Mendelian Genetics

Blending Inheritance

What Came Before?

Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

Mendels Model Organism

Advantages of pea plants for genetic study:
o There are many varieties with distinct heritable features, or traits (such as peacolor) o Mating of plants can be controlled

o Quick generation time; lots of offspring

o Can isolate true-breeding lines for particular traits

Fig. 14-2a

TECHNIQUE
1

Parental generation (P)

Stamens Carpel
3 4

Fig. 14-3-3

EXPERIMENT P Generation (true-breeding parents)

Purple flowers

White flowers

F1 Generation (hybrids)

All plants had purple flowers

F2 Generation

705 purple-flowered 224 white-flowered plants plants

Table 14-1

CONCEPT 1: There are alternative versions of heritable factors

Fig. 14-4

Allele for purple flowers

Locus for flower-color gene

Homologous pair of chromosomes

Allele for white flowers

CONCEPT 2: For each trait, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent

Fig. 14-4

CONCEPT 3: If the two alleles at a locus differ, then one (the dominant allele) determines the organisms appearance, and the other (the recessive allele) has no noticeable effect on appearance

Fig. 14-3-3

EXPERIMENT P Generation (true-breeding parents)

Purple flowers

White flowers

F1 Generation (hybrids)

All plants had purple flowers

F2 Generation

705 purple-flowered 224 white-flowered plants plants

Misconceptions About Dominant vs. Recessive Dominant alleles are not necessarily more common in populations than recessive alleles

Dominant alleles are not necessarily better / adaptive

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

CONCEPT 4: Law of Segregation

Fig. 14-5-3

P Generation

Purple flowers White flowers Appearance: Genetic makeup: PP pp Gametes: P p

F1 Generation Appearance: Genetic makeup: Gametes:

1/ 2

Purple flowers Pp P
1/ 2

Sperm F2 Generation

P P
Eggs p Pp 3 1 PP

Pp

pp

How can you tell the genotype of an individual with the dominant phenotype?

CONCEPT 5: Law of Independent Assortment

Fig. 14-8

EXPERIMENT
P Generation
YYRR yyrr

Gametes YR

yr

F1 Generation Hypothesis of dependent assortment or

Sperm 1/ YR 1/ 2 2 yr

YyRr

Predictions

Hypothesis of independent assortment Sperm

1/ 4

Predicted offspring of F2 generation

1/ 2

YR

1/ 4

Yr

1/ 4

yR

1/ 4

yr

1/ 4

YR YYRR YYRr YyRR YyRr

YR YYRR YyRr
1/ 4

Eggs
1/ 2

Yr YYRr yR YyRR YyRr yyRR yyRr YYrr YyRr

yr YyRr
3/ 4 1/ 4

Eggs
yyrr
1/ 4

Yyrr

Phenotypic ratio 3:1

1/ 4

yr YyRr
9/ 16 3/ 16

Yyrr
3/ 16

yyRr

yyrr
1/ 16

Phenotypic ratio 9:3:3:1

RESULTS
315 108 101 32

Phenotypic ratio approximately 9:3:3:1

Fig. 14-3-3

EXPERIMENT P Generation (true-breeding parents)

Purple flowers

White flowers

F1 Generation (hybrids)

All plants had purple flowers

F2 Generation

705 purple-flowered 224 white-flowered plants plants

Mendels Laws Translated Into Math

Multiplication rule = the probability that two or more independent events will occur together is the product of their individual probabilities (AND)

Addition rule = the probability that any one of two or more exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding together their individual probabilities (OR)

Fig. 14-9

Rr Segregation of alleles into eggs

Rr

Segregation of alleles into sperm

Sperm
1/ 2

1/

R
1/ 2

R
R
1/ 4 1/ 4

Eggs
r
1/ 2

r
1/

R
4 1/ 4

Example: BbEe x BbEe

What is the probability the offspring will be homozygous recessive for both traits?

What is the probability the offspring will be homozygous recessive for at least one trait?

Example: BbEe x BbEe

PRACTICE PROBLEMS!