebad
daxelovnebulebs, warmosaCenic naklebi eqnebaT.
moxsenebis daweramde, moswavlem Tavi unda mouyaros da daalagos is informacia, romlis
safuZvelzec apirebs moxsenebis daweras. Semdeg unda dagegmos misi warmodgenis forma, rac
gulisxmobs Sesavlis, hipoTezebis, daskvnis Tanamimdevrobis dagegmvas.3 Txzulebis saSualebiT maswavlebeli amowmebs moswavlis azrovnebisa da komunikaciis unars, imas, Tu rogor
gaigo man moxsenebis momzadebisTvis saWiro informacia. moxseneba, rogorc produqtiuli
Sefasebis erT-erTi forma, xels uwyobs rogorc moswavlis, ise maswavleblis komunikaciis
unaris ganviTarebas.
moxsenebis saSualebiT moswavle avlens ZiriTadi codnis aTvisebas da asrulebs ufro
inteleqtualur samuSaos, vidre ubralod faqtebis citirebaa. amrigad, moxseneba informaciis miRma msjelobas da iseTi operaciebis Catarebas moiTxovs, rogoricaa kavSirebis
damyareba, daskvnis gakeTeba Sesatyvisad SerCeuli faqtebis safuZvelze, gaazrebuli da
safuZvliani prognozis an hipoTezebis daSveba, mosazrebis gamoTqma, varaudebis gamovlena
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Shavelson, Richard J., Gail P.Baxter, and Jerome Pine. Performance Assessment in Sciencee. In Applied Measurement in Education 4, no. 4, hillsdale, N.J.: Lowerence Erlbaum associates, 1991, P. 357.)

3 kvlevebma cxadyo, rom TviT monaxazis Sedgenisa da gadaxedvis procesi qmnis Txzulebaze muSaobis garkveul
safexurebs. moxsenebis wera, iseve rogorc SemoqmedebiTi weris sxva formebi, organizebuli procesi ar aris
`vwer, rac vici, rom gavigo, ras vfiqrob~ (Henry Glassie in Passing the Time in Bellymenone, an anthropological study of Irish
village life.)

446

Sefaseba

da originaluri kavSirebis damyareba. (Sesatyvisi gamocdilebiTa da xelmZRvanelobiT azrovnebis amgvar operaciebs, SesaZloa, dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebmac warmatebiT gaarTvan Tavi.) amrigad, moxseneba Tavisi bunebis gamo SegviZlia swavlebis organizebisa da saazrovno unarebis mZlavr instrumentad miviCnioT. Sesabamisad, moxsenebis dawera `swavlis
epizodi unda iyos~ (Wolf 1993).
moxsenebis weris unari Tandayolili ar aris, misi gamomuSaveba swavlebiT SeiZleba, risTvisac maswavlebelma moswavleebs moxsenebis weris procesis Semadgeneli komponentebi unda
gaacnos. Sefasebasa da moxsenebis daweris swavlebas Soris kavSiri nayofieri saqmianobis
modelia moswavleebs winaswar vacnobT kargi naSromis Seqmnis zust kriteriumebs.
swored aseve, zepiri an multimediuri moxsenebis Seqmnisas, magaliTisTvis unda gamoviyenoT yofili moswavleebis saukeTeso moxsenebebi da gavaanalizoT maTi dadebiTi mxareebi.
analizi gulisxmobs moxsenebis im konkretuli adgilebis xazgasmas, sadac Cans kargi naSromis kriteriumebi. magaliTad: `xedavT, es winadadeba rogor ajamebs wina oTxi abzacis ZiriTad azrs? zustad amas veli Tqveni moxsenebebidanac, rodesac Sevavseb kriteriumebis furclis grafas `Semajamebeli winadadeba~. SegiZliaT ipovnoT msgavsi winadadeba moxsenebis
meore nawilSi?~ axla ganvixiloT multimediuri moxsenebis magaliTi: `yuradReba miaqcieT,
ganwyobis Sesaqmnelad rogor aris gamoyenebuli musika moxsenebis dasawyisSi, xolo Semdeg jazidan nawyveti ganwyobis Sesacvlelad. ecadeT, Tqvenc moZebnoT Tqveni moxsenebis
ZiriTadi ideis Sesatyvisi musika~.
moswavlesa da maswavlebels Soris SeiZleba aseTi dialogi warimarTos:
maswavlebeli: ras ityvi am moswavlis mier vizualuri masalis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb?
moswavle:

me SevamCnie, rom yovel ZiriTad ideas axlda gansxvavebuli vizualuri gaformeba, sqema Tu naxati.

maswavlebeli:

marTalia, da zustad msgavs CanarTebs velodebi Senganac. vizualuri masala zustad unda esadagebodes Sen mier Camoyalibebul
Sexedulebas. Seni azriT, Sesabamisi iyo Tu ara vizualuri gaformeba am SemTxvevaSi?

moswavle:

rodesac man axsnis paralelurad sqema warmoadgina, es arc ise kargi Sexameba iyo ubralod feradad dabeWdili sityvebi iyo. magram
rodesac amboxebis fotosuraTi gamoiyena, naTlad aCvena Zaladobrivi ganwyoba.

demonstrireba
demonstrireba rTuli samuSaoa, romlis drosac moswavle maRali donis azrovnebis
unarebs avlens. meeqvse klaselTa mier konkretuli qveynis kulturis Sesaxeb zemoxsenebuli werilis dawera codnis demonstrirebaa. aseTi samuSaos warmatebiT Sesasruleblad moswavleebs mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi uwevT saWiro codnisa da unarebis ganviTareba. moswavleebs rubrikebis saSualebiT winaswar uxsnian warmatebuli samuSaos
kriteriumebs. amasTan, saboloo versiis Seqmnamde, isini ramdenime sacdel variantze
muSaoben.
ted saizeri (Ted Sizer) umaRlesi skolis xedvasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs, rom codnisa
da unarebis demonstrireba aris rogorc skolis damTavrebis piroba, ise saSualo skolaSi
moswavlis oTxwliani swavlis mizani. damamTavrebeli klasis yovelma moswavlem unda SeZlos
codnis demonstrireba minimaluri standartebis Sesabamisad.

447

Tavi 16

demonstrireba fakultetis wevrTa im dialogis Zlieri stimulia, romelic skoladamTavrebulis unarebs exeba. es unarebi umeteswilad moicavs maRali donis azrovnebas da komunikaciis unar-Cvevebs - `SeuZlia varaudis daSveba da Sexedulebis argumentireba naTeli
magaliTebiT~. skoladamTavrebulis unar-CvevebTan dakavSirebuli aseTi miznebi maswavleblebs sakuTari sagnis swavlebis gansxvavebulad dagegmvas aiZulebs. isini aseve uwyobs xels
fakultetebs Soris komunikacias da saswavlo gegmis integracias. `skolis damTavreba codnis demonstraciiT~ bunebrivad aerTianebs skolas da xels uwyobs swavlebis struqturis
daxvewas mniSvnelovani Sedegebis misaRwevad (Saphier and DAuria 1993).
codnis demonstrirebis mniSvneloba da sirTule gansxvavdeba skolebis mixedviT. sid
smitma (Sid Smith) da misma fakultetma bostonis saSualo skolaSi, mniSvnelovni nabiji gadadges, rodesac savaldebulo gaxades codnis demonstrireba orgverdiani Sexedulebis
dawera moswavleTa survilisamebr arCeul sakamaTo sakiTxze. `amiT safuZveli Caeyara saSualo skolebis valdebulebas, gadaewyitaT, ra unda scodnoda da SesZleboda moswavles saSualo skolis atestatis misaRebad. es iyo skolis Zalisxmevis pirveli nabiji yvela moswavlisTvis codnisa da unarebis sajaro demonstrirebis moTxovnis TvalsazrisiT~ (Smith 1993,
gv. 17). yvela skoladamTavrebulisTvis codnis gamovlenis moTxovna da misi rogorc kompetenciis da qulebis TvalsazrisiT Sefaseba, yvelasTvis amaRlebs arsebul standartebs.
mocemuli midgoma amyarebs rogorc skolis rwmenas, rom yvela moswavles SeuZlia maRali
standartebis miRweva, aseve am standartebis misaRwevad saWiro mizandasaxulobas.
16.11 cxrilSi Sejamebulia arCibaldisa da niumenis (Archbald and Newman) mier warmodgenili moTxovnebi codnis demonstrirebis mimarT.
am moculobis mravalaspeqtiani portfolios Sedgenas fakultetis wevrTa Zalisxmevis
mravli weli sWirdeba, rom Temebi, standartebi, Sesafasebeli rubrikebi da Sesrulebis procedurebi Camoyalibdes. skolam kargad uwyis am samuSaos sirTule, Tu mas ukve Camoyalibebuli aqvs skolis damTavrebisTvis saWiro moTxovnebi. cxadia isic, rom Sefasebis am sistemisTvis moswavleTa momzadebas skolis fakultetebis integracia da erToba sWirdeba. aseTia
avTentikuri Sefasebis sistemis aucilebeli piroba.

kargi Canawerebi
Canawerebs SesaZloa hqondes kiTxvaris, cnobaris, Jurnalis, calkeuli Canawerebis an
portfolios saxe. mTavaria, rom Canawerebis forma Sefasebis meTodologiisa da Sesafasebeli codnisa da unarebis Sesatyvisi iyos.

kiTxvari da cnobari
dawyebiT klasebSi maswavleblebi tradiciulad iyenebdnen kiTxvarebs, raTa Tvali adevnon moswavleTa codnisa da unarebis ganviTarebas (gamravlebis cxrili, marTlweris unarebi an wignierebis ganviTareba). 16.12 cxrilSi motanili kiTxvari warmoadgens CanawerTa
warmoebis instruments, sadac maswavlebeli iniSnavs moswavlis garkveuli qcevis ganviTarebis safexurebs.
kiTxvari im ideis matarebelia, rom mniSvnelovani akademiuri qceva droTa ganmavlobaSi viTardeba da SesaZlebelia Sefasdes kontiniumis `ganviTarebadi~ da `ganviTarebuli~
_ saSualebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi siebis umravlesoba wera-kiTxvis Sesafaseblad
gamoiyeneba, SemuSavda maTematikur da sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi kompetenciebis Sesafasebeli kiTxvarebic.

448

Sefaseba

demonstrirebis moTxovnebi
valden IIIis saSualo skolaSi, rasini viskonsini
portfolio. saswavlo wlis pirveli semestris ganmavlobaSi Sedgenili portfolio unda `asaxavdes da aanalizebdes skolis damamTavrebeli moswavlis cxovrebas~.
misi moTxovnebia:
1. werilobiTi avtobiografia, aRweriTi, introspeqtuli da analitikuri. SesaZlebelia daerTos skolis Canawerebi da monawileobis amsaxveli sxva indikatorebic.
2. samuSaos asaxva, ufrosklaselis cxovrebaSi muSaobis gamocdilebis mniSvnelobis analizi. SesaZlebelia daerTos reziumec.
3. aranakleb ori sarekomendacio werili, romelsac moswavlis mier SerCeuli
adamiani dawers.
4. monacemebi kiTxvis Sesaxeb, romelic moicavs bibliografias, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi anotacias da moxsenebas ori mciretaniani wignis Sesaxeb. SesaZlebelia kiTxvis testirebis qulebis darTvac.
5. ese eTikis Sesaxeb, romelSic aRwerilia mosazrebebi eTikis Sesaxeb da moswavlis sakuTari eTikuri kodeqsi.
6. xelovnebis nimuSi, werilobiTi moxseneba xelovnebaze an ese mxatvruli standartebis Sesaxeb, romelic asaxavs xelovnebis konkretuli dargis nimuSis
xarisxs.
7. werilobiTi analitikuri moxseneba masmediis Temaze, ra an vin akontrolebs
masmedias, masmediis miznebi da Sedegebi. SesaZlebelia daerTos masmediasTan
dakavSirebuli konkretuli gamocdilebac.
8. werilobiTi Sejameba da mecnierebaSi/teqnologiebSi moswavlis sakurso naSromis Sefaseba; mecnieruli eqsperimentebis werilobiTi aRwera, sadac naCvenebi iqneba mecnieruli meTodis gamoyeneba; analitikuri ese (magaliTebiT) mecnierebisa da teqnologiis socialur Sedegebze; da ese kompiuteris bunebisa da
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi.
proeqti. damamTavrebeli klasis yovelma moswavlem biblioTekaSi arsebul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT unda daweros moxseneba, romelSic gaaanalizebs amerikis istoriul movlenas an Temas. analizSi Sesaxlebelia gamoyenebuli iyos SedarebiTi
midgoma. prezentaciis dros moswavle mzad unda iyos amerikis istoriis Sesaxeb
Tematuri kiTxvebisTvis.

cxrili 16.12: demonstrirebis moTxovnebi valden IIIis saSualo skolaSi

ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Archibald, D., and F. M. Newmann. Beyond Standardized Tests: Assessing Authentic Academic Achievement
on Secondary School. Reston, Va.: National Association of Secondary School Principles, 1988, pp. 24-25

449

Tavi 16

prezentacia. portfolios zemoT mocemuli 8 komponenti da proeqti moswavlem

unda warmoadginos zepirad da werilobiT.aucilebelia eqvsi damatebiTi zepiri
prezentaciac. SesaZlebelia damxmare dokumentebis an sxva masalebis gamoyeneba.
Sefaseba emyareba prezentaciis dros codnisa da unarebis demonstrirebas qvemoT
CamoTvlil sferoebSi.

9. maTematikuri codnisa da unarebis demonstrireba xdeba kursis Sefasebebis,

testirebis Sedegebis da samuSao furclebis safuZvelze; aseve prezentaciis
dros dasmul SekiTxvebze pasuxiT.
10. mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb codna warmoCenili unda iyos Semdeg sakiTxebze msjelobiT: mTavrobis miznebi da daniSnuleba, individisa da xelisuflebis kavSirurTierToba; politikuri institutebis idealebi, funqciebi da problemebi; SerCeuli Tanamedrove sakiTxi an politikuri movlena. SesaZlebelia
damxmare masalebis gamoyenebac.
11. personaluri gamocdilebis demonstrireba moswavlisgan moiTxovs prezentaciis mofiqrebasa da organizebas sazogadoebaSi zrdasrulis sasicocxlo
moTxovnilebebze pirovnuli srulyofilebis, socialuri unarebisa da praqtikuli kompetenciebis kuTxiT; aseve msjelobas sakuTari yoveldRiuri sasicocxlo unarebis (janmrTeloba, saojaxo ekonomika, meqanika da sxv.) Rirsebebsa da naklovanebebze da interpersonalur urTierTobebze.
12. geografiis codnis demonstrireba unda moxdes disciplinis ZiriTadi principebisa da sakiTxebis momcveli prezentaciiT; reliefis ZiriTadi formebis,
adgilebisa da saxelwodebebis gansazRvriT; geografiuli informaciis mecnieruli da socialuri mniSvnelobis gaazrebiT.
13. komisias aseve unda waredginos skoladamTavrebulis mier fizikuri normativis warmatebiT Sesrulebis damadasturebeli sabuTi.
14. inglisuri enis codnis (weriTi da zepiri) demonstracia virtualurad yvela
portfoliosa da proeqtSi vlindeba. SesaZlebelia kompetenciis damadasturebeli sxva damatebiTi masalebis warmodgenac.

cxrili 16.12: gagrZel eba

450

yy

(motivacia)

yy

gamoxatavs survils, Tavad hqondes wigni an iTxovos sxvisgan

yy

wasakiTx wignebs irCevs teqstis sirTulis gauTvaliswineblad

Tavisuflad
gamovlenili

kiTxva

ganviTarebadi

erTjeradad
gamovlenili

Sefaseba

rCevs wignis an moTxrobis wakiTxvas

Tan aqvs wigni, romelsac Tavisufal dros kiTxulobs

uyalibdeba sxvadasxva literaturuli Janrisa Tu avtoris mimarT damokidebuleba

yy

yy

(mosmena)
sul ufro xangrZlivad usmens xmamaRla wakiTxul moTxrobebs
moTxrobas ismens ise, rom ar awyvetinebs
(teqstis gaformeba)
Txzulebis kiTxvis dros esmis rTuli punqtuacia (brWyalebi, abreviatura
da a.S)

yy

iZens xatovani gamoTqmebis Sesaxeb codnas

(lingvistika)

yy

ucxo sityvebis SemTxvevaSi miniSnebaTa yvela sistemas dabalansebulad da

yy

kiTxvisas daSvebul Secdomebs Tavadve asworebs

yy

siZneleebis dros iyenebs sxvadasxva strategiebs (mag., bolomde wakiTxvis

integrirebulad iyenebs (mag., konteqsti, suraTi, aso/bgeriT miniSneba)

Semdeg xelaxla gadaikiTxavs winadadebas [xelaxla wakiTxvis strategia],

ucnob sityvas Caanacvlebs nacnobi sityviT da a.S.

yy

xelaxla kiTxulobs, damatebiTi informaciis mopovebis, ukeT wvdomis an ubralod siamovnebis miRebis mizniT

yy

nacnob masalas kiTxulobs xmamaRla da eqspresiulad, mniSvnelobis

ukeT aRsaqmelad
cxrili 16.13: Sefasebis kiTxvari

Sedgenilia kembrijis sajaro skolis maswavleblebis mier, kembriji masaCusetsi

451

Tavi 16

aseTi kiTxvarebi SefasebisTvis sasargeblo komponentia, radgan maswavlebels, moswavlesa da mSobels kompaqturi formiT acnobs moswavlis mier codnisa da unarebis
dauflebis dones da gansazRvravs samomavlo miznebsac. Tumca am monacemebis moswavleebisTvis gaziarebisas garkveuli sifrTxilec gvmarTebs cxrilis carieli ujrebis
danaxvam zogierTi maTgani SeiZleba daafrTxos, radgan CaTvlis, rom usazRvrod didi
moculobis masala jer kidev asaTvisebeli aqvs.

Jurnalebi da epizoduri Canawerebi

moswavlis saqmianobis aRwera xSirad ufro mosaxerxebelia epizoduri Canawerebis
saSualebiT. aseTi Canawerebi dakvirvebis mraval aspeqts moicavs, dawyebuli moswavlis
socialuri qceviT, damTavrebuli monawileobis an wakiTxuli wignis interpretaciis unariT. hili da ruptiki (Hill and Ruptic 1994) Canawerebis warmoebis iseT formebs aRweren,
rogoric aris sxvadasxvagvari saqaRaldeebi, baraTebi, kompiuteri, webovani qaRaldebi
da a.S.
rac ufro xSirad iwers maswavlebeli moswavlis Sesaxeb informacias, miT ufro nayofieria qcevaze dakvirveba. epizoduri Canawerebis warmoeba ufro efeqtiania individualuri da gamorCeuli movlenis Casawerad. 16.13 cxrili individualuri, originaluri
Canawerebis magaliTs gviCvenebs.
16.14 cxrilSi naCvenebi Canaweris forma gamovlenili unarebis aRricxvisTvis gamoiyeneba, Tumca masSi epizoduri SeniSvnebisTvisac aris adgili.
dakvirvebis Sesaxeb Canawerebis formis arCevamde maswavlebelma unda gadawyvitos,
ris Sefaseba surs. Canawerebis meqanizmi siadvilis, sicxadis, xelmisawvdomobisa da Sesatyvisobis kriteriumebs unda pasuxobdes.

portfolio
portfolio aris `moswavlis namuSevrebis mniSvnelovani nakrebi, romelic konkretul sferoSi mis Zalisxmevas, progressa da miRwevebs asaxavs~ (Stiggins and Conklin 1992). is
maswavleblisTvis moswavlis saqmianobaze dakvirvebisa da misi srulyofis Sesaxeb monacemTa erTgvari bazaa. portfolio moswavlis xelSesaxeb namuSevarTa nakrebic aris, romelic nebismier Sefasebaze da Seqebaze ukeT warmoaCens moswavlis miRwevebs mSoblebisTvis da TviT moswavleebisTvis.
`SerCevis meqanizmi aris is niSani, romelic portfolios saqaRaldis an namuSevarTa sxvagvari nakrebisgan gamoarCevs. miznis an miznebis mixedviT portfolioSi Sesuli
namuSevrebi asaxavs am miznis mimarTulebiT progress. is moswavlis yvela namuSevris
garkveuli mizniT Tavmoyrili erTgvari qveerTobaa (Mitchell 1992, gv. 107). portfolio
imiT aris mniSvnelovani, rom moswavle TviTSefasebis safuZvelze Tavad arCevs, ra `moxvdeba~ masSi da ra ara.
maswavlebels gadamwyveti funqcia akisria, radgan is sTavazobs moswavleebs kiTxvebs,
romelTa mixedviTac namuSevrebi unda aarCion. ruT miCeli gvTavazobs kiTxvebs, romlebic SesaZlebelia aseTi arCevanis gakeTebisas moswavleebis dasafiqreblad gamoviyenoT:
1. ratom airCie maincdamainc es naSromi? riT gamoirCeva is Seni sxva namuSevrebisgan?
2. ras xedav am naSromSi gansakuTrebuls?

452

Sefaseba

3. am naSromis weris dros, ra iyo SenTvis gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani?

4. ra iswavle am naSromze muSaobis dros?
5. ras izamdi, am naSromis ganvrcobis saSualeba rom gqonoda?
6. ra saxis naSromis dawera ginda momavalSi?
7. axla, rodesac Seni naSromebs gadaxede da am kiTxvebs upasuxe, SegiZlia gamoyo
romelime konkretuli meTodi an interesis sfero, romelzec momavalSi isurvebdi muSaobas? daasaxele es meTodi/sfero. (gv. 110)
es kiTxvebi gviCvenebs rogor amzadebs portfolio safuZvels miznebis dasaxvisa da
TviTSefasebisTvis. bolo SekiTxva ki, faqtobrivad, moswavles miznebis dasaxvas sTxovs.
portfolio
mSobelTa
CarTulobis
portfolio mSobelTa CarTulobis mZlavr sa
mZlavr saSualebasac gvTavazobs. SesaZleSualebas gvTavazobs.
belia is maswavlebelma periodulad gaugzavnos mSoblebs gasacnobad. Semdeg sTxovos misweron (an sxva fromiT Seatyobinon) maswavlebels imis Taobaze, Tu ra SeamCnies,
moewonaT an ram daafiqraT Svilis namuSevrebTan dakavSirebiT. ketrin hovardsi (Kathryn
Howard) 16.15 cxrilSi mocemul formas iyenebs mSoblebis CarTvis mizniT.
TviTSefasebasa da miznebis dasaxvaSi moswavleTa CarTvis unari portfolios nebismier saganSi Sefasebis sasurvel instrumentad aqcevs. naiTi (Knight 1992) da sxvebi gvidastureben rogor exmareba moswavleebs TviTanalizsa da miznebis dasaxvaSi sakuTari
saukeTeso namuSevrebis Senaxva da demonstrireba.
TviTanalizisa da refleqsiis klimatis Seqmnas Tavisi `danaxarjebi~ aqvs. erT-erTi
avtori wers:
portfolio Tavgzas girevs. is moswavlesTan intimur da xSirad SemaSfoTeblad
subieqtur saubars moiTxovs. es namuSevris erT-erTi saxeobaa. maswavleblebi,
romlebic moswavleebs sakuTar winsvlaze dakvirvebas sTxoven, iZulebuli arian
TxovniT an moTxovniT daiyolion urCebi. moswavleTa naxevarze meti Seusrulebel davalebas `kargavs~. kidev ufro sayuradReboa is, rom maswavleblebi xSirad
didi Zalisxmevis Sedegad Tu axerxeben moswavleTa namuSevrebis wakiTxvas da mis
arsSi wvdomas. amitom, Cndeba rTuli kiTxvebi: `ratom unda Seviwuxo Tavi? ra
azri aqvs portfolios safuZvelze Sefasebas?~ pasuxi aseTia: es aris integrirebuli da zusti informacia imis Sesaxeb, rogor da ras swavlobs moswavle (Wolf
1992).

453

Tavi 16

epizoduri Canawerebi

cxrili 16.14: epizoduri Canawerebis ori magaliTi

ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Hill, Bonnie Campbell, and Cynthia Ruptic. Practical Aspects of Authentic Assessment. Norwood, Mass.:
Christocher-Gordon Publishers, 1994, pp.59-60. Copyright 1994 by Christocher-Gordon Publishers. yvela ufleba daculia.

454

Sefaseba

epizoduri Canawerebi

cxrili 16.14: gagrZeleba

455

Tavi 16

kiTxvis Sesaxeb Canawerebi

moswavle

Sesabamisi done

TariRi: 12/8

TariRi: 12/17

TariRi:

TariRi:

TariRi:

TariRi:

saxelwodeba:

saTauri:

saTauri:

saTauri:

saTauri:

saTauri:

instr
uqciuli

damouk
idebeli

strategiebi:
mTliani Sinaarsi
naxatebiT
miniSneba
paterni
sakvanZo
sityvebi
pirveli aso
gaSifvra
konteqstis
miniSneba
ubrundeba
gamotovebul
adgilebs
xelmeored
kiTxulobs

Tavisuflad
kiTxulobs
gamoTqmiT
kiTxulobs
sityva-sityviT
igebs
SeuZlia
interpretacia
iyenebs naswavl
strategiebs

komentarebi

gaSifvra: + mudmivad
zogjer

cxrili 16.15 kiTxvis Sesaxeb Canawerebi

ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Hill, Bonnie Campbell, and Cynthia Ruptic. Practical Aspects of Authentic Assessment. Norwood. Mass.: Christopher-Gordon Publishers, 1994, pp. 110, 112. Copyright 1994 by Christopher-Gordon Publisher. yvela ufleba daculia.

456

TariRi da
saTauri

komentarebi

aTvisebuli unarebi
da strategiebi

Tavisuflad

varaudis doneze
gageba

gaSifvra: + Zalian kargi

saSualo
- muSaoba sWirdeba

faqtobrivi
gageba

Sefaseba

cxrili 16.15 gagrZeleba

457

Tavi 16

moswavle
mkiTxveli
TariRi
gTxovT, gaecnoT Tqveni Svilis yvela namuSevars, maT Soris monaxazebsa da komentarebs. Tqvens winaSea namuSevris yvela `etapi~ - dawyebuli monaxazidan, damTavrebuli
saboloo produqtiT. yovel maTgans axlavs maswavleblis da moswavlis komentarebi
Temis da weris procesis Sesaxeb. aseve, naxavT kiTxvarebs, sadac moswavle Tavad afasebs
weris sust da Zlier mxareebs.
Cven gvjera, rom moswavleebi yvelaze ukeT TviTon afaseben sakuTar namuSevars,
Tumca kiTxvarebi maT namuSevris naklovanebebsa da Rirsebebze dafiqrebaSi exmarebaT.
saqaRaldis gacnobis Semdeg daelaparakeT Svils namuSevrebis Sesaxeb. amasTan,
gTxovT ramdenime wuTi dauTmoT Semdeg kiTxvebze pasuxs:

yyTqveni Svilis nawerebidan, romeli metyvelebs yvelaze ukeT mis SesaZleblobebze?

yyras geubnebaT is?
yyTqveni azriT, ra Rirseba aqvs Tqveni Svilis nawerebs?
yyTqveni azriT, romel aspeqts unda mieqces yuradReba misi SesaZleblobebis gasaviTa-

reblad?
yyra zogadi rCevebi SegiZliaT SemogvTavazoT mTeli klasis weriTi unarebis ganviTarebisTvis?
yysxva ra komentarebi an rCevebi gaqvT?

madlobas mogaxsenebT, rom dro ar daiSureT sakuTari Svilis weriTi unarebis

ganviTarebisTvis.

cxrili 16.16: mSobelTa mier portfolios ganxilva da refleqsia*

judiT uoren liTlma (Judith Warren Little) erT-erTi intervius dros ganacxada (Sparks
1993), rom personalis ganviTarebis yvelaze mZlavri saSualeba iqneboda maswavlebelTa jgufis oTaxSi Sekreba da moswavleTa namuSevrebis gacnoba. misi azriT, moswavlis faqtobrivi
saqmianobis Rirsebebis SedarebiTa da masze msjelobiT, maswavleblebi standartebis Sesaxeb
sakuTar warmodgenas ganiviTareben; amas garda, isini CaerTvebian msjelobaSi imis Sesaxeb,
Tu swavlis romeli strategiebi gamoiyenon moswavleTa specifikuri unarebis ganviTarebisTvis.
Cveni gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom msgavs situaciaSi maswavleblebi erTad ayalibeben
swavlis strategiebs. moswavleTa naSromebis koleqtiuri Semowmebisas maT Soris avTentikuri da nayofieri saubrebi imarTeba, rac maTi namdvili TanamSromlobis sawindari xdeba.
moswavleTa namuSevrebis portfolioebi organizebuli formis nedli masalaa amgvari kolegialuri muSaobisa da saswavlo gegmis ganviTarebisTvis. safuZvliani iqneba vivaraudoT,
rom moswavleTa portfolioebis gamoyenebas maswavlebelTa Soris kolaboraciuli muSaobis xelSewyoba SeuZlia. es namdvilad sasargeblo gamocdileba iqneba im skolebisTvis, romlebic kolaboraciuli kulturis Seqmnas cdiloben.
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. The Free Press, a division of Simon & Schuster from Kathryn Howard in Testing For Learning: How New Approaches to Evaluation Can Improve American Schools by Ruth Mitchell. Copyright 1992 by Ruth Mitchell, p. 112.

