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Glagolska Vremena
Glagolska Vremena
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Nastavak "-s" za sadanje vrijeme izgovara se kao "s" ako dolazi iza bezvunog suglasnika, ili "z" ako dolazi iza zvunog suglasnika ili samoglasnika: he speaks (hi spi:ks), he reads (hi ri:dz). Glagoli koji se zavravaju na s, x, z, sh i ch obrazuju tree lice nastavkom jednine nastavkom "-es": he dresses, he teaches. Glagoli koji se u infinitivu zavravaju na "-y", kad pred tim "y" stoji suglasnik, mijenjaju "y" u "i", u treem licu jednine: to cry (he cries), to try (to tries).
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Odrini oblik sadanjeg vremena pravi se tako to se uzme sadanje vrijeme pomonog glagola "to do", pa se zatim doda negacija "not" i infinitiv glagola koji se mijenja, bez prijedloga "to": I write (ja piem) - I do not write, I don't write Upitni oblik sadanjeg vremena pravi se tako pravi se tako to se uzme sadanje vrijeme pomonog glagola "to do" u inverziji i infinitiv glagola koji se mijenja, bez prijedloga "to". You write (ti pie) - Do you write? (pie li?) Sadanje prosto vrijeme se upotrebljava:
da oznai radnju ije trajanje nije odreeno: I write (ja piem), I work (ja radim); da potvrdi jednu poznatu istinu: fish live in water (ribe ive u vodi); da oznai radnju koja se vri po navici: I always rise early (uvijek ustajem rano); da oznai radnju koja se ponavlja: I have an English lesson three times a week (imam as engleskog tri puta sedmino). The sun rises. past present future
Jenny is not here. past present Jenny trenutno nije prisutna. future
to call - zvati I call ja zovem you call ti zove he, she, it calls on, ona , ono zove we call mi zovemo you call vi zovete they call oni, one, ona zovu Kvizovi vezani za ovu temu English-Quiz.net - Present Simple Tense 1 English-Quiz.net - Present Simple Tense 2 I do not call you do not call he, she, it does not call we do not call you do not call they do not call do I call? do you call? does, he ,she, it call? do we call? do you call? do they call?
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Izuzetak 1
Ako se glagol zavrava na: suglasnik - naglaeni vokalsuglasnik zadnje slovo se udvostruava:
s
run stop
t suglasnik
> >
o naglaeni vokal
p suglasnik
running stopping
> begin beginning Ovo pravilo ne vai kada naglasak nije na zadnjem slogu glagola: open > opening Ako glagol zavrava na ie, mijenjamo ie u y: Izuzetak 2 lie > lying die > dying Ako glagol zavrava na vokal + suglasnik + e, izostavljamo e: Izuzetak 3 come mistake > > coming mistaking
da oznai radnju koja se vri u vremenu kada o njoj govorimo: I am learning English now. (sada uim engleski)
You are reading this now. (sada ovo itate)
past
present
Radnja se dogaa sada.
future
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Meutim, radnja se ne mora odvijati tano sada, ali se deavala neto ranije i moda e se deavati poslije trenutka kada o njoj govorimo:
past
She is reading a book. present Ona moda ne ita knjigu tano sada.
future
da oznai radnju ije je trajanje neprekidno, i tada se obino upotrebljavaju prilozi always, constantly, forever itd: The Sun is rising constantly. (Sunce izlazi svaki dan) You are always complaining about your mother-in-law. (uvijek se alite na svoju punicu) da se izrazi radnja koja je ve isplanirana i desit e se u budunosti: I'm meeting my girlfriend tonight. (veeras u se nai sa djevojkom)
Glagoli koji oznaavaju neko stanje, a ne radnju, obino se ne koriste u trajnom obliku. Lista glagola koji se veinom koriste u "simple" formi:
osjetila (percepcije) feel*, hear, see*, smell, taste miljenje assume, feel, consider, doubt, feel (misliti), find (misliti), suppose, think* mentalna stanja forget, imagine, know, mean, notice, recognise, remember, understand emocije/elje envy, fear, dislike, hate, hope, like, love, mind, prefer, regret, engleski-jezik.com 5
Gramatika engleskog jezika on-line want, wish mjerenja contain, cost, hold, measure, weigh ostali
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look (biti slian), seem, be (u veini sluajeva), have (kada znai posjedovati)
- glagoli osjetila (feel, see, hear, taste,smell) se esto koriste sa glagolom 'can': I can see... (mogu vidjeti) itd. - * Ovi glagoli mogu se koristiti u trajnoj formi ali sa drugim znaenjem, npr:
This coat feels nice and warm. (ovaj brod je lijep i udoban, to je naa percepcija, osjeaj kvaliteta broda) John's feeling much better now. (Don se osjea mnogo bolje sada, njegovo zdravlje se poboljava); She has three dogs and a cat. (ona ima tri psa i maku, posjedovanje) She's having supper. (ona veera, ona jede); I can see Anthony in the garden. (vidim Anthony-a u bati, percepcija) I'm seeing Anthony later. (susrest' u Anthony-a kasnije, planiramo se susresti)
to call - zvati I'm calling you're calling he, she, it's calling we're calling you're calling they're calling I'm not calling you aren't calling he, she, it isn't calling we aren't calling you aren't calling you aren't calling am I calling? are you calling? is he, she, it calling? are we calling? are you calling? are they calling?
