Hc vin k thut qun s

b mn thng tin - khoa v tuyn in t

Trn Vn Khn - Quc Trinh - inh th Cng

Gio trnh

c s k thut thng tin v tuyn

(Dng cho o to k s in t - Vin thng)

H ni - 2006

Mc lc
Mc lc K hiu, ch vit tt Li ni u Chng 1: PHN CHIA DI TN S V TUYN V C TNH KNH V TUYN 1.1 Phn chia di tn v tuyn v ng dng cho cc mc ch thng tin 1.2 c im truyn sng v tuyn 1.2.1 Mt s khi nim c bn trong truyn sng v tuyn 1.2.2 Cc tnh cht quang hc ca sng v tuyn 1.2.3 Cc phng thc truyn lan sng in t 1.2.4 Mt s thut ng v nh ngha truyn sng 1.2.5 c im mt s di sng v tuyn 1.3 Cc c trng c bn ca h thng thng tin 1.3.1 H thng thng tin - Knh thng tin 1.3.2 Cc tnh cht ca knh thng tin v tuyn 1.3.3 Cc tnh cht thng k ca tn hiu v tuyn v nhiu trong knh thng tin v tuyn 1.3.4 Tc truyn tin tc v dung lng knh 1.3.5 Tnh chng nhiu v tnh hiu qu ca cc h thng thng tin 1.3.6 Cc c trng tng qut ca h thng thng tin 1.4 H thng thng tin v tuyn 1.4.1 S tng qut h thng thng tin v tuyn 1.4.2 Phn loi thit b thng tin v tuyn Chng 2: CC C TNH K THUT CA H THNG THNG TIN V TUYN 2.1 Nhng c tnh k thut chnh ca h thng thng tin v tuyn 2.1.1 Cc c tnh k thut chung cho my thu v my pht 2.1.2 Cc c tnh k thut my pht 2.1.3 Cc c tnh k thut my thu 2.1.4 Phng php hnh thnh tn hiu v tuyn 2.2 C s xy dng ch tiu k thut cho my thu pht sng ngn cng sut trung bnh 2.2.1 Yu cu chung 3 7 9 11 11 13 14 16 18 22 26 31 31 32 34 35 46 55 56 56 57 59 59 59 64 66 69 88 88

2.2.2 Chn di tn cng tc ca my thu pht 2.2.3 Chn dng cng tc 2.2.4 Chn anten v phng thc iu khin 2.3 C s xy dng ch tiu k thut cho my thu pht sng ngn cng sut nh 2.3.1 Yu cu chung 2.3.2 Chn di tn cng tc cho my thu pht SN/CSN 2.3.3 Chn dng cng tc c bn 2.3.4 Lp lun chn phng php n nh tn s 2.3.5 Chn loi an ten cho my thu pht 2.3.6 Phng thc iu khin 2.4 C s xy dng ch tiu cho my thu pht sng cc ngn cng sut nh 2.4.1 Yu cu chung 2.4.2 Chn di tn cng tc cho my thu pht 2.4.3 Chn dng cng tc 2.4.4 Phng php n nh tn s trong my thu pht SCN/CSN 2.4.5 Anten ca my thu pht SCN/CSN 2.4.6 Phng thc iu khin Chng 3: C S XY DNG S KHI CHO H THNG THNG TIN V TUYN 3.1 C s xy dng s khi cho my thu pht sng cc ngn cng sut nh 3.1.1 My thu pht cm tay 3.1.2 My thu pht SCN/CSN di rng 3.2 C s xy dng s khi cho my thu pht sng ngn cng sut nh 3.2.1 S tuyn tn hiu ca my thu pht SN/CSN (di tn 1,5 11 MHz) 3.2.2 S my thu pht SN/CSN lm vic trong di tn 0,03 30 MHz 3.3 C s xy dng s cu trc cho my thu pht sng ngn cng sut trung bnh Chng 4: B TNG HP TN S 4.1 Khi qut chung v cc b tng hp tn s 4.1.1 V tr v yu cu

88 89 89 95 95 95 95 96 97 98 98 98 99 99 99 100 100 101 101 101 102 110 111 114 119 125 125 125

4.1.2 Phn loi cc phng php tng hp tn s 4.2 Cc mch c s ng dng trong cc b tng hp tn s 4.2.1 Tng hp tn s s dng cc mch nhn, chia, cng v tr 4.2.2 Cc h thng tinh chnh t ng tn s trong cc b tng hp 4.3 Cc phng php tng hp tn s 4.3.1 To mng tn s bng phng php tng hp trc tip 4.3.2 To mng tn s bng phng php tng hp gin tip 4.3.3 Tng hp tn s s trc tip - DDS Chng 5: CC MCH IU CHNH V IU CHNH T NG TRONG CC MY THU PHT V TUYN 5.1 Cc mch iu chnh v iu chnh t ng trong my thu 5.1.1 iu chnh bng tay v iu chnh t ng h s khuch i 5.1.2 Mch t ng khng ch tp m li ra my thu khi khng c tn hiu 5.1.3 iu chnh di thng ca my thu 5.2 Cc h thng iu chnh v iu chnh t ng trong my pht 5.2.1 Mch iu chnh t ng mc - ALC 5.2.2 C s ca h thng t ng iu chnh phi hp anten 5.2.3 Cc h thng CT phi hp anten Chng 6: NG DNG K THUT MI TRONG H THNG THNG TIN V TUYN 6.1 K thut tri ph trong thng tin v tuyn 6.1.1 Gii thiu chung 6.1.2 Cc u im ca h thng thng tin tri ph 6.1.3 Cc h thng thng tin tri ph 6.2 T ng thit lp ng truyn - ALE 6.2.1 Tnh cp thit ca ALE 6.2.2 Tiu chun FED-STD-1045 6.3 H thng trung k v tuyn (Radio Trunking) 6.3.1 t vn 6.3.2 Cc h thng trung k v tuyn n trm 6.3.3 Cc h thng trung k v tuyn vng rng Ti liu tham kho

126 126 126 129 137 137 144 150 157 157 157 162 165 168 168 169 175 187 187 187 188 191 195 195 196 198 198 199 204 209

K HIU CC T VIT TT
ALC (Automatic Level Control) AGC (Automatic Gain Control) ALE (Automatic Link Establishment) DDS (Direct Digital Synthesizer) PD (Phase Detector) PTT (Press to Talk, Push to talk) VCO (Voltage Controlled Oscillator) CS CSN CSTB CT DCS DNS KX GH K KT KCS KCT KTT NS PTK SD ST SCN SN TF TT THTS iu chnh t ng mc iu chnh t ng khuch i (TK) T ng thit lp ng truyn T hp tn s s trc tip B so pha Chuyn pht Dao ng iu khin bng in p Ch sng Cng sut nh Cng sut trung bnh iu chnh t ng Dao ng ch sng Dao ng ngoi sai iu khin xa Gin hng Khuch i Khuch i m tn Khuch i cng sut Khuch i cao tn Khuch i trung tn Ngoi sai Phn t khng Sng di Sng trung Sng cc ngn Sng ngn T ng iu chnh tn s theo pha T ng iu chnh tn s Tng hp tn s