458

Sefaseba

teqnikuri gamarTulobis kriteriumebi

Sefasebis teqnikuri gamarTuloba gulisxmobs validobas (namdvilad afasebs Tu ara imas
risi Sefasebac gvinda?) da saimedoobas (igive Sedegs an qulebs miviRebdiT Tu ara ganmeorebiTi Sefasebisas?). rTuli saqmianobis Sesafaseblad validoba Zalze mniSvnelovani kriteriumia. nebismieri SefasebiTi davaleba moswavlisagan qcevaTa farTo speqtrs moiTxovs:
miTiTebebis wakiTxva an mosmena, informaciis Tavmoyra iseTi wyaroebidan, romelic iniciativas da Seupovrobas moiTxovs, informaciaze dayrdnobiT kognituri qmedeba da bolos
Sedegis gamoxatva werilobiT, zepirad an sxva formiT. rac ufro rTulia aseTi davaleba,
miT ufro hgavs jaWvs, romelSic susti rgoli misi gawyvetis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes. sirTules Sefasebis swavlebisa da swavlis SesaZleblobad gamoviyenebis faqti qmnis. Sefasebis
niSnulebi `daostatda/jer ar miuRwevia ostatobisTvis~ miRwevis garkveuli mniSvnelovani
donis aRmniSvnelia da ar unda Seicavdes moswavlis qcevis iseT xelSemSlel cvladebs,
romelsac kavSiri ara aqvs gasazom sididesTan. magaliTad, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi
codnis Sesamowmeblad eses gamoyenebam, romelic TavisTavad sasargeblo gamocdilebaa, SesaZlebelia bundovani gaxados mikroskopis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli moswavlis codnis
Sesaxeb monacemebi.
qvemoT mocemulia is kiTxvebi, romelzec dadebiTi pasuxi unda gvqondes teqnikurad
gamarTuli Sefasebis dros. am kiTxvebiT vamowmebT Sefasebis kriteriumebs, motanili davalebis sidides, obieqturobas, saimedoobas da validobas, esenia:

gansazRvruli gvaqvs Tu ara testirebamde da testirebis Semdeg sazomebi? (moswavlis

qceva swavlebis dawyebamde unda Sefasdes, raTa gavigoT, xom ar icis man ukve masala
an misi nawili.)

swavlaSi

winsvlis Sesamowmeblad swavlebis dasrulebidan garkveuli drois Semdeg

meordeba Tu ara Sefaseba?

sakmarisia Tu ara kiTxvebis/sakiTxebis raodenoba imisTvis, rom SemTxveviTma Secdomam xeli ar SegviSalos moswavlis codnisa da unarebis SemowmebaSi?

obieqturadaa Tu ara Sefaseba Sedgenili, gavlenis da damabneveli faqtorebis gareSe?

obieqturad, mikerZoebis, gareSe da guldasmiT xdeba Tu ara Sefaseba?

zustia Tu ara Sefaseba?
Sefasebis meqanizmi Seesabameba Tu ara swavlis sxvadasxva stilis moswavleebs da asax-

avs Tu ara maT mravalgvar inteleqts? iTvaliswinebs Tu ara Sefaseba kulturul

Taviseburebebs?4

informaciuli Setyobinebis sistemebi

Sefasebis erT-erTi funqciaa mSoblebisa da sazogadoebis informireba moswavlis
Sefasebis erT-erTi funqciaa mSoblebisa da
winsvlis Sesaxeb. Sefasebis gamarTuli sistesazogadoebis informireba moswavlis winsvlis
ma mSoblebs mniSvnelovan informacias awvdis
Sesaxeb.
Svilebis skolaSi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb ra
iswavles da ra unarebi ganiviTares. cifrebiT an asoebiT gamoxatuli Sefaseba maT aseT in4 madlobas vuxdiT lin stuarts (Lynn Stuart) am mosazrebisTvis.

459

Tavi 16

formacias ver awvdis. es ucnobi kriteriumebis nakrebis mixedviT maTi Svilebis Sefasebis
bundovani indikatorebia. metic, is normaluri ganawilebis mrudze maTi Svilebis `mdebareobas~ asaxavs; mxolod imas uCvenebs, ramdenad warmatebulad gaarTva moswavlem Tavi sxvebTan
SedarebiT da ara mis realur codnas.
moswavlis moRvaweobis Sedegebi mSoblebisTvis unda moicavdes portfolios, kiTxvarebs, rubrikebs da calkeul komentarebs. am saxiT miwodebuli angariSi xels Seuwyobs mSoblebis aqtiur CarTulobas Svilis swavlebis procesSi.
aRiarebulia, rom bavSvebi ukeT swavloben, rodesac mSoblebi skolis Tanamoazreebi da
partniorebi arian. es SeuZlebelia, Tu mSoblebs ar eqnebaT informacia imis Sesaxeb, ra da
rogor unda iswavlon maTma Svilebma. swored aseve ukukavSiri da avTentikuri Sefasebis
safuZvelze warmodgenili angariSi mSobels specifiur informaciasa da gasaRebs sTavazobs,
raSi da rogor daexmaros Svils. niSnebis sistemaze agebuli verc erTi Sefaseba ver qmnis
warmatebuli swavlisTvis ase mniSvnelovan ojaxisa da skolis TanamSromlobas.
niSnis sistemaze uars mxolod imitom ar amboben, rom umaRles saswavlebelSi Casabareblad aucilebelia skolis niSnebis furclis wardgena. saSualo skolaSi klasis ranJireba
da niSnebiT Sefaseba mxolod umaRlesi saswavleblis moTxovnis gamo grZeldeba. marTlac
asea es Tu ara? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema alfi konma (Alfie Kohn 1995) scada:
`Cems bolodroindel naSromze muSaobisas - `dasja jildoTi~ - werili mivwere
harvardis da braunis misaRebi komisiis Tavmjdomareebs, sadac vekiTxebodi: `ganixilavdnen Tu ara ganacxads iseTi skoladamTavrebulisgan, romelsac niSnebiT
Sefasebis nacvlad Sesrulebuli samuSaos xarisxis mixedviT hqonda Sefaseba?~ pasuxad momweres, rom isini siamovnebiT iReben aseT studentebs, radgan am SemTxvevaSi maT gacilebiT meti informacia aqvT moswavleze, vidre mSrali quliT - 3.6
Sefasebisas. saxelmwifo skolebSi es sakiTxi kidev ufro rTulad dgas, sadac
fsevdoargumenti aseTia: `iZulebulebi varT bavSvebs swavlis interesi movuspoT,
radgan umaRlesi saswavlebeli ase iTxovs~. Tu CauRrmavdebiT, saqme kidev ufro
rTulad aris (Kohn 1995).

asoebiTa da cifrebiT Sefasebis dasacavad wamoyenebuli meore argumentis mixedviT am

SemTxvevaSi ufro advilia saboloo qulis gamoyvana da sxvadasxva skolebis efeqtianobis
Sedareba.
amJamad, mSoblebi arcTu did interess iCenen angariSebisa da rubrikebis mimarT. maTi
umravlesoba asoebiT Sefasebis simartiviT kmayofildeba, radgan ufro SeCveulebic arian
da mTavar kiTxvaze pasuxic aqvT: `rogor swavlobs Cemi Svili?~ asoebiT Sefaseba mokle pasuxebs gvaZlevs: `kargad swavlobs~ (Cemi Svili `A~ Sefasebas iRebs); `saSualod swavlobs~
(`B~ Sefasebas iRebs); `cudad swavlobs~ (`C~ da `D~ Sefasebebs iRebs). amgvar monacemebze
mSoblebic swrafad da martivad reagireben: jildo an Seqeba kargad swavlisTvis da dasja
an akrZalva cudad swavlisTvis. aseTi angariSi gamoricxavs mSobelTa CarTulobas Svilis
ganaTlebis procesSi. mxolod Svilis namuSevris zedmiwevniT Semowmebis da calkeul `etalonTan~ (sasurvelis specifikur kriteriumebTan) SedarebiT SeiZleba dainaxos mSobelma
Svilis daxmarebis gza.
avTentikuri angariSis am moTxovnasTan dakavSirebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia realuri faqtorebic: dro, martoxeloba, or adgilze momuSave mSoblebi. maT Svilis winsvlis Sesaxeb
informaciis miReba swrafad surT da, Sesabamisad, maTTvis mizanSewonilia angariSis iseTi
sistemebi, romlebic ar iqneba daxunZluli Svilis namuSevrebis mravalferovani nimuSebiTa
da rubrikebiT. maswavlebelma mcire droSi unda SeZlos moswavlis sakvanZo namuSevrebis
wardgena da xarisxiani naSromis kriteriumebis axsna. mSoblebi saTanadod daafaseben maswavleblis aseT Zalisxmevas da dros ar dainaneben swavlaSi Svilebis dasaxmareblad.

460

Sefaseba

maswavleblebisa da mSoblebisaTvis amgvari informaciuli, magram drois TvalsazrisiT

efeqtiani sistemis standartebis aRwerisas viginsi (Wiggins 1996) wers:
droTa ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovani xdeba imis garkveva, aqvs Tu ara jons SesamCnevi
winsvla avTentikuri standartebis da ara im niSnebis mixedviT, romelTa werac eadvilebaT maswavleblebs. arc calkeuli qula da arc niSani adekvaturi ukukavSiri ar
aris. sasargeblo angariSi moswavlis saqmianobas mis calkeul elementebTan kavSirSi aRwers: siuzani warmatebiT asrulebs laboratoriul samuSaos, magram uWirs testebi; is Zalian akuratulad da keTilsindisierad asrulebs saSinao davalebebsac.
jemis garkveulwilad uWirs laboratoriuli samuSao, magram sagnis codnas avlens;
testebs advilad arTmevs Tavs, Tu droulad asrulebs, saSinao davalebac kargad
gamosdis, Tumca daudevar Secdomebsac uSvebs xolme.

Semdeg is iseTi angariSebis modelebs warmogvidgens, romlebic detalurad aRwers moswavlis saqmianobas. am procesSi is samgvar monacemebs gamoyofs: miRwevis done, namuSevris
xarisxi da progresi:
miRwevis done moswavlis saqmianobis srulyofilebaze mianiSnebs. namuSevris xarisxi
moswavlis mier Sesrulebuli produqtis xarisxis sazomia. progresi ukumimarTulebiT izomeba. is SeiZleba mravalwliani kontinuumis gaswvriv sqemis saxiT warmovidginoT, ase rom me-3 klasels ecodineba sakuTari miRwevebi me-5 da (zogjer) me12 klasis standartebis mimarTac, zustad ise, rogorc es gvxdeba saqmianobis iseT
sferoebSi, rogoricaa: yvinTva, Wadraki da orkestri.

Sedeg mas mohyavs SesaniSnavi magaliTi, romelic naCvenebia 16.17 cxrilSi.

rac ufro muqia toni, miT ufro xSirad saqmianobs moswavle am doneze. es formati mSoblebsac da moswavleebsac saSualebas aZlevs erTi SexedviT gansazRvros moswavlis SesaZleblobebis zeda zRvari da misi saqmianobis doneTa diapazoni. doneTa am zolebis qvemoT mocemulia moswavlis progresis Sesaxeb mokle komentarebi klasis warmatebasTan mimarTebaSi.
marjvniv mocemulia davalebebis saxeebi da raodenoba da maTi Sesrulebis dros gamovlenili susti da Zlieri mxareebi. es informacia Tavmoyrilia erT furcelze da vizualuradac
mkafiod asaxavs moswavlis saqmianobas.
angariSis furclis ukana mxareze axsnilia moswavlis saqmianobis cxra donis mniSvneloba.
is moicavs yovel doneze moswavlis saqmianobis, rubrikebisa da maswavleblis komentarebis
nimuSebs. amgvarad, viginsma moswavlis Sefasebis angariSis sistemis kriteriumTa nakrebi
SeimuSava:

moswavlis saqmianobis dayofa elementebad da ara erTi mTlianis (mag., `metyvelebis

xelovneba~) aRwera.

damoukidebeli

angariSis Seqmna moswavlis miRwevis donis, namuSevris xarisxis da

progresis Sesaxeb (16.17 sqemaze mocemuli nimuSi Tanamimdevrulobis Sesaxebac gvawvdis informacias).

safuZvlad udevs saqmianobis yoveli donis zusti aRwera sxvadasxva klasisTvis, romelic mocemulia mSoblebisaTvis gankuTvnil broSurebSi.

angariSTa aseTi sistemis Seqmnas uamravi Zalisxmeva da dro sWirdeba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu is moicavs broSuras mSoblebisTvis, sadac aRwerili iqneba saqmianobis magaliTebi
yovel doneze da maswavleblis komentarebi imis asaxsnelad, rogor pasuxobs naSromi an magaliTi mocemul dones. sanam raRac axalsa da sasargeblos ar gamovcdiT, mis saWiroebas ver
vxvdebiT da rac ufro sasargebloa, miT ufro vrwmundebiT, rom mis gareSe cxovreba SeuZlebelia. zogierTma kritikosma, SesaZloa, aseTi pozicia gulubryvilod miiCnios, radgan

461

Tavi 16

sjeraT, rom adamianTa umravlesoba yovelTvis iol gzas irCevs: Sefasebis tradiciul
sistemas. Cveni azriT, mSoblebs, rogorc
wesi, damatebiTi monacemebis mopoveba surT,
rom Svilebs warmatebul saqmianobasa da
maRali standartebis miRwevaSi daexmaron. aseTi monacemebi mxolod maSin gaxdeba xelmisawvdomi, rodesac Sefasebisa da angariSis sistemebs avTentikuri fesvebi eqneba.

mSoblebisTvis gankuTvnil angariSTa sru

lyofil sistemas sakuTari bazris Seqmna Seu
Zlia.

semestrSi Sesrulebuli samuSao

moswavle: jon do
saqmianobis done: wera: semestri (2/93 6/93)

tonis simuqe miRebuli Sefasebis sixSiris proporciulia

4 Txzuleba, leqsebi
6 analitikuri naSromi
1 kvleviTi naSromi
4 testi wakiTxuli masalis
mixedviT

saqmianobis done: wera: weli (9/92-6/93)

wera

tonis simuqe miRebuli Sefasebis sixSiris proporciulia

progresi weraSi: 4/5 (kargi Sedegia klasis fonze)
namuSevris xarisxi: 3/5 (damakmayofilebelia: saSualo
maCvenebelze odnav dabalia)
namuSevris xarisxis Tanamimdevruloba: 2/5 (saSualo
maCvenebelze bevrad dabalia)

klasis done: wera 5/93

Sefasebis kriteriumebi
Rirseba: cocxali ideebi (3.6)
naklovaneba: gramatika (2.3)
miRweva: koncentrireba
(2.4-dan 3.2-mde)
yvela kriteriumi
Sefasebulia 5 baliani
sistemiT: 5 umaRlesi
Sefasebaa
frCxilebSi mocemulia
moswavlis saSualo Sefaseba

klasis maCveneblebi: wera

Janri
Rirseba: damajerebeli
naklovaneba: analitikuri
mniSvnelovani progresi:
aRweriTi

klasis saqmianoba: wera 5/93

1. SefasebaTa kriteriumi (Sefasebis saSualo maCvenebeli xuTive ZiriTadi kriteriumis mixedviT): 3.6 (5dan)
2. yvelaze rTuli kriteriumi: `namuSevris gadaxedva
srulyofilebis misaRwevad~: 2.6 (5-dan)

mSobels SeuZlia naxos

nimuSebis nakrebi da Seadaros
moswavlis namuSevarTa
nimuSebi donisa da xarisxis
maCveneblebTan, aseve weraSi
eqvsive Janris nimuSebi,
SefasebisTvis gamoyenebuli
xuTive kriteriumi da
saqmianobis doneebis aRwera.

sqema 16.17: angariSi metyvelebis xelovnebaSi

sqolio: ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Wiggins, Grant. Honesty and Fairness: Toward Better Grading an Reporting. In thomas Guskey,

Ed.,1994 A.S.C.D. Yearbook. Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1996. pp. 173-174. Copyright
1996 by the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. yvela ufleba daculia.

462

Sefaseba

inglisuri wera
Sefaseba A
iyenebs furcelze aRniSvnebs.
akopirebs `sityvebs~ myisieri garemos
simboloebidan.
Sefaseba B
kargad uWiravs fanqari/pasta.
wers sakuTar saxels.
Sefaseba F
narativi Seicavs Sesavals, gavrcobasa da
gadawyvetas logikuri TanamimdevrobiT.
rTuli winadadebebi mTavari da
damokidebuli: iyenebs orives, moqmedebiT
da vnebiT gvars.
asworebs marTlweris, punqtuaciuri,
gramatikuli Secdomebis umravlesobas
sxvebis nawerebSi.

xsnis aRniSvnebis mniSvnelobas.

naweri adasturebs, rom esmis nabeWdsa da
naxats Soris gansxvaveba.

nawerSi Cans gamoyenebuli leqsika.

iyenebs mTavrul asoebs da sxva pirobiT
simboloebs. . .
leqsikuri da gramatikuli struqturebis
speqtri.
esmis gansxvaveba narativsa da weris sxva
formebs Soris.
iyenebs arsebul wyaroebs weris
gasaumjobeseblad.

Sefaseba H
leqsika adasturebs, rom esmis sityvis
orazrovneba da sxva niuansebi.
mniSvnelobas zustad gamoxatavs.
SeuZlia sakuTari naSromis redaqtireba
da gadaxedva leqsikis, teqstis wyobisa da
Sinaarsis dasaxvewad.
Sefaseba I
Tavisuflad wers rogorc mokle pasaJebs,
ise vrcel naSromebs kargad nacnob Temebze.
ostaturad da efeqtianad SeuZlia gavrcoba
standartuli, tradiciuli formebis miRma.

teqstis wyoba da Sinaarsi akuratulia da

Seesabameba mizans, situaciasa da mkiTxvels.
iyenebs figuralur gamoTqmebs, metaforebs
mniSvnelobis gaRrmavebis mizniT.
SeuZlia sxvebis namuSevrebis redaqtireba
da gadaxedva ise, rom inarCunebs namuSevris
ZiriTad azrs.
iyenebs analogiebs, simboloebsa da ironias.
weris dros ayalibebs damajerebel
argumentebs.

wyaro: Victoria, Australia, K-12 `English Profiles`.

adaptirebulia nebarTviT.

sqema 16.17 gagrZeleba: angariSi metyvelebis xelovnebaSi

463

Tavi 16

Semajamebeli mosazrebebi

saswavlo gundebi da Sefaseba

momaval da moqmed maswavleblebs iSviaTad vaswavliT Sefasebis instrumentebs, Tumca
vamtkicebT, rom swored Sefasebis instrumentebis (nebismieri formiT: weriTi testebi,
saqmianoba, gamofena, ese da a.S.) Sesaqmnelad saWiro azrovneba udevs safuZvlad karg swavlebas. Sefasebis kriteriumebis detaluri konceptualizacia, dagegmva da Sefasebis amocanebi
maswavlebels `ukudagegmvis~ saSualebas aZlevs (Sizer 1992, gv. 102). efeqtiani swavla iwyeba
moswavleTa SexedulebebiT da maswavleblis mier imis cxadad warmodgeniT, ra unda icodnen
da ra unda SeZlon moswavleebma swavlebis Sedegad. amrigad, swavlebis miznebi yvelaze naTlad Sefasebis amocanebSi da mis kriteriumebSi Cans. arsebiTad, mizans ver ganvsazRvravT
srulyofilad, Tu misi Sefaseba ar ganvsazRvreT.
am TvalsazrisiT, sxvadasxvagvari maRali xarisxis Sefasebis amocanebis dagegmva profesionali maswavlebelis arsebiTi unaria. Tu swavleba CvenTvis umniSvneloa, SegviZlia sxvebs
mivceT Sefasebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba, magram Tu profesionalebi varT,
moswavleTa da saswavlo gegmis cvlilebebis Sesabamisad Sefasebis sakuTari sistemis Seqmnisa da misi mudmivi gaumjobesebis unari unda gamovimuSaoT.

ar gadaamlaSoT!
Sefasebis sakuTari sistemebis variaciulobisa da avTentikurobis mcdelobisas alfi
koni (Alfie Kohn 1995) gvafrTxilebs:
`ar gadaamlaSoT! aseTia pirveli rCeva avTentikuri Sefasebis gzaze. rac ufro mets
fiqrobs moswavle imaze, Tu rogor asrulebs davalebas, miT ufro naklebad ainteresebs, ras asrulebs. es rCeva Sefasebis yvelaze mravalferovani, azriani, moswavleze orientirebuli midgomebis SemuSavebisasac ki unda gaviTvaliswinoT.
mTeli im drois manZilze, romelsac moswavle saklaso oTaxSi sxvadasxva saqmianobas
andomebs, unda davicvaT kiTxvisgan `rogor vakeTeb?~ miuxedavad imisa, vityviT Tu
ara uars moswavlis saqmianobis `gazomvaze~, potenciuri problema TviTSefasebisa
(`ras gamoavlens es Sefaseba, gonieri var Tu suleli?~) rCeba. kargad unda gvesmodes nebismieri saxis Sefasebis mniSvnelobis gadaWarbeba. ara mxolod imitom, rom
Sefaseba uZluria asaxos moswavlis realuri saqmianoba, aramed imitomac, rom Sefasebis mniSvnelobis xazgasmas moswavleTa yuradReba saqmianobaze gadaaqvs da Sinagani motivacia ecema~.*

swavlebis Sefaseba, Zala da ganviTareba

Sefasebis procesis kontroli swavlebis procesis kontrols gulisxmobs. aseT kontrolis pasuxismgeblobis didi wili komerciuli testebis damkvidrebazea. swored maT misca
sazogadoebam skolis, maswavleblisa da bavSvebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb angariSis wardgenis

* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Kohn, Alfie. From DeGrading: Basic Questions About Assessment and Learning. Audiotape 95-3213. Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1995.

464

Sefaseba

ufleba. obieqturobisa da neitralurobis

mizniT sajaro skolebma testebs dauTmo
ufleba `gadaewyvitaT~, risi swavleba da
swavla Rirs.

Sefaseba yvelaze mZlavri saSualebaa imisa,

rom moswavleebs, mSoblebsa da sazogadoebas
gavagebinoT, ra aris maswavleblisTvis umniS
vnelovanesi swavlebaSi.

Sefaseba yvelaze mZlavri saSualebaa imisa,

rom moswavleebs, mSoblebsa da sazogadoebas
gavagebinoT, ra aris maswavleblisTvis umniSvnelovanesi swavlebaSi. ufro mZlavri, vidre
TviT kursis silabusi, wlis dasawyisSi gansazRvruli miznebi, angariSebi. SefasebiTa da angariSiT yvela igebs ra aris maswavleblisTvis namdvilad faseuli. male Sefaseba molodinTa
yvelaze potenciuri matarebeli gaxdeba. swored amitom Sefasebis sistema profesionalebma
unda Seqmnan, romlebic pasuxismgeblebi iqnebian gansazRvron, ra unda iswavlon moswavleebma da mWidrod iTanamSromleben mSoblebTan da sazogadoebasTan.

maswavleblebma kolegebTan erTad detalurad unda SeimuSaon moswavlis xarisxiani

saqmianobis kriteriumebi da modelebi. britaneTis Sefasebisa da testirebis jgufis ZiriTadi rekomendacia swored es gaxlavT (Hein citirebulia Perrone-s mier 1991, gv. 127). isini
gvTavazoben process, romlis drosac
`maswavlebelTa jgufebi sxvadasxva doneebze klasi, skola, raioni ikribebian da
msjeloben Sedegebeze, adareben Sefasebis standartebs gansakuTrebiT, rTul, Tavisufal sakiTxebze da saqmianobis sazomebze. aseTi zomieri sqema Sefasebas standartebis erTian nakrebad aqcevs da maswavlebelTa mudmivi profesiuli aqtivobis
sagani gaxdeba. profesionalebi ara marto skolebis mixedviT Seadareben moswavleTa miRwevebs, aramed sakuTar miRwevebsa da standartebs kolegebis miRwevebTan~
(Zessoules and Gardner citirebulia Perrone-s mier 1991, gv. 69).

droTa ganmavlobaSi profesionali maswavlebeli sul ufro met pasuxismgeblobas

grZnobs sakuTar ganviTarebaze. is mudmivad cdilobs swavlebis miznebisa da amocanebis
gadaxedvas, moswavleTa saqmianobis Sefasebis sakuTari sistemis ganviTarebas. standartizebuli testebi ukana planze gadava, radgan is mxolod nawilobriv esadageba maT mier SemuSavebul saswavlo gegmas da ver afasebs moswavleTa maRali donis azrovnebisa da problemis gadaWris unars, romelic ase aucilebelia XXI saukuneSi. es Zalze didi pasuxismgeblobaa.
avTentikuri Sefasebis, qulaTa rubrikebis, kargi saqmianobis modelebis da ukukavSiris
sistemis Seqmna moswavleebisTvis, mSoblebisa da sazogadoebisTvis udidesi amocanaa. is
maRali donis, faseuli miznebis Camoyalibebas (mag., `moswavleebi SeZleben monacemTa interpretacias da daskvnebis gamotanas~) da am miznebis qcevaSi asaxvis detaluri suraTis Seqmnas
moiTxovs. avTentikuri Sefasebis amocanebisa da maTTvis rubrikebis SeqmniTa da arCeviT
maswavleblebi axal profesiul ganzomilebaSi gadadian. maT, rogorc namdvil profesionalebs cxovrebaSi pirvelad ekisrebaT profesiuli pasuxismgebloba, daskvnebis gamotanisa
da faseuli Sedegebis pasuxismgebloba.
Sefasebis amocanebisa da kriteriumebis gaumjobesebis procesSi erTad muSaoba maswavleblebisgan fiqrs, kiTxvebis dasmas, gansjas moiTxovs, rac pirovnuli da profesiuli ganviTarebis sawindaria. am process Sedegad Sefasebis ukeTesi sistemac mohyveba da moswavleTa sasrgeblo gamocdilebis safuZvelic xdeba (miuxedavad imisa, vin hyavT maswavleblad).
sazogadoeba rwmundeba, rom calkeuli maswavleblis stilisa da avtonomiisgan damoukideblad, gaazrebulad Seqmnili saswavlo gegmis safuZvelze yvela moswavles SeuZlia konkretuli mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis swavla.
momavlis teqnologiebi kidev ufro gaumartivebs maswavleblebs zRva masalis gaziarebas
yvela saganSi da yvela doneze. gasakviri arc is iqneba, Tu es masala Cveni tradiciuli cod-

465

Tavi 16

nis bazis nawili gaxdeba da centraluri eleqtronuli sainformacio centris saSualebiT

gaxdeba xelmisawvdomi (Saphier 1994).