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da se opie radnja ili stanje koje je poelo u prolosti i nastavlja se u sadanjosti: This website has been in existence for (ova stranica postoji ve...); I have lived in Sarajevo since 1970. (ivim u Sarajevu od 1970-te, i jo uvijek ivim); da se izrazi radnja koja je zavrena u vremenskom periodu koji jo traje: I have been to Zagreb this week. (ove nedjelje sam putovao u Zagreb, sedmica jo nije zavrena); da se oznai radnja koja je zavrena nekad u prolosti, ali je rezultat radnje vaan: I have buoght a car. (kupio sam auto, vano je da je auto kupljen, nije bitno kada); uz priloge koji oznaavaju neprekidan razmak vremena: ever, never, yet, already, since, for: Have you ever been to Bosnia? (jeste li ikada bili u Bosni?); da se izrazi radnja koja se upravo dogodila (uz priloge "just'' ili ''just now''): The guests have just entered the hall. (gosti su upravo uli u dvoranu).
Amerikanci ne koriste sloeno sadanje vrijeme toliko kao Britanci. Amerikanci ee upotrebljavaju prolo vrijeme umjesto sloenog sadanjeg vremena. Amerikanac bi rekao: "Did you have lunch?", dok bi Britanac rekao: "Have you had lunch?". to call - zvati I have called (ja sam zvao) you have called he, she, it has called we have called you have called they have called I haven't called you haven't called he, she, it hasn't called we haven't called you haven't called they haven't called have I called? have you called? have he, she, it called? have we called? have you called? have they called?
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prezent perfekt glagola "to be" (have/has been) + prezent particip glavnog glagola
Upitni oblik se pravi konverzijom: Have I been playing? Odrini oblik se pravi dodavanjem rijei "not": I have not been playing.
Kada piemo present continous, esto se upotrebljavaju skraenice: I have been - I've been itd. Present Perfect Continous Tense koristimo:
da izrazimo radnju koja je nedavno ili upravo zavrila. I obino imamo sada imamo neku posljedicu:
past
radnja koja se desila nedavno
present !!!!!
sada imamo posljedicu
future
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I'm tired because I've running. (umoran sam (sada) jer sam trao) Why is the grass wet? Has it been raining? (zato je trava vlana (sada)? je li padala kia?) You don't understand because you haven't been listening. (ne razumijete (sada), jer niste sluali).
da izrazimo radnju radnju koja je poela u prolosti i nastavlja se u sadanjosti, u ovom sluaju esto se koriste for i since:
past
radnja poela u prolosti
present
nastavlja se u sadanjosti
future
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I've been reading for two hours. (itam ve dva sata, i jo uvijek itam) How long have you been learning English? (koliko dugo ui engleski? a jo ga ui) We have not been smoking. (nismo puili, a ni sada ne puimo). Kako je ranije napomenuto uz present perfect continuous esto koristimo "for" i "since". For koristimo kada priamo o razdoblju vremena: 5 minuta, 7 sedmica, 20 godina. Ako to razdoblje see do sadanjeg trenutka upotrebljavamo uz for perfekt, a ako je to razdoblje zavreno moramo upotrijebiti past simple (preterit). Tara hasn't been feeling well for two weeks. (Tara se ne osjea dobro ve dvije sedmice) ali Tara didn't feel well for two weeks, and now she feels well. (Tara se nije dobro osjeala ve dvije sedmice, a sada se osjea dobro).
Since koristimo kada znamo od koje vremenske take se odvija radnja: u 9 sati, 7. januara, u petak.
I've been studying for three hours. (uim ve tri sata) I've been watching TV since 7pm. (gledam TV od 7 sati poslije podne) Tara hasn't been visiting us since March. (Tara nas nije posjetila od Marta) For se moe koristiti u svim vremenima, since se obino koristi samo sa perfect vremenima.
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I have been calling you have been calling he, she, it has been calling we have been calling you have been calling they have been calling
I have not been calling you have not been calling he, she, it has not been calling we have not been calling you have not been calling they have not been calling
have I been calling? have you been calling? has he, she, it been calling? have we been calling? have you been calling? have they been calling?