LI NI U
Thng tin v tuyn s dng khong khng gian lm mi trng truyn dn. Phng php thng tin l: pha pht bc x cc tn hiu thng tin bng sng in t, pha thu nhn sng in t pha pht qua khng gian v tch ly tn hiu gc. V lch s ca thng tin v tuyn, vo u th k ny Marconi thnh cng trong vic lin lc v tuyn qua i Ty dng, Kenelly v Heaviside pht hin mt yu t l tng in ly hin din tng pha trn ca kh quyn c th dng lm vt phn x sng in t. Nhng yu t m ra mt k nguyn thng tin v tuyn cao tn i qui m. Gn 40 nm sau Marconi, thng tin v tuyn cao tn l phng thc thng tin v tuyn duy nht s dng phn x ca tng i lu, nhng n hu nh khng p ng ni nhu cu thng tin ngy cng gia tng. Chin tranh th gii ln th hai l mt bc ngot trong thng tin v tuyn. Thng tin tm nhn thng - lnh vc thng tin s dng bng tn s cc cao (VHF) v c nghin cu lin tc sau chin tranh th gii - tr thnh hin thc nh s pht trin cc linh kin in t dng cho HF v UHF, ch yu l pht trin ngnh raa. Vi s gia tng khng ngng ca lu lng truyn thng, tn s ca thng tin v tuyn vn ti cc bng tn siu cao (SHF) v cc k cao (EHF). Vo nhng nm 1960, phng php chuyn tip qua v tinh c thc hin v phng php chuyn tip bng tn x qua tng i lu ca kh quyn xut hin. Do nhng c tnh u vit ca mnh, chng hn nh dung lng ln, phm vi thu rng, hiu qu kinh t cao, thng tin v tuyn c s dng rt rng ri trong pht thanh truyn hnh qung b, v tuyn o hng, hng khng, qun s, quan st kh tng, lin lc sng ngn nghip d, thng tin v tinh - v tr...v.v. Tuy nhin, can nhiu vi lnh vc thng tin khc l iu khng trnh khi, bi v thng tin v tuyn s dng chung phn khng gian lm mi trng truyn dn. i ph vi vn ny, mt lot cc cuc Hi ngh v tuyn Quc t c t chc t nm 1906. Tn s v tuyn hin nay c n nh theo "Qui ch thng tin v tuyn (RR)" ti Hi ngh ITU (Internasional Telecommunications Union) Geneva nm 1959. Sau ln lt l Hi ngh v phn b li di tn s sng ngn s dng vo nm 1967, Hi ngh v b sung qui ch tn s v tuyn cho thng tin v tr vo nm 1971, v Hi ngh v phn b li tn s v tuyn ca thng tin di ng hng hi cho mc ch kinh doanh 9

vo nm 1974. Ti Hi ngh ca ITU nm 1979, di tn s v tuyn phn b c m rng t 9 kHz 400 GHz v xem xt li v b sung cho Qui ch thng tin v tuyn in (RR). gim bt can nhiu ca thng tin v tuyn, ITU tip tc nghin cu nhng vn sau y b sung vo s sp xp chnh xc khong cch gia cc sng mang trong Qui ch thng tin v tuyn: dng cch che chn thch hp trong khi la chn trm; ci thin hng tnh ca anten; nhn dng bng sng phn cc cho; tng cng ghp knh; chp nhn s dng phng php iu ch chng li can nhiu... Ngy nay cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca cc h thng thng tin khc nh thng tin di ng, vi ba s, cp quang, thng tin v tinh...v.v, thng tin v tuyn vn tip tc ng vai tr quan trng v c pht trin ngy cng hon thin vi nhng cng ngh cao p ng c nhng i hi khng nhng v mt kt cu m c v mt truyn dn, x l tn hiu, bo mt thng tin... Gio trnh "C s k thut thng tin v tuyn" c nhm tc gi bin son vi mc ch h thng nhng kin thc v mt c s xy dng, la chn cc ch tiu k thut cu trc s khi v vic ng dng cc k thut mi vo vic khai thc, thit k cc thit b v h thng thng tin v tuyn trn cc di tn HF, V-UHF. Gio trnh c xy dng phc v cho cng tc o to k s ngnh in t vin thng trong Hc vin.

10

Chng 1
PHN CHIA DI TN S V TUYN V C TNH KNH V TUYN
1.1 PHN CHIA DI TN S V TUYN V NG DNG CHO CC MC CH THNG TIN Ta bit rng thng tin v tuyn m bo vic pht thng tin i xa nh cc sng in t. Mi trng truyn sng (kh quyn trn mt t, v tr, nc, i khi l cc lp a cht ca mt t) l chung cho nhiu knh thng tin v tuyn. Vic phn knh ch yu da vo tiu chun tn s. Mt cch tng qut, ph tn tng cng v min p dng ca chng c ch ra trn hnh 1-1.
Dai tn s radio m Siu thanh m 102 104 AM TV, radio FM 106 108 Viba, v tinh, raa 1010 Dai si quang Tia Hng nhin ngoai thy Cc tim Tia X 1012 1014 1016 1018 Tia Tia gamma vu tru 1020 1022

Ha m

100

Tn s (Hz)

Hnh 1-1. Ph tn s v tuyn v ng dng Ph ny ko di t cc tn s di m thanh (subsonic - vi Hz) n cc tia v tr (1022 Hz) v c chia tip thnh cc on nh gi l cc bng tn. Ton b di tn s v tuyn (RF) li c chia ra thnh cc bng nh hn, c tn v k hiu nh bng 1-1 theo y ban t vn v Thng tin v tuyn quc t CCIR (Comit Consultatif Internationa des Radiocommunications - International Radio Consultative Committee). Bng 1-1 K hiu v phn chia bng tn theo CCIR STT 1. 2. 3. Phm vi tn s 30 Hz 300 Hz 0.3 kHz 3 kHz 3 kHz 30 kHz Tn gi Tn s cc k thp (ELF) Tn s thoi (VF) Tn s rt thp (VLF) 11

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Ch thch:

30 kHz 300 kHz 0.3 MHz 3 MHz 3 MHz 30 MHz 30 MHz 300 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz 0.3 THz 3 THz 3 THz 30 THz 30 THz 300 THz 0.3 PHz 3 PHz 3 PHz 30 PHz 30 PHz 300 PHz 0.3 EHz 3 EHz 3 EHz 30 EHz

Tn s thp (LF) Tn s trung bnh (MF) Tn s cao (HF) Tn s rt cao (VHF) Tn s cc cao (UHF) Tn s siu cao (SHF) Tn s cc k cao (EHF) Hng ngoi Hng ngoi Hng ngoi Tia nhn thy Tia cc tm Tia X Tia gamma Tia v tr

1 THz (terahertz) = 1012 Hz 1 PHz (petahertz) = 1015 Hz 1 EHz (exahertz) = 1018 Hz

Cc tn s cc k thp (ELF - Extremely Low Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong phm vi 30 300 Hz, cha c tn s in mng AC v cc tn hiu o lng t xa tn thp. Cc tn s ting ni (VF - Voice Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong phm vi 300 Hz 3 kHz, cha cc tn s knh thoi tiu chun. Cc tn s rt thp (VLF - Very Low Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong phm vi 3 30 kHz, cha phn trn ca di nghe c ca ting ni. Dng cho cc h thng an ninh, qun s v chuyn dng ca chnh ph nh l thng tin di nc (gia cc tu ngm). Cc tn s thp (LF - Low Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong phm vi 30 300 kHz (thng gi l sng di), ch yu dng cho dn ng hng hi v hng khng. Cc tn s trung bnh (MF - Medium Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong phm vi 300 kHz 3 MHz (thng gi l sng trung), ch yu dng cho pht 12

thanh thng mi sng trung (535 n 1605 kHz). Ngoi ra cng s dng cho dn ng hng hi v hng khng. Cc tn s cao (HF - High Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong phm vi 3 30 MHz (thng gi l sng ngn). Phn ln cc thng tin v tuyn 2 chiu (twoway) s dng di ny vi mc ch thng tin c ly xa xuyn lc a, lin lc hng hi, hng khng, nghip d, pht thanh qung b...v.v. Cc tn s rt cao (VHF - Very High Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong phm vi 30 300 MHz (cn gi l sng mt), thng dng cho v tuyn di ng, thng tin hng hi v hng khng, pht thanh FM thng mi (88 n 108 MHz), truyn hnh thng mi (knh 2 n 12 vi tn s t 54 MHz n 216 MHz). Cc tn s cc cao (UHF - UltraHigh Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong phm vi 300 MHz 3 GHz (cn gi l sng xi mt), dng cho cc knh truyn hnh thng mi 14 83, cc dch v thng tin di ng mt t, cc h thng in thoi t bo, mt s h thng rada v dn ng, cc h thng vi ba v thng tin v tinh. Cc tn s siu cao (SHF - SuperHigh Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong phm vi 3 30 GHz (cn gi l sng cen ti mt), ch yu dng cho vi ba v thng tin v tinh. Cc tn s cc k cao (EHF - Extremely High Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong phm vi 30 300 GHz (cn gi l sng mi li mt), t s dng cho thng tin v tuyn. Cc tn s hng ngoi. C gi tr nm trong phm vi 0,3 THz 300 THz, ni chung khng gi l sng v tuyn. S dng trong h thng dn ng tm nhit, chp nh in t v thin vn hc. Cc nh sng nhn thy. C gi tr nm trong phm vi 0,3 PHz 3 PHz, dng trong h thng si quang. Cc tia cc tm, tia X, tia gamma v tia v tr. Rt t s dng cho thng tin. 1.2 C IM TRUYN SNG V TUYN Tn s s dng cho sng in t nh vai tr sng mang trong thng tin v tuyn c gi ring l "tn s v tuyn" (RF). Tn s ny chim mt di rt rng t VLF (tn s cc thp) ti sng milimet. Mc d khng gian t do hm 13