Sefasebis Sedegebi
Sefaseba yvelaze mZlavri saSualebaa maswavleblisTvis, rom moswavleebs, mSoblebsa
da sazogadoebas sakuTari prioritetebi gaacnos. ufro specifikur doneze moswavleebs,
maswavleblebsa da mSoblebs naTeli warmodgena eqmnebaT, mocemuli kursis an modulis
warmatebis kriteriumebze. swored es sicxade aZlevs saSualebas moswavleebs (maswavlebelsa
da mSoblebsac), rom Zalisxmeva saqmianobis kriteriumebis Sesatyvisad warmarTon. sawinaaRmdego midgomaa iseTi testireba, romlis drosac moswavleebma winaswar ar ician savaraudo
sakiTxebi.
avTentikur Sefasebas SesaZloa Zalze didi gavlena hqondes maswavleblis saqmianobaze da
skolis Sesaxeb moswavleebis warmodgenaze. pirvel rigSi, SesaZlebelia gaizardos moswavleTa motivacia. magaliTad, Tu moswavleebs iseTi mniSvnelovani davalebis mixedviT afaseben, rogoric aris monacemebis Segroveba narCenebis gadamuSavebis danaxarjebisa da sargebelis Sesaxeb da Semdeg sakuTari mosazrebis dacva, isini sxva konteqstSi SeZenil codnasa
da unarebs gamoiyeneben (SeniSvnebis Cawera, informaciis mravalgvari wyaroebis gamoyeneba,
nagavsayrelisa da nagavsawvavis ekologiuri Sedegebis wvdoma).
maswavleblebi iZulebulni arian, rac SeiZleba srulyofil da integrirebul swavlebas
mimarTon. mravali maswavlebeli rTuli davalebis Sedgenisas sakuTar Tavs ekiTxeba: `ra
cvlilebebi unda Sevitano saswavlo gegmasa da swavlebis strategiebSi, rom moswavleebma
warmatebiT SeZlon am davalebebis Sesruleba?~ Tu testirebis mizania problemis gadaWris
mizniT moswavleTa aRweris, analizis da kvlevis unarebis Semowmeba, maSin maswavlebelma maT
am unarebis ganviTarebis Sesatyvisi gamocdileba unda SesTavazos.
rTuli davalebebis Sefasebac ufro integrirebuli saswavlo gegmis Seqmnas moiTxovs. ra
Tqma unda, realur cxovrebiseul situaciebTan dakavSirebuli amocanebi kros-disciplinuria. magaliTad, dasabuTebis dawera qalaqis
sabWosTvis policiis axali ofisis dafinanrTuli davalebebis Sefaseba ufro integrire
sebis Taobaze ekonomikis, samoqalaqo ganabuli saswavlo gegmis Seqmnas moiTxovs.
Tlebis, sociologiisa da inglisuri enis
integracias moiTxovs.
da bolos, rogorc baroni (Baron 1991) wers, avTentikurma Sefasebam TviT swavlis procesi
unda gaaumjobesos:
`efeqtiani davalebebis mizania saSualeba misces moswavleebs ufro codnis siRrme
gamoavlinon, vidre moculoba da kavSirebi daamyaron danawevrebul codnasa da unarebs Soris. efeqtiani davaleba moswavles mTliani suraTis warmodgenis saSualebas aZlevs. dRes moswavleTa codna Zalze danawevrebuli da daukavSirebelia. maT
ar aqvT sakuTari codnis organizebis mdidari kognituri qseli, swrafad aviwydebaT
naswavli. rodesac moswavles mTlian problemaze fiqris stimuli aqvs, rogorc es
srulyofili kvlevis dagegmvisa da Catarebis dros xdeba, maTi codna ufro mTliani
da myari xdeba~ (gv. 310).

466

Sefaseba

standartebi
1920 wels standartizebuli testebis gamoyenebis gavrcelebaze dakvirvebisas gamoCenili Jurnalisti uolter lipmani (Walter Lippmann) werda: `Cven moswavleebisa da maswavleblebis iseT Taobas aRvzrdiT, romelTac ar eqnebaT imis rwmena, rom sustebsac SeuZliaT
warmatebulebi gaxdnen~. is marTali iyo.
standartizebuli testebi normalur ganawilebas qmnis da ar warmoadgens im `standartebs~, romlis miRweva yvela moswavles SeuZlia. gansazRvrebis mixedviT, normalur ganawilebas yovelTvis unda hqondes qveda naxevari da am farglebSi unda iyos qveda standartuli cxra (standartuli cxra aris testirebis qulebis cxra danayofian skalaze asaxvis
meTodi, sadac 5 saSualo maCvenebelia, xolo 2 standartuli gadaxra. red. Sen.) lipmanma
ganWvrita rom aseTi standartizebuli testebi aucileblad gamoiwvevda moswavleTa daxarisxebas, rasac, Tavis mxriv, Sedegad sakuTar gonebriv SesaZleblobebze dabali warmodgenis mqone warumatebeli moswavleebi mohyveboda. Sefasebis sistemis struqtura da mis miRma
arsebuli Sexeduleba gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis araTanabari ganawilebis Sesaxeb, Tavisi
arsiT SeuTavsebeli iyo yvela moswavlis warmatebis ideasTan da man mravali adamiani gaswira sakuTar ZalebSi daeWvebisa da warumateblobisTvis.
avTentikur Sefasebas lipmani testirebis iseT formad miiCnevda, romelic yvelas aZlevs
warmatebis SesaZleblobas. am SemTxvevaSi standartebi, anu finiSis xazis mdebareoba da forma yvelasTvis naTelia da perioduli ukukavSiri da TviTSefaseba yvela moswavles TviTkoreqciisa da warmatebis gzis dasaxvis saSualebas aZlevs.
avTentikuri Sefaseba moswavleebs im rukas sTavazobs, romelic maT swavlebis miznebisa da
standartebisaken mimavali gzebis gansazRvraSi exmareba. isini mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeZleben aseTi rukis warmatebiT gamoyenebas, Tu daijereben, rom Secdoma swavlis SesaZleblobaa
da ara maTi araadekvaturobis dadastureba (Dweck 1991). avTentikuri Sefaseba filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT srulyofil swavlas utoldeba, radgan is stimuls aZlevs saqmianobis
konkretuli kriteriumis miRwevis Zalisxmevas. aseTi Sefaseba im maswavlebelTan erTad, romelic maRali da dadebiTi molodinebis Setyobinebebs sTavazobs Tavis moswavleebs, qmnis
garemos, sadac skolis struqturaSi yvela moswavlis maRal doneze swavlis SesaZleblobis
rwmena mefobs. Tu namdvilad gvsurs, rom yvela moswavle XXI saukunis moTxovnebisTvis movamzadoT, swored am ori komponentis gaerTianebaze unda vizrunoT.

ra moxdeba Semdeg?
am TavSi mocemul suraTsa da skolaTa umravlesobaSi arsebul mdgomareobas Soris Zalian didi sxvaobaa. mis Sesamcireblad saWiroa, rom maswavlebels didi dro hqondes dagegmvisTvis, arsebobdes konkretuli klasebis maswavlebelTa an safakulteto jgufebi, rac
mxolod zogierT skolaSia. Cveni rCeviT, saWiroa dinjad individualurad an kolegasTan
erTad dawyeba da erTdrouli muSaoba administratorebTan, raTa maT Sexvedrebze dro
dauTmon swavlebis iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa moswavlis namuSevris Sedareba nimuSTan.
gTavazobT ramdenime sasargeblo rCevas:
1. Zal-Rone ar daiSuroT, rom moswavleebs cxadad gaacnoT yoveli mniSvnelovani
Temisa da davalebis warmatebiT Sesrulebis kriteriumebi da nimuSebi. dro ar dainanoT imis asaxsnelad, ras niSnavs warmatebuli saqmianobis modelebi.
2. waaxaliseT moswavleebi warmatebuli saqmianobis kriteriumebis gamoyenebiT regularulad CaerTon TviTSefasebasa da TanatolTa SefasebaSi.

467

Tavi 16

3. gadaxedeT Sefasebisa da Canawerebis warmoebis sakuTar meTodebs. ecadeT gaamravalferovnoT repertuari. iyenebT Tu ara erTwuTian intervius an zepir prezentacias imis dasadgenad, miaRwies Tu ara moswavleebma dasaxul mizans? saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi iyenebT Tu ara pirdapir dakvirvebas an kiTxvarebs moswavlis progresis
Sesaxeb Canawerebis saWaarmoeblad?
4. SeiswavleT asakis Sesabamisad demonstrirebis SesaZleblobebi zemoT aRwerili
meTodebis moswavleTaTvis gasacnobad.
5. SeqmeniT da srulyaviT portfolio, rogorc moswavlis WeSmariti saqmianobis
(TviTSefasebis CaTvliT) amsaxveli rTuli nakrebi.
avTentikuri Sefaseba maSin moxdeba, rodesac maswavleblebi da administratorebi dagegmaven dros moswavleTa namuSevrebis Sesadareblad da Camoayalibeben iseT rubrikebs, romelic, maTi SexedulebiT, codnis umniSvnelovanes aspeqtebs gansazRvravs.

468

danarTi

ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Kallick, Bena, and Ross Brewer. Exemplars: A Teachers Solution. Volume 1 nos. 4-12. Underhill, Vermont: Exemplars, 1994

Sefaseba

gafuWebuli Rilakis dilema

3-5 klasi
amocana
 a ubedurebaa, kalkulators Rilaki `3~ gafuWebuli aqvs. rogor amovxsni am amocanas?
r
daasabuTeT pasuxi.

23
45

konteqsti
Cven viswavleT gamravleba, vivarjiSeT zepir operaciebze, visaubreT sxvadasxva strategiaze. am davalebiT mindoda gamego, icodnen Tu ara Cemma moswavleebma gamravlebis miRma
arsebuli Teoria da ara mxolod operaciis sizuste.

davalebis mizani
am davalebiT gavigeb, ician Tu ara moswavleebma gamravlebis arsi, misi Sesruleba da ramdenad sxartad azrovneben.

ras gaakeTebs moswavle

moswavleTa umetesobam Tavdapirvelad amocana algoriTmis gamoyenebiT amoxsna. Semdeg
sxva strategiebis gamoyenebac scades. ramdenime moswavlem sakuTari Teoriebi gadaamowma,
rom maT sisworeSi darwmunebuliyo. zogi darwmunebuli iyo arCeul strategiaSi.

davalebisTvis saWiro dro

davalebas daaxloebiT 15-20 wuTi sWirdeba

saganTa Soris kavSiri

amocana maTematikuria da ar aqvs kavSiri sxva sagnebTan.

rCevebi
SegiZliaT es davaleba gamravlebis testSi CarToT. is amtkicebs azrs, rom algoriTmi
unda gavigoT da ara davizepiroT.

Sesafasebeli koncefciebi da gasaviTarebeli unarebi

problemis gadaWra
msjeloba
komunikacia
kavSiris damyareba
ricxvTa Teoria
gamoTvla

471

Tavi 16

gafuWebuli Rilakis dilema

sanimuSo masala
aranairi

savaraudo pasuxebi
am davalebis amoxsnis Zalian bevri xerxia, ai ramdenime maTgani:
22X45+45

24X45-45

11.5X90

22.5X46

(gamoiyene ori ricxvi, romlis jami 23-ia) X 45

45 Sekribe 23-jer an 23 Sekribe 45-jer

rubrikebi da niSnulebi
gamoucdeli
moswavle iyenebs araSesatyvis koncefciebs. fiqrobs, rom gamravlebisTvis mimatebis
strategiac gamodgeba. maTematikuri msjeloba mcdaria.

axalbeda
amoxsna arasrulia. moswavle poulobs miaxloebiT, magram ara zust pasuxs. misi midgoma
nawilobriv sasargebloa, garkveulwilad pasuxamde midis, magram sruli pasuxi ar aqvs mocemuli.

praqtikosi
moswavles Rrmad esmis amocana. iyenebs im strategias, romelsac amocanis amoxsnamde mihyavs da logikurad xsnis sakuTar arCevans.

eqsperti
moswavlem amocanis amoxsnis mravali gza icis, rac Rrma codnis maCvenebelia. mas aqvs
Sesatyvisi maTematikuri koncefciis gansazRvris unari.

avtori
kler forsetma es davaleba vermontis StatSi merion krosis skolaSi SeimuSava. kleri
vermontis maTematikuri portfolios komitetis wevria. is Statis mravali skolis konsultanti, maTematikis sakonsultacio komitetis wevri da maTematikuri portfolios samuSao
jgufis wevria.

472

Sefaseba

gamoucdeli

473

Tavi 16

axalbeda

474

Sefaseba

praqtikosi

475

Tavi 16

eqsperti

476

Sefaseba

abaJuris SefuTva

6-8 klasi
amocana
saras dedas saras dabadebis dRisTvis nayidi lampis SefuTva surs. lampis simaRle
abaJuris CaTvliT 26 duimia, xolo sigane 8 duimi. ra zomis unda iyos is yvelaze
patara qaRaldi, romliTac saras deda lampis SefuTvas SeZlebs? (miniSneba: lampa advilad tydeba, ase rom, sasurvelia, jer yuTSi Caidos.)

konteqsti
es davaleba SeiZleba mivceT perimetris da farTobis mcodne moswavleebs, Tumca es codna aucilebeli ar aris amocanis amoxsnisTvis. problemas ar aqvs erTi konkretuli pasuxi,
moswavleebma SeiZleba gaiTvaliswinon abaJuris zoma da Tavad gadawyviton, gamoiyeneben Tu
ara lampis zomis yuTs.

davalebis mizani
davalebiT gavigebT, aqvs Tu ara moswavles farTobisa da perimetris Sesaxeb sabaziso
codna da SeuZlia Tu ara misi gamoyeneba konkretul situaciaSi. ufro maRal doneze is
gviCvenebs moswavleTa msjelobas, romelic mocemul konkretul gamoTvlebs scildeba.

ras gaakeTebs moswavle

moswavlem unda gadawyvitos ra zomis yuTi gamoiyenos yuTis zeda da qveda nawilebis srulad dafarvis gaTvaliswinebiT. maT SeiZleba lampis nawilobriv SefuTva airCion an monaxon
gzebi im zomis qaRaldis gamosaTvlelad, romelic srulad dafaravs yuTs. SeiZleba gaiTvaliswinon abaJuris sigane.

davalebisTvis saWiro dro

45 wuTi, romelic moicavs lampis SefuTvas amocanis amoxsnis daweris Semdeg.

saganTa Soris kavSiri

amocanis amoxsna SeiZleba daukavSiroT bevr praqtikul situacias, romelic samganzomilebiani figuris farTobisa da perimetris gamoTvlas ukavSirdeba.

477

Tavi 16

abaJuris SefuTva

rCevebi
davaleba unda Sesruldes praqtikulad SesafuTi qaRaldiTa da yuTiT. SefuTva SeiZleba
win uZRodes amocanis amoxsnas da amoxsnis gzebis moZebnaSi exmarebodes moswavleebs an mohyvebodes amoxsnas, raTa moswavleebma SeZlon problemis gadaWris gzis Semowmeba da saWiro
cvlilebebis ganxilva.

Sesafasebeli koncefciebi da gansaviTarebeli unarebi

problemis gadaWris unari
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba
sivrciTi vizualizacia
konteqstis gafarToeba
cnebis `zomebi~ gageba
sivrcis da perimetris gageba
kavSirebis damyareba

sanimuSo masala
marTxkuTxa yuTi da SesafuTi qaRaldi

savaraudo pasuxebi
zogadi pasuxis gamosaTvlelad simaRles davamatoT 8 duimi, raTa 4 duimiT davfaroT
zeda nawili wina mxridan, xolo 4-iT qveda nawili ukana mxridan. amrigad, qaRaldis sigrZe 34
duimi iqneba. siganis gamosaTvlelad 4 unda gavamravloT 8-ze, yuTis yvela gverdis siganeze.
amrigad, yuTis zomaa 34 duimi X 32 duimze. zogierTma moswavlem, SesaZloa, nawilobrivi SefuTva SemogvTavazos an ufro didi zomis yuTis gamoyeneba lampis usafrTxod SesafuTad. da
bolos, zogierTma moswavlem SeiZleba moifiqros, rom lampis abaJuri ufro farToa, vidre
misi Ziri da misi calke yuTSi SefuTva gadawyvitos.

rubrikebi da niSnulebi
gamoucdeli
amocanis amoxsna adasturebs, rom moswavles gamoTvlebis gamocdileba aqvs, magram ar
icis, rodis unda gamoiyenos is. ar iTvaliswinebs, rom lampis zeda da qveda mxare sxvadasxva
zomisaa.

478

Sefaseba

abaJuris SefuTva

axalbeda
bundovnad xsnis werilobiT an naxatiT problemis gadawyvetis gzas.

praqtikosi
adasturebs amocanis siRrmiseul wvdomas. naTlad gadmoscems msjelobas da adasturebs
vizualuradac.

eqsperti
moswavles kargad esmis amocana da iTvaliswinebs lampis abaJuris zomasac. yovel nabijs
mkafiod xsnis werilobiT da gvTavazobs amoxsnis alternatiul gzasac. iyenebs maTematikur
enas da naxatebs. axsna da naxatebi martivi wasakiTxi da gasagebia. mocemulia realur cxovrebaSi gamoyenebis magaliTebic.

avtori
dina serafini snelvilis (jorjiis Stati) saSualo skolis me-8 klasis maswavlebeli.

479

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gamoucdeli

480

Sefaseba

axalbeda

481

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praqtikosi

482

Sefaseba

483

Tavi 16

eqperti

484

Sefaseba

485

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486

Sefaseba

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literatura
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488

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saswavlo gegmis
Seqmna
rogor SevqmnaT da mivusadagoT
moswavleebs maqsimalurad efeqtiani saswavlo gegma?
uwyvetoba
Tanamimdevroba
integracia

saswavlo gegmis Seqmna

olo TavebSi ganvixileT saswavlo gegmis ZiriTadi parametrebi: miznebi, swavlis

gamocdileba da Sefaseba. am TavSi mocemulia bolo, meoTxe parametri _ saswavlo
gegmis Sedgena.

swavlis miznebi gviCvenebs, Tu ra mimarTulebiT miviwevT win da risi miRweva gvsurs. swavlis gamocdileba gvaswavlis, Tu ra unda gavakeToT am miznebis misaRwevad, saswavlo gegma
ki gveubneba, rogor unda movawesrigoT miznebi da swavlis gamocdileba erTiani Sedegis
misaRebad.

miznebi
+
swavlis gamocdileba
+
Sefaseba
+
dizaini
=
saswavlo gegma
saswavlo gegmaSi xdeba miznebis, Sinaarsisa (mniSvnelovani informaciis) da swavlis gamocdilebis organizeba. kargi saswavlo gegmis Sesadgenad miznebis SerCevis, Sinaarsis gamoyofisa da swavlis Sesabamisi gamocdilebis SerCevis unari ar kmara, mTavaria, saswavlo
gegmaSi am yvelafris organizeba. aseve mniSvnelovania Sesaswavli masalis xarisxi da siRrme. kargi dizaini TavisTavad axdens gavlenas. maswavlebelma unda icodes, ras niSnavs kargad organizebuli saswavlo gegma. man, rogorc saswavlo gegmis momxmarebelma, bazarze
`konkurent~ saswavlo gegmebs Soris arCevanis gakeTeba unda SeZlos, saamisod ki kargisa
da cudis garCeva unda icodes. saswavlo gegmis ganxorcieleba maqsimalurad moiTxovs mis
miRma arsebuli dizainis gagebas Sesatyvisia Tu ara vadebi da arCevani.
zogjer Tavad maswavleblebs sTxoven saswavlo gegmis dizainis Seqmnasa da imis axsnas, Tu
ras akeTeben iseT jgufebSi, rogoricaa mSoblebisa da skolis komiteti. swored amitom CavrTeT swavlebis parametrebSi, saswavlo gegmis Seqmnisa da organizebis Sesaxeb sabazo codna.
dizaini im ufro didi Zalisxmevis erTgvari monaxazi, im gamocdilebaTa jamia, romelic
moswavles mocemuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT aqvs. is swavlebis farTo modelia da moicavs
moswavlisa da maswavleblis saqmianobas, masalebsa da sivrcis mowyobas. am modelebis kargad konstruireba maswavlebels saswavlo gegmis iseTi maRali donis miznebis miRwevaSi ex-

497

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mareba, rogoricaa kritikuli azrovneba. individualuri saswavlo gamocdilebiT SeiZleba

mivaRwioT viwro, moklevadian miznebs, rogoric aris magaliTad, `puritanTa tradiciebis
gageba~. iseTi farTo miznebi, rogoricaa `sazogadoebaSi tradiciebis rolis gageba~, mxolod kargad agebuli saswavlo gegmis saSualebiT miiRweva.
saswavlo gegmis agebis qvemoT ganxiluli aspeqtebs arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs misi ganxilvis, bazarze yidvisa Tu Seqmnis dros:

saswavlo gegmis ageba iseT safuZvelze, rogoricaa swavlis gamocdileba (aRwerilia

me-15 TavSi; rTuli organizacia mravali kontrolirebadi atributiT).

saswavlo gegmis struqturireba sxvadasxva zomisa da xangrZlivobis organizaciebiT

(swavlis gamocdileba, gakveTilebi, erTeulebi, kursebi, programebi).

sakvanZo koncefciebis an kiTxvebis gamoyeneba, romlebTan kavSirSic (da ara Temebis

irgvliv) viTardeba ZiriTadi mosazrebebi da specifikuri faqtebi an saqmianoba.

ZiriTadi

koncefciebis drodadro gadaxedva an gameoreba spiraliseburad ise, rom

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi maswavlebelma maTi ufro abstraqtulad da ganzogadebulad
(axal konteqstebSi) da kompleqsurad gamoyeneba SeZlos. es aris uwyvetobis ZiriTadi
pricnipi.

swavlis gamocdilebis Tanamimdevruli organizeba ise, rom yoveli axali gamocdileba naswavls emyarebodes da Semdgomi codnis safuZvels qmnides.

integraciis

principi, romlis meSveobiT moswavle erTi dargis codnas iyenebs sxva

dargSi da amyarebs kavSirebs.

am principebis praqtikuli magaliTebis sruli nakrebisTvis mkiTxvels vurCevT, waikiTxos

ralf taileris wigni `saswavlo gegmis da swavlebis ZiriTadi pricnipebi~ (1949). gasaocaria,
ra xSirad msjeloben `taileris dasabuTebaze~ is adamianebi, romelTac es naSromi arc ki
waukiTxavT. es wigni, romlidan citirebasac yvelaze xSirad mimarTaven da romelsac yvelaze
iSviaTad kiTxuloben, Cveni profesiuli codnis bazis yvelaze sasargeblo nawils moicavs.

498

saswavlo gegmis Seqmna

literatura
Gagne, R.M, and L.J. Briggs. Principles of Instructional Design. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston,
1974.
Taba, H., M. C. Durlin, M. C. Prenhul, and A. A. McNaughton. A Teachers Handbook for Elementary Social
Studies. 2d ed. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1971.
Tyler, R. Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949.

499

18
saboloo miznebi
interaqtiuli swavleba
saswavlo gegmis arCeva da masalebi
faruli saswavlo gegma

saboloo miznebi

aswavlebelTa umetesobas raRac konkretulis gadacema surs axali TaobisTvis. am garkveuli, ZiriTadi miznis miRweva bavSvebTan urTierTobis safuZvelze
xdeba.

es miznebi mravalnairi SeiZleba iyos _ bavSvebisTvis wignis siyvarulis Canergva, kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTareba, sxva adamianebisadmi TanagrZnobis unaris ganviTareba. mniSvneloba ar aqvs, ra sagans aswavlis maswavlebeli, misi ZiriTadi mizani yovelTvis vlindeba
yoveldRiuri praqtikuli swavlebis procesSi.
is gamonaklisi maswavleblebi, romelTa swavlebis miRma ufro didi mizani imaleba, sakuTar Tavs usvamen kiTxvas: `yvelaze metad ras veli Cemi moswavleebisgan? wlis bolos,
rodesac davSordebi maT, ra minda Tan waiRon Cveni urTierTobis gamocdilebidan?~ marTalia, aseTi miznebi yoveldRiur davalebebSi da gakveTilebSi ar Cans, magram is maswavleblis
yvela moqmedebidan gamosWvivis.
qvemoT moyvanilia ZiriTadi miznebis magaliTebi:
`rodesac Cemi moswavleebi damtoveben wlis bolos,

ecodinebaT efeqtiani jgufuri muSaoba;

eqnebaT imis unari da motivacia, rom mTeli cxovrebis manZilze axali masala iswavlon
da Seimecnon;

sxvebs daufiqreblad ar gakicxaven da iazrovneben kritikulad;

ecodinebaT konfliqtebis gonivrulad gadaWris gzebi;
Seimecneben dedamiwaze cxovrebis wonasworobis arss da wvlils Seitanen mis SenarCnunebaSi;

daafaseben dedamiwaze mcxovrebi adamianebs Soris arsebul sxvaobebs, rogoric aris

kanis feri, kultura, ena da azrovnebis tipi.

es TvalsaCinoebisTvis motanili miznebia da ara rekomendebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom

yvela zemoT CamoTvlili debuleba sakmaod mniSvnelovania, Zalian iSviaTia yvela maTganis
miznad dasaxva, radgan Tu adamianma raime miznad daisaxa, mTeli misi mecadineoba am erTi
miznis ganxorcielebisken aris mimarTuli. adamiani erTdroulad bevr mizans ver daisaxavs,
dasaSvebia saSualod erTi, zogjer ori an sami miznis dasaxvac. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Zneldeba yvela maTganis miRweva.

503

Tavi 18

sasurvelia, rom ZiriTadi miznebi maswavlebelTa jgufs aerTianebdes. aseT SemTxvevaSi maTi realizeba ufro swrafad da advilad
iqneba SesaZlebeli. aseve SeiZleba mTliani
skolis gaerTianeba raime miznis garSemo.
saWiroa Seiqmnas Sesabamisi ganwyoba da klimati mTels saswavlo sistemaSi da skolis SenobaSi. aseTi skolis Seqmna advilad da swrafad ar xdeba, Tumca misi Seqmna sruliad realuria.
am TavSi, klasSi da gakveTilebze gamovlenil ZiriTad miznebze visaubrebT.

