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Example H:: Two Sided Sequence
Example H:: Two Sided Sequence
:
n
Assume that the input sequence x[n] = b Find the z-transform and plot the ROC.
where b > 0
We note that this is a two sided sequence and for b < 1 and b > 1 has the forms below:
The Z-transform for the sequence can be obtained by expressing it as the sum of a rightsided and left-sided sequence. x[n] = b n u[n] + b n u[ n 1]
b n u[n]
1 1 bz 1
|z|>b
b n u[ n 1]
1 1 b 1 z 1
| z | < 1/b
1/b
1/b 1
For b > 1 there is no common ROC and thus the sequence will not have a Z-transform For b < 1 the ROCs overlap and the Z-transform for the composite sequence is 1 1 1 1 bz 1 b 1 z 1 1 b
X [z ] = or equivalently
b< z <
b2 1 z b ( z b ) z b 1
b <z <
1 b
Hence the corresponding pole zero pattern and the ROC are as shown below:
1/b
Example
:
X [z ] = 1 1 1 1 1 z 1 2 z 3
Consider all of the possible ROCs that can be connected with the function
Unit circle
Based on our discussion of properties there are three possible ROCs that can be associated with this expression of the Z-transform. Unit circle a)
b)
c)
Unit circle
Associated with a two sided sequence Since (c) is the only ROC that encloses the unit circle only for this choice will the FT exist and converge.
p G[z ] = 0 d0
(1 z )
M 1 l
(1 z )
1 l l =1
l =1 N
p0 ( N M ) l =1 = z N d0
l =1
(z l )
l
(z )
At a root z = l of the numerator polynomial, G[ l ] = 0 as a result the valus of z are known as zeros At a root z = l of the denominator polynomial , G[ l ] plane are called the poles of G[z]. If N > M If M > N there are (N-M) additional zeros at z = 0 . there are (N-M) additional poles at z = 0 and these points in the z-
For example u[ z ] =
z z 1
which has a zero at z = 0 and a pole at z = 1 The ROC of a rational z-transform is bounded by the location of its poles. In fact the ROC is the region of the z-plane just outside the circle centered at the origin and going through the pole at z = 1 and extending all the way to z=.