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Proli oblik svih glagola zavrava na -ed. Proli oblik nepravilnih glagola se ne tvori po nekom pravilu i ui se napamet.
Tvorba prolog svrenog vremena: a) potvrdna reenica: subjekat + glavni glagol u prolom obliku (preteritu) I lived in that house when I was young. (ivio sam u toj kui kada sam bio mlad) She played basketball last week. (ona je igrala koarku prole sedmice) b) odrina reenica: subjekat + preterit od "do" + not + infinitiv glavnog glagola He didn't like the movie. (nije mu se dopao film) Mary did not go to work last Monday. (Mary nije otila na posao prolog ponedjeljka) c) upitna reenica: preterit od "do"+ subjekat + infinitiv glavnog glagola Did you play tennis last week. (je si li igrao tenis prole sedmice) Did he watch TV last night. (je li gledao TV prole sedmice)
Glagol did (preterit od "do") u svim licima ima isti oblik. I did not go to London. (nisam bio u Londonu) You did not go to London. He did not go to London. itd.
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Glagol be nema u svim licima isti oblik, upitnu reenicu pravimo zamjenom subjekta i glagola. I, he, she, it was here. - Was I, he, she, it here? You were here. - were you here?
Ako glagol zavrava na suglasnik ispred kojeg stoji kratak naglaen vokal, krajnji samoglasnik se udvostruava: plan - planned skip - skipped Krajnje "l" se uvijek udvostruava: level - levelled call - called Ako glagol zavrava na "-y" ispred kojeg se nalazi suglasnik, taj se "y" mijenja u "i": worry - worried cry - cried
Prosto prolo vrijeme koristimo: a) da se izrazi radnja koja se desila u prolosti i potpuno zavrila pa nema nikakve veze sa sadanjou: I was in Liverpool last year. (bio sam u Liverpulu prole godine); b) da se izrazi radnja koja je trajala neko vrijeme u prolosti bez ikakve veze sa sadanjou: We went to school when we were children. (ili smo u kolu kada smo bili djeca); c) kada govorimo o stvarima koje elimo da se dogode ili bi trebalo da se dogode: It's time they were back. (vrijeme je da se vrate) I wish I had a new computer. (volio bi da imam novi kompjuter) d) u zavisnoj reenici ako je u glavnoj prosto prolo vrijeme (slaganje vremena): The policeman told me I drove to much. (policajac mi je rekao da sam previe vozio) Kada kaemo kada ili gdje se radnja dogodila, moramo koristiti prosto prolo vrijeme, a ne sloeno sadanje vrijeme (present perfect tense). to call - zvati I called (ja sam zvao) you called he, she, it called engleski-jezik.com I didn't call you didn't call he, she, it didn't call did I call? did you call? did he, she, it call? 12
Gramatika engleskog jezika on-line we called you called they called we didn't call you didn't call they didn't call
Kvizovi vezani za ovu temu English-Quiz.net - Past Tense Quiz English-Quiz.net - Past Tense: Which sentence is correct?
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She was reading. (ona je itala) We were playing. (mi smo igrali) Odrini oblik se pravi dodavanjem rjeice not: She was not reading - She wasn't reading. Upitni oblik se pravi inverzijom: Was she playing? Were we playing?
da se opie pozadina, odnosno da se pred itaoce postavi scena prie pisana u prolom vremenu. Obino pria poinje nesvrenim preteritom, a zatim se nastavlja prolim vremenom, npr: "James Bond was driving through town. It was raining. The wind was blowing hard. Nobody was walking in the streets. Suddenly, Bond saw the killer in a telephone box...";
da se opie radnja koja je trajala do trenutka kada ju je prekinula neka druga prola radnja: I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang. (divno sam sanjao kada se alarm oglasio); I was watching TV when you telephoned. (gledao sam TV kada si nazvao)
da se izrazi promjena miljenja: I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to go on an excursion instead. (mislio sam provesti dan na plai ali sam odluio otii na ekskurziju)
za dvije radnje koje se deavaju istovremeno: The children were playing while their mothers were chatting. (djeca su se igrala dok njihove majke avrljale)
u zavisnoj reenici umjesto nescrenog prezenta ako je u glavnoj reenici preterit: I knew that he was talking to her about her daughter. (znao sam da se sa njom razgovara o njenoj keri).
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Kod glagola koji se ne koriste u trajnom obliku upotrebljava se obini preterit >>.
to call - zvati I was calling. you were calling. he, she, it was calling we were calling you were calling they were calling I was not calling you were not calling he, she, it wasn't calling we weren't calling you weren't calling they weren't calling was I calling? were you calling? was he, she, it calling? were we calling? were you callingg? were they calling?