ZiriTadi miznebis mqone calkeulma maswav

leblebma, SeiZleba, iseTi ram aCuqon sakuTar
moswavleebs, rom mTeli sicocxle gahyveT.

interaqtiuli swavleba
ZiriTadi mizani gansazRvravs swavlebis mimarTulebas, safuZvels da imavdroulad maswavleblis gzamkvlevic aris. is xazs usvams calkeuli parametrebis mniSvnelobas. am nawilSi
ganvixilavT rogor gansazRvravs saboloo mizani parametrebis arCevas. Cven mxolod erT
saboloo mizans SevexebiT da, Sesabamisad, arCevnis mxolod erT nakrebs ganvixilavT. imedi
gvaqvs, rom mkiTxveli Tavisi pirovnuli Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare airCevs parametrebis
repertuars.
davuSvaT, maswavleblis ZiriTadi mizania, rom wlis bolos moswavleebs aramarto esmodeT adamianTa gansxvavebuloba, aramed ufro tolerantulebi gaxdnen. am SemTxvevaSi man
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda miaqcios saklaso garemos parametrs. misTvis moswavleTa iseTi erTobis Camoyalibeba, romelic inkluziurobas aRiarebs, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iqneba. misi survili iqneba moswavleebs swavlis gansxvavebuli stilis Sesaxebac
Seuqmnas warmodgena da gaagebinos, rogor moqmedebs is (swavlis stili) moswavleTa qcevaze
da sxvadasxva amocanebis mimarT damokidebulebaze. maswavlebeli zedmiwevniT gaacnobs moswavleebs swavlis gansxvavebul stils, rogorc sakuTars, ise Tanatolebisas da sakuTar
Tavsa da sxvebs Soris gansxvavebebis dafasebas da pativiscemas mosTxovs.
swavlebis is modelebi, romlebic gansxvavebul moswavleTa jgufur muSaobas iTvaliswinebs, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iqneba aseTi maswavleblisTvis. is xSirad gamoiyenebs
sicxadis parametris calkeul strategiebsac, romelic gansxvavebul moswavleTa erTobliv
muSaobas, urTierTdaxmarebas iTvaliswinebs.
SesaZlebelia saswavlo Sinaarsis imgvarad struqturireba, rom man xazi gausvas adamianTa
gansxvavebulobis Temas. magaliTad, aqtivobaSi `dRis ambebi~ SesaZlebelia aqcenti msoflioSi momxdar im movlenebze gakeTdes, sadac rasobrivi an eTnikuri gansxvavebebis pativiscema
an upativcemuloba gamovlinda. moswavleebi am ambebs gancxadebebis dafaze gaakraven an saklaso diskusiisTvis gamoiyeneben.
SesaZlebelia aqtivobaTa ise dagegmva, rom gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebis mqone moswavleebma erTmaneTs daxmareba SesTavazon proeqtebis an davalebebis Sesrulebisas.
maswavleblisTvis mniSvnelovani iqneba pirovnuli urTierTobis damyarebis parametric. maswavlebeli, romlis survilia gansxvavebulobis dafaseba da pativiscema, iseT garemos Seqmnis, sadac yoveli moswavle Tavs Rirseulad da maswavleblis mxridan aRiarebulad
igrZnobs. misTvis Rirebuli iqneba samarTlianobis, pativiscemisa da aqtiuri mosmenis principebis gamoyeneba yvela moswavlesTan, gansakuTrebiT ki gansxvavebulebTan (fizikurad an
gonebrivad uunaroni, swavlis uunaroni an rasobrivi umciresobebi).
garda calkeuli parametrebis farglebSi arCevanisa, romelic zemoT ganvixileT, saboloo miznebi gavlenas axdens saswavli gegmis sakiTxebis da masalis arCevazec da swavlebis
gzazec.

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saboloo miznebi

saswavlo gegma da SerCeuli masala

maswavlebelma, romelsac moswavleebSi adamianuri Taviseburebebisadmi tolerantobis
gaRviveba aqvs ganzraxuli, Sesabamisi cvlilebebi unda Seitanos saswavlo masalaSic. magaliTad, aseT masalad SeiZleba heklberi finis Tavgadasavlidan nawyvetis gamoyeneba, SeiZleba
misi rasistul an antirasistul WrilSi ganxilvac. am dros gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ar arsebobs cneba `pasiuri antirasistuli~ qceva. pasiuroba rasizmis pirobebSi da misi dagmoba,
xmis amoRebis an Sesabamisi qmedebis gareSe, sinamdvileSi xels uwyobs rasizmis zrdas. `heklberi finis ganxilvisas amgvari diskusiis gamarTva xelsayreli iqneba im maswavleblisTvis,
romlis saboloo mizania adamianuri Taviseburebebisadmi (gansxvavebulobisadmi) tolerantuli damokidebulebis Camoyalibeba.

rasistuli qceva

antirasistuli qceva

aqtiuri

pasiuri

18.4 rasistuli da antirasistuli qceva*

wyaro: Beverly Tatum and Andrea Ayvazian,Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts

am wignSi rogorc rasistuli, ise antirasistuli aqtorebi da qmedebebi rasizmis gacnobierebisa da masTan brZolis konteqstSi ganixileba.
maswavleblis mier SerCeuli sakiTxavi masala mis ZiriTad mizans unda emsaxurebodes.
wignebis SerCevaSi did daxmarebas gagiwevT araCveulebrivi bibliografia (Development
Studies Center 1994).1 Tu maswavleblis mizania moswavleebSi swavlis siyvarulisa da codnismoyvareobis dakmayofilebis unaris gaRviveba, is, albaT, intervius aRebis unarebs aswavlis
bavSvebs, radgan swored intervius saSualebiT SegviZlia gavigoT, ra surs adamians. maswavlebeli aseve moindomebs, rom moswavleebs biblioTekis, eleqtronuli da internet wyaroebis gamoyeneba aswavlos. es unarebi uSualod emsaxureba saboloo miznis miRwevas, Tumca,
1 Developmental Studies Center K-8 Curriculum Materials Catalog. 2000 Embarcadero, Suite 305, Oakland, Calif . 94606)
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Beverly Daniel Tatum and Andrea AYvazian, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts.

505

Tavi 18

SesaZloa saswavlo gegmiT arc ki iyos gaTvaliswinebuli. miuxedavad amisa, maswavleblis

saboloo mizans, SesaZloa, uSualo gavlena hqondes e.w. `didi suraTis~ SeqmnisTvis saWiro
codnasa da unar-Cvevebze.

faruli saswavlo gegma

ZiriTadi miznebis gaanalizeba da klasificireba scades gouerma da skotma (Gower and
Scott 1977), romlebmac saklaso oTaxSi (an nebismier adamianur urTierTqmedebaSi) arsebuli
xuTgvari realoba aRweres: socialuri, pirovnuli, moraluri, politikuri da informaciis
damuSavebis realobebi. es realobebi ZiriTadi miznebis klasificirebisTvisac gamodgeba.
aseTi miznebi SeiZleba iyos socialuri (mag., moswavleebi swavloben konfliqtebis gadaWras
araZaladobrivi meTodebiT) an moraluri xasiaTisa (mag., adamianTa gansxvavebulobis pativiscema). maswavlebels, SeiZleba, ZiriTad miznad pirovnuli ganviTareba (moswavle ar
SeuSindes riskis gawevas) an politikuri Sedegebis miRweva (moswavle gaxdes garemos damcveli aqtivisti) hqondes dasaxuli. dabolos, ZiriTadi miznebi aseve SeiZleba iyos garkveuli
azrovnebiTi unarebis an xerxebis ganviTareba, romelTa meSveobiT moswavle axali codniT
miRebul informacias gadaamuSavebs.
goueris da skotis xuTi realobis gamoyenebis kidev erTi meTodia maswavleblebis mier
Seqmnili saklaso realobis gaanalizeba. maswavlebeli, ZiriTadi miznebis dausaxavadac, am
xuTi realobidan Zalauneburad qmnis garkveul saklaso realobas. ganvixiloT es xuTi realoba, radgan is qmnis farul, magram damaxasiaTebel saswavlo gegmas yoveli skolis yoveli
klasisTvis.

saklaso realobebi
socialuri realoba
socialuri realoba exeba adamianTa Soris urTierTobas. Cven SegviZlia gamovikvlioT
sxvadasxva Sexedulebebi jgufur dinamikis, normebis, rolebis, molodinebisa da interpersonaluri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb. socialuri realoba mudmivad arsebobs, miuxedavad imisa,
vmonawileobT Tu ara masSi. moswavleebis erTiani jgufuri muSaoba qmnis Zalze gansxvavebul
socialur realobas, romelic iTvaliswinebs normebs, rolebs da interpersonalur transaqcias.

pirovnuli realoba
yvela Cvengans aqvs pirovnuli realoba,
rac gulisxmobs Cvens reaqciebs da grZnobebs. Cveni imedebi, SiSebi, ocnebebi da miznebi, garkveulwilad, obieqturi droiTa da
adgiliT ganisazRvreba. yovel moswavles,
gakveTilis msvlelobisas, pirovnuli Sinagani grZnobebi aqvs. es grZnobebi rTuli, cvalebadi da realuria. yoveli adamianis pirovnuli grZnobebi am adamianis pirovnul realobas qmnis.

yovel moswavles, gakveTilis msvlelobisas,

pirovnuli Sinagani grZnobebi aqvs. es grZno
bebi rTuli, cvalebadi da realuria.

506

saboloo miznebi

moraluri realoba
klasSi arsebuli moraluri realoba gulisxmobs iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa simarTle
da sicrue, movaleoba, samarTlianoba, valdebuleba. isini SeiZleba gamovlenili iyos maswavleblis qcevaSi, klasis normebsa da procedurebSi, moswavleTa Sefasebebsa da arCevanSi.
aseTi koncefciebi nebismier klasSi arsebobs, miuxedavad imisa, maswavlebelma icis Tu ara
maTi arseboba. zogjer Tanamedrove saswavlo gegmaSi moraluri sakiTxebi saswavlo gamocdilebis wina planze dgas (Shaftel and Shaftel 1967; Lickona 1972, 1991).

politikuri realoba
politikuri realoba exeba iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa Zalaufleba, gavlena da marTva.
politikuri realobis ganxilvis procesSi ismeba kiTxvebi: vis aqvs Zalaufleba? rogor
xdeba gavlenis moxdena? vis mimarT da vis mier? rogor xdeba gadawyvetilebebis miReba? vin
axdens gavlenas movlenaTa ganviTarebaze? rogor aiyoliebs an aiZulebs erTi adamiani (maswavlebeli an moswavle) meore adamians ganaxorcielos garkveuli qceva? vin wyvets, ra moxdeba Semdeg? ra codna aqvT moswavleebs maTi rolis Sesaxeb ZalauflebasTan mimarTebaSi?

informaciis damuSavebis realoba

informaciis damuSavebis realoba dakavSirebulia sagnebis swavlebasTan. rogor iReben
moswavleebi informacias? rogor xdeba misi mowodeba, aRqma, miReba, manipulireba, gamoyeneba? am kiTxvebze pasuxebi sakmaod gansxvavebuli iqneba Tu erTmaneTs davupirispirebT
aRmoCeniT swavlasa da grafikul winmswreb aqtivobebs, sokrateseul diskusiasa da laboratoriaSi miRebul gamocdilebas, programirebul instruqciasa da TviTmarTul kvlevas.
xuTive realobis bunebis aRwera konkretuli klasis mixedviT SeiZleba. periodulad icvleba xuTive realobis variaciulobis xarisxic. variaciulobaSi vgulisxmobT erTi realobis farglebSi meTodTa mravalferovnebas, drois konkretul monakveTSi sxvadasxva realobebis arsebobas konkretuli realobis WrilSi. klasis socialuri realoba, SesaZlebelia,
ucvleli darCes, magaliTad, maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT moqmedi erTi didi jgufi; an
SesaZlebelia ori socialuri realobis arseboba: maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT moqmedi
didi jgufi da farTo demokratiuli diskusiis jgufi, aqcentirebuli interpersonalur
urTierTobebze. (es is gansxvaveba ar gaxlavT, romelic swavlis gamocdilebis interpersonalur sirTuleze msjelobisas gamogvadgeba). socialuri realobebis variaciulobaze
dakvirveba dRis, kviris an wlis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba. mcire jgufSi socialuri realoba
icvleba, Tu maswavlebeli uars ityvis gakveTilis pirdapiri lideris rolze da diskusiis
Tanaswori monawile da damxmare gaxdeba.
moraluri realoba, SesaZloa, ucvleli iyos: sazogadoebis normebi da molodinebi moswavlis mier Sesrulebuli samuSaos mimarT (kargi, sapasuxismgeblo, savaldebulo) ucvleli
da upirobod savaldebuloa. SesaZloa, sxvadasxva dros gansxvavebuli moraluri realobis
mowme gavxdeT, magaliTad, eTikuri sakiTxebis ganxilva rogorc saswavlo aqtivoba da maswavleblis SuamavlobiT moswavleTa jgufebis mier problemis gadaWra.

aqcenti realobebis farglebSi

faruli saswavlo gegma SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc moswavleTa socialuri, pirovnuli, moraluri da politikuri swavleba, ganxorcielebuli im garemoSi, romelSic isini ar-

507

Tavi 18

seboben da swavloben. es SeiZleba iyos rogorc saklaso oTaxi, ise mTliani skola. aseTi
swavleba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes qvecnobierad an maswavleblis mier. orive SemTxvevaSi misi
ganxorcieleba xuTive realobis WrilSi xdeba.
winaswar ganzraxuli swavlebisas, zogi maswavlebeli Riad da dawvrilebiT saubrobs, Tu
ra ideebi aqvs socialur, pirovnul da fsiqologiur gegmasTan dakavSirebiT, ufro iSviaTad, moralur da politikur gegmasTan dakavSirebiT. mas naTlad gaazrebuli da Camoyalibebuli mizani aqvs, romelic CamoTvlili xuTi realobidan erT-erTs ukavSirdeba. romelime
realobisadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba da misi xazgasma vlindeba am realobis da misi obieqturobis winaswar gaazrebaSi.
maswavleblis aseTi gamokveTili realobebi vlindeba rogorc mTlian saswavlo garemoSi,
ise konkretuli moswavleebisadmi mis damokidebulebasa da urTierTobaSi.

realobebis Sesabamisoba klasis an individebis moTxovnebTan

xSirad maswavlebeli iZulebulia individualuri miznebi SeimuSaos im moswavlisTvis,
romelsac uWirs saswavlo aqtivobebSi CarTva. es miznebi SesaZlebelia individualur arCevanSi an interaqciaSi gamovlindes. arsebiTad, es Zalze personificirebuli nabijia maswavleblis mxridan da Sesabamisobis maRal dones asaxavs.
mravali maswavlebeli gadawyvetilebas aseTi individualuri midgomis Sesaxeb imdenad
spontanurad da swrafad iRebs, rom SeiZleba arc axsovdes konkretuli moswavlis mimarT
ganxorcielebuli calkeuli qceva. gamocdil maswavlebels SesaZlebelia gansxvavebuli individualuri mizani hqondes sxvadasxva moswavlis mimarT.
Tu maswavlebels moswavlis mimarT socialuri mizani amoZravebs, mas endomeba, rom moswavlem konkretuli interpersonaluri unar-Cvevebi da xedva ganaviTaros. `saubari Sevwyvite da jeins aRniSnul sakiTxze sakuTari azris gamoTqma vTxove, radgan mindoda jgufs
moesmina misi Tvalsazrisi. is Zalian morcxvia, sakuTari iniciativiT azrs ar gamoxatavs da
gaxsna sWirdeba. minda, rom jgufSi misi statusi odnav avamaRlo~, am SemTxvevaSi maswavlebels socialuri mizani amoZravebs jeinis mimarT.
Tu maswavlebels moswavlis pirovnuli ganviTarebis mizani amoZravebs, mas endomeba, rom
moswavlem sakuTari SesaZleblobebi da Sinagani Rirsebebi ganaviTaros. `jimi, mainteresebs,
yvelaferi kargad gaige Tu ara, Tu ver gaige, maSin gakveTilebis Semdeg erTad gadavxedoT
masalas da samomavlo gegma davsaxoT~, am SemTxvevaSi maswavlebels unda, rom jimim miznebis
dasaxva da sakuTari SesaZleblobebis analizi iswavlos.
Tu maswavlebeli moswavlis moralur ganviTarebas isaxavs mizand, maSin mas endomeba,
rom moswavle ufro gaTviTcnobierebuli iyos iseT sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa samarTlianoba,
movaleoba, pasuxismgebloba. Sarmeni Zalian niWieri da Wkviani moswavlea, misi TviTSefaseba
sakmaod maRalia, amitom maswavlebelma mas naklebad warmatebuli moswavleebis daxmareba
sTxova. maswavlebeli am gziT cdilobs Sarmens pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba ganuviTaros sxva
moswavleebis warmatebis mimarT, rac moraluri mizania.
rodesac maswavlebels moswavlis politikuri ganviTarebis mizani amoZravebs, mas surs
moswavlem Zalauflebisa da gavlenis arsi gaigos. is piters sTxovs waikiTxos Tavi muSaTa
moZraobaSi Suamavlobis Sesaxeb. Semdeg wakiTxulis safuZvelze klasis winaSe Suamavlobis
imitirebas da saWiro unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebas sTxovs. mogvianebiT, roca piteri TanaklaselTan daZabul kamaTSi ebmeba, romelsac, rogorc wesi, Zaladobis xarjze igebs xolme,
maswavlebeli kamaTSi erTveba da eubneba: `piter, modi viSuamavleb. damexmare, rom safex-

508

saboloo miznebi

urebis Tanamimdevroba ar SemeSalos~. maswavlebeli xSirad mimarTavs am xerxs im mizniT, rom

piters kamaTis gadaWris alternatiuli gzebi aswavlos.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am magaliTebSi xSirad maswavleblis moqmedeba spontanuri da daugegmavia, magaliTad, rogorc jeinis statusis amaRlebis SemTxvevaSi, zogjer ki winaswar gaTvlili da dagegmili, rogorc piteris magaliTSi. miuxedavad amisa, yvela magaliTs moswavlis
ganviTarebis miznebisadmi individualuri midgoma aerTianebs. es miznebi garda akademiuri
da saazrovno unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebisa, ganviTarebis sxva sferoebsac moicavs.
garda am TavSi aRwerili xuTi realobisa, skolaSi aTasobis sxva realobaa. maswavleblebi
TviT muSaobis procesSi igoneben da dgamen calkeuli moswavleebis mimarT faqiz da gaazrebul nabijebs. es nabijebi maswavleblis socialuri, pirovnuli, moraluri da politikuri
miznebis gamoZaxilia, romelic iSviaTad Cans gakveTilis gegmaSi, magram calkeuli moswavleebisadmi midgomis xelsayreli momentebis SerCevaSi exmareba. aseTi maswavlebeli kompleqsurad azrovnebs da erTdroulad mravali miznis miRwevaze zrunva SeuZlia.
daxvewili swavlebis am aspeqtis gageba SegvaZlebinebs sxva kuTxiT ganvixiloT maswavleblis mier calkeuli moswavlisadmi mimarTuli mokle SeniSvnebi da nabijebi. es axleburi
xedva imis safuZvels Seqmnis, rom eqspertebma Sesabamisi daxmareba gauwion maswavleblebs
interaqtiuli swavlebis warmoudgenlad rTul procesSi.
SesaZloa es Tavi maswavleblebs calkeul moswavleebze fiqrSi da maT individualur
moTxovnebTan swavlebis mizadagebaSi daexmaros.

509

literatura
Gower R.R, and M.B. Scott. Five Essential Dimensions of Curriculum Design. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall
Hunt, 1977
Lickona, T. Educating for Character. New York: Bantam Books, 1991
Lickona, T. A Strategy for Teaching Values. Pleasantville, N.Y.: Guidance Associates, 1972.
Saphier, Jon and John DAuria. The Core Value Process: Bringing Vision to School Improvemnet. Carlisle
, Mass: Research for Better Teaching, 1993.
Shaftel, G and F. Shaftel. Role Playing for Social Values. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1967.
Stanford, G. Developing Effective Classroom Groups. New York, Hart Publishing, Co. 1977.
Tatum, Beverly Daniel and Andrea Ayvazian. Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass.

19
farTod gaRebuli
WiSkari
profesiuli ganviTarebis
kulturis amaRleba, romelic
maswavlebelTa kvalificirebis
optimalur pirobebs gulisxmobs.

farTod gaRebuli WiSkari

`personalis ganviTareba iseT garemos qmnis, romelic maswavlebels moazrovne, gonier

da pasuxismgeblobis mqone profesionalad ganixilavs.
Wildman and Niles (1987)

xovrebaSi Zalian iSviaTad iqmneba optimaluri pirobebi, Tumca saskolo cvlilebaTa da maswavleblis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb Catarebulma bolodroindelma kvlevebma
cxadyo, rom konkretuli pirobebi xels uwyobs skolis sistemis yvelasTvis ase
sasurvel gaumjobesebas. pirvel yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom skolis sistemis ganviTarebis
mZlavri sawyisi etapia maswavleblis SesaZleblobebis zrda codnis safuZvelze (Saphier
1994). am TavSi gavaSuqebT da ganvixilavT maswavleblis swavla-ganaTlebisTvis arsebiT Svid
pirobas.
1. maswavlebeli Tavad aanalizebs sakuTar gamocdilebas. swored es aris is ZiriTadi
piroba, romelic xels uwyobs maswavleblis profesiul ganviTarebas.
2. skola exmareba maswavlebels rogorc kolegiuri struqturis, ise pirovnuli
damokidebulebisa da urTierTobis xelSewyobiT.
3. swavlebis Sesaxeb codnis baza agebulia iseT sferoebze, rogoricaa Sesruleba, repertuari da Sesabamisoba da ara `efeqtian qcevaze~.
4. uzrunvelyofilia maswavleblis zrdisa da swavlis xelSemwyobi yvela faqtori.
5. arsebobs sistemuri da sxvadasxvagvari wvdoma profesiuli codnis or saxeobaze:
a) individualuri da kolegebis praqtikuli codna
b) swavlebis Sesaxeb sajaro kvlevebze dafuZnebuli codna.
6. profesiuli codna da informacia moswavleTa moTxovnilebebis Sesaxeb unda aisaxos maswavleblis arCevanSi swavlebis Sinaarsisa da procesis Sesaxeb.
7. skolis xelmZRvanelTa qmedeba unda Seesabamebodes da xels uwyobdes zemoT CamoTvlil eqvsive pirobas.
ufro vrclad ganvixiloT yoveli piroba.
1.

maswavlebeli Tavad aanalizebs sakuTar gamocdilebas.

mravali mecnieri (Edwards 1994; Darling-Hammond and McLaughin 1995; Wildman and Niles
1987) eTanxmeba im mosazrebas, rom swavlebis gaumjobeseba maswavleblis mier sakuTari gamocdilebis TviTanaliziT iwyeba. aseT cvlilebebs rom Rrma da xangrZlivi xasiaTi hqondes,
maswavlebeli CarTuli unda iyos `swavlebis, Sefasebis, dakvirvebisa da refleqciis konkretul amocanaSi, romelic naTels hfens swavlisa da ganviTarebis process (Darling-Hammond
and McLaughin 1995). miuxedavad amisa, profesiuli ganviTareba, rogorc wesi, garedan
mxolod gaazrebuli, cxovrebiseuli gamoc
daxmarebas efuZneba, romelic maswavledileba aqcevs adamians daxvewil profesion
belma unda miiRos da gamoiyenos sakuTar
alad.
praqtikaSi. jon edvardsi (John Edwards
1995) wers, `personalis momzadebisa da menejmentis treiningebi im gulubryvilo Sexedulebas emyareba, rom Tu maswavlebels axal
codnas mivawvdiT, is SeZlebs sakuTar azrovnebisa da praqtikis Secvlas. adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis aseTi midgoma gamosavali ar aris. mxolod gaazrebuli, cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba aqcevs adamians daxvewil profesionalad. adamiani sakuTari Tavis, saqmianobisa da

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azrovnebis SemecnebiT swavlobs. mxolod TviTanalizis Semdeg iwyebs ganviTarebaze mizanmimarTul muSaobas~.
sakuTari gamocdilebis SeswavlisTvis aucilebelia garkveuli unarebi, kerZod:
(1). dakvirvebis da analizis instrumentebi, romelic arazedapirulia (moicavs zusti
informaciis miRebas, moswavleTa gamoyenebas monacemTa wyarod da bundovani azris
mkafiod gamoxatvas) da 2) kognituri wvrTnis unarebi (Costa and Garmston 1994).

dakvirvebis da analizis instrumentebi

vaildmanma da nilsma (Wildman and Niles 1987) aRniSnes, ganaTlebis muSakTa dauZleveli
tendenciuroba swavlebis zedapiruli dakvirvebis dros da daskvnebsa da realur monacemebs Soris Seusabamoba. isini akvirdebodnen `ramdenad gansxvavebulad gamoxatavdnen maswavleblebi gaocebas maT Txovnaze, gaeanalizebinaT swavlebasTan dakavSirebuli maTive aRwerebi gamoyenebul monacemTa, maTive daskvnebisa da msjelobis safuZvelze. Tavdapirvelad
maswavleblebi gaocebulni iyvnen maTi debulebebis umravlesobis zedapiruli bunebiT da
obieqtur monacemebTan kavSiris arqoniT~.
sruli obieqturobis miRweva TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, magram TviTanalizi SeiZleba daviwyoT maswavleblis qcevisa da moswavleTa saqmianobis Sesaxeb faqtobrivi monacemebis SeswavliT. maswavlebelTa da administratorTa wvrTnis 15-wlianma gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom
swavlebis Sesaxeb realuri monacemebis Segrovebis unaris gamomuSavebas sakmaod didi dro
sWirdeba. vildmanisa da nilsis azriT, wvrTnisa da praqtikis 20 saaTi. pirvel yovlisa, is kvlevis survilis xelSewyobas da gansjisagan TavSekavebas moiTxovs. Semdeg saWiroa damokidebulebis Secvla, romlis safuZveli dakvirvebisa da praqtikis Sesaxeb kiTxvebis dasmis (da
ara gansjis) unar-Cvevis Camoyalibebaa.
maswavlebels SeuZlia Seiswavlos kavSirebi sakuTar miznebs, saswavlo aqtivobebsa da moswavleTa mier Seqmnil namuSevrebs Soris; Semdeg SeuZlia miubrundes swavlebis dros ganxorcielebul qcevebs da gansazRvros ra faqtobrivi Sedegebi hqonda Sedarebas.

kognituri wvrTnis unarebi

kognituri wvrTnis unarebi uzrunvelyofs im struqturasa da unarTa nakrebs, romelic
maswavleblebs saklaso movlenebis Sesaxeb monacemTa analizSi exmarebaT. wvrTnis procesSi
Catarebuli Sexvedrebi aris imis garantia, rom isini monacemebze iyos orientirebuli, maswavlebeli daskvnebis avtori iyos da maswavlebelic da damkvirvebelic gaecnos miznebs, aqtivobebsa da moswavlis saqmianobas Soris kavSirebs. aqtiuri mosmenisa da Taviseburebebis
kvleviT maswavleblebi swavloben azrovnebis CarTvasa da analitikuri sulis SenarCunebas
da ara gansjas.
2.

skola exmareba maswavlebels rogorc kolegiuri struqturis, ise pirovnuli

damokidebulebisa da urTierTobis xelSewyobiT.

TviTganaTlebisTvis aucilebelia damxmare struqturebis xelSewyoba, raTa maswavleblebma awarmoon saWiro dakvirveba, wvrTna da monacemTa analizi. amisTvis aucilebelia
oTxi arsebiTi urTierTdamokidebuli faqtori:
1. struqturebi. maswavleblebs SeuZliaT erTad imuSaon iseT struqturebSi, rogoricaa saswavlo jgufebi, saklaso da fakultetis Sexvedrebi da seminarebi.
2. dro. aseTi struqturebis moqmedebis dro dadgenilia da/an Casmulia maswavleblis
samuSao grafikSi.