l chn khng, s truyn sng qua kh quyn tri t vn thng c coi l truyn sng trong khng gian t do. S khc nhau ch yu l ch kh quyn tri t gy nn cc tn tht i vi tn hiu, cn trong chn khng th khng c tn tht. Khng th l gii y sng v tuyn theo l thuyt, bi v n khng ch b nh hng bi tng i lu v tng in ly m cn bi cc thin th, k c mt tri. Do vy, vic nh gi cc trng thi ca cc hnh tinh ca tng i lu v in ly v vic d bo ng truyn sng v tuyn cng nh kh nng lin lc da trn nhiu d liu trong qu kh l ht sc quan trng. Cc mc tip sau s gip bn c hiu c c ch truyn sng v tuyn theo tn s thng tin v tuyn cng nhng vn khc, lin quan n sng v tuyn. 1.2.1 Mt s khi nim c bn trong truyn sng v tuyn a. Phn cc ca sng in t Phn cc ca sng in t phng chnh l s nh hng ca vect in trng so vi b mt tri t. Nu phn cc gi nguyn khng thay i, ta c phn cc tuyn tnh. Phn cc ngang (in trng di chuyn song song vi b mt tri t) v phn cc ng (in trng chuyn ng vung gc vi mt t) l 2 dng phn cc tuyn tnh. Nu vect phn cc quay 3600 khi sng i qua 1 bc sng v cng trng nh nhau ti tt c cc gc phn cc, ta c phn cc trn. Khi cng trng thay i theo phn cc, ta c phn cc elip. b. Tia sng v mt sng Cc sng in t l khng nhn thy, v vy chng c phn tch gin tip qua khi nim tia sng v mt sng. Tia sng l ng i dc theo hng truyn lan ca sng in t trong khng gian t do. Mt sng l b mt c pha ca sng khng i, c to nn khi cc im c cng pha trn cc tia lan truyn t cng ngun hp li vi nhau (ABCD nh hnh 1-2). Ngun im l 1 v tr t cc tia lan truyn nh nhau v mi hng (ngun ng hng).
B A
Ngun

C D

Ra Rb Rc Rd

Hng lan truyn

Hnh 1-2. Sng phng 14

c. Tr khng c trng ca khng gian t do Tr khng c trng ca khng gian t do c tnh:

Zs =

0 , 0

(1.1)

trong 0 l t thm ca khng gian t do, c gi tr bng 1,26.10-6 H/m, 0 l in thm ca khng gian t do, c gi tr bng 8,85.10-12 F/m. Thay vo ta c Z s = 377 . d. Mt sng cu v lut bnh phng nghch Hnh 1-3 l ngun im bc x cng sut vi tc khng i ng u theo mi hng (gi l b bc x ng hng). B bc x ng hng to ra mt sng cu vi bn knh R. Mt cng sut Pa ti im bt k trn b mt sng cu l:
Pa = Prad E2 E2 = = 2 4 Ra Zs 377

(1.2)

trong : Prad l tng cng sut bc x (W), Ra l khong cch t im bt k trn b mt hnh cu n ngun. Suy ra cng in trng:
E= 30 Prad Ra
2

(1.3)

Ta c nhn xt l mt cng sut t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch n

P R ngun (lut bnh phng nghch 2 = 1 ). P R2 1
Tia B Mt song 2 Tia A Tia C Ngu n im R1 Mt song 1 R2

Hnh 1-3. Mt sng cu t ngun ng hng 15

e. Suy hao v hp th sng Khng gian t do l chn khng v th khng c tn tht nng lng khi sng truyn qua n. Tuy nhin, khi cc sng i qua khng gian t do chng b tri ra, dn n gim mt cng sut. Hin tng ny gi l suy hao v xy ra trong khng gian t do cng nh trong kh quyn tri t. Song kh quyn khng phi l chn khng m cha cc ht c th hp th nng lng in t. Loi gim cng sut ny c gi l tn hao hp th. H s tn hao c tnh:
a = 10 log
P 1 P2

(1.4)

Hp th sng do kh quyn tng t vi tn tht cng sut I2R. Khi , nng lng b mt mi mi. Suy hao sng do hp th khng ph thuc vo khong cch t ngun bc x, m vo tng khong cch sng i qua. 1.2.2 Cc tnh cht quang hc ca sng v tuyn Cc tnh cht quang hc ca sng v tuyn bao gm khc x, phn x, nhiu x v giao thoa. a. Khc x sng (refraction) Khc x in t l s thay i hng ca tia sng khi n i chch t mt mi trng sang mi trng khc vi tc truyn khc nhau. Tc truyn t l nghch vi mt ca mi trng truyn. V vy, khc x xy ra bt c khi no sng i t mt mi trng sang mi trng khc c mt khc (hnh 1-4).

Cc tia ti B

Php tuyn Mt sng ti

1
B

A Mt sng khc x A

Mi trng 1 t c hn ng bin Mi trng 2 c hn

Hnh 1-4. Hin tng khc x ti bin gii 2 mi trng

16

Tia A i vao mi trng 2 trc tia B, do o tia B lan nhanh hn tia A (khoang cach B-B dai hn A-A). Vi th, mt song AB bi nghing xung di (v phia phap tuyn). Goc 1 la goc ti, goc 2 la goc khuc xa. nghing cua tia phu thuc vao chit sut n = c / v , vi v la tc anh sang trong cht a cho. inh lut Snell giai thich phan ng cua song in t khi gp ng bin hai cht khc nhau nh sau:
n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2

(1.5) (1.6)

hay:

sin 1 n2 = = r2 r1 sin 2 n1

y: 1 , 2 la hng s in mi cua mi trng 1 va 2. b. Phan xa song (reflection) Phan xa in t xay ra khi song ti va p vao bin cua 2 mi trng va 1 phn hoc toan b cng sut ti khng i vao mi trng 2 ma phan xa lai. Vi song phan xa vn trong mi trng 1 nn tc cua song ti va song phan xa bng nhau. Do o, goc phan xa bng goc ti ( i = r ) (hnh 1-5). H s phan xa c tinh nh sau:
= Er e jr Er j (r i ) e = Ei e ji Ei

(1.7)

trong o la h s phan xa (khng th nguyn), Ei = cng in ap ti (vn), Er = cng in ap phan xa (vn), i , r = pha ti va pha phan xa ().

i
Mt song ti

r
Mt song phan xa Mi trng 1 Mi trng 2

Hnh 1-5. Phn x sng ti bin gii phng ca 2 mi trng c. Nhiu xa song (diffraction)

17

Vt chn Tia phan xa

Vung bong rm Me p
Mt song ti

Song con trit nhau

Hnh 1-6. Nhiu x sng in t Nhiu xa song la s phn b lai nng lng trong mt song khi no i qua gn mep cua vt th khng trong sut vi kch thc so snh c vi bc sng. Nhiu xa la hin tng cho phep song v tuyn i vong qua goc (hnh 1-6). d. S giao thoa sng (interference) Xy ra khi 2 hoc hn cc sng in t kt hp vi nhau sao cho cht lng h thng b gim i. S giao thoa sng tun theo nguyn l xp chng tuyn tnh ca cc sng in t v xy ra bt c khi no 2 hoc nhiu hn cc sng ng thi chim cng 1 im trong khng gian (hnh 1-7).
E1

Et

Ngu n Tia B

Tia A

X Tia B a i hng

E2

B mt phan xa

Hnh 1-7. S cng tuyn tnh 2 sng c pha khc nhau v s giao thoa sng 1.2.3 Cc phng thc truyn lan sng in t Cc sng bc x t im pht c th n c cc im thu theo nhng ng khc nhau. Cc sng truyn lan dc theo b mt qu t gi l sng t hay sng b mt; cc sng i ti cc lp ring bit ca tng ion v phn x li gi l sng in ly hay sng tri; v sng khng gian (gm sng trc tip v sng 18

phn x t mt t) (hnh 1-8).

