FAULT LEVEL CALCULATIONS

(As per IS 13234 : 1992 & IEC 60909 : 1995)

WHAT IS FAULT LEVEL? FAULT LEVEL AT ANY GIVEN POINT OF THE INSTALLATION IS THE MAXIMUM CURRENT THAT CAN FLOW IN CASE OF S/C AT THAT POINT

PURPOSE OF FAULT LEVEL CALCULATIONS

FOR SELECTING S.C.P.Ds OF ADEQUATE S/C BREAKING CAPACITY FOR SELECTING BUSBARS, BUSBAR SUPPORTS, CABLES & SWITCHGEARS, DESIGNED TO WITHSTAND THERMAL & MECHANICAL STRESSES BECAUSE OF S/C TO DO CURRENT BASED DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN CBs

FAULT LEVEL CALCULATIONS

TYPES OF FAULTS

SYMMETRICAL THREE PHASE FAULT

ASYMMETRICAL LINE TO LINE DOUBLE LINE TO EARTH LINE TO EARTH

SOURCES OF SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENTS

ELECTRIC UTILITY SYSTEMS D.G SETS CONDENSERS MOTORS

NATURE OF SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT

SOURCE : UTILITY SYSTEM THE SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT WILL CONSIST OF FOLLOWING COMPONENTS THE AC COMPONENT WITH CONSTANT AMPLITUDE THE DECAYING DC COMPONENT

NATURE OF SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT WAVEFORM

CURRENT TOP ENVELOPE DECAYING DC COMPONENT
2 2 IK

IP

22 IK = 2 2 IK''

TIME

BOTTOM ENVELOPE

CALCULATION ASSUMPTIONS
WHAT ?
TYPE OF SHORT CIRCUIT : THREE PHASE BOLTED SHORT CIRCUIT IMPEDANCES OF BUSBAR/SWITCHGEAR/C.T. /JOINTS ARE NEGLECTED TRANSFORMERS ARE CONNECTED TO INFINITE BUS ON H.T. SIDE TRANSFORMER TAP IS IN THE MAX. POSITION S/C CURRENT WAVEFORM IS A PURE SINE WAVE DISCHARGE CURRENT OF CAPACITORS ARE NEGLECTED

CALCULATION OF SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT

I S/C =

1 . 05 * LINE VOLTAGE 3 * ( ZTR + Z

CBE AL

Z TR = (in ohms)

% Z * 10 * KV2 KVA

CASE STUDY

STEP 1 : SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

PCC
TRANSFORMER 1600kVA 11 21 G STANDBY GENERATOR 1250kVA

) 350A

F1

)
13

12

)
) 300A ) 300A

MCC
31

F2

M1

M2

M3

M4

50HP

100HP

30HP

150HP

STEP 2 : SYSTEM DATA

TRANSFORMER : 11/0.433 KV 1600 KVA %R = 0.94 %X = 5.46 %Z = 5.54

STEP 2 : SYSTEM DATA

R = 0.062 /KM X = 0.079 /KM LENGTH OF CABLE, 21 TO 31= 100m CABLE : INDUCTION MOTORS : M1, IrM = 200A M2, IrM = 135A M3, IrM = 135A M4, IrM = 200A

STEP 3 : CALCULATION OF RT & XT

RT = 10 (%R)(SECONDARY KV)2 KVA

10 (0.94)(0.433)2 = = 0.001102 OHMS 1600 10 (%X)(SECONDARY KV)2 XT = KVA 10 (5.46)(0.433)2 = = 0.006398 OHMS 1600

STEP 4 : CALCULATION OF RL & XL

RL = 0.062 0.1 = 0.0062 OHMS XL = 0.079 0.1 = 0.0079 OHMS

STEP 5 : CALCULATION OF Z UP TO THE POINT OF FAULT

TOTAL Z UP TO FAULT LOCATION F1

= (RT)2 + (XT)2 = (0.001102)2 + (0.006398)2 = 0.00649

STEP 5 : CALCULATION OF Z UP TO THE POINT OF FAULT

TOTAL Z UP TO FAULT LOCATION F2

= (RT + RL)2 + (XT + XL)2 = (0.007302)2 + (0.01430)2 = 0.01606

STEP 6 : CALCULATION OF RMS VALUE OF S/C CURRENT AT THE POINT OF FAULT

IK AT FAULT LOCATION F1 = =
c Un 3 Z 1.05 415 3 0.00649

= 38765 A OR 38.77 kA

STEP 6 : CALCULATION OF RMS VALUE OF S/C CURRENT AT THE POINT OF FAULT

IK AT FAULT LOCATION F2

= =

c Un 3 Z 1.05 415 3 0.01606

= 15665 A OR 15.67 kA

STEP 7 : CALCULATION OF MAKING CAPACITY AS PER STANDARD IEC 60947-2

Short-circuit Power factor breaking capacity (kA) 4.5<= I<=6 0.7 6< I<=10 10< I<=20 20< I<=50 50< I 0.5 0.3 0.25 0.2 Multiplying factor 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.1 2.2

STEP 8 : CALCULATION OF PEAK VALUE OF S/C CURRENT AT THE POINT OF FAULT

iP AT FAULT LOCATION F1 = 2.1 38.77 = 81.41 kA (PEAK)

iP AT FAULT LOCATION F2 = 2 15.67 = 31.34 kA (PEAK)

CALCULATION OF X AND R FOR GENERATOR

The value of xd will be given in percentage terms. Calculate xd in ohms. Calculate R in ohms as per data in standard: Rg =0.15 xd for generators less than 1000V Rg =0.07 xd for generators up to 100MVA Rg =0.05 xd for generators 100MVA and above. Apply correction factor and recalculate R and X. Find Z and use in the formulae.

THANK YOU