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3. administraciuli mxardaWera. maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganaTlebis aseTi mxardaWera sagrZnobi da realuri unda iyos.
4. pirovnuli mxardaWera. yovel maswavlebels, skolaSi Tu mis gareT, hyavs momTxovni
megobari, romelic dainteresebulia misi profesiuli zrdiT.
eqsperimentebisa da maswavlebelTa TviTganviTarebis xelSesawyobad SesaZlebelia specialuri struqturebis Seqmna, magaliTad skolis masStabiT saswavlo jgufebi an safakulteto jgufebi. skolebis umravlesobaSi ukve moqmedebs Sesabamisi struqturebi: fakultetis
kreba, ganyofilebis kreba, paraleluri klasebis kreba da gundis kreba. TviTganviTarebasa
da winsvlas xSirad warsulis gadmonaSTebi da moZvelebuli modelebi uSlis xels. Zvel
CveulebebTan brZolisas mniSvnelovania administraciisa da xelmZRvanelobis Tavdadeba.
Cven dawvrilebiT visaubreT im gansakuTrebuli ideebisa da strategiebis Sesaxeb, romlebic xels uwyoben skolaSi TanamSromlobis garemos Seqmnas. Rrmad gvwams, rom am wignis
mkiTxvelebic iseTive SemoqmedebiTebi arian, rogorc ganaTlebis mravali muSaki, romlebmac Zalisxmeva ar daiSures `rogor~ kiTxvaze pasuxisaTvis axali ideebis mosawodeblad.
maswavlebelTa TviTganviTarebisTvis saWiro droisa da struqturebis uzrunvelsayofad,
aucilebelia skolis liderTa saqmiani Tavdadeba, rac dRes savsebiT ucxoa skolis struqturuli modelisaTvis. am Tavdadebis xelSewyobis erT-erTi gza gaxlavT misi moTxovna administratorTa wvrTnisa da sertificirebis procesSi. sxva sityvebiT Tu vityviT, skolis
administratorTa Sefaseba unda moxdes maTive institutSi kolegialobis xelSewyobis unaris mixedviTac.
am saqmeSi mniSvnelovani komponentia pirovnuli xelSewyoba. xelSewyobaze metis gakeTeba
SeuZlia iseT megobars, romelic drodadro dainteresdeba maswavleblis winsvliT da Semdeg
daxmarebas SesTavazebs; es msubuqi biZgis formaa. es sasicocxlo TvisebaTa erTgvari kombinaciaa adamiani, romelsac ainteresebs Seni winsvla, zrunavs Senze da TviTSefasebis stimuls gaZlevs. kargi xelmZRvaneli am TvisebaTa
gansaxierebaa.
liderma unda uzrunvelyos maswavleblis
TviTganviTarebisTvis aucilebeli dro da
wignis erT-erTi avtori qalaqis tipis
dasaxlebaSi seminars atarebda e.w. `persostruqtura
nalis ganviTarebis~ sakiTxebze. aseTi seminarebis wamyvanTa umravlesobis misia, rogorc wesi, asocirdeba sistemis masStabiT wvrTnas,
saswavlo gegmis danergvas an programis SemuSavebas. sakmaod iSviaTad vxvdebiT SemTxvevebs,
rodesac personalis ganviTarebis sakiTxebze momuSave adamianebi individebis profesiul
zrdaze zrunaven. Cveni azriT, saqmianobis saTanadod dagegmvis SemTxvevaSi am adamianebs
yvelaze metis gakeTeba SeuZliaT maswavlebelTa SesaZleblobebis amaRlebis TvalsazrisiT.
(ra araCveulebrivi iqneba gamocdili maswavleblebisaTvis, Tu maT winsvlis, wvrTnisa da
sakuTari gamocdilebis gaziarebis SesaZlebloba miecemaT.)
3.

swavlebis Sesaxeb codnis baza agebulia iseT sferoebze, rogoricaa Sesruleba,

repertuari da Sesabamisoba da ara `efeqtian qcevaze~.

sakuTari gamocdilebisa da swavlebis Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis bazis Seswavla moiTxovs

codnis raobis Sesaxeb konkretuli Sexedulebis arsebobas da mis uaryofas.
Cven unda gavacnobieroT, rom maswavlebloba inteleqtualurad rTuli da momTxovni
profesiaa da codnis buneba ar aris efeqtian qcevaTa CamonaTvali, romelic unda viswavloT
da ganvaxorcieloT. codnis baza midgomaTa mudmivad mzardi repertuaria, romelic maTi
funqciebis Sesabamisad SeiZleba dajgufdes (magaliTad, sicxade, molodinTa Setyobineba,
tempis SenarCuneba). maswavleblis gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb ra strategia gamoiyenos
konkretul bavSvTan, situaciasa an saswavlo gegmasTan gamocdilebis gavleniT mwifdeba.

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ar arsebobs saukeTeso strategiebi, saxelmZRvanelo wesebi an formulebi, romlebic gvikarnaxebs romeli strategia romel situaciaSi unda gamoviyenoT (Tumca zogierTi ganzogadeba da wesi axalbedebs sawyis etapze garkveulwilad exmareba). aucilebelia gvqondes
unar-CvevaTa repertuari da ara mxolod erTi meTodi swavlebis yoveli sabaziso funqciis
Sesasruleblad. aseve aucilebelia am repertuaris gafarToebaze zrunvac.
es Sexeduleba pedagogiuri codnis bunebaze arsebiTia kolegialuri, Ria, riskis gaweviT
savse garemos Sesaqmnelad. samwuxarod, pedagogikis `efeqtianobis~ Sesaxeb gabatonebuli
Sexeduleba xels uSlis maswavleblis mier riskis gawevasa da swavlis survils. am Sexedulebis mixedviT arsebobs garkveuli `efeqtiani qcevebi~, romelic ganapirobebs kargad
swavlebas. es efeqtiani-araefeqtiani midgoma xels uwyobs maswavlebelTa winaaRmdegobriv
diskusiebs saswavlo situaciebis marTvis Sesaxeb. winaaRmdegobrivs, radgan maTi azriT
SeuZlebelia gansxvavebuli gamocdilebis an Sexedulebis siswore. swavlebis efeqtianobis
Sesaxeb am Sexedulebis meore Sedegi is gaxlavT, rom is arc ki uSvebs swavlebis Sesaxeb diskusiis arsebobas imis SiSiT, rom vinmes SeiZleba gansxvavebuli azri hqondes. gansxvaveCarCoSi: maswavlebloba inteleqtualurad
buli midgomebis Sesaxeb diskusiebis Sekveca
rTuli da momTxovni profesiaa.
am Sexedulebis mesame Sedegia. `kargia, Tuki
es gza SenTvis warmatebulia, magram es Cemi
stili ar aris~, ai ris Tqma sCveviaT adamianebs. warmatebuli swavleba stilze ki ara Sesabamisobaze, bavSvisadmi, situaciisa da saswavlo gegmisadmi Sesabamisobaze aris damokidebuli.
4.

uzrunvelyofilia maswavleblis zrdisa da swavlis xelSemwyobi yvela faqtori.

profesiuli codnis Sesaxeb Sexedulebis _ `saqmianoba-repertuari-Sesabamisoba~ _ gaziareba kolegebis mier imis safuZvels qmnis, rom maT Riad isaubron problemebze da erTmaneTs gaacnon strategiebi. miuxedavad amisa, ar arsebobs garantia, rom kolegialoba da
eqsperimentebi skolis normad iqceva. raRac ufro metia saWiro.
maswavleblebis kolegialuri Sexvedrebi da TviTganaTleba (1-li punqti), ra Tqma unda,
xels uwyobs maT winsvlas. warmovidginoT, rom maswavleblebi iseTi pirovnebis xelmZRvanelobiT muSaoben, romelic Tavisi saqmis erTguli, patiosani muSakia da swavlebis axali
strategiebis ZiebiT aris dainteresebuli. is exmareba maswavleblebs kolegebTan da moswavleebTan wamoWrili problemebis gadaWraSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi maswavleblis profesiuli
zrdis Sansi kidev ufro metad izrdeba. maswavlebelTa Sexedulebebi mtkicdeba ara marto
maTi yoveldRiur gamocdilebaTa da moswavleebTan urTierTobiT, aramed maTi pirovnuli
rwmenis da varaudebis meoxebiTac. Sexedulebebis gadafaseba xdeba maSin, rodesac maswavlebels surs sxva TvaliT Sexedos Tavis pedagogiur Sexedulebebs da sxva mcodne adamianTan
imsjelos maT Sesaxeb. saWiroa ndobiT aRWurvili piri, romelic pativiscemiT da gagebiT
moekideba maswavleblis rwmenas da Sexedulebebs pedagogiuri gamocdilebis Sesaxeb. skolis
struqturaSi aseTi adamianis gamoCena maswavlebelTa profesiuli zrdis garantiaa.
maswavlebelTa rwmenis, faseulobebisa da varaudebis ganxilva Suqs hfens Cvens codnas am
rwmenebis siZlierisa da simtkicis Sesaxeb, radgan `pirovnuli ganwyoba... maswavleblad gaxdomis safuZvelia~ (Lortie 1975). maswavlebelTa samyaro simtkices ara mxolod yoveldRiuri
gamocdileba da moswavleebze zrunva ganapirobebs, aramed bavSvebis, swavlebisa da swavlis
Sesaxeb maTi pirovnuli Sexedulebebi da varaudebic. cvlileba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi xdeba,
rodesac maswavleblebi mzad arian am varaudebis gaziarebisa da ganxilvisaTvis. amisTvis
saWiroa maswavlebels sjerodes, rom kolegebi pativiscemiT moekidebian am varaudebs da
erTgvari pirdapirobac am Zveli varaudebisa da Sexedulebebis eWvqveS dayenebisTvis. am SemTxvevaSi, mosalodnelia Zireuli cvlilebebi maswavlebelTa praqtikaSi. edvardsi (Edwards

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1994) wers: `sferos sirTulisa da imis gamo, rom mravali mas Zalze piradulad miiCnevs, mniSvnelovania wavaxalisoT adamianebi, rom maT meti gaigon sakuTari msoflmxedvelobis Sesaxeb
da gaacnobieron misi gavlena maTsave azrovnebasa da saqmianobaze. gamocdileba cxadyofs,
rom ndobis mopoveba jgufis sifrTxiliT formirebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba da Tu aqtivobebi
Riad mimdinareobs, adamianTa umravlesoba mzad aris gadaxedos sakuTar msoflmxedvelobas~.
Cvens mier Camoyalibebul am struqturaSi sakuTari Sexedulebebis Seswavla TviTganaTlebis elementi xdeba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, maswavleblis ganviTarebis safuZvelia.
amgvari TviTganaTleba kolegebTan TanamSromlobiT xdeba. profesiuli gamocdilebis Sesaxeb am Zalze faruli Sexedulebebis gamomzeureba mtkivneuli procesia. miuxedavad amisa,
am saSiS teritoriaze Sesvla cvlilebisa da winsvlis yvelaze mZlavri instrumentebis mopovebis saSualebas gvaZlevs.
frenk paxaresma (Frank Pajares 1992) Tavi mouyara maswavleblis Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb kvlevis yvelaze dasabuTebul Sedegebs:

axalbeda

maswavlebelTa pedagogiuri Sexedulebebi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs maT

mier codnis aTvisebasa da interpretaciaSi, xolo Semdgom swavlebis dros ganxorcielebul qcevaSi. Seuswavleli Sexedulebebi SeiZleba gaxdes swavlebis moZvelebuli da araefeqtiani praqtikis mizezi.

Sexedulebebi

adreul asakSi yalibdeba da imdenad myaria, rom ver icvleba droiT,

swavlebiTa da gamocdilebiT dasabuTebuli argumentebiT.

SexedulebaTa sistema exmareba adamians samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis gansazRvra-gacnobierebaSi.

azrovnebiTi procesebi SexedulebaTa Camoyalibebis wina pirobaa, magram Sexedule-

baTa struqturis damaxarisxebeli efeqti amowmebs, Tavidan gansazRvravs da formas

ucvlis azrovnebisa da informaciis gadamuSavebis Semdgom procesebs.

Sexeduleba

gadamwyvet rols asrulebs amocanis gansazRvrasa da im kognituri instrumentebis SerCevaSi, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba am amocanis interpretacia,
dagegmva da gadawyvetilebis miReba; amrigad, is gadamwyvet rols asrulebs qcevis
gansazRvraSi da codnisa da informaciis organizebaSi.

Sexedulebebi mZlav gavlenas axdens aRqmaze, magram isini realobis bunebis arasaimedo megzuri SeiZleba iyos.

swavlebis

Sesaxeb Sexedulebebi ukve kargad aris Camoyalibebuli kolejSi Sesvlis

droisTvis.

SesaZlebelia, rom moswavlis swavlis Sesaxeb monacemebma da swavlebis gamocdilebis TviTanalizma iseTi kognituri disonansi Seqmnas, rom maswavleblisTvis sakuTari Sexedulebebis gadamowmebis safuZveli gaxdes? SesaZlebelia, kolegebisaTvis moswavleTa misamarTiT
sakuTari miznebisa da maTi miRwevis gzebis gaziarebam axleburi xedva Camogviyalibos da
repertuaris gamdidrebis survili gagviCinos?
Cveni azriT, am SexedulebaTa Seswavlis gareSe nebismieri cvlileba zedapiruli iqneba. arsebiTad, SexedulebaTa arcodna sasargeblo pedagogiuri gamocdilebis gadacemis
warumateblobis erT-erTi mizezic ki xdeba, miuxedavad am gamocdilebis Sesaxeb dawerili
statiebisa da Catarebuli seminarebis raodenobisa.
5.

arsebobs sistemuri da sxvadasxvagvari wvdoma profesiuli codnis or saxeobaze:

a) piradi da kolegebis praqtikuli codna

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b) swavlebis Sesaxeb sajaro kvlevebze dafuZnebuli codna.

individualuri praqtikuli codna

edvardsis (Edwards 1994) azriT, maswavleblis ganviTarebas ganapirobebs `gaazrebuli,
cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba, romelic ostaturi saqmianobis pirobaa. adamiani swavlobs sakuTari Tavis SemecnebiT, sakuTari azrovnebisa da qmedebebis gaanalizebiT. mxolod TviTanalizis Semdeg iwyebs is sakuTari muSaobis gaumjobesebas~. edvardsi sakuTari gamocdilebidan miRebul codnas, pirad praqtikul codnas uwodebs. yvela adamians gansxvavebuli da
individualuri praqtikuli codna aqvs, romelic, rogorc wesi, Zalian myaria da advilad ar
eqvemdebareba cvlilebas.
`personalis ganviTarebis specialistebisTvis, romelTac refleqsiis xelSewyoba surT....
maswavleblis mecnierul codnasTan (e.w. kvlevaze dafuZnebuli aRmoCenebi swavlebis Sesaxeb) erTad aseve mniSvnelovania maTi praqtikuli codnac. urTierTobisas isini ecdebian,
waaxalison maswavleblebi, rom maT swavlebis Sesaxeb piradi Sexedulebebi gamoavlinon.
amrigad, mwvrTnelsa da maswavlebels Soris urTierToba TanamSromluria, romlis mizania
pirovnuli ganviTareba da ara maamebloba (Wildman and Niles 1987). azrovnebas, maswavleblis
ganviTarebas optimaluri pirobebi Seeqmneba, Tu Cven `pativiscemiT movekidebiT adamianTa
pirovnul SesaZleblobebsa da cxovrebisul gamocdilebas~ (Edwards 1994).
avtorebis mizania, daamtkicon, rom aucilebelia codnis im udidesi maragis aRiareba, romelic maswavleblebs aqvT gamocdilebis safuZvelze da romelic xeluxlebeli da gamouyenebelia imis gamo, rom maT Caketil garemoSi uxdebaT muSaoba. Cveni azriT, sanam ar vaRiarebT maswavlebelTa pirad praqtikul codnas da ar CavayenebT mas ganviTarebis samsaxurSi,
maswavleblebi ver Seicvlebian garedan miRebuli ideebis sakuTar praqtikaSi integrirebiT.
dadasturebulia, rom cvlileba, TviT damokidebulebisa da Sexedulebis cvlilebac qcevis
Secvlis Sedegia da ara winapiroba (Guskey 1995), gvjera, rom gamorCeuli maswavleblebis
gamocdileba da maTi piradi praqtikuli codnis gamoyeneba arsebiTia personalis ganviTarebis efeqtiani kulturis CamoyalibebaSi.
karieris manZilze, yvela maswavlebeli imdidrebs codnis pirad ganZTsacavs bavSvebis,
saswavlo Sinaarsisa da swavlebis Sesaxeb
informaciiT. es maTi piradi praqtikuli
maswavlebelTa gamocdilebiT miRebuli cod
codnaa, romlis safuZvelia sirTuleebze
nis udidesi rezervuari xeluxlebelia imis
pirovnuli reaqcia, sakuTari aRmoCenebi, eqsgamo, rom maT Caketil garemoSi uxdebaT muS
perimentebi. es codna gansxvavebuli xarisxiT
aoba.
aqvs sxvadasxva maswavlebels, imis mixedviT,
ramdenad moazrovne da Semoqmedia. aseTi codna im elementebsac Seicavs, romlebic sxvebma aRmoaCines, magram ar Sesula sajaro codnis
bazaSi; piradi praqtikis saSualebiT maswavleblebs sakuTari karieris manZilze mravalgzis
uxdebaT maTi Tavidan gamogoneba.
iseT skolebSi, sadac xels uwyoben maswavlebelTa swavlas, maT sxvadasxva arxebiT xeli
miuwvdebaT sakuTar pirad da kolegebis praqtikul codnaze. es arxebia: Semswavleli jgufebi, paraleluri klasebis an fakultetis Sexvedrebi, sxva maswavlebelze dakvirveba, saCvenebeli gakveTilebi. am gziT xdeba piradi da unikaluri codnis gaziareba da fakultetis erToblivi codnis gamdidreba.

sajaro profesiuli codna swavlebis Sesaxeb

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calkeul maswavlebelTa pirad praqtikul codnis uzarmazar resursTan erTad, aseve unda
vaRiaroT da gamoviyenoT swavlebisA strategiebisa da unarebis is udidesi baza, romelsac
edvardsi (1994) sajaro codnas uwodebs. es aris wignebidan, seminarebisa da kursebis saSualebiT miRebuli zogadi codna sferos Sesaxeb. codnis bazis ararsebobis Sesaxeb farTod
gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis gamo maswavlebelta umravlesobam ar icis swavlebis mZlavri
strategiebis arseboba. `ukeTesi swavlebisaTvis kvlevisa~ da am wignis avtorTa mizani iyo
xelmisawvdomi gagvexada swavlebis Sesaxeb es mdidari codna. aucilebelia, rom maswavleblebma gaigon am bazisa da masSi arsebuli repertuarebis arseboba da sakuTari repertuari
gaafarTovon axali strategiebisa da azrovnebis axali gzebis swavliT.
wignSi mocemulia repertuarTa arsi. raki universitetma da kolejma uari Tqves swavlebis Sesaxeb profesiuli codnis sacavis funqciis Sesrulebaze (rogor rolsac isini asruleben arqiteqturis, iurisprudenciisa da medicinisaTvis) aRar arsebobs iseTi adgili,
sadac gavigebT pedagogikis Sesaxeb imas, rac jer ar viciT. veravin Seqmnis gonivrul kurss
TviTganviTarebis Sesaxeb, Tu ar ecodineba, ra aris saswavli: am wignSi mocemulia Cveni kolegebis piradi praqtikuli codna da sajaro codnis repertuaris sqema.
nebismieri praqtikosi maswavleblisaTvis, gamocdilebisa da kompetenturobis miuxedavad, wigni sakmaris masalas moicavs swavlebis Sesaxeb yoveldRiurad wamoWril sakiTxTa axali sasargeblo instrumentebisa da midgomis gzebis Sesaxeb. ufro mniSvnelovania is, rom wigni TviT codnis bazis struqturasac moicavs da aRiarebs, rom misi Semqmnelebi praqtikosebi
iyvnen. misi nayofieri gamoyeneba dafuZnebulia profesiul gansjaze da ara universaluri
kanonebis gamoyenebaze. profesionali maswavleblisaTvis swavlebis swavla usasrulo procesia. Tu swavlebis TamaSis saxelwodeba misadagebaa, rogorc amas 1-li Tavidan moyolebuli
vacxadebT, maSin yovelma Cvenganma mudmivad unda izrunos repertuaris gamdidrebaze gansxvavebuli moswavleebis moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad.
fakultetis wevrebisTvis sistematurad da regularulad xelmisawvdomi unda iyos
sajaro codnis bazis strategiaTa repertuari. es moiTxovs codnis bazis racionaluri
kategoriebis mixedviT organizebul, mudmivad ganaxlebad `rukas~. aseTi sqema aqvs yovel
namdvil profesionals sakuTari profesiuli codnis organizebisaTvis. swored swavlebis
amgvari rukis SeTavazeba iyo am wignis daweris mizani. ruka aadvilebs konkretuli adamianis
pirovnuli SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebul da naklebad ganviTarebul mxareebs da axalbeda
da gamocdili praqtikosebisaTvis adgens jer kidev Sesaswavl sakiTxTa `menius~.
axalbeda da gamocdili maswavleblebi sxvadasxvagvarad swavloben. damwyebs ufro metad
wesebze agebuli xelmZRvaneloba sWirdeba (Dreyfus and Dreyfus 1986). maTTvis ufro sasargebloa imis codna swavlebis ra parametrebze gaamaxvilon yuradReba da ra repertuari iswavlon muSaobis pirvel wlebSi. kompetenturi maswavlebeli metwilad sakuTari gamocdilebis
analizis saSualebiT swavlobs da Tavad akeTebs arCevans imis Sesaxeb, ra Seiswavlos Semdgom. is, rogorc wesi, intuiciis, aqtiur eqsperimentirebisa da dialogis Sinagani procesis
meSveobiT viTardeba. urTierToba sajaro codnis bazasTan da misi gamoyeneba maswavleblis
profesiuli zrdis kvalobaze icvleba. ucvleli rCeba zogierTi ram: repertuaridan axali
sakiTxebis, swavlebis gansxvavebuli modelebis, disciplinis gansxvavebuli modelebis, axsnis axali instrumentebis swavlis survili. ufro farTovdeba mosazrebebi imis Sesaxeb,
rogor Camouyalibos moswavleebs saklaso sazogadoebis mSeneblobisa da klasis cxovrebis
Tanaziarobis survili, rogor Seuwyos xeli riskis gawevas da Tavdajerebulobas es mudmivi sakiTxebia. arc erTma Cvenganma maT Sesaxeb imdeni ar icis, rom swavlaze uari Tqvas.
wignSi mocemuli swavlebis arc erTi parametri fantaziis nayofi ar aris; yoveli maTgani nebismieri saklaso oTaxis mudmivad Tanmdevi da moswavleTa swavlaze pasuxismgebeli

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cvladia. maswavleblebs, faqtobrivad, ukve aqvT yoveli parametris Sesatyvisi garkveuli

repertuari (mdidari an Raribi). repertuaris gamdidrebiTa da swavlebis morgebis unaris
ganviTarebiT nebismieri Cvengani kidev ufro efeqtian swavlebas SeZlebs.
1-li Tavis 1.2 sqemaze mocemuli Tvramet parametrad organizebuli swavlebis Sesaxeb sajaro codnis baza mudmivad mzard repertuarTa dinamikuri kategoriebis nakrebia. maRali
rangis profesiuli praqtika am repertuarTan erTad Cveni SesaZleblobebis gafarToebasac
moiTxovs.
6.

profesiuli codna da informacia moswavleTa moTxovnilebebis Sesaxeb unda

aisaxos maswavleblis arCevanSi swavlebis Sinaarsisa da procesis Sesaxeb.
ganvixiloT tradiciuli debulebebi personalis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb:

Tu calkeuli maswavlebeli TviTon irCevs ganviTarebis kurss, maTi wvlili damakmayofilebeli iqneba da uzrunvelyofs am kursis gatarebas.

personalis ganviTareba skolis sistemas unda emyarebodes, fakulteti gadawyvetilebas unda iRebdes mimarTulebisa da am mimarTulebiT savali gzebis Sesaxeb.

centralizebuli

iniciativebi winaaRmdegobisa da dauintereseblobis gamo marcxisTvisaa ganwiruli.

codna

pirovnuli da situaciuria. gare resursebi naklebfaseulia adgilobrivi

problemebis gadaWris TvalsazrisiT.

gasakviria, rom bolodroindel literaturaSi personalis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb versad

naxavT am debulebebis mxardaWeras, maTSi ganxilulia mTeli rigi proeqtebi, romlebSic
skolis ganviTarebisken mimarTuli Zalisxmeva sasikeTo gavlenas axdens swavlaze (Joyce and
Showers 1995). avtorebma aCvenes, rom personalis ganviTareba, romelic centraluri ofisidan imarTeba sakmaod efeqtiania maswavlebelTa repertuaris Secvlisa da moswavleTa miRwevebze gavlenis TvalsazrisiT.
arsebiTad, maswavleblis arCevani saqmianobaSi monawileobisa da misi warmatebis garantia
ar aris. fakultetis gadawyvetilebebi imis Sesaxeb, ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos personalis ganviTarebad windauxedavi da bundovani SeiZleba iyos. centralizebuli iniciativebi, rogorc
joisma da Souerma aCvenes, SesaZloa Zalze efeqtiani aRmoCndes, Tu gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesi kargad aris warmarTuli da personalis ganviTarebis proeqti moicavs adekvatur
dialogs, ukukavSirs da wvrTnas. unda miiRon Tu ara maswavleblebma monawileoba personalis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb arCevanis (romlis mizania maswavlebelTa swavlisaTvis optimaluri pirobebis Seqmna) miRebaSi? es sakmaod rTuli sakiTxia.
zrdasrulTa swavlis Teoria cxadi da Tanamimdevrulia _ zrdasrulebs sWirdebaT, rom
`gankargavdnen~ sakuTar swavlas (Knowles 1984). magram aseTi mesakuTreoba ar niSnavs uwesrigo da gaumarTlebel arCevans da arCevanis gakeTebas sicarieleSi. am wignis avtorTa azriT, dinamikurma profesiulma ganviTarebam xelmisawvdomi unda gaxados swavlebis Sesaxeb
sajaro codnis baza da misi Sinaarsi, raTa adamianebi mxolod Sinagan resursebsa da gamo-

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farTod gaRebuli WiSkari

gonebas ar daeyrdnon zRva masalis arsebobis pirobebSi. is, Tu ra da rogor unda iswavlos
maswavlebelma sajaro codnis am bazidan, mxolod da mxolod misi piradi saqmea.1
Cveni azriT, maswavleblis mier sakuTari muSaobis Seswavla mas problemebis gansazRvrisa
da im kiTxvebze pasuxis moZebnis stimuls aZlevs, romelTa pasuxebis povna sajaro codnis
bazaSi SeiZleba. arsebiTad, am saxis Zieba gansazRvravs TviT maT stumrobasac sajaro codnis
bazaSi.
am ori mosazrebis dakavSirebiT im azramde mivdivarT, rom maswavleblis arCevans ra
iswavlos da ra miumatos sakuTar repertuars ganapirobebs (1) moswavleTa saWiroebebi da
(2) profesiuli codnis bazaSi arsebuli xelmisawvdomi informacia.
vildmani da nilsi (Wildman and Niles 1987) weren:
`iseT garemoSi, sadac maswavleblebi Tavad akontroleben sakuTar azrovnebiT procesebs, maTi moqmedeba moswavleebzea orientirebuli. sawinaaRmdego suraTs viRebT, Tu mas garedan karnaxoben `ra~ da `rogor~ kiTxvebze pasuxs. roca maswavlebeli sakuTari saWiroebebiT xelmZRvanelobs, is `rogor~ kiTxvas sakuTari azrovnebis
sayrden wertilad iyenebs. `ra gavlenas axdens Cemi saqmianoba moswavleebze?~ maswavlebelTa dialogebis mosmenisas, aSkara xdeba, rom isini sakmaod did dros uTmoben calkeul moswavleebze fiqrs. swored es `moswavleze orientirebuloba~
aris mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba, romelic unda gvaxsovdes, roca maswavleblis azrovnebis xelSewyobaze vzrunavT. bunebrivi interesebisa da instinqtebis ugulebelyofas, SesaZloa, arasasurveli zewola mohyves, Tuki maswavleblebs aiZuleben
swavlebis maTeuli koncefciebisagan gansxvavebuli da ararelevanturi mosazrebebis, teqnikisa Tu kvlevis Sedegebis ganxilvas.