Khi quyn Trai t

t ng So

i r

Anten phat

Son g

Song nhin thng (LOS)

pha

Anten thu

n x

a t

t
B mt trai t

Song b mt

Hnh 1-8. Cc phng thc truyn sng a. S truyn lan sng t Sng t l sng truyn lan dc theo b mt tri t, do cn c gi l sng b mt. Sng t l sng phn cc ng bi v in trng trong sng phn cc ngang s song song vi b mt tri t, v cc sng nh th s b ngn mch bi s dn in ca t. Thnh phn in trng bin i ca sng t s cm ng in p trong b mt tri t, to ra dng in chy. B mt tri t cng c in tr v cc tn hao in mi, gy nn s suy hao sng t khi lan truyn. Sng t lan truyn tt nht trn b mt l cht dn in tt nh nc mui, v truyn km trn vng sa mc kh cn. Tn hao sng t tng nhanh theo tn s, v th sng t ni chung hn ch cc tn s thp hn 2 MHz. Sng t c dng rng ri cho lin lc tu thy - tu thy v tu thy - b. Sng t c dng ti cc tn s thp n 15 kHz. Cc nhc im ca truyn lan sng t l: Sng t yu cu cng sut pht kh cao. Sng t yu cu anten kch thc ln. Tn hao thay i ng k theo loi t. Cc u im l: Vi cng sut pht ln, sng t c th dng lin lc gia 2 im bt k trn th gii. Sng t t b nh hng bi s thay i iu kin kh quyn. 19

b. S truyn lan sng khng gian Gm sng trc tip v sng phn x t mt t, truyn trong vi kilomet tng di ca kh quyn. Sng trc tip lan truyn theo ng thng gia cc anten pht v thu, cn gi sng nhn thng (LOS: Line-Of-Sight). V th, sng khng gian b hn ch bi cong ca tri t. Sng phn x t t l sng phn x t b mt tri t khi lan truyn gia anten pht v thu. cong ca tri t to nn chn tri i vi s truyn lan sng khng gian, thng gi l chn tri v tuyn. Do khc x kh quyn, chn tri v tuyn di hn chn tri quang hc i vi kh quyn tiu chun thng thng. Chn tri v tuyn xp x bng 4/3 chn tri quang hc. C th ko di chn tri v tuyn bng cch nng cao anten pht hoc anten thu (hay c hai) bng thp hoc t trn nh ni (ta nh). Hnh 1-9 ch ra nh hng ca cao anten n chn tri v tuyn. Chn tri v tuyn nhn thng i vi mt anten bng:
d = 2h

(1.8)

trong : d = khong cch n chn tri v tuyn (dm), h = cao anten so vi mc nc bin (pht). Do , khong cch gia anten pht v anten thu l:
d = dt + d r = 2ht + 2hr

(1.9)

trong : d l tng khong cch (dm), dt , d r l chn tri v tuyn i vi anten pht v anten thu (dm hoc kilomet), ht , hr cao anten pht v anten thu (pht hoc mt). Khong cch cc i gia my pht v my thu trn t trung bnh c th tnh gn ng theo cng thc sau (n v mt): (1.10) Nh vy, khong cch truyn sng khng gian c th tng bng cch tng cao anten pht, anten thu hoc c hai.
Anten phat Tia nhin thng LOS Anten thu

d (max) =17 ht + 17 hr

ht

dt d

dr hr

Hnh 1-9. Sng khng gian v chn tri v tuyn 20

Do cc iu kin tng di kh quyn hay thay i nn mc khc x thay i theo thi gian. Trng hp c bit gi l truyn lan trong ng sng xy ra khi mt t mc sao cho cc sng in t b by gia tng ny v b mt tri t. Cc lp kh quyn hot ng nh ng dn sng v cc sng in t c th lan truyn rt xa vng theo cong tri t v trong ng (hnh 1-10).
Khng khi m hn Hiu ng ng song Khng khi mat hn B mt trai t Sng b by

Hnh 1-10. Hin tng ng sng c. S truyn lan sng tri Cc sng in t c hng bc x cao hn ng chn tri (to thnh gc kh ln so vi mt t) c gi l sng tri. Sng tri c phn x hoc khc x v tri t t tng in ly, v th cn gi l sng in ly. Tng in ly l vng khng gian nm cch mt t chng 50 km n 400 km. Tng ny hp th mt s lng ln nng lng ca tia cc tm v tia X bc x ca mt tri, lm ion ha cc phn t khng kh v to ra electron t do. Khi sng in t i vo tng in ly, in trng ca sng tc ng lc ln cc electron t do, lm cho chng dao ng. Khi sng chuyn ng xa tri t, s ion ha tng, song li c t hn phn t kh ion ha. Do , phn trn ca kh quyn c s phn trm phn t ion ha cao hn phn di. Mt ion cng cao, khc x cng ln. Ni chung, tng in ly c phn chia thnh 3 lp: lp D, E, v F theo cao ca n; lp F li c phn chia thnh lp F1, F2 (hnh 1-11). cao v mt ion ha ca 3 lp thay i theo gi, ma v theo chu k vt en ca mt tri (11 nm). Tng in ly m c nht vo ban ngy v ma h. Lp D: l lp thp nht, c cao 50 100 km v nm xa mt tri nht, do c ion ha t nht. Nh vy lp D t c nh hng n hng truyn lan sng v tuyn. Song cc ion lp ny c th hp th ng k nng lng sng in t. Lp D bin mt v m. Lp ny phn x sng VLF v LF, hp th cc sng MF v HF. Lp E: c cao 100 140 km, cn gi l lp Kennelly - Heaviside theo tn ca hai nh bc hc khm ph ra n. Lp E c mt cc i ti cao 70 dm vo 21

gia tra khi mt tri im cao nht. Lp E hu nh bin mt v m, h tr s lan truyn sng b mt MF v phn x sng HF mt cht v ban ngy. Phn trn ca lp E i khi c xt ring v gi l lp E tht thng. Lp ny gy bi hin tng nht hoa v hot ng ca vt en mt tri. y l lp mng c mt ion ho rt cao, cho php ci thin khng ng c ly lin lc.
Km 400 F2 (thng su) F2 (im phn) 300 F1 + F 2 F2 (thng chp) F1 200 137 100 50 0 2 4 6 Lp E Lp D (ch c vo ban ngy) Lp F F 1 + F2

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

Gi trong ngy

Hnh 1-11. Tng in ly v s thay i ca chng theo thi gian trong ngy Lp F: gm 2 lp F1 v F2. Lp F1 c cao 140 250 km vo ban ngy. Lp F2 c cao 140 300 km v ma ng v 250 350 km v ma h. V m, 2 lp ny hp li vi nhau to thnh mt lp. Lp F1 hp th v suy hao mt s sng HF, cho qua phn ln cc sng n F2 , ri khc x ngc v tri t. 1.2.4 Mt s thut ng v nh ngha truyn sng a. Tn s ti hn v Gc ti hn Cc tn s cao hn di UHF thc t khng b nh hng bi tng in ly v bc sng ca chng cc k ngn. Ti cc tn s ny, khong cch gia cc ion l kh ln, do cc sng in t i qua chng hu nh khng b nh hng. Nh vy phi tn ti gii hn tn s trn i vi s truyn lan sng tri. Tn s ti hn l tn s cao nht vn cn c th tr v tri t bi tng in ly. Tn s ti hn ph thuc vo mt ion v thay i theo gi v ma. Nu gc bc x ng gim, cc tn s ln hn hoc bng tn s ti hn cn c th khc x tr li b mt tri t, v chng s i khong cch di hn trong tng ion v c nhiu thi gian hn khc x. V th, tn s ti hn ch c dng lm im chun so snh. Mi tn s c gc ng cc i ti n c th lan truyn v cn khc x 22

li bi tng ion. Gc ny c gi l gc ti hn (hnh 1-12). Nh vy, gc ti hn lin quan n mt ion ca tng in ly v tn s ca tn hiu. Gc ti hn cao cho tn s thp v thp cho tn s cao.
Xuyn qua tng ion v bin mt Phn x lin tip

on gi n T

Gc ti hn B mt tri t

Khc x v tri t

Anten pht

Hnh 1-12. Gc ti hn Mt k thut o lng gi l thm d tng in ly bng m thanh (ionospheric sounding) i khi c s dng xc nh tn s ti hn. Tn hiu c truyn thng t b mt t v tng dn tn s. Ti cc tn s thp hn, tn hiu s b hp th hon ton bi kh quyn. Khi tn s tng dn, mt phn s tr li tri t. Ti tn s no , tn hiu s xuyn qua kh quyn, i vo khng gian xa xi v khng tr li tri t. Tn s cao nht s cn tr li tri t theo hng thng ng chnh l tn s ti hn. b. cao o cao o l cao ti sng khc x cng chnh l sng phn x d kin (hnh 1-13).
cao lp tng ng ( cao o) Tia A (sng phn x d kin) Tng ion Tia B (sng khc x) hv ha