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We had left home before he came. (bili smo otili prije nego to je on doao) The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9.15am. The train had left when we arrived. (voz je krenuo u 9 sati. Mi smo stigli u 9 i 15. Voz je bio otiao kada smo mi stigli.)
The train had left when we arrived.
past
Voz odlazi u 9 sati.
present 9.15
future
Mi stiemo u 9 i 15.
I was not hungry. I had just eaten. (nisam bio gladan, upravo sam bio jeo) I didn't know who he was. I had never seen him before. (nisam znao ko je on, nisam ga nikad bio vidio) He said that he had seen him at the theatre. (rekao je da ga je bio vidio kod pozorita). U ovom primjeru past perfect je upotrebljen u indirektnom govoru umjesto past simple u direktnom.
b) u zavisnim reenicama uz after: He got a headache after he had washed his hair. (dobio je glavobolju nakon to je oprao kosu);
c) iza izraza: as if (kao da), if only (kad bi barem), I wish (kamo sree da), past perfectom se izraava neto to nije ostvareno u prolosti: I wish I had met you before. (kamo sree da sam te ranije sreo) If only you had sent me the SMS. (da si mi barem poslala SMS) He played the basketball as if he had played in NBA. (igrao je koarku kao da je igrao u NBA)
to call - zvati
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Gramatika engleskog jezika on-line I had called you had called he, she, it had called we had called you had called they had called I had not called you had not called he, she, it had called we had called you had called they had called
engleski-jezik.com had I called? had you called? had he, she, it called? had we called? had you called? had they called?
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future
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John was very tired. he had been running. (John je bio veoma umoran, trao je cijele veeri) I could smell cigarettes. somebody had been smoking. (osjetio sam cigarete, neko je puio). Past Perfect Continous se takoer upotrebljava u indirektnom govoru umjesto trajnog oblika prolog vremena (past continuous tense) u direktnom govoru.
D: Peter said: "Some of my friends have playing cards all night." (Peter ree: "Neki moji prijatelji su igrali karte cijele veeri".) I: Peter said that some of his friends had been playing cards all night. to call - zvati I had been calling you had been calling had I been calling? had you been calling? had he, she, it had been he, she, it had been calling he, she, it had not been calling calling? we had been calling we had not been calling had we been calling? you had been calling you had not been calling had you been calling? they had been calling they had not been calling had they been calling? I had not been calling you had not been calling
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I hope we will have better luck next day. (nadam se da emo imati vie sree drugi put) I expect that he will come tomorrow. (oekujem da e on doi sutra) I will help her because she is beautiful. (pomoi u joj jer je lijepa) to call - zvati I will call (ja u zvati) you will call he, she, it will call we will call you will call they will call Kvizovi vezani za ovu temu English-Quiz.net - Will or Going To English-Quiz.net - Will or Won't I will not call you will not call he, she, it will not call we will not call you will not call they will not call will I call? will you call? will he, she, it call? will we call? will you call? will they call?
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past
present
future 4pm
U 4 sata biu usred posla.
Kada koristimo budue trajno vrijeme, na slualac obino zna ili razumije u koje vrijeme se radnja odvija.
I will be playing tennis at 10am tomorrow. (igrat u tenis sutra u 10 sati) We'll be having dinner when film starts. (veerat emo kada film pone) Take your umbrella, it will be raining when you return. (uzmi kiobran, padat e kia kada se bude vraao) to call - zvati I will be calling (ja u zvati) you will be calling he, she, it will be calling we will be calling you will be calling they will be calling I won't be calling you won't be calling he, she, it won't be calling we won't be calling you won't be calling they won't be calling will I be calling? will you be calling? will he, she, it be calling? will we be calling? will you be calling? will they be calling?
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past
present 9
future
Voz odlazi u 9 sati.
9.15
Vi stiete u 9 i 15.
Ovo vrijeme takoer izraava i radnju koja e se desiti i zavriti do odreenog vremena u budunosti: They will have left the Parlament by 12 o'clock. (Oni e napustiti parlament do 12 sati.) to call - zvati I will have called (budem bio I will not have called zvao) you will have called you will not have called he, she, it will have called we will have called you will have called they will have called will I have called?
will you have called? will he, she, it have he, she, it will not have called called? we will not have called will we have called? you will not have called will you have called? they will not have called will they have called?
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to call - zvati I will not have been calling you will not have been you will have been calling calling he, she, it will have been he, she, it will not have calling been calling we will not have been we will have been calling calling you will not have been you will have been calling calling they will not have been they will have been calling calling I will have been calling will I have been calling? will you have been calling? will he, she, it have been calling? will we have been calling? will you have been calling? will they have been calling?
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