Cven SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom saWiroa, dauyovnebliv SevudgeT saqmes, vimuSavoT moswavleebTan, ganvixiloT mimdinare sakiTxebi da am konteqstidan ganvsazRvroT sabazo codnis
ra nawilebi gvWirdeba. amrigad, SesaZlebelia maswavlebelTa piradi praqtikuli codnisa da
sagnis Sesaxeb sajaro codnis bazis gamoyeneba. magaliTad, meeqvseklaselTa maswavleblebi
aRmoaCenen, rom bevri moswavle did informacias iRebs, magram erTmaneTTan ver akavSirebs
garkveul sakiTxebs. erT-erTi maswavlebeli danarCenebs SesTavazebs ufro detalurad
Seiswavlon grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebi da praqtikulad gamoiyenon, raTa moswavleebs
maTi saSualebiT aswavlon SeniSvnebis Cawera. sami maTgani grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebis
erTdRian seminars eswreba, Semdeg ki qmnian kolegebisaTvis Semswavlel jgufs erTmaneTis
saqmianobaze dakvirvebisa da ukukavSiris mizniT, rac saSualebas aZlevT erTmaneTs daexmaron grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebis gamoyenebis SeswavlaSi.
es magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom maswavleblis mier swavlis mimarTulebis arCevas ganapirobebs meeqvseklaselTa mimdinare saWiroebebis analizi. aRsaniSnavia, rom erT-erTma maTganma
pedagogikis sajaro codnis bazidan icis grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebis Sesaxeb da mis
detalur Seswavlas sTavazobs kolegebs.

1 mrCevlis an sxva adamianis pirdapiri Careva sWirdebodes arCevanis gasakeTeblad. ver avarCevT ra viswavloT,
Tu ar viciT saWiro masalis arseboba. damwyebi maswavleblisTvis sasargebloa zedamxedvelis an mrCevlis
xelmZRvaneloba, romelic mas strategiaTa Seswavlis Tanamimdevrobas SeurCevs klasis menejmentisa da
konkretuli sagnis pedagogikuri teqnikis TvalsazrisiT.
Cven gamocdili maswavleblebi gvyavs mxedvelobaSi. unda vaRiaroT, rom axalbeda maswavlebels, SesaZloa,
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni azriT, sasurvelia axalbedebs pirdapir vurCioT saswavli sakiTxebi, problemaze orientirebuli swavlis mniSvnelobis aRniSvnac gvsurs. rogorc wesi, damwyebi maswavlebeli sakuTar
problemebs mrCevelTan an zedamxedvelTan arCevs; es problemebi SesaZloa maTi profesiuli swavlis aTvlis
wertili iyos.)

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Cven darwmunebulebi varT, rom profesiuli winsvla codnis Sida da gare wyaroebis erTobliobiT miiRweva. swored calkeulma maswavlebelma Tu maswavlebelTa jgufma unda gaakeTos gaazrebuli arCevani imis Sesaxeb, rodis da sad gamoiyenos es ori wyaro.
amrogad, maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebisTvis optimaluri piroba iqneba, Tu:

maswavlebeli Tavad gansazRvravs sakuTari profesiuli ganviTarebisTvis xelSemwyob

sakiTxebs.

maswavlebeli Tavad irCevs swavlis xelis Semwyob formebs.

ra Tqma unda, am arCevans unda ganapirobebdes informirebuli da sistematuri midgoma
Sesaswavli sakiTxebisa da klasSi wamoWrili problemebis gadaWris gzebis Sesaxeb.
1.

skolis xelmZRvanelTa qmedeba unda Seesabamebodes da xels uwyobdes zemoT

CamoTvlil eqvsive pirobas.

ra unda gaakeTos skolis xelmZRvanelobam zemoT CamoTvlili eqvsive principis gaTvaliswinebisa da maT Sesatyvisad moqmedebis mizniT? Cven viziarebT xelmZRvanelobis am amocanisadmi midgomis edgar Sainiseul (Edgar Schein 1985) formulas. misi azriT, kulturuli
normis warmatebuli Secvlisas (romelic maSin xorcieldeba, roca skola kargi saswavlo
garemo xdeba zrdasrulebisTvis) axali normis mimarT xelmZRvaneloba Semdegnairad moqmedebs:

acxadebs
aCvenebs
agebs
icavs
ajildoebs
`gacxadeba~ nebismier garemoSi Semdegi normebis dacvis mniSvnelobas niSnavs: kolegialuri qceva, TviTganaTleba, sajaro codnis bazis xelmisawvdomoba da maswavleblis Tavisufali arCevani. rogorc wesi, skolis liderebi saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi acnoben TanamSromlebs am normebs da xels uwyoben maT dacvas. mniSvnelovania axali normis Sesatyvisi leqsikis
mudmivi gamoyeneba. saWiroa is skolaSi dialogis ganuyofeli nawili gaxdes.
`aCvene~ gulisxmobs xelmZRvanelis mier axali normis Cvenebas. man SeiZleba TviTganaTleba, kolegebis jgufSi swavla an sajaro codnis baza (informaciis moZieba, seminari an
konferencia) airCios axali normis detalurad Seswavlis mizniT.
`ageba~ gulisxmobs struqturebisa da jgufebis Seqmnas da erToblivi muSaobisaTvis
saWiro drois gamoyofas. magaliTebisaTvis SegiZliaT ixiloT kingisa da safieris naSromi
(King and Saphier, ibeWdeba). erT-erTi gza SesaZlebelia iyos mudmivi Semcvleli maswavleblis daqiraveba mxolod im maswavlebels Semcvlelad, romelic kolegebis saqmianobas akvirdeba. aseTi Semcvleli SeiZleba iyos kompetenturi, pensiaze gasuli maswavlebeli, romelic sakuTar gamocdilebas SesTavazebs moswavleebs da maT codnas gaafarTovebs saswavlo
gegmaSi arasaskolo Temebis CarTviT. kidev erTi magaliTia maswavlebelTa erTad momuSave
tradiciuli jgufebi (Tanner, Canady, and Rettig 1995). gakveTilebis cxrilis ise dagegmva, rom
xeli SevuwyoT maswavlebelTa erTad swavlis dros, did energias gamoaTavisuflebs maTi
profesiuli ganviTarebisaTvis.
`dacva~ erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi normaa, radgan roland bartis (Ronald Barth, Personal
Communication 1984) TqmiT, skolaSi yovelTvis moiZebneba cvlilebebis xelSemSleli `anti-

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farTod gaRebuli WiSkari

sxeulebi~. maswavleblebi, romlebic riskis fasad gadawyveten SexedulebaTa sakuTari sistemebis gaziarebas, daculi unda iyvnen sarkazmis, dacinvis da gakicxvisagan. am funqciis
Sesruleba mxolod `mcveli direqtoris~ an fakultetis xelmZRvanelis sazrunavi ar aris,
magram maT unda Cauyaron safuZveli.
`dajildoeba~ mravalgvarad SeiZleba: xelmZRvaneli xelmisawvdoms xdis resursebs
fakultetis im wevrebisTvis, romlebic riskaven, Riad saubroben da TviTganaTlebis qcevas
gvTavazoben personalis ganviTarebis mizniT; mowonebas gamoxatavs; kolegebisaTvis codnisa da gamocdilebis gaziarebis SesaZleblobebs qmnis im maswavleblebisTvis, romlebmac
raRac axali iswavles.
roca Cveni sazogadoeba seriozulad moekideba maswavlebelTa ganaTlebas, anu roca Cveni
moqalaqeebi da profesionalebi dainaxaven moswavleTa miRwevebze maswavleblisaTvis ganaTlebis pirobebis Seqmnis gavlenas, maSin am pirobebis Seqmna skolis administratorTa wvrTnis, licenzirebis, sertificirebis, Sefasebisa da mudmivi ganaTlebis ganuyofeli nawili
gaxdeba. sagulisxmoa, rom am Tavs arCevanis rolis Sesaxeb im mosazrebiT vamTavrebT, rom
saWiroa mtkice saskolo kulturis gaZRolis Seswavla.

Tu Cveni sazogadoebisTvis mniSvnelovania

maswavlebelTa ganaTleba, maTi swavlisTvis
xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna skolis adminis
tratorTa wvrTnis, licenzirebis, sertifici
rebis, Sefasebisa da mudmivi ganaTlebis ganuy
ofeli nawili unda gaxdes.

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literatura
Barth, Roland. Personal communication, 1984.
Costa, Arthur L., and Robert J. Garmston. Cognitive Coaching: A Foundation for Renaissance Schools.
Norwood, Mass.: Christopher Gordon, 1994.
Darling-Hammond, Linda, and Milbrey W. McLaughlin. "Policies That Support Professional Development in an Era of Reform." Educational Leadership (April 1995).
Dreyfus, H, L., and S. E. Dreyfus. Mind over Machine. New York: Free Press, 1986.
Edwards, John. "Thinking, Education and Human Potential." In J. Edwards, ed., Thinking: International Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Melbourne: Hawker Brownlow Education, 1994.
Guskey, Tom. Audiotape interview with Dennis Sparks, National Staff Development Council, 1995.
Joyce, Bruce R., and Beverly Showers. Student Achievement Through Staff Development. White Plains,
N.Y.: Longmans, 1995.
King, Matthew, and Jon Saphier. Strengthening School Culture. Carlisle, Mass.: Research for Better
Teaching, in press.
Knowles, Malcolm S. The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species. 3d ed. Houston: Gulf Publishing Co.,
1984.
Leiberman, Ann. "Practices That Support Teacher Development." Educational Leadership (April 1995).
Lortie, Dan C. School-Teacher. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975.
Murphy, Carlene. "Study Groups Foster Schoolwide Learning." Educational Leadership 50, no. 3 (November 1992).
Pajares, Frank. "Teachers' Beliefs and Educational Research: Cleaning Up a Messy Construct." Review of Educational Research 62, no. 3 (Fall 1992).
Saphier, Jon. "Bonfires and Magic Bullets." Carlisle, Mass.: Research for Better Teaching, 1994.
Shein, Edgar. Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1985.
Tanner, Brenda, Robert L. Canady, and Michael D. Rettig. "Scheduling to Maximize Staff Development Opportunities." Journal of Staff Development 16, no. 4 (Fall 1995).
Wildman, Terry M., and Jerome A. Niles. "Reflective Teachers: Tensions between Abstractions and
Realities." Journal of Teacher Education (July-August 1987).

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20
maswavleblis
Sexedulebebi
inteleqtisa da bavSvebis
swavlis unaris Sesaxeb
TviT swavlis Sesaxeb
maswavleblisa da swavlebis
Sesaxeb
skolisa da ganaTlebis Sesaxeb

maswavleblis Sexedulebebi

m wignis mizania swavlebis Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis baza ufro xelmisawvdomi gaxados maswavleblisTvis. Cveni azriT, amisaTvis saWiroa swavlebis mravalmxrivi
sistemis Seqmna, romelic mzamzareul receptebze ar iqneba agebuli. aseTi sistema
swavlebis praqtikas kategoriebisa (romelsac Cven parametrebs vuwodebT, mag., sicxade) da
qvekategoriebis (gaaqtiureba da Sejameba) saxiT awesrigebs. SesaZloa, savsebiT marTebulad
ikiTxoT: ra adgili ukavia am wignSi Tavs Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb, romlis mizania TiToeuli
parametris farglebSi arsebuli strategiaTa repertuarisa da azrovnebis formebis gamoxatva?
pasuxi aseTia: wigni `gamocdili maswavlebeli~ TviT maswavleblis swavlasac exeba da,
imedi gvaqvs, misTvis resursis rolsac iTamaSebs. bavSvebis, swavlebisa da swavlis, skolis
(adgilis, sadac zogi Tavisi nebiT dadis swavlisaTvis, zogs ki _ aiZuleben) Sesaxeb garkveuli Sexedulebebi arsebobs. darwmunebulebi varT, rom ramdenime konkretuli Sexeduleba
(Cveneuli) maswavleblis swavlis Sesaxeb arsebiTia da maT gareSe maswavlebeli ver SeZlebs
TviTgamoxatvas. erT-erTi aseTi Sexeduleba codnis bunebasa da TviT swavlebas exeba.
Tu migvaCnia, rom swavlebis Sesaxeb codnis realuri baza ar arsebobs, saqmianobis gaumjobesebis mcdelobisas advilia, daveyrdnoT sakuTar intuicias. aseve advilia imis Tqma,
rom skolebis gaumjobesebas mxolod gamocdili specialistebis moxmobiT SevZlebT. `nebismieri unariani adamiani SeZlebs amas, Tu Sinaarsi ecodineba~. es mcdari Sexeduleba swavlebis Sesaxeb codnaze xels uSlis maswavlebels iswavlos. miuxedavad amisa, is farTod aris
gavrcelebuli da xSirad maRali tribunidanac ki moismenT.
kidev erTi Sexedulebis mixedviT, swavlebis Sesaxeb realuri codna mxolod gamocdilebis gziT, TavisTavad dagrovili codnaa, romelic damoukideblad an sxvebTan erTad
fiqris saSualebiT yalibdeba. erTaderTi Rirebuli codna TanatolebTan interaqtiuli
fiqris gziT Cndeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom es Sexeduleba gamocdilebaze dafuZnebul codnas
emyareba, is ugulebelyofs wina TavSi aRweril yvelsaTvis xelmisawvdom saerTo codnas da
maswavleblis swavlis process arasrulyofilad warmogvidgens. ra Tqma unda, sul araraobas arasruli sjobs, magram srulze uaris Tqmis mizezi ara gvaqvs.
kidev erTi mcdari Sexedulebis mixedviT, pedagogiuri codna `efeqtiani qcevebisgan~
Sedgeba. es swavlebis swavlis bunebas sxvaTa miTiTebebiT ostaturad swavlebis amocanad
akninebs. karg maswavleblobas mxolod `efeqtiani qcevebis~ daswavla da maTi gamoyeneba ver
uzrunvelyofs. Cven sakmaod vrclad ganvixileT aseTi Sexedulebis uaryofiTi Sedegebi.
meore mxriv, Tu vTvliT, rom maswavleblis Sroma inteleqtualurad kompleqsuri, rTuli
da momTxovnia da sxva profesiaTa msgavsad misi codna repertuarsa da misadagebas emyareba,

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farTod vuRebT karebs profesiul dialogs; am SemTxvevaSi wina planze iwevs kolegebTan
erTad situaciur-konkretuli sakiTxebis kvleva da saerTo codnis bazaze axali strategiebisa da azrovnebis axali gzebis SemuSaveba.
aba, wuTiT dafiqrdiT: ratomaa esoden rTuli maswavlebelTa krebebze Tu sxva saxis
Sexvedrebze maTi warmatebuli ideebis da gamocdilebis Riad gaziareba? Tu `efeqtianobis~ paradigmisa gvjera, maSin SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom arsebobs am sakiTxisadmi midgomis
ori xerxi _ efeqtiani da araefeqtiani (an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, naklebefeqtiani). vTqvaT,
Cemi gamocdilebisagan gansxvavebul `warmatebul gamocdilebas~ miziarebT. `efeqtianobis~
Sesaxeb Cemeuli warmodgenis mixedviT, usityvo daskvna aseTia: an Tqven xarT marTali, an
me da uxerxul mdgomareobaSi vgrZnob Tavs, radgan meubnebiT, rogor gavakeTo is, rasac
araswored vakeTeb. meore mxriv, Cveni skolis kulturaSi swavlebis sirTulis Sesaxeb arsebuli Sexedulebisa da profesiuli codnis am wigniseuli xedvis gamo, Tqvens mier SemoTavazebul `warmatebul gamocdilebas~ saintereso alternativad ganvixilav da ara miTiTebad.
amrigad, warmatebuli maswavleblisTvis erT-erTi arsebiTi Sexeduleba TviT profesiuli
codnis bunebas Seexeba, kerZod, imas, rom codnis buneba emyareba repertuarsa da misadagebas
da ara efeqtian qcevas.
wina TavSi warmogidgineT zogierTi mosazreba Sexedulebebisa da qcevis interaqciis
Sesaxeb. qcevas Sexedulebebi gansazRvravs, romlebic xSirad ucnobia da cvlilebis mimarT
medegi. adamianis Sexedulebebis Seswavlis gareSe SeuZlebelia gavigoT swavlebis axali midgomebis mimarT misi damokidebuleba da motivacia.
modiT, swavlis Sesaxeb maswavlebelTa ramdenime ZiriTadi Sexeduleba ganvixiloT, romelic, SesaZloa, aucilebeli iyos swavlebis swavlisadmi cnobismoyvareobis gasaRviZeblad.

Sexeduleba inteleqtisa da
bavSvebis swavlis unaris Sesaxeb
1. `Sen SegiZlia gaxde gonieri. swavlas pirvel rigSi Zalisxmeva da efeqtiani
strategiebis gamoyeneba gansazRvravs. `inteleqti~ ar aris swavlis unaris
fiqsirebuli Tandayolili SezRudva. yvela bavSvs SeuZlia rTuli akademiuri masalis maRali standartis mixedviT aTviseba (Howard 1993).
aseTi Sexedulebis mqone maswavleblisgan ramdenime pirdapir Sedegs unda movelodeT,
kerZod, misi azriT, misi pasuxismgeblobaa:

yvela moswavlisTvis sami saxis molodinis Setyobineba;

sakuTari gamocdilebis mudmivi Semowmeba;
moswavleebisTvis imis pirdapiri da arapirdapiri swavleba, rogor moaxdinon Zalisxmevis mobilizeba;

moswavleebisTvis efeqtiani swavlis strategiebis swavleba.

umetesobis azriT, `goniereba~ Tandayolili Tvisebaa, romelic araTanabrad aris ganawilebuli da gansazRvravs moswavlis warmatebas. am Sexedulebas didi gavlena aqvs swavlebasa da swavlaze _ mxolod ramdenime moswavlea imdenad `gonebagaxsnili~, rom rTuli
akademiuri masala maRali standartebis Sesabamisad iswavlos.
meore mxriv, Tu maswavlebels sjera, rom TiTqmis yvela moswavles swori swavlebis pirobebSi (sakuTari unaris ganviTareba misi gamoyenebis, koncentrirebisa da kargi strategiebis
meSveobiT) SeuZlia warmatebis miRweva, man, rogorc maswavlebelma, sakuTar rols unda

528

maswavleblis Sexedulebebi

gadaxedos. es gadaxedva moicavs rogorc strategiebis, aseve akademiuri disciplinis maswavleblis rolis gaerTianebas; sxvadasxva moswavlis swavlis stilis Sesatyvisi swavlebis
modificirebis valdebulebas; moswavleTaTvis maRali dadebiTi molodinebis matarebeli
Setyobinebebis repertuaris ganviTarebas.
zogierTma mecnierma (Gould 1983) dokumenturad daasabuTa inteleqtis Sesaxeb Cveni
unikaluri da SezRuduli Sexedulebis naRvliani istoria Tavisi samwuxaro SedegebiT moswavleTaTvis. wigni ar gvaZlevs imis saSualebas, rom ufro detalurad davamtkicoT sawinaaRmdego mosazreba, kerZod, rom inteleqtis ganviTareba SesaZlebelia da rom efeqtiani
Zalisxmeva da kargi strategiebi akademiuri warmatebis arsebiTi determinantebia. mkiTxvelebs mxolod am Sexedulebis momxreebs SevTavazebT (Howard 1993, 1995; Resnick 1995). Cveni
azriT, gonierebis bunebis Sesaxeb Sexeduleba da misi samani (Tu usamanoba) repertuaris
gamdidrebis mZlavri stimulia maswavleblisTvis. profesiuli ganviTarebiT seriozulad
dainteresebul adamians SeuZlia SexedulebaTa am sistemis gamoyeneba, Tu surs sruli Tavisufleba misces sakuTar energias da yvela moswavlis warmatebuli swavlebis SesaZlebloba
ganiviTaros.

Sexedulebebi TviT swavlis Sesaxeb

2. daswavla axali gamocdilebisa da arsebuli codnis Serwymis Sedegia.
Tu maswavlebeli am Sexedulebas iziarebs, is iseT saswavlo garemos Seqmnis, sadac yvela
moswavle iqneba aqtiuri, SeiZens da gamoiyenebs codnas da SeZlebs masze sakuTari azris zepirad an werilobiT Camoyalibebas. maswavleblis pasuxismgeblobaa wonasworoba daamyaros
drois im monakveTebs Soris, roca moswavleebi iReben informacias da varjiSoben da roca
aqtiurad qmnian, iTviseben da iyeneben informacias realur konteqstSi. es niSnavs imas, rom
maswavlebeli swavlobs swavlebis sxvadasxva models da sakuTar Tavze iRebs saklaso oTaxis
klimatze gavlenis moxdenas.

3. swavla varirebs im xarisxiT, ra xarisxiTac kmayofildeba moswavleTa Semdegi moTxovnilebebi: CarTuloba, gavlena, kompetencia, Tavdajerebuloba.
amrigad, raki maswavlebeli iseT fsiqologiur da kognitur garemos qmnis, romelsac
udidesi gavlena aqvs imaze, ras da rogor Seiswavlian moswavleebi, misi profesiuli pasuxismgeblobaa gaazrebulad Seqmnas iseTi garemo, sadac yovel moswavles warmatebis miRwevis
Tanabari Sansi eqneba. aseTi garemo xasiaTdeba Semdegi TaviseburebebiT: erTianoba, urTierTmxardaWera, gambedaoba da maRali donis azrovneba. maswavlebeli mxolod sakuTari
disciplinis warmomadgeneli rodia, is moswavleTa maswavlebelicaa.

Sexedulebebi maswavlebelsa da swavlaze

4. profesiuli codnis buneba gulisxmobs `Sesrulebas, repertuarsa da Sesatyvisobas~ da ara `efeqtian qcevebs~.
am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, maswavleblis swavla usasrulo procesia. man mudmivad unda izrunos repertuaris gamdidrebasa da SeZlebisdagvarad meti moswavlis Sesatyvisi swavlebis
unaris ganviTarebaze.

529

Tavi 20

5. maswavleblis profesiuli unari moiTxovs codnis sxvadasxva bazis sistematur da mudmiv Seswavlas.
codnis es baza moicavs maswavleblis codnis mudmiv gamdidrebas iseTi sakiTxebiT, rogoricaa (1) Sinaarsi; (2) pedagogika; (3) konkretuli Sinaarsis swavlebis codna; (4) bavSvebi
da maTi gansxvavebebi; (5) efeqtian organizaciebSi individTa qceva; (6) mSoblisa da sazogadoebis CarTuloba. me-2 sakiTxi `pedagogika~ moicavs saswavlo gegmis Seqmnasa da dagegmvas.
zemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxebi interaqtiuli swavlebis unarTan erTad maswavleblis codnis
arsebiTi Semadgenelia.
amrigad, maswavlebelma ise unda gaafarToos profesiuli ganviTarebis koncefcia, rom
es sferoebi moicvas da sakuTari repertuaris maTze agebis gzebi ipovos.

Sexeduleba skolisa da ganaTlebis Sesaxeb

6. skolis saerTo garemo did gavlenas axdens swavlaze.
am Sexedulebis mqone maswavlebeli, rogorc skolis garemos Semqmneli aqtiurad unda
TanamSromlobdes kolegebTan; unda iswavlos, rogor Seasrulos skolis institutis ganmamtkiceblis roli; sakuTari Tavis, rogorc skolis `sistemaze~ pasuxismgeblis xedva
saklaso oTaxis miRmac unda SeeZlos. amisaTvis aucilebelia skolis urTierTobebSi kolegialobisa da urTierTdamokidebulebis damkvidreba. urTierTdamokidebuleba maswavleblisagan moiTxovs liderisa da gundis erT-erTi moTamaSis funqciis Sesrulebas da
saswavlo gegmis Sedgenisa da swavlebis gamocdilebaSi avtonomiisa da erTianobis balansis
xelSewyobas.
lideris rolSi maswavlebli kolegebze gavlenis iniciativas iRebs misTvis faseuli mosazrebebisa da im gamocdilebis gaziarebiT, romelic skolis ganmtkicebas waadgeba. rogorc
gundis wevri is TanamSromlobs kolegebTan skolis srulyofisa da calkeul moswavleTa
daxmarebis mizniT, Tanaxmaa daTmos avtonomia saerTo xedvisa da SeTanxmebis safuZvelze
moqmedebebisaTvis.
kavSiri maswavleblis swavlasa da urTierTdamokidebulebisa da kolegialobis Sesaxeb
am Sexedulebas Soris aseTia: mxolod kolegebTan regularuli interaqciiTa da erToblivi
muSaobiT SeZlebs maTi codniT sargeblobasa da axali codnis Seqmnas erToblivi ZalisxmeviT.

7. Cvens sazogadoebaSi rasizmi arasasikeTo gavlenas axdens feradkanian moswavleTa miRwevebze, rasac unda davupirispirdeT aqtiuri antirasistuli
swavlebiT.
rasizmi uxilavia TeTrkanianebisaTvis, radgan isini rogorc dominanturi jgufi
`TeTrkanianTa privilegiebiT~ sargebloben (McIntosh 1993) _ maRaziebSi rigSi ar dganan,
RamiT quCaSi seirnobisas policia ar aCerebT, ufro swrafad da advilad iReben sesxs an
kredits da aTasobiT sxva uxilavi privilegia, romelic maT, rogorc `normalurebs~ aqvT.
rasizmis kulturuli da institucionaluri manifestaciebi, rogorc stereotipi, maxinji
forma an dasavleT evropisgan gansxvavebuli kulturis xarvezi skolis saswavlo prograSi
darCa.
amerikuli Sexeduleba inteleqtis, rogorc Tandayolilis, ucvlelisa da ganmsazRvrelis Sesaxeb problemas qmnis. is rasizms erwymis da dekadaSi erTxel naTlad gamoxatul auxsnel Sexedulebas (Jensen 1969; Murray and Herrnstein 1994) amkvidrebs, rom feradkanianebi (gansakuTrebiT afro-amerikelebi) naklebgonierni arian, vidre TeTrkanianebi. es feradkaniani

530

maswavleblis Sexedulebebi

moswavleebisadmi maswavleblis gansxvavebul damokidebulebas iwvevs (Rist 1970) da TviT moswavleebs Soris mowyvladobis stereotips (Steele 1992) ayalibebs realurad arasaxarbielo
saqmianobas iseT situaciaSi, sadac rasa SeumCnevlad ayenebs eWvqveS unars.
maswavleblebs am sakiTxebis Sesaxeb srulyofili ganaTleba sWirdebaT. Cven yvelas
gvWirdeba informacia da gamocdileba, romelic feradkaniani adamianebis Sesaxeb Cveni (TavisTavad nagulisxmevi) Sexedulebisa da sazogadoebis mier am Sexedulebis ganmamtkicebeli
tradiciebis introspeqciis saSualebas mogvcems. am yvelaferTan erTad, Cven kulturulad
relevanturi swavlebis (ix. Tavi saklaso oTaxis klimatis Sesaxeb) danergva gvWirdeba.
SesaZloa, mkiTxvelma SexedulebaTa zemoxsenebul sistemas sxva Sexedulebebic miamatos.
CvenTvis misaRebia nebismieri Sexeduleba, romelic xels uwyobs maswavleblis qcevas cnobismoyvareobis, urTierTgaziarebis, codnis bazis farglebis gafarToebis da repertuaris
gamdidrebis TvalsazrisiT. Cveni mizania ara SexedulebaTa saboloo nakrebis gansazRvra,
aramed Semdeg kiTxvaze pasuxi: `rogor CamovayaliboT Sexeduleba, romelic xels Seuwyobs
maswavleblis swavlas da daexmareba maT skolis kulturis gacnobierebaSi?~ am kiTxvaze pasuxis gareSe profesiuli swavla (da skolis progresi) aradamakmayofilebelia.
Cveni wignis yvela mkiTxvels am kiTxvaze da mis pasuxze dafiqrebas vurCevT. da bolos,
kidev erT mosazrebas SemogTavazebT.
maswavleblis swavlasa da Sexedulebebze zemoqmedebis yvelaze mZlavri saSualeba, SesaZloa, maswavlebelTa Sesavali programebi iyos. muSaobis pirveli sami wlis ganmavlobaSi
yalibdeba damwyebi maswavleblis Sexedulebebi swavlebis Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis, misi
bunebis, kolaboraciuli muSaobis, moswavleTa swavlis bunebis, sakuTari rolis aRqmis,
skolis ekosistemaSi sakuTari adgilis Sesaxeb. SexedulebaTa Camoyalibebasa da ganmtkicebas Semdegi faqtorebi ganapirobebs: avtoritetTa mier SeTavazebuli modelebi, xelmZRvanelTa azri, kolegebis daxmareba, skolis administratorisgan miRebuli Setyobinebebi gulaxdilobisa da daxmarebis Taobaze da profesiul zrdaSi skolis Tanadgoma da mxardaWera.
aqedan gamomdinare, Cveni azriT, maswavleblis ganviTarebis SesaZlo alternativebSi Sesavali programebi prioritetuli iqneboda. kerZod, Cveni azriT:
1. bevr Tavdadebul xelmZRvanels gadavcemdiT zrdasrulTa ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
codnas, dakvirvebisa da wvrTnis, SexvedraTa Catarebis unar-Cvevebs da, pirvel
yovlisa, profesiuri swavlebis codnis safuZvlebs. maT axalbeda maswavleblisTvis kviraSi sami saaTis ganmavlobaSi xelsayreli momentebis gamoyenebis swavlebas
davavalebdiT, raTa axalbedebs zemoTaRwerili Sexedulebebis CamoyalibebaSi daxmarebodnen.
2. gadavxedavdiT xelmZRvanelTa (anu skolis direqtorTa) Camoyalibebis process im
mizniT, rom mas kolegialobis, eqsperimentirebis da codnis bazis gafarToebis myari kultura moecva. movamzadebdiT, davexmarebodiT da SevafasebdiT liderebs
amgvari xelmZRvanelobisTvis saWiro unar-Cvevebis TvalsazrisiT.