B mt tri t

Hnh 1-13. cao o v cao thc t 23

Sng bc x c khc x li tri t theo ng B. cao cc i thc t m sng n c l ha. ng A l ng d kin sao cho sng phn x s i qua v cn tr v tri t ti cng v tr. cao cc i m sng phn x d kin ny s ti c chnh l cao o hv. c. Tn s dng c ti a (MUF) MUF (Maximum Usable Frequency) l tn s cao nht c th dng cho truyn lan sng tri gia 2 im c th trn mt t. V th, c bao nhiu im trn tri t th c by nhiu gi tr c th ca MUF (v hn). MUF ging nh tn s ti hn, l tn s hn ch cho truyn sng tri. Song MUF ng vi gc ti c th (gc gia sng ti v php tuyn). V ton hc ta c MUF = (tn s ti hn)/cos = (tn s ti hn) x sec y l gc ti. Phng trnh trn gi l lut secant. Lut ny coi b mt t l phng v lp phn x phng, tt nhin iu ny khng bao gi tn ti. V th, MUF ch dng tnh ton s b. Do s khng n nh ca tng in ly, bng vic nghin cu s bin i ca MUF theo ngy v theo thi gian, ngi ta thng s dng tn s thp hn khong 15% so vi gi tr d kin trung bnh ca MUF trong thng tin bng sng tri. Tn s thp hn ny c gi l tn s lm vic ti u (OWF Optimum Working Frequency). OWF thp hn MUF trong khong 90% t l chim thi gian. d. C ly nhy cch C ly nhy cch l khong cch cc tiu tnh t anten pht sao cho sng tri c tn s cho trc (phi nh hn MUF) s tr li tri t (hnh 1-14). Hnh 1-14a l vi tia vi gc ngng khc nhau c bc x t cng mt im trn tri t. Khi tng gc ngng, im t sng tr li tri t tin gn hn n my pht. Vi gc ngng cao, sng xuyn qua tng in ly v hon ton bin mt khi kh quyn. Vng m c sng trc tip ln sng khng gian u khng t ti c gi l vng nhy. Hnh 1-14b l nh hng ca s bin mt ca lp D v lp E v ban m n c ly nhy cch. Lc ny, trn to bi tng ion c nng ln, cho php v ban m sng tri i cao hn trc khi khc x li tri t. Khi sng v tuyn i xuyn qua tng in ly th n s b suy gim v va chm vi cc phn t. iu ny ch yu xy ra lp D c mt in t cao hn so vi trong lp E v F. suy hao t l thun vi 1/f2, do vy v mt cht lng thng tin, iu ng mong mun l chn c tn s cao nht c s dng c hiu qu 24

nh sng khng gian.

Tng

ion

C li nhy cch a)

Tia khc x m t tr i t

Gi m

F Gi ngy D B mt tri t b) E

Hnh 1-14. C ly nhy cch v nh hng ca gi trong ngy n n e. Vng cm Vng cm l vng nm trong khong gii hn gia c ly ln nht ca sng t v c ly nhy cch nh nht (ng vi gc ti hn) ca sng tri, xem hnh 1-15. Nh nu trn, gc ti hn l cao hn cho tn s thp v thp hn cho tn s cao. Tn ti vng cm, iu c ngha l lin lc c ly trung bnh thng c mt tn s gii hn m cao hn lin lc khng th thc hin c: cc tn hiu vt qu tn s gii hn s c phn x mt gc m khin chng tr v mt t xa hn trm thu mong mun.
Sng ln hn gc ti hn

Tng in ly

Gc ti hn

Sng nh hn gc ti hn

C li sng b mt cc i

Vng cm

Hnh 1-15. Gc ti hn v vng cm 25

g. Tn tht ng truyn trong khng gian t do Phng trnh tn tht nh sau:

4 D 4 fD Lp = = c
2 2

(1.11)

y: Lp = tn tht ng truyn khng gian t do (khng th nguyn),

D = khong cch (kilomet), f = tn s (Hz),

= bc sng (mt),
c = tc nh sng = 300.000 km/s.

Chuyn sang dB ta c:
L p (dB) = 20 log 4 fD 4 = 20 log + 20 log f + 20 log D c c

(1.12)

Nu tn s tnh theo MHz v khong cch km, ta c: 4 (10)6 (10)3

L p (dB) = 20 log

+ 20 log f (MHz) + 20 log D(km) 3 108 = 32.4 + 20 log f (MHz) + 20 log D(km)

(1.13)

Vi tn s theo GHz v khong cch l km, ta c:

L p (dB) = 92.4 + 20 log f (GHz) + 20 log D(km)

(1.14)

1.2.5 c im mt s di sng v tuyn a. Sng cc di v sng di C th lan truyn nh sng t v sng khng gian. Vic sng t bng tn ny lan truyn i hng trm, thm ch hng nghn kilomet l do cng trng ca cc sng ny gim theo khong cch kh chm, ni cch khc l nng lng ca chng b mt t hoc mt nc hp th t. Bt u t khong cch 300 400 Km so vi my pht xut hin sng in ly phn x t lp di ca tng in ly (t lp D cao 60 80 Km vo ban ngy hoc lp E cao 100 130 Km). Do bc sng ln hn nhiu so vi chiu cao t b mt tri t ln ti tng in ly, cho nn mt t v tng in ly ng vai tr nh hai bc tng. N c gi l ch ng dn sng mt t - in ly m nh n lin lc ton cu cc sng ny thc hin bng cc sng truyn lan trong ng sng hnh cu to bi mt t v tng in ly. Cc sng ny c th xuyn su vo nc v truyn lan trong mt s loi t. Bc x hiu qu sng di v cc di ch t c vi cc anten rt cng knh, c kch thc xp x bc sng, bi vy ngi ta thng tng 26

cng sut pht n hng trm KW hoc hn b li. Nhc im c bn ca sng di v cc di l dung lng tn s nh Min ng dng thc t: Thng tin vi cc i tng di nc, thng tin theo cc ng trc ton cu v thng tin di mt t. b. Sng trung Tnh truyn lan: B hp th nhiu hn sng di v cc di khi truyn lan theo mt t, cn cc sng n c tng in ly b hp th mnh bi lp D (khi D tn ti) v phn x tt bi lp E. C ly lin lc: V ban ngy ma h th b hn ch (ch bng sng t), v ban m ma ng v ma h th c ly thng tin tng r rt. Dung lng tn s: Cao hn nhiu sng di v cc di song do c nhiu i pht thanh cng sut ln nn gp nhiu kh khn trong vic tn dng dung lng. Min ng dng thc t: Nhiu nht l trong cc vng bc cc lm d phng khi thng tin sng ngn b tn hao ln do nhiu t nhiu kh quyn. Anten: Kh hiu qu v c kch thc chp nhn c. c. Sng ngn (SN) Tnh cht truyn lan: Bao gm c sng t v sng in ly C ly lin lc: Vi sng t v cng sut khng ln lm, c ly lin lc khng vt qu vi chc kilomet v sng t b hp th mnh trong t (tng theo tn s). Sng in ly do phn x mt hoc nhiu ln t tng in ly c th lan truyn xa tu . Sng ny b hp th yu bi cc lp D v E, phn x tt bi cc lp trn (ch yu l F2 cao 300 500 Km). Bng 1-2 ch ra mt cch tng i c ly lin lc nh nht v ln nht bng sng tri cho mt vi tn s (ch c tnh cht tham kho). Hin nhin iu kin tt nht cho cc tn s gia ngy v ti s khc nhau, chu k vng quanh lc mt tri mc v lc mt tri ln l ht sc khng n nh, vi iu kin tt nht cho cc tn s lin lc tng nhanh t gi lc mt tri mc v gim t gi lc mt tri ln. i vi nguyn nhn ny, mt s lin lc nh k trong thi gian ny bao gm mt s knh kim tra rng tn s khc nhau. Vic lin lc tng t gim dn bt buc thay i mt vi MHz cao hn hoc thp hn. 27