531

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literatura
Gould, Stephen Jay. Mismeasure of Man. New York: W.W. Norton, 1981
Herrnstein, Richard J. and Charles Murray. The Bell Curve. New York: Free Press, 1994.
Howard, Jeff You Cant Get There From Here. Daedalus 24, no. 4 (Fall, 1995): 85-92
_____. The Social Construction of Intelligence. Lexington, Mass: Efficacy, Inc., 1993
Jensen, Arthur R. How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement? Harvard Education
Review XXXIX (Winter, 1969): 1-123
McIntosh, Peggy. White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack. Peace and Freedom (JulyAugust, 1989): 10-12.
Resnick, Laurence. From Aptitude to Effort: A New Foundation for Our Schools Daedalus 124,
no. 4 (Fall 1995): 55-62.
Rist, Ray. Student Social Class and Teacher Expectations: A Self-fulfilling Prophecy in Ghetto
Education. Harvard Educational Review 40, no.3 (August, 1970): 411-451.
Steele, Claude. Race and Schooling of Black Americans. The Atlantic Monthly (April, 1992): 68-78.

532

indeqsi

wigns orgvari saZiebeli aqvs: saxelTa saZiebeli da avtorTa saZiebeli. saxelTa saZiebelSi warmodgenilia wignSi ganxiluli yvela sakiTxi. avtorTa saZiebelSi mocemulia wignSi
moxseniebuli yvela avtori da naSromi. abreviatura `Sen.~ gverdis cifrebTan aRniSnavs
sqolioSi Camotanil SeniSvnas.

saxelTa saZiebeli
a
abstraqcia
aRwera, 19;
doneebi, saswavlo gamocdilebaSi, 396
administratori, skolis, 514-515, 523
avTentikuri Sefaseba. ix. Sefaseba
avtoriteti, ignorireba, 140-141
azrobrivi xati, Semoqmedeba, 187-188
azrovnebis rukebi, 191
akademiuri swavlis dro, 70, 72
akademiuri unarebis transferi, 223-224, 225
akademiuri CarTulobis dro, 73-75
alternatiuli Sefaseba. ix. Sefaseba
analogiebi, gamoyeneba, 255
arastruqturirebuli swavleba (swavlebis odeli),
255-256
araswori aRqma, Tanaziaroba, 183-185
araswori qceva
mizezebi da Sedegebi, 109;
Sedegebi sicxadis, 112;
miwodebis, 113-114, 115-116;
araefeqtiani, 116-117;
SerCeva, 113-114;
aTi mizezi, 107;
ix. aseve jiuti moswavleebi
araweriTi davalebebi, 346-347
artefaqtebis CanTa (TamaSi), 329-330
asoebiT Sefaseba, 290-291, 292, 460-461
atribuciis Teoria, 287-288, 289, 341
aqtebi
Tanaziaroba, 28-29;
gafrTxileba, 27-28;
Sewyveta, 25-27;
Sesatyvisi qcevis waxaliseba, 112-113;
Cabma, 28;
proceduruli, 400-401;
miRweva, 29;
ix. aseve unarebi
aqtivobebi, saklaso
miznis axsna, 197-198;
miznebi, 363, 368-370
aqtiuri areebi klasSi, 59
aqtiuri monawileoba (swavlis principi), 225
aqtiuri mosmenis unari, 316-317
aqtiuri moswavlis modeli, 56

aRiarebis aqtivobebi, 330, 331

aRqmis arxebi, 232, 233, 405-406
axsnis instrumentebi (swavlis principi), 344
axsnis instrumentebi, repertuari, 187-192
`akademiuri wiTeli perangis gadacma~, 294

b
bundovani terminebi, 192, 193

g
gacnobis aqtivobebi, 329-330
gagebaze mimarTuli kiTxvebi, 180-181, 182
gadasvla
sacobebis Tavidan acileba, 44;
kognituri, 205;
ideaTa Soris, 204;
axal aqtivobaze, 43-44;
aqtivobis, tempis an donis cvlilebis Sesaxeb
miniSneba, 204
gadafarva, unarebis, 40-41
gakveTilis dagegmva, 43, 370-371.
ix. aseve saswavlo gegmis Sedgena
gakveTilis dasruleba Sejamebis gareSe (swavlis
principi), 235
gameoreba (swavlis principi), 235
gameoreba, 235
gameorebis teqnika, 113
ganmamtkicebeli cxrili, 203
ganmtkiceba (swavlis principi), 227-228
ganmtkicebis Teoria, 127-128
garegani jildo, 228
garegnoba, 315
garemos msgavseba (swavlis principi), 220- 221
garemoSi gamoyeneba (swavlis principi), 224
gasasvlelebi saklaso oTaxSi, 59
gasaSualoebuli Sefaseba, 290-291
gafrTxileba (sxva saqmianobaze gadasvlamde), 43-44
gafrTxilebis formebi, 27-28
gonebrivi warmosaxva, 187-188
grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebi, 189-192
ganmamtkicebeli cxrili, 203;
miznebis Sesaxeb fiqris saSualeba, 369
`gagebis Semowmeba~, 180, 281-282
`gakveTilebis Semdeg datoveba~, 114
`gamocanebi~ aqtivoba, 332

533

gamocdilim aswavlebeli

d
dabali moswrebis moswavleebi
gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, 298;
standartebis da molodinebis amaRleba, 294;
efeqtiani Zalisxmevis swavleba, 299;
monitorigni, 295
dabneva
dazustebis instrumentebi, 187-192;
axal da naswavl masalas Soris, 222;
xelaxla swavlis jgufebi, 291, 292;
meTodi `Sewyvite Cemi swavleba~
prevenciisTvis, 342-343;
maswavleblis reaqciaTa nakrebi, 180-182;
ix. aseve sicxade
dadasturebis aqtivobebi, 330, 331
dadebiTi magaliTi, 251-252
dadebiTi molodinis damokidebuleba, 112-113, 271272
davalebis analizi, 229
davalebis resursebi, 389
davalebis rveuli, rogorc Sefasebis meTodis
surogati, 446-447
davalebisTvis saWiro dro, 69-75
dakvirvebis unari, 514
damatebiTi kiTxvebi, 281-282
damokidebulebis miznebi, 371
daostatebis miznebi, 364-365, 367-368, 368-370
daJineba (simtkice), 115-116, 272
daskvna, 235, 401
daskvniTi wuTebi, 75-76
dasja, 114, 141-142, 143
daxmareba, moTxovnisas, 336, 340-341
dajgufeba, 293-296, 402-403
dajildoebis sistema, 117
disciplina, 107-168
araswori qcevis mizezebi, 107-111;
molodinebi da Sedegebi, 112-119;
moswavleTa kontroli da gavlena, 119-124;
modelebis Sesabameba moswavleTa
saWiroebebisadmi, 157-166;
disciplinis modelebi
qcevis modifikacia, 126-129;
logikuri Sedegebi, 140-146;
pirovnuli gavlena, 136-140;
realobiT Terapia, 146-151;
TviTanalizi, 129-136;
Semajamebeli cxrili, 166;
maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTna, 151-157;
maswavleblis roli, 158-159;
savarjiSo, 171-173;
simtkice da araswori qceva, 110-111;
Semajamebeli gverdebi, 167-170;
ix. aseve araswori qceva; jiuti moswavleebi
disciplinis damrRvevi moswavleebi. ix. araswori
qceva
donis gansazRvra, 181-183

534

dro skolaSi, cneba, 69, 70

dro, 69-79
xanmokle periodebis efeqtiani gamoyeneba,
75-76, 227;
rogor aris ganawilebuli skolaSi, 69-75;
tempis Sesaxeb Sexedulebebi, 76-79;
swavlisaTvis gamoyofili dro, 67-68;
savarjiSo, 83-86;
Semajamebeli gverdebi, 81-82
`damsxvreuli kvadratebi~ (aqtivoba), 331, 333
`daJineba~ moswavlesTan, 280, 281-282

e
emociuri empaTia, 179-180
emociuri asociaciebi, uaryofiTi, 221
empaTia, 179-180, 185-186
epizoduri Canawerebi Sefasebis mizniT, 452, 454-457
erToba, gancdis Camoyalibeba, 121, 327-335
sxvebis aRiarebiT, 329-330;
jgufis identobis SeqmniT, 331-332;
socialur unarebTan dakavSirebuli
aqtivobebiT, 332-334;
konfliqtis gadaWris swavlebiT, 334-335;
saklaso Sexvedris strategiis gamoyenebiT,
121-123;
Tanamimdevruli aqtivobebis gamoyenebiT, 123124
esse, 441-442
efeqtiani Zalisxmeva, miewereba, 299-300
`efeqtiani qceva~, 528

v
varjiSi (swavlis principi), 229, 344
verbaluri ganmtkiceba. ix. ukukavSiri
verbaluri qceva. ix. metyveleba
verbaluri Sejameba, 232-234
vertikaluri sivrce saklaso oTaxSi, 59

z
zepiri gamokiTxva, 257-258
zepiri moxseneba, 446-447
zeswavla, 229
zneobrivi realoba klasSi, 507
zogadi azrovnebis unar-Cvevis miznebi, 365, 367, 368
zogadi Sexeduleba, 277

T
Tavazianoba (maswavleblis), 315
Tavdapirveli asociaciebi, araswori, 221
Tavisufali saklaso Sexvedrebi, 121
TamaSi `bingo adamianebi~, 329-330
TamaSi `ipoveT adamiani, romelic~, 329-330
TanagrZnoba (swavlis principi), 225
Tanaziarobis aqtebi, 28-29

indeqsi
Tanaziarobis (aRiarebis) aqtivobebi, 330, 331
Tanaziarobis toni, 225
Tanamimdevroba (swavlis principi), 226-227, 344
TanatolTa zewola, 289
Tejirebi, 59
TviTanalizis modeli, 129-136
varaudebi, Rirebulebebi da miznebi, 129-130;
aRwera, 124;
saboloo miznebi, 133-134;
fsiqologiur moTxovnebTan Sesabamisoba, 158;
maswavleblis roli, 133-134;
teqnika, 130-133;
tipuri kandidatebi, 162
TviTanalizis unari, 513-514, 515
TviTgamoxatva, 395
TviTinstruqtaJis swavleba, 132-133
TviTkontroli. ix. TviTanalizis modeli
Tqvi-gaakeTe (swavlis principi), 232-235

i
ignorireba, 110-111
individebis pirovnuli realoba, 506
individualisturi swavlis gamocdileba, 391
individualuri praqtikuli codna, 527
individualuri praqtikuli codna,
maswavleblebis, 518-519
induqciuri azrovnebis modeli (swavlebis), 252-253
induqciuri swavlebis modeli, 248-249
instruqcia, efeqtiani, 196
instruqcia, paternebi, 257-259
instruqtirebis parametrebi, 19-20
inteleqti
Sexedulebebi, 341, 528-529;
miRwevebTan korelacia, 298-299;
Teoriebi, 289;
rasobrivi stereotipebi, 530-531
interaqtiuli swavleba, 70, 72, 73-74
interpersonaluri qcevis molodinebi, 270-271
iumori, 315
informaciis gadamuSavebis realoba saklaso
oTaxSi, 507
informaciis wyaroebi saswavlo gegmisTvis, 388

k
karada, 57
kvlevis unaris wvrTna (swavlebis modeli), 253-254
kiTxvari SefasebisTvis, 448, 451, 452
kiTxvebi
gaazreba, 180-181, 182;
araorazrovneba, 194-195;
damatebiTi, 281-282;
gaxseneba, 180-181, 182;
miniSnebis uzrunvelsayofad, 196
kiTxvebi gameorebisTvis, 182, 183
klasis SigniT dajgufeba, 295

klasisa da swavlebis menejmenti (CLAIM), 126-129

varaudebi, Rirebulebebi da miznebi, 127-129;
terminebis gansazRvreba, 126-127;
saboloo Sedegebi, 128-129;
danergva, 127-128
klasTaSoris dajgufeba, 295
klebadi ukugebis wertili, 225, 229
kognituri ganviTareba, 205
kognituri ganviTarebis safexurebi, 396
kognituri problemis gadaWris interpersonaluri
modeli, 133-136
kognituri qcevis modifikacia, 132-133
kognituri wvrTnis unarebi, 514
kompiuteruli simulaciis Sefasebis meTodi, 445446
komunikacia
davalebebisa da amocanebis, 296-297;
saklaso rutinis, 91-92;
maswavleblis molodinebis, 271-273;
maswavleblis meTodebi, 277-278
koncefciis daswavlis modeli (swavlebis), 251-252
konceptualuri modelebi, 232
konceptualuri winmswrebi aqtivobebi, 251
konfliqtis gadaWra, 334-335
konkurencia swavlis procesSi, 391-394
konstruqtivistuli swavleba, 348-349
kontaqti (swavlis principi), 221
kontroli. ix. gavlena
kooperaciuli swavla, formebi, 391-392
kooperaciuli swavlis modelebi, 123-124
kulturis TvalsazrisiT relevanturi swavleba,
350-351
kulturuli gansxvavebebi, 111
`kvleva ukeTesi swavlebisTvis~, 519
KWL (vici-minda vicode-viswavle) teqnika, 201-202

l
labirinTebi, 192, 193
leqcia, 257
leqsikuri unarebi, 226
logikuri Sedegebis modeli, 140-146
gansazRvreba, varaudebi, miznebi, 140-141;
aRwera, 125;
saboloo Sedegebi, 146;
danergva, 142-143;
Seusabamo gamoyeneba, 145-146;
moswavleTa fsiqologiur moTxovnebTan
Sesabamisoba, 158;
dadebiTi programa, 144;
warmatebis winapiroba, 145;
maswavleblis mier Zalauflebis gamoyeneba,
145-146;
tipuri kandidatebi, 162-163
lodinis dro, 280, 283, 284, 340

535

gamocdilim aswavlebeli

m
magaliTebi
aRwera, 430-431;
nakrebebi da nimuSebi, 471-487
magida, 57
marSrutis dasaxva, 199
martivi Tvlis teqnika, 130-131
masalebi. ix. saklaso masalebi
masalis amowurvis miznebi, 363, 368-370
maswavlebeli
Sexedulebebi inteleqtis Sesaxeb, 528-529;
swavlis procesi, 529;
rasizmi, 530-531;
skolis garemo, 530;
pedagogiuri codna, 517, 527-528, 529
kognituri wvrTnis unari, 514;
komunikaciuri qceva, 277-278;
Sexedulebebis, Rirebulebebisa da varaudebis
gamoxatva, 516-517;
SeniRbuli Setyobineba moswavleebisadmi, 296297;
dabali Semosavlebis mqone skolaSi, 298-299;
CarevasTan gamklavebis unari, 42-43;
saklaso sivrce, 56-57;
saqmianobis standartebis dadgena, 273-274;
rutinis standartebis dadgena, 91-92;
gakveTilis moqniloba, 43;
molodinebis Sesabamisoba moswavleTa
SesaZleblobebTan, 118-119, 276;
moswavleebTan urTierTobis meTodebi, 314;
SeniSvna aqtivobidan aqtivobaze gadasvlis
Sesaxeb, 43-44;
aqtivobaTa tempi, 79;
moswavlis araswori qceva, 167, 168;
moswavleebis mier masalis wvdoma, 180, 185;
rutinis gamoyeneba, 92-94;
optimaluri pirobebi, 513, 521-522;
saboloo miznebi, 503-504
pirovnuli miznebis gansazRvra, 370-371;
individualuri praqtikuli codna, 518-519,
527;
pirovnuli urTierToba moswavleebTan, 269,
313-314;
pirovnuli Taviseburebebi, 314-317;
profesiuli ganviTareba, 514-515, 520-522;
TviTanalizis unari, 513-514;
aucilebeli simtkice, 115-117, 272, 273
maswavlebelTa Sexedulebebi. ix. maswavleblebi
maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTnis (mew) modeli,
151-157
kandidatebi, 163-164;
gansazRvreba, varaudi, Rirebuleba da miznebi,
151-152;
aRwera, 125;
saboloo Sedegebi, 156-157;
danergva, 153-154;

536

warmatebis winapiroba, 155-156;

principebi, 152-153
maswavleblisTvis Sesavali programebi, 531
menejmentis parametrebi
aRwera, 18-19;
susti mmarTveloba, 108;
maswavleblis unari, 74-75
meojaxeobis rutina, 91, 270-271
mesakuTreobis grZnoba (moswavleTa mier)
klasis an davalebis mimarT, 341-342;
grZnobis xelSewyoba, 119-120;
sivrceze, 57-58
metyveleba, 192-194
miznebi
swavlis, 56, 289;
xarisxi da raodenoba, 231;
moswavleebis mier, 437-438;
siCqare, 230-231;
ix. aseve miznebi
miznebi, 361-377
damokidebulebis miznebi, 371;
qcevis miznebi, 376;
sicxadis, 371;
masalis amowurvis miznebi, 362, 368-370;
dasaxva, 361-362;
CarTulobis miznebi, 363-364, 368-370;
swavlis miznebi, 198-200, 420-421;
daostatebis miznebi, 364-365, 367-368;
moswavleTa SesaZleblobebTan Sesatyvisoba,
372-373;
pirveladi wyaroebi, 373-374;
savarjiSo, 381-383;
meoreuli wyaroebi, 374-376;
Semajamebeli gverdi, 379;
ix. aseve saboloo miznebi
miznis dasaxva (swavlis principi), 230-231, 344
miznis struqtura. ix. swavlis gamocdileba
miTi intuiciis mqone maswavleblis Sesaxeb, 21
miTiTebebi, efeqtiani, 196
miniSneba gakveTilis sicxadis mizniT, 197
miniSnebebi
araorazrovneba, 194-195;
rogor gamoviyenoT, 196;
rodis gamoviyenoT, 189, 283-284
misalmebis aqtivoba, 330-331
miRwevis aqti, 29-30
mnemonika (swavlis principi), 226
mniSvneloba (swavlis principi), 220
mniSvnelovani atributebis gamocalkeveba (swavlis
principi), 222-223
mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebi, 222-223
mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebis xazgasma, 222-223
modalobis testebi, 345
modelireba (swavlis principi), 232, 271-272
mokle pasuxebiani testi, 441
molodinebi, 269-301
Sesabamisi done, 117-118;

indeqsi
sicxade, 110, 112;
miRwevebTan korelacia, 277;
rubrikebis Seqmna, 434-435;
standartebisagan gansxvavebuli, 274;
adreul asakSi, 117;
molodinTa Setyobineba, 271-273, 277-297;
standartebis da molodinis Sesabamisoba, 274276;
saqmianobis, 270;
savarjiSo, 305-307;
Semajamebeli gverdebi, 303-304;
maswavlebelTa meryeoba, 118;
maswavlebelTa reaqcia, 287-288;
sami mTavari gzavnili, 269-270
molodini, 44-46
monitoringi, 294-296
mosmenis unarebi, 316-317, 331
moswavle
konceptualuri done, 404-405;
dabneuli. ix. dabneva;
gavlena. ix. moswavlis gavlena;
dabali moswrebis
Sexedulebebi, 298-299;
standartebis da molodinebis gazrda, 294;
efeqtiani Zalisxmeva, 299-300;
monitoringis mqone skolebSi, 295
azrovnebis wesi, 220;
araswori qceva. ix. araswori qceva;
ureaqcioba, 283-285;
fsiqologiuri moTxovnebi, 157, 158, 326;
SeniSvna, 315-317;
jiuti
araswori qcevis mqoneTagan gamijvna, 111;
Sesatyvisi disciplinis misadageba, 165;
fsiqologiuri moTxovnebi, 157, 158;
disciplinis eqvsi modelis Sejameba, 124126, 166
vin ver `Caswvda~, 291, 292
moswavleTa gavlena, izrdeba
araweriTi davalebebis Sesrulebisas, 346-347;
saklaso cxovrebaSi, 119-120;
swavlis stilis gansazRvrisas, 345-347;
instruqciis meTodebze, 342-343;
saklaso oTaxSi TamaSis wesebze, 343-344;
Sedegad mosdevs, 341-342;
swavlis strategiebis gaziarebiT, 344-345
moswavleTa zedamxedveloba, 394-395
moswavleTa Tavisufali azrovnebis xelSewyoba
(swavlis principi), 235-236
moswavleTa `individualuri swavla~, 93-94
moswavleTa konceptualuri doneebi, 404-405
moswavleTa pasuxis dadastureba, 281-282
moswavleTa piradi sivrce, 58
moswavleTa pirovnuli ganviTareba, 255-256
moswavleTa qvedayofa, 44
moswavleTa codnis gaaqtiureba, 200-202, 203
moswavlis CarTulobis dro, 70, 71, 72

motivaciuri parametrebi, 19
moxseneba, 446-447
moxsenebis sistema, 460-461, 462, 463
multimediuri moxseneba, 446-447
m. e. w. ix. maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTna
`magiuri wre~, 56
`me~-Setyobineba, 26
`mzardi Zalisxmevis~ ineteleqtis Teoriis momxre,
289-290
`mTliani suraTis~ Sesatyvisi maswavleblis qceva,
198-206
`mocemuli~ inteleqtis Teoria, 289

n
namuSevris nimuSebi SefasebisTvis, 421, 421-424, 426,
430
niSnebiT Sefaseba, 460-461
o
ostaturi swavlis paradigma, 73, 275

p
pasuxebi, reaqcia
Sesatyvisi meTodebi, 284;
SeniRbuli Setyobinebebi, 278-280;
qcevis repertuari, 279-282
paternebi
Sefasebis Sesaxeb moxseneba, 460-461;
moswavleTa portfolios SeqmnaSi
monawileoba, 452-453
pativiscema (maswavleblis mier gamovlenili), 315
pedagogiuri codna. ix. profesiuli pedagogiuri
codna
personalis ganviTareba, 520-522
personalis ganviTarebaze mzrunvelni, 515
pigmalionis efeqti, 276-277, 278, 298
pirdapiri dakvirvebis safuZvelze Sefasebis
meTodi, 442, 444-445
pirdapiri swavleba, 73-75, 258-259
pirveli wuTebi, 75-76, 220-221
pirovnuli gavlenis modeli, 136-139
varaudebi, Rirebulebebi da miznebi, 136;
aRwera, 125;
saboloo Sedegebi, 139;
danergva, 137-138;
fsiqologiur moTxovnebTan Sesabamisoba, 158;
warmatebis winapiroba, 139;
principebi, 137;
tipuri kandidatebi, 162
pirovnuli kontaqti, molodinTa gansamtkiceblad,
272-273
pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba
maswavleblis ZiriTadi Taviseburebebi, 314317;
savarjiSo, 321;
dasabuTeba, 313;

537

gamocdilim aswavlebeli
Semajamebeli gverdi, 319
politikuri realoba saklaso oTaxSi, 507
portfolio, 452-453, 458
problemis gadaWraze mimarTuli amocanebi, 442, 443
proeqtis demonstrireba, 447-448
profesiuli swavlebis codna
Sexedulebebi, 527, 529;
sajarooba, 519-520;
ix. aseve individualuri praqtikuli codna
proceduruli nabijebi, 400-401

J
Jurnalebi SefasebisTvis, 452

r
raodenobrivi miznebi, 231
rasizmi, 530-531
realobiT Terapiis modeli, 146-151
gansazRvreba, varaudi, Rirebuleba da miznebi,
146-147;
aRwera, 125;
saboloo Sedegebi, 151;
danergva, 148-149;
fsiqologiur moTxovnebTan Sesabamisoba, 158;
warmatebis winapiroba, 150-151;
principebi, 148;
tipuri kandidatebi, 163-164
realuroba (maswavleblis), 316
relaqsaciis swavla. ix. TviTanalizis modeli
relaqsaciis teqnika, 131-132
repertuari, 5
riskis gaweva
Sexedulebebi, 336;
waxaliseba, 336-339;
maswavlebelTa mier, 516-517
rTuli amocanis dayofa martiv nawilebad (swavlis
principi), 229
rubrika
gansazRvreba, 421;
magaliTebi, 425, 426, 427, 428-429, 432;
rogor SevqmnaT, 430-431;
warmatebuli rubrikis Taviseburebebi, 431,
433;
saimedooba, 433;
standartebi, 434-435
rutina, 91-94
kognituri, pirovnuli da socialuri swavlis
xelSewyoba, 93-94;
efeqtianobis maqsimizireba, 93-94;
savarjiSo, 97-103;
standartebi da komunikacia, 91-92;
Semajamebeli gverdi, 95;
saxeebi da sasurveli Taviseburebebi, 91

538

s
saabazano, 57-58
saboloo miznebi, 503-509
gavlena saswavlo gegmasa da saklaso
masalebze, 505-506;
gavlena swavlebis parametrebze, 504;
konkretuli moswavlisTvis Sesabamisoba, 508509
sademonstracio adgilebi saklaso oTaxSi, 59
saklaso aqtivobebi
miznebis axsna, 197-198;
miznebi, 363, 368-370
saTamaSo moedani, 58
saklaso aqtivobebis tempi, 76-79
saklaso garemo, 325-351
erTobis gancdis Camoyalibeba, 327-335;
Tavdajerebuloba da riski, 335-341;
swavlasTan korelacia, 326;
moswavleTa kontroli da gavlena, 341-349;
Semajamebeli gverdebi, 353-354;
sami ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli, 328
saklaso erToba. ix. erToba
saklaso TamaSis wesebi, 341-342, 342-344
saklaso masalebi
SerCeva, 505-506;
efeqtiani gamoyeneba, 231;
organizeba, 57, 58;
masStabi, 406
saklaso oTaxis mSvidi (fiqrisTvis gankuTvnili)
nawili, 59
saklaso oTaxis struqtura, disciplinis
problemebi da, 109
saklaso realoba, 506-507
saklaso saqmianobis rutina, 91, 270-271
saklaso sivrce. ix. sivrce
saklaso Sexvedrebi, 332
erTianobis gancdis CamoyalibebisTvis, 121124;
roli realobiT Terapiis modelSi, 149-150
samarTlianoba (maswavleblis), 314
samomavlo gegmebze miniSneba, 204-205
samuSaos pirovnuli relevanturoba, 389-390
sarkazmi, 26Sen., 30
saswavlo gegmis parametrebi, 19-20
saswavlo gegmis Sedgena, 497-498
SerCeva, 505-506;
ix. aseve gakveTilis dagegmva
saqmianoba (moswavleebis)
Sefaseba, 442, 444-446;
Sedegebi, arasaxarbielo saqmianobis, 272-273;
molodini, 269-270;
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi, 288-289
saqmianobis kognituri done, 396-397
saqmianobis miznis orientacia, 289
saqmianobis rutina, 91, 270-271
saqmianobis Sefaseba. ix. Sefaseba

indeqsi
saukeTeso saqmianobis aRiareba, 273
sajaro profesiuli codna. ix. profesiuli
swavlebis codna
semantikuri rukis teqnika, 200-201
sensoruli arxebi, 232, 233, 405-406
sivrce, 55-59
swavlebisaTvis morgeba, 55-57;
savarjiSo, 63-64;
rekomendaciebi gamoyenebisTvis, 58-59;
moswavleTa mier mesakuTreobis gancda, 57-58;
Semajamebeli gverdi, 61
sineqtikis modeli (swavlebis), 255
sicxade (swavlis principi), 225
sicxade, 179-206
kognituri empaTia, 179-180, 185;
Semowmeba, 180-183;
axsnis meqanizmebi, 187-192;
metyveleba, 192-194;
`didi suraTi~, 198-206;
moswavleTa mimdinare codnis gaaqtiureba,
200-202;
`marSruti~, 199;
akavSirebs, 202-205;
ajamebs, 205-206;
savarjiSo, 209-210;
Semajamebeli gverdi, 207-208;
skamebi, 57, 59
skola
administratori, 514-515, 523;
maswavleblis ganviTarebaze zrunva, 514-515;
garemo, maswavleblis Sexeduleba, 530;
liderebi, 522-523;
sivrce fizikuri varjiSisTvis, 58
socialur-emociuri klimati, 325
socialuri daswavlis modeli, 56
socialuri problemebis gadaWris mizniT saklaso
Sexvedra, 122, 123
socialuri realoba saklaso oTaxSi, 506-507
socialuri swavla, 93-94
socialuri unarebis ganviTareba, 332
specialuri adgili klasSi, 57
srulyofis teqnika, 281-282
standartebi
molodinSi Cadebuli, 273-276;
Sefasebis praqtikis, 290-291;
moswavleTa SesaZleblobebisadmi misadageba,
273-274;
rutinis, 91-92;
rubrikebi komunikaciisTvis, 425
standartizebuli testireba, 417-418, 465, 467
stereotipebi, 277, 278, 530-531. ix. aseve
pigmalionis efeqti
stimulis maZiebeli moswavlis modeli, 56
susti adgilebi, 45
swavlaze ganawilebuli dro, 69, 70-71
swavleba transferisTvis (swavlis principi), 223224

swavlebis (instruqciis) paternebi, 257-259

swavlebis kooperaciuli modelebi, 123-124
swavlebis modelebi, 247-259;
winmswrebi aqtivobebis modeli, 250-251;
wvdomis unaris wvrTnis modeli, 254;
gansazRvreba, 247;
jgufuri kvlevis modeli, 256-257;
induqciuri swavlebis modeli, 248-249;
induqciuri azrovnebis modeli, 252-253;
kvlevis unaris wvrTnis modeli, 253-254;
arastruqturirebuli swavlebis modeli, 255256;
instruqciis paternebi, 257-259;
Semajamebeli gverdi, 261;
sineqtikis modeli, 255
swavlebis parametrebi, 17-20
abstraqtuli parametrebi, 19-20;
qmedebaTa parametrebi, 18;
qmedebaTa paternebis parametrebi, 19-20
swavlebis winmswrebi aqtivobebis modeli, 250-251
swavlis gamocdileba, 387-406
abstraqciis xarisxi, 396;
kognituri done, 396-397;
konkurencia, 391-394;
dajgufeba, 402-404;
informaciis sirTule, 404-405;
sakiTxebis Tanamimdevroba, 226-227;
pirovnuli relevanturoba, 389-390;
kiTxvari, 409-412;
masalebis masStabi, 406;
TviTgamoxatva, 395;
sensoruli arxebi, 405-406;
informaciisa da resursebis wyaroebi, 388-389;
struqturireba, 397-402;
moswavleTa monawileoba, 225;
Semajamebeli gverdebi, 407-408;
zedamxedveloba, 394-395;
maswavlebelTa Sexedulebebi, 529-530
swavlis gamocdilebis interpersonaluri
sirTule, 402-403
swavlis gamocdilebis produqti, 401-402
swavlis gamocdilebis Sesaxeb informaciis
kompleqsuroba, 404-405
swavlis gamocdilebis Sinaarsi, 398-400
swavlis gamocdilebis struqtura, 397-402
moswavlis Sesatyvisi qceva, 400;
Sejameba, 401;
Sinaarsi, 398-400;
swavlis produqtis forma, 401-402;
moswavlis ganviTarebis donesTan
Sesabamisoba, 402;
proceduruli detalebi, 400-401
swavlis damxmare instrumentebi, 225-226
swavlis konkretuli gamocdileba, 396
swavlis miznebi, 198-199, 420-421
swavlis miznebi, saklaso oTaxis mowyoba, 56
swavlis miznebis orientacia, 289

539

gamocdilim aswavlebeli
swavlis principebi, 219-236
savarjiSo, 239-241;
moswavleebisTvis gaziareba, 344-345;
24 principis Sejameba, 237-238;
ix. aseve swavlis specifikuri principebi
swavlis Jurnali, 205
swavlis stili, 341-342, 345-346
swavlulTa gundi. ix. xelaxali swavlebis jgufi
sxeulis ena, 180-181
`sityebis mimofantvis~ teqnika, 201-202
`socialuri SeTanxmebis~ strategia, 112, 120

t
tempi, 39-46
koncefciis aRwera, 39;
rva qveparametri, 40;
proceduruli rutinis maqsimizireba, 92-93;
savarjiSo, 49-50;
Semajamebeli gverdi, 47;
ix. aseve tempis specifikuri qveparametrebi
tempi, swavlis
Sexedulebebi, 339-340;
miznebi, 230-231
testebi, 441
testi, standartizebuli, 417-418, 464-465, 467
testi, werilobiTi, 441-442
tkbileulobiT dajildoebis sistema, 117 Sen.

u
uaryofiTi magaliTi, 251-252
uzrunvelyofa, 40
ukukavSiri
aqtiuri mosmena, 316-317;
waxaliseba, 340-341;
SeniRbuli Setyobineba, 287-288;
mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebi, 227, 272-273;
verbaluri ganmtkiceba, 228
unarebi
akademiuri, 223-224, 225;
aqtiuri mosmenis, 316-317;
kognituri wvrTnis, 514;
mosmenis, 316-317, 330-331;
dakvirvebis, 513-514;
urTierTgadamfaravi, 40-41;
TviTanalizis, 513-514;
socialuri, 332;
leqsikuri, 226;
ix. aseve qmedebebi
urTierTdamokidebuleba, demonstrireba, 332
usulo sivrce saklaso oTaxSi, 58
uyuradRebo moswavleebi. ix. cudi yofaqceva

f
faruli saswavlo gegma, 93-94, 506-508
fizikuri problemebi, araswori qcevis mizezi, 110

540

fragmentacia, 44
fsiqologiuri moTxovnebi
ierarqiuli organizeba, 159, 160, 161;
daukmayofilebloba da swavlaze gavlena, 326

q
qcevis araorazrovneba, 194-198
qcevis miznebi, 376
qcevis modifikaciis modeli, 126-129
aRwera, 124;
fsiqologiur saWiroebebTan Sesatyvisoba,
158;
tipiuri kandidatebi, 161-162
qmedebaTa paternebi, 19-20
qulaTa rubrikebi. ix. rubrika

y
yuradReba, 25-32
Sesatyvisi qcevis waxaliseba, 112-113;
moswavleTa saWiroebisadmi misadageba, 30, 32;
klasifikacia funqcionaluri orientaciis
mixedviT, 30, 31;
repertuari, 25, 29
yuradRebis gafantva, 59
`yvelganmyofoba~, 40-41, 167

S
Sedegebi (cudi qcevis)
dazusteba, 112-113;
miwodeba, 114, 115-116;
araefeqtiani, 116-117;
SerCeva, 114-115
Sedegebi (cudi qcevis), 273
Sedegebi (kargi qcevis), 117
Sedegebis codna (swavlis principebi), 227
Sedegebis codna (swavlis principi), 227
SeTanxmebis miRwevis savarjiSoebi, 332-334
Semavseblebi, 41-42, 45
Sesabamisobis koncefcia, 5, 516-517;
yuradRebis aqti, 30, 32;
saklaso garemos struqtura, 108;
saklaso Zaladoba, 42-43;
saklaso oTaxis sivrce, 56-57;
disciplinis strategia, 167;
molodinebi, 118-119;
gakveTilis moqniloba, 43;
miniSneba gadasvlis Sesaxeb, 44;
saboloo miznebi, 508-509;
aqtivobaTa tempi, 76-79;
moswavleTa piradi sivrce, 58;
reaqciis teqnika, 280, 283-284;
rutina, 92-93;
standartebi, 273-274;
swavlis gamocdilebis struqtura, 372-373,
394-396, 401-406;

indeqsi
moswavlisa da maswavleblis urTierToba, 314
Sefaseba, 417-468
avTentikuri amocanebis Seqmna, 435-437;
kriteriumebis SemuSaveba, 420-421, 427;
nimuSTa nakrebi da magaliTebi, 471-487;
miznebi, 418-420;
Sedegebi mSoblebisTvis, 459-462;
gadamlaSebis riski, 464;
moswavleTa TviTSefasebis roli, 437-439;
ix. aseve rubrikebi
Sefasebis meTodebis saimedoba, 459
Sefasebis meTodis teqnikuri gamarTuloba, 459
Sefasebis meTodis validoba, 459
Sefasebis praqtika, 290-291
Sefasebis gasaSualeba, 290-291;
cifrebiT da asoebiT Sefaseba, 460-461;
ix. aseve Sefaseba
Seqeba, 282-283, 288
Secdomebi
damokidebuleba, 289, 336;
Sexeduleba, 338-339;
reaqcia, 221, 290
Secdomebi. ix. Secdomebi
Sewyvetisken mimarTuli nabijebi, 25-27
Sejameba, 205-206, 232-234
Sinagani metyvelebis teqnika, 132
Sinagani metyvelebis teqnikis modelireba, 188-189
Sinagani jildo, 228
`SewyviteT Cemi swavleba~ praqtika, 342-343

C
Canawerebi, SemTxveviTi, SefasebisTvis, 452, 454-457
Careva, gakveTilis dros, 42-43
CarTulobis miznebi, 363-364, 368-370
CarTva (Cabma), 28, 29
`CamoSorebis~ strategia, 116, 117, 139-140
`Carli braunis sindromi~, 200-201

w
werilobiTi moxseneba, 446-447
werilobiTi testi, 441-442
werilobiTi Sejameba, 232-234
wesebi
moswavleTaTvis gacxadeba, 112;
saklaso TamaSis, 342-343, 344
wvdomis unaris wvrTnis modeli (swavlebis), 254
wyvilTan asocirebuli swavla, 221

x
xarisxis miznebi, 231
xatebiT (TvalsaCinoebiT) swavlis gamocdileba,
396
xelaxali swavlebis sistema, 292-293, 340-341
xelmeore testireba, 290
xelmZRvaneli, 515, 521Sen.
xelmZRvaneloba, sazomi, 228-229, 394-395
xelmZRvanelobis xarisxi (swavlis principi), 228229

j
jgufis dinamika, swavleba, 332-334
jgufis identoba, Seqmna, 331-332
jgufuri kvleva (swavlebis modeli), 256-257
jildo Sinagani da garegani, 228
jiuti moswavleebi
araswori qcevis mqone moswavleTagan gamijvna,
111;
Sesabamisi disciplinis morgeba, 165;
fsiqologiuri moTxovnebi, 157, 158;
disciplinis eqvsi modelis Sejameba, 124-126,
166
joplinis gegma, 295

h
holi, 58

cnebis ruka, 191

codna, maswavleblis. ix. individualuri
praqtikuli codna;
profesiuli codna
codna, moswavlis
codnis gaaqtiureba, 200-202, 203;
naswavlisa da axalis, 202-203

Z
Zalaufleba
avtoritaruli gamoyeneba, 140-141;
Zalauflebis dabruneba, 119-120;
ararseboba, rogorc araswori qcevis mizezi,
110;
logikuri Sedegebis modelSi, 145-146;
ix. aseve moswavleTa gavlenis zrda

541

indeqsi

avtorTa saZiebeli

a
adamianuri urTierTobebis swavlebis
struqturuli gamocdilebis cnobari, T. 1, gv. 333
amareli, m., Amarel, M., 390
andersoni, l. v., Anderson, L. W., 71
andersoni, s. v., Anderson, C. W., 183
arlini, m., Arlin, M., 43
aronsoni, e., Aronson, E., 332
aspi, d., Aspy, D., 317, 327

b
bairedi, v. n., Bhaireddy, V. N., 325

barbi, v. b., Barbe, W. ., 345

bareli, j., Barell, J., 224
barTi, r., Barth, R., 522
baroni, j. b., Baron, J. ., 437Sen., 466
batistiCi, v., Battistich, V., 326
batleri, d. l., Butler, D. L., 227
baqsteri, g. p., Baxter, G. P., 443, 444
baqholti, d. r., Buckholt, D. R., 166
beikeri, e. l., Baker, E. L., 376
beneti, b., Bennett, ., 329
beneti, n., Bennett, N., 25
berlaki, a., Berlak, A., 402
bidli, b. j., Biddle, B. J., 283
bine, a., Binet, A., 299
biusi, a. m., Bussis, A. M., 390
blenki, m., Blank, M., 284
blumi, b. s., Bloom, B. S., 71, 73, 396, 420
borkovski, j., Borkowski, J., 300
bramsoni, r. m., Bramson, R. M., 341
brauni, a. l., Brown, A. L., 224, 296
brofi, j. e., Brophy, J. E., 27 Sen., 196, 283, 284, 285
brueri, j. T., Bruer, J. ., 337
bruneri, j., Bruner, J., 396
bruno-goldeni, b., Bruno-Golden, ., 131
bruqsi, j. g., Brooks, J. G., 348
bruqsi, m. g., Brooks, M. G., 348
bulgreni, j., Bulgren, J., 190
buqi, s. l., Book, C. L., 198
buSi, a. j., Bush, A. J., 402, 405

g
gaa, j. p., Gaa, J. P., 230
galvini, k. .m, Galvin, . M., 198
gamorani, a., Gamoran, A., 294
ganie, r. m., Gagne, R. M., 203
gardneri, h., Gardner, H., 345, 437
gardneri, r., Gardner, R., 206
garmstoni, r. j., Garmston, R. J., 513

gaski, l. a., Guskey, T. R., 518

gaueri, r. r., Gower, R. R., 405, 506
geTzelsi, j., Getzels, J., 55
gibsoni, j., Gibson, J., 275
ginoti, h., Ginott, H., 315
glaseri, v., Glasser, W., 121,122,146,150,151,160,163,166
, 315, 326, 332
gleidi, j,. Glade, J., 439
glikmani, s., Glickman, C., 126
gordoni, t., Gordon, ., 108, 151,152, 156,166, 316, 334
gordoni, v. j., Gordon, W.J., 255
gregorki a. f., Gregorc, A. F., 198
grei, l. a., Grey, L. A., 141, 326
grehemi, s., Graham, S., 283
gudi, t. l., Good, T. L., 196, 284, 285
gudledi, j., Goodlad, J., 439
guldi, s. j., Gould, S. J., 341, 529
gustafsoni, s., Gustafson, C., 434

d
dakuorTi, e., Duckworth, E., 186, 187

dani, k., Dunn, K., 379, 394, 405

dani, r., Dunn, R 379, 394, 405
danjelo, k., D'Angelo, K., 206
dankini, m. j., Dunkin, M.J., 283
darling-hemondi, l., Darling-Hammond, L., 513
dauria, j., D'Auria, J., 448
dafi, g., Duffy, G., 367
deivi, b., Davey, ., 189
deili, e., Dale, E., 390
dembo, m. h., Dembo, M. H., 275
dengi, b., Deng, ., 335
disciplina ucremlebod, 146
disciplinis problemebis gadaWra, 126
diSoni, d., Dishon, D., 124
diSou, m., Dishaw, M., 71
dodi, a. v., Dodd, A. W., 341
dreikursi, r., Dreikurs, R., 114,140,141,143,144,145,146,
157,160,163, 166, 326
dreifusi, s. e., Dreyfus, S. E., 519
dreifusi, h. l., Dreyfus, H. L., 519
dueki, s., Dweck, C., 287, 289, 467

e
edvardsi, j., Edwards, J., 6, 513, 517, 518, 519
evertsoni, s. m., Evertson, . M., 27 Sen., 76, 347, 348-349
eiloni, b., Eylon, ., 183
elsuorTi, p. s., Ellsworth, P. C., 338
engeli, b. s., Engel, B. S., 72
eriksoni, e., Erikson, E., 160,161

543

gamocdilim aswavlebeli
efeqtiani klasebis Camoyalibeba, 123, 329

v
vaineri, b., Weiner, ., 287, 341
vaka, r. t., Vacca, R. ., 300
vaka, j. l., Vacca, J. L 300
van hutoni, r., Van Houton, R., 131
vaswavloT ufro meti, ufro swrafad, 219
vebi, n. m., Webb, N. M., 234
viginsi, g., Wiggins, G., 435, 461
viladri, t., Viladri, ., 232
vini, p. h., Winne, P. H., 57, 195, 227, 397
volfgangi, s., Wolfgang, C., 126, 131, 162, 166
vudi, s., Wood, C., 327, 330, 332
vulfi, d. p., Wolf, D. P., 437, 438, 447, 453

z
zesoli, r., Zessoules, R., 437

i
iageri, s., Yager, S., 334
iakobsoni, j. e., Jacobson, J. E., 276
iamenci, k., Jamentz, K., 434, 436
igani, g., Egan, G., 317
iingeri, r. j., Yinger, R. J., 363
iosi, m., Joos, M., 194
itoni, j., Eaton, J., 183

k
kagani, s., Kagan, S., 331, 341
kaminsi, j., Cummins, J., 350
kanteri, l., Canter, L., 113,115, 116,117
kari, j., Curry, J., 441
karvini, r. l., Curwin, R. L., 112, 115, 117,118, 120
kaseli, p., Cassel, P., 146
kaskovici, d. h., Kaskowitz, D. H., 74
kenedi, r. l., Canady, R. L., 522
kingi, a., King, A., 234
kingi, m., King, M., 435
klarki, s., m., Clark, . M., 4, 361, 363
klarki, j. h., Clark, J. H., 189
klasisa da aRzrdis menejmentis programa, 126, 128,
129
koepeni, a., Koeppen, A., 131
kolaruso, s., Colarusso, C., 108, 402, 403
koleri, a., Coller, A., 71
koni, a., Kohn, A., 460,464
konklini, n. f., Conklin, N. F., 452
konoli, p., Connolly, P., 232
kosta, a. l., Costa, A. L., 235, 279, 283, 513
kremini, l. a., Cremin, L. A., 291
kunini, j., Kounin, J., 39, 40, 167
kuperi, h. m., Cooper, H. M., 277

544

l
lainhardti, g., Leinhardt, G., 73, 74
lamperti, m., Lampert, M., 337
laferti, j. s., Lafferty, J. C., 332
ledermani, j, Lederman, J., 162
ledson-bilingsi, g., Ladson-Billings, G., 350, 351
levini, j. r., Levin, J. R., 226
leiziri, d., Lazear, D., 345Sen.
lendi, m., Land, M.,192, 193
likona, t. a., Lickona, T. A., 507
lini, m. s., Linn, M. C., 183
lipmani, v., Lippmann, W., 466, 467
lorti, d. s., Lortie, D. C., 516
luisi, b. v., Lewis, . V., 57

m
mageri, r. r., Mager, R. R., 376
maiersi, i. b., Myers, I. ., 341
maixenbaumi, d,. Meichenbaum, D 132,162,166
maiheri, j. s., Mayher,J. S., 205, 232
makalei, m. h., McCaulley, M. H., 341
makarTi, b., McCarthy, ., 198, 199, 345
makenzi, r., MacKenzie, R., 234
makintoSi, p., Mcintosh, P., 530
maklaxini, m. v., McLaughin, M. W., 513
maklemi, g., Macklem, G., 329, 331, 332
makmaleni, m., MacMullen, M., 439
maknili, j. d., McNeill, J. D., 201
maktigi, j., McTighe, J., 435
mamCuri, s., Mamchur, C., 342, 346
marqsi, r. v., Marx, R. W., 57, 195, 361
marzano, r. j., Marzano, R.J., 187, 435
maslou, a., Maslow, A., 159,160, 326
maswavlebelTa efeqtianobis wvrTna, 108
mendleri, a. n., Mendler, A. N., 112, 115, 117,118, 120
mehani, h,. Mehan, H., 186
milouni, m. n., Milone, M. N., 345
mitCeli, r., Mitchell, R., 452
miurei, s., Murray, C., 530
moosi, b. s., Moos, B. S., 325
moosi, r. h., Moos, R. H., 325
morou, l. m., Morrow, L. M., 234
mustakasi, s., Moustakas, C., 315

n
naiTi, p., Knight, P., 453
nimuSebi: maswavleblis gadawyvetileba, 432
niumeni, f. m., Newmann, F. M., 349
noulsi, m. s., Knowles, M. S., 520

o
obraieni, p., O'Brien, P., 325
ogbu, j, u., Ogbu,J, U,, 289
ozibeli, d. p., Ausubel, D. P., 203, 348

indeqsi
oliri, p. v., O'Leary, P. W., 124
ouksi, j., Oakes,J, 294, 341

p
palinskari, a. s., Palinscar, A. S., 296
parisi, s., Paris, S., 300
pauki, v., Pauk, W., 234
paxaresi, f., Pajares, F., 517
peki, l., Peck, L., 4, 361
perkinsi, d. n., Perkins, D. N., 224, 232
peroni, v., Perrone, V., 465
petersoni, p., Peterson, P., 180, 361
pigmalioni saklaso oTaxSi, 276
pikeringi, d., Pickering, D., 435
polani, m., Polanyi, M., 15
pophemi, v. j., Popham, W.J., 376
pradli, g. m., Pradl, G. M., 205, 232
presli, m., Pressley, M., 300

r
raseli, d., Russell, D., 221, 235
realobiT Terapia, 146
rendolfi, n., Randolf, N., 315
rendolfi, s. h., Randolf, . H., 347, 348, 349
resniki, h., Resnick, H., 405
resniki, l., Resnick, L., 299, 529
retigi, m. d., Rettig, M. D., 522
riCi, h. l., Rich, H. L., 402, 405
rimi, e., Rim, E., 71
risti, r. s., Rist, R. C., 530
robaki, f. n., Roebuck, F. N., 317
roeleri, l., Roehler, L., 367
rozenSaini, b. v., Rosenshine, . V., 25, 74, 75, 179
rozenTali, r., Rosenthal, R., 276
roui, m. b., Rowe, M. ., 206, 280
rojersi, d. m., Rogers, D. M., 115
ruptiki, s., Ruptic, C., 452

s
saigli, p., Seigle, P., 329, 331, 332
saizeri, t. r., Sizer, T. R., 434, 447, 464
salivani, e. v., Sullivan, E. V., 402
samara, j., Samara, J., 441
samsoni, g. e., Samson, G. E., 417
sarasoni, s., Sarason, S., 117,139,166
saswavlo gegmisa da swavlebis ZiriTadi
principebi, 454
safieri, j. d., Saphier, J. D., 361, 435, 449, 466, 515
svingi, s., Swing, S., 180
silvesteri, r., Sylvester, R., 338
sindti, v. g., Sindt, V. G., 338
skineri, b. f., Skinner; B. F., 228
skola marcxis gareSe, 121, 146, 335
skolis kultura da cvlilebaTa sirTule, 139
skoti, m. b., Scott, M. ., 506

slavini, r. e., Slavin, R. E., 326, 331, 341

smilaniCi, p., Smil anich, P., 329
smiti, e. l., Smith, E. L., 183
smiti, l., Smith, L., 192, 193
smiti, s., Smith, S., 448
sparksi, d., Sparks, D., 458
spivaki, g., Spivak, G., 134,135,136,166
stenfordi, g., Stanford, G., 123, 329, 332
stiginsi, r., Stiggins, R., 452
stigleri, j. v., Stigler, J. W., 6
stiveni, h. v., Steven, H. W., 6
stivensoni, j., Stephenson, J., 331
stili, s., Steele, C., 530
stolingsi, j. a., Stallings, J. A., 72, 74
swavlebis modelebi, 249

t
taba, h., Taba, H., 248
taileri, r. v., Tyler, R. W., 498
taneri, b., Tanner, ., 522
taneri, l. n., Tanner, L. N., 271
taskeri, r., Tasker, R., 197
terneri, j., Turner, J., 300
toefveri, s. f., Toepfer, C. F., 396

u
uaildmeni, t. m., Wildman, . M., 513, 518, 521
uaiTi, b., White, ., 232, 234
ueili, m., Weil, M., 126, 249

ueligi, g. g., Wehlage, G. G., 349

uisleri, j. s., Whisler, J. S., 187
uitholi, j., Withall, J., 325
ungeri, s., Unger, C., 232
uolbergi, h. j., Walberg, H. J., 325
uoleni, l., Wallen, L., 166
uoleni, s. .j, Wallen, C. J., 166
uosiki, b., Wasik, ., 300
uotersi, b., Waters, F., 439
uotrosi, b., Watrous, ., 331

f
fiSeri, s. v., Fisher, C. W., 71, 325
flemingi, m., Fleming, M., 439
fogarti, r., Fogarty, R., 224
fordhemi, s., Fordham, S., 289
freidrixi, g. v., Freidrich, G. W., 198, 203
freizeri, b. j., Fraser, B.J., 325
friki, r., Frick, R., 298
fulvileri, t., Fulwiler, ., 232
fursti, n., Furst, N., 179

545

gamocdilim aswavlebeli

q
qoldueli, j. h., Caldwell, J. H., 71, 72

S
Savelsoni, r. j., Shavelson, R. J., 443, 444, 445
Saini, e., Schein, E., 522
Sauersi, b., Showers, ., 520
Safteli, b., Shaftel, ., 507
Safteli, f., Shaftel, F., 507
Snaideri, v., Schneider, W., 300
Sou, v., Shaw, V., 329
Sunki, d. h., Schunk, D. H., 230
Suri, m., Shure, M., 134,135,136,166
Sutci, u. k., Schutz, W. K., 160, 159, 326

C
Cavesi, r., Chavez, R., 326
Cembersi, b., Chambers, ., 439
Censi, p., Chance, P., 228
Citendeni, e. a., Chittenden, E. A., 390

j
jenseni, a., Jensen, A., 530
joisi, b. r., Joyce, B. R 4, 126, 249, 361, 401, 520
jonsoni, d. v., Johnson, D. W., 327, 331, 343, 335, 390,
391, 392
jonsoni, m. s., Johnson, M. S., 314
jonsoni, r. t., Johnson, R. ., 327, 331, 334, 335, 390, 391,
392

h
haerteli, e. h., Haertel, E. H., 325
haimsi, l., Hymes, L., 166
hali, b., Hull, ., 186
hamondi, r., Hammond, R., 201, 298
hanTeri, m., Hunter, M., 181, 219, 280, 361
hani, a. l., Hahn, A. L., 206
hanti, d., Hunt, D., 402, 404
hanti, j. m., Hunt, J. M., 372
harisoni, a. f., Harrison, A. F., 341
hernStaini, r. j., Herrnstein, R. J., 530
hileri, j. h., Hiller, J. H., 193
hili, b. s., Hill, . C., 452
hirli, d., Hyerle, D. 190
hovardi, j., Howard, J., 298, 341, 529
hopfenbergi, v. s., Hopfenberg, W. S., 294
horvici, p., Horwitz, P., 232

houi, v., Howe, W., 315

546