 Dung lng tn s: Ln hn nhiu cc sng trn do m bo s lm vic ng thi ca s lng ln cc my thu pht v tuyn. Anten: Vi kch thc nh vn c hiu qu kh cao v hon ton p dng c cho cc i tng c ng. Bng 1-2 S dng sng tri cho cc tn s trong di HF Tn s (MHz) 2 4 8 10 15 20 25 30 Tra (Km) 0 120 0 400 0 800 300 1600 800 ?? 1200 ?? 1600 ?? 2000 ?? Na m (Km) 0 ?? 0 ?? 500 ?? 1000 ?? 1600 ?? khng khng khng

V sng ngn chim v tr c bit trong thng tin v tuyn nn ta xt k hn: Thng tin v tuyn bng cc sng in ly c th thc hin c nu cc tn s s dng nm thp hn cc gi tr cc i xc nh bi mc ion ho ca cc lp phn x i vi mi c ly lin lc. Ngoi ra thng tin ch c th c nu cng sut my pht vi h s khuch i ca cc anten c s dng bo m cng trng cn thit ti im thu vi s hp th nng lng cho trong tng ion. iu kin u hn ch gii hn trn ca tn s s dng, iu kin sau - gii hn di. V vy thng tin SN bng sng in ly ch c trong mt khong tn s nht nh. B rng ca khong ny ph thuc vo tng in ly, ngha l ph thuc vo thi gian ca mt ngy m, vo ma, vo chu trnh hot ng ca mt tri. Cho nn vic d bo trng thi ca tng in ly l v cng quan trng i vi thng tin lin lc s dng sng tri. Hin tng pha inh trong thng tin SN: Hin tng ny lm gim nhiu cht lng thng tin SN bng sng in ly. Pha inh xut hin do s thay i cu trc ca cc lp phn x tng ion, do s nhiu lon ca tng ion v do s truyn sng theo nhiu tia. Bn cht ca pha inh v c bn l s 28

giao thoa ca mt vi tia ti im thu vi pha thay i lin tc do s thay i trng thi ca tng in ly. Nguyn nhn ca mt vi tia ti im thu cng lc l: S phn x ca tng ion di cc gc m cc tia phn x mt s ln khc nhau t tng ion v mt t li hi t ti im thu (hnh 1-16a). Hin tng khc x kp di tc ng ca trng in t qu t. do hin tng nay hai tia phn x t cc lp khc nhau ca tng ion li n cng mt im thu (hnh 1-16b). S khng ng nht ca tng ion dn ti s phn x khuch tn cc sng t cc vng khc nhau ca n (hnh 1-16c).

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 1-16. Pha inh a ng trong thng tin sng ngn Pha inh cn c th xy ra do s thng ging phn cc cc sng khi phn x t tng in ly, dn ti s thay i mi quan h gia cc thnh phn ng v ngang ca trng in t ti ni thu. Pha inh phn cc xy ra him hn nhiu pha inh giao thoa (10 15% tng s). Cc bo t v bo ion c th nh hng ng k n trng thi thng tin SN. y l cc nhiu lon ca tng in ly v ca t trng qu t di tc ng ca cc dng ht in tch do mt tri phun ra. Cc dng ht ny thng ph hu lp phn x c bn F2. Cc nhiu lon tng ion xy ra c chu k v lin quan n thi gian mt tri quay quanh trc ca mnh (27 ngy m). Cc v n ht nhn do con ngi thc hin trong kh quyn c th gy ra s ion ho nhn to tng kh quyn v ko theo s nh hng tnh trng thng tin SN. d. Cc sng cc ngn (SCN) Bao gm mt lot cc on tn s c dung lng ln. Tnh cht truyn lan: Nng lng SCN b hp th mnh bi mt t (ni 29

chung l t l vi bnh phng ca tn s), v vy sng t b suy gim rt nhanh. SCN khng c s phn x u n t tng ion, do thng tin SCN ch yu da trn sng t v sng trc tip. C ly thng tin: C ly thng tin bng sng t ph thuc nhiu vo bc sng. C ly ln nht l cc sng mt gn vi di SN (lu rng vi s tng tn s hiu qu ca h thng anten tng ln nh b li tn hao nng lng trong t). SCN c ngha ln i vi thng tin trong khng gian t do, tc l trong vng tn hao nng lng rt nh. C ly thng tin gia cc thit b bay trang b my thu pht cng sut nh c th t ti vi trm kilomet. Min ng dng thc t: Thng tin v tr, thng tin trong mng c s dc bit l gia cc i tng c ng. Sng cc ngn dng nhiu trong thng tin iu hnh nn ta xt chi tit hn mt s c im ca chng: Cc sng mt (SM) c tnh cht nhiu x, ngha l c th un cong theo a hnh. Hin tng khc x tng i lu lm tng c ly thng tin SM. S thay i h s khc x theo cao ca kh quyn gy nh hng n sng khng gian. Kh quyn tiu chun l mt kh quyn l tng c mt t l bin i h s khc x theo cao mt cch u n, bi v n c mt h s thay i c nh ca p sut kh quyn theo cao, nhit v m. Khi trng thi ca tng i lu bnh thng (gim u n nhit vi chiu cao), tia sng ni cc my thu pht ang lin lc b un cong v pha trn do bo m c thng tin trn cc tuyn b che khut (i pht khng nhn thy i thu). V c s bin i h s khc x mt cch lin tc, cho nn ng i thc t ca sng khng gian l khc vi ng trc tip (thng). b li s khc nhau ny, c ly thng tin cc i thc t c tnh ton theo ng trc tip da trn quy nh bn knh hiu qu ca tri t KR (K = 4/3 trong kh quyn tiu chun). H s khc x tng i lu thay i theo thi gian do cc thay i cc iu kin kh tng, iu ny dn ti pha inh tn hiu (khc vi pha inh SN, chng xy ra rt chm v khng su) SM nhiu khi lan truyn rt xa. l do: - S hnh thnh cc m my ion ho tht thng cao vi chc kilomet di lp D (lp tht thng FS) FS c th xut hin vo bt k thi gian no. c im ca cc m my ny l nng ion ho rt cao, i khi 30

phn x cc sng ca c di SCN. Lc ny c ly gia pht v thu c th l 2000 2500 km. Cng tn hiu phn x FS rt ln ngay c khi cng sut pht nh. - S tn ti thng xuyn ca lp FS trong nhng nm mt tri hot ng mnh nht. C ly lin lc c th t ti phm vi ton cu. - Cc v n ht nhn trn cao: lc ny xut hin mt min pha trn ( mc lp FS) SM xuyn qua min di, b hp th mt t, phn x t min trn v quay tr li mt t. Khong cch bao trm nm trong phm vi 100 2500 km. Cc tn s thp nht b hp th mnh nht cc min ion ho pha di, cc tn s cao nht b phn x khng ton phn t min trn. Nh vy, vic lan truyn ca sng v tuyn nh hiu ng tn x i lu ca khu vc kh quyn rng ln trong tng i lu c dng cho trn VHF. Phng php ny c nhiu u im ca thng tin bng rng v ghp knh cng nh thng tin ng thi cho mt khu vc rng. Mt khc n cng i hi cng sut pht ln v my thu c nhy cao. 1.3 CC C TRNG C BN CA H THNG THNG TIN 1.3.1 H thng thng tin - Knh thng tin Cc h thng thng tin dng truyn tin. Tin c th l lin tc (ting ni, m nhc) hoc ri rc (vn bn, d liu s). Trong h thng thng tin, tin c bin i thnh tn hiu ph hp vi knh thng tin. Theo loi tin truyn i, c th chia cc h thng thng tin thnh h thng ri rc hoc lin tc. Cc h thng in thoi v tuyn v truyn hnh vi iu tn hoc iu bin c th qui v loi h thng lin tc (tng t). i khi cc tin lin tc c bin i thnh tin ri rc (lng t ho) ri truyn i bng cc phng php c trng cho cc h thng ri rc (chng hn truyn ting ni bng PCM). H thng lin lc in bo l v d ca h thng ri rc. Ngi ta qui c gi tp hp cc phng tin k thut dng truyn tin t ngun n ngi nhn tin l ng thng tin. Cc phng tin ny bao gm thit b pht, knh thng tin v thit b thu (hnh 1-17). ng thng tin cng vi ngun v ngi nhn to thnh h thng thng tin. Chc nng ca thit b pht l bin i tin thnh tn hiu thun tin nht cho vic truyn trn ng thng tin cho. Tng qut, qu trnh bin i tin thnh tn hiu gm 3 cng on: bin i, m ho v iu ch. 31

Knh thng tin l mi trng dng truyn cc tn hiu t my pht n my thu. N c th l cp, ng dn sng hoc kh quyn.
Ngun tin Tin u(t) Tn hiu Thit b pht Au (t) Knh thng tin N(t) Nhiu Tn hiu + nhiu X(t) Thit b thu Tin v(t) Nhn tin

Hnh 1-17. S chc nng h thng thng tin Trong cc h thng thng tin thc t khng th trnh khi cc nhiu lon lm mo tn hiu. Cc nhiu c th l cng tnh (nhiu kh quyn v nhiu cng nghip, nhiu t cc my ln cn). Nhiu ny tc ng vo my thu khng ph thuc vo tn hiu v xy ra ngay c khi li vo my thu khng c tn hiu. Dng nhiu lon ph bin khc trong cc h thng thng tin l nhiu lon gy bi cc thay i ngu nhin cc tham s ca knh (lin quan trc tip n qu trnh tn hiu i qua knh, v th ch xut hin khi c tn hiu). V d ca loi ny l hin tng pha inh. Trong trng hp lan truyn 1 tia v c nhiu cng tnh v nhiu nhn trong knh, tn hiu li vo my thu c th vit dng:
X (t ) = (t ) A [t (t ), (t ), u (t ) ] + N (t )

(1.15)

y: (t ) - h s truyn t ca knh; A(t , u ) - tn hiu pht i; (t ) - thi gian tr tn hiu, (t ) - pha ca tn hiu; u (t ) - tin pht i; N (t ) - nhiu cng. Knh thng tin c v c nh theo thi gian c gi l knh c tham s khng i. Trng hp ngc li c gi l knh c tham s bin i. Tn hiu nhiu tia c m t bng biu thc tng t:
X (t ) = i (t ) A [t i (t ), i (t ), u (t )] + N (t )
i =1 k

(1.16)

y: k - l s tia, i (t ), i (t ), i (t ) l cc tham s tng ng ca tia th i. 1.3.2 Cc tnh cht ca knh thng tin v tuyn a. Knh thng tin v tuyn c suy hao rt ln, thng t ti 140 160 dB. Cng sut tn hiu li vo phn thu ca knh thng c gi tr nm trong 32

khong 1010 1014 W , trong khi li cn cng sut hng W hoc ln hn li ra thit b cui lm vic tin cy. Ngha l thit b thu ca knh phi c h s khuch i theo cng sut t nht l 1010 1014 hay 105 107 theo in p. Vn khuch i tn hiu khng ch kh ch h s khuch i phi cao m cn kh ch mc tn hiu li vo thit b thu so snh c vi tp m thng ging. Tp m thng ging ln vo tn hiu v khng th tch ring c. b. suy hao ca knh v tuyn thay i trong phm vi rng. Cng trng in t ti im thu t l nghch vi bnh phng ca qung ng m sng i qua, v vy s thay i mc tn hiu li vo phn thu ca knh trong di c ly thng tin cn thit t ti 100 120 dB. C ngha l vic bo m mc tn hiu ra khng i ( thit b cui hot ng bnh thng) gp nhiu kh khn. suy hao thay i ca knh cn gy kh khn cho vic thnh lp cc h thng thng tin duplex (song cng), tng t nh h thng thng tin dy dn vi li ra hai dy, nu tham s mang tin ca tn hiu cao tn l bin (v kh trnh khi s mt n nh tc l tng kh nng t kch). suy hao knh thay i ln khi tin hnh thng tin gia cc i tng c ng nu s dng cc sng SCN (SCN lan truyn ph thuc vo a hnh). iu kin tin hnh thng tin tr nn khng thun li khi trn ng hnh tin gp phi cc i tng phn x sng v tuyn, v s gy nn hin tng pha nh giao thoa. c. suy gim ca knh thng tin v tuyn bin i cn do s thay i ca cc tham s kh quyn qu t. S thay i ny thy r hn di sng ngn, khi tin hnh thng tin bng cc sng phn x t tng ion. Trc ht do nhng thay i chm theo ngy m ca mc ion ho cc min khc nhau ca tng kh quyn m xut hin cc dao ng theo ngy m ca mc tn hiu. Ngoi ra vic thu cc sng phn x t tng ion km theo nhng pha inh thng xuyn v kh nhanh ca tn hiu do s giao thoa ca cc tia n c im thu bng nhng con ng khc nhau. d. Knh thng tin, nu hn ch ch l mi trng truyn sng, th v mt vt l l chung cho tt c cc phng tin thng tin v tuyn ang tn ti, cc i pht thanh, dn ng v tuyn.... Kh nng pht ng thi mt s lng ln cc tin trn v tuyn da trn 33

c s phn tch tn hiu theo tn s. Tuy nhin, v vic s dng mt cch c t chc di tn m c ly truyn sng khng b gii hn (SN), l cc k kh khn, trong khi nhu cu mt s on tn li vt qu dung lng vt l ca chng th d dng rt ra kt lun v kh nng v s khng trnh khi ca vic gy nhiu ln nhau khi pht tin, dn ti s mt mt no ca tin tc. Tnh hnh li cng ti t hn do s khng hon thin v mt k thut ca thit b, th hin ch vic pht tn hiu thng km theo cc bc x ph, cn vic thu th li tip nhn c cc nhiu t min tn s ln hn nhiu di tn chim bi tn hiu cn nhn, nht l khi ngun nhiu gn ngay ni thu. Ngoi ra cc ngun nhiu cn l cc qu trnh t nhin, nh s phng in cn ging trong kh quyn, bc x v tuyn ca mt tri v thin h. Ngun nhiu cn l cc thit b in trong cng nghip v sinh hot. a s cc nhiu c ngun gc t nhin v cng nghip l cc nhiu di rng, bao trm hu ht ton b di tn. e. Knh v tuyn gy mo tn hiu pht i do s hn ch ph tn ca n. Ngi ta hn ch ph rng v hn ca tn hiu c rng hu hn trong tt c cc h thng thng tin, v nng lng c bn ca cc tn hiu ch tp trung trong di tng i hp. Trong cc h thng thng tin v tuyn, s cn thit phi hn ch ph cn do dung lng khng ca di tn v gim xc sut nhiu l lt vo di thng ca knh. Tm li: Khc vi knh ng dy, knh v tuyn c c trng bi di rng ca nhng thay i nhanh v chm ca suy hao v bi s tc ng s lng ln cc nhiu t ngun ngoi. 1.3.3 Cc tnh cht thng k ca tn hiu v tuyn v nhiu trong knh thng tin v tuyn a. Mi knh thng tin v tuyn u l knh c tham s bin i. iu ny th hin r hn knh SN v y pha inh biu hin r nht v tnh hnh nhiu cc k phc tp. Do ta bt u t knh SN trc tin. M hnh tng qut ca tn hiu pha inh tho mn kh tt nhiu nghin cu thc nghim l m hnh biu din tn hiu hnh thnh t sng phn x thng xuyn (c tham s t thay i) v mt lot cc sng phn x khng thng xuyn (c bin v pha thay i ngu nhin) cng ti im thu. Vi m hnh ny cng trng ca tn hiu pha inh iu ho ti im thu c th biu din nh 34

sau:
e = E0 cos(0t + 0 ) + Ek cos(k t + k )
k =1 n

(1.17)

trong :
E0 , 0 , 0 - l bin , tn s v pha ca sng phn x thng xuyn; Ek , k , k - l bin , tn s v pha ca sng phn x khng thng xuyn.

Hnh 1-18 l biu din vect ca m hnh. Vic cng vect ca cc thnh phn thng xuyn v khng thng xuyn ca sng to nn vect tng c bin v pha thay i:
e = E (t ) cos [0t + (t ) ]

(1.18)

Mc thay i theo thi gian ca bin v pha ca vect tng hp ph thuc vo mi quan h bin gia cc thnh phn thng xuyn v khng thng xuyn.
Ek

E k

E0

Hnh 1-18. Biu din m hnh dng vect Khi s lng cc thnh phn khng thng xuyn ln, dao ng tng ca chng l qu trnh ngu nhin chun, cn ng bao ca qu trnh ny c phn b Rly. S c mt ca thnh phn thng xuyn lm cho phn b ny ng vi lut Rly tng qut:
W (E) =

E 2 + E02 2 EE0 2E exp I0 2 2 2 Eeff Eeff Eeff

(1.19 )

2 trong : E l bin tng ca cc dao ng; Eeff l cng sut trung bnh ca

sng phn x khng thng xuyn, c xc nh bi vec t E k = E k ; E0 l

k =1

u r

u r

35

bin sng phn x thng xuyn; I 0 l hm Bessen bin th cp khng. Ngi ta xc nh c rng phn b pha ca qu trnh c dng sau:
W ( ) =

1 a cos exp( a 2 ) + exp( a 2 sin 2 ) F ( 2a cos ) 2

(1.20)

trong :

E02 ; a= 2 2 Eeff
F ( 2a cos ) = 1 2 t2 exp dt 2

l tch phn xc sut Laplace;

= 2a cos

T biu vc t ca tn hiu pha inh ta suy ra rng su pha inh v mc thay i pha ph thuc vo mi quan h E0 v Ek (t ) . Nu Ek (t ) = 0 th bin v pha ca tn hiu s khng i, iu ny ng vi trng hp hon ton khng c pha inh. Ngc li nu E0 trit tiu th pha inh s su nht, cn pha thay i trong phm vi vi t 0 n . D thy rng lc ny hm phn b tng qut bin thnh lut Rly:
W (E) =

E2 2E exp 2 ; I 0 = 1 2 Eeff Eeff

1 ; a=0 2

(1.21)

Phn b pha khi tr thnh ng xc sut ngha l:

W ( ) =

(1.22)

Cc trng hp pha inh Rly xy ra rt thng xuyn v vy chng c ch nhiu khi nh gi cht lng thng tin v tuyn SN. S thay i bin cc tn hiu theo thi gian khi c pha inh c th c trng bng h s tng quan.Trong a s cc trng hp pha inh giao thoa, h s tng quan c xp x bng ng cong Gao-x:
2 R ( ) = exp 2 2 k

(1.23)

i lng k c gi l khong tng quan v c trng cho tc pha inh. Theo cc s liu thc nghim k nhn cc gi tr t 0.1s cc tuyn rt di n 2s cc tuyn tng i ngn. Cht lng thng tin v tuyn ph thuc vo mi quan h gia tc pha inh v tc thay i cc tham s mang tin ca tn 36

hiu. Va ri ta xt cc pha inh ca dao ng iu ho. Cc tn hiu thc t c ph tn chim mt di no Fs - lc ny bc tranh pha inh s phc tp. Thng c vi tia cng n im thu, song n gin ta ch xt trng hp c hai tia, mt tia phn x mt ln, mt tia phn x hai ln (hnh 1-19):

1 H

Hnh 1-19. S giao thoa ca cc tia Khi khng c thng ging ca tng ion, i vi mi tn s ca ph, cng trng ti im thu s c xc nh bng hai thnh phn:
e = E cos t + E cos (t )

(1.24)

- h s c trng cho s suy yu bin ca tia th hai; - tr ca tia th hai

Kt qu ca vic phch hai dao ng l:

e = EK ( ) cos [t + ( ) ]

(1.25)

y: K ( ) = 1 + 2 + 2 cos - mun h s truyn t hay l c tnh bin tn s (TBTS) ca mi trng truyn sng;
( ) = arctg sin - pha ca h s truyn t hay c tnh pha tn s 1 + cos

(TFTS) ca mi trng truyn sng. Khi << 1/ Fs , TBTS v TFTS thc t s khng thay i trong phm vi di tn nhng khi iu kin ny khng c tho mn th trong TBTS xut hin cc khong st, cn TFTS s phi tuyn v c tnh chu k. By gi nu ta rng cao ca min phn x cng thng ging, l i lng ngu nhin dn ti xut hin pha inh. Khi << 1/ Fs , ton b ph tn hiu b pha inh ng thi, ngha l xy ra pha inh chung, cn khi > 1/FS ch mt s on ph b pha inh ngha l xy ra pha inh chn lc dn n mo tn hiu. 37

Ngoi cc pha inh giao thoa nhanh ca tn hiu, cn tn ti cc pha inh chm. Bn cht ca cc pha inh ny c xc nh bi cc thay i ngu nhin ca tn hao nng lng khi sng v tuyn i qua tng in ly. C ngha l tham s ca phn b Rly Eeff (trong trng hp phn b Rly tng qut c c E0 ) thay i gi tr ca mnh theo thi gian. tnh c tin cy thng tin v tuyn cn bit c cc tham s ny thay i nh th no theo thi gian. T nay v sau ta ch xt phn b Rly ca bin nh phn b bt li nht i vi thng tin. Nu gi tr hiu dng ca cng trng Eeff (do phm vi bin i ln ca n) c biu din theo dB i vi 1 V/m v k hiu l q th ta c:
q = 20 log10 Eeff

(1.26)

V cc nghin cu thc nghim hin tng pha inh c tin hnh bng cc thit b thu ni vi mt s loi anten xc nh, nn ngi ta thng s dng in p ca tn hiu li vo my thu thay cho cng trng ti im thu. in p ny ( Useff ) biu din qua dB i vi 1 V c k hiu l y, do :
y = 20 log10 Useff

(1.27)

Ngi ta gi gi tr hiu dng ca in p li vo my thu biu din theo dB l mc tn hiu. Cc nghin cu thc nghim chng t rng cc mc tn hiu trong phn ln cc trng hp u phn b theo lut chun vi mt xc xut:
y y 1 exp W ( y) = 2 2 y 2 y

(1.28)

trong :

y = 20 log10 Useff ; y = 20 log10 Useff 0 - gi tr trung bnh ca mc tn hiu; Useff 0 - in p hiu dng median ca tn hiu;

y = 20 ( log10 Useff log10 Useff 0 ) - sai lch trung bnh bnh phng
2

so vi gi tr trung bnh ca mc tn hiu. Phn b cc mc tn hiu theo thi gian tho mn ng cong xp x:

38

 2 K y ( ) = exp 2 2 y

(1.29)

vi khong tng quan y c hng chc pht. i vi cc c ly thng tin v iu kin truyn sng cho trc, mc trung bnh ca tn hiu y c th tnh c, cn sai lch bnh phng trung bnh y c xc nh bng thc nghim. Vo nhng gi trng thi tng in ly tng i n nh, y l i lng rt n nh. V d khi FS = 1,2 kHz, trn cc tuyn di 500 800 Km n bng 3 5 dB v ban ngy v 5 7 dB vo ban m. b. Trong cc knh thng tin v tuyn ngoi cc tp m ring, lun lun c s tc ng ca cc nhiu. Xt mt s loi nhiu in hnh: Theo ngun gc ta phn bit cc dng nhiu sau: t cc my thu pht l, nhiu kh quyn, nhiu cng nghip, nhiu v tr v tp m trong ca chnh my thu. Theo cc tnh cht thng k ca nhiu c th chia ra lm 3 nhm: thng ging, xung v tp trung. Nhiu l cc hin tng khng c qui lut v c m t nh cc qu trnh ngu nhin vi cc c trng c bn l hm phn b xc sut v ph nng lng. Thng thng trong cc bi ton thc t ch cn bit cc hm phn b 1 chiu v 2 chiu l . T c th xc nh cc c trng c bn ca qu trnh ngu nhin nh k vng ton hc, phng sai v hm tng quan. Qu trnh ngu nhin l dng theo ngha rng nu k vng v phng sai khng ph thuc vo thi gian, cn hm tng quan ch ph thuc vo hiu 2 thi im, khng ph thuc vo tng tr c th ca thi gian. i vi qu trnh ngu nhin dng, c th p dng nh l ergodic theo trung bnh thng k c th thay bng trung bnh thi gian. 1. Nhiu thng ging: C th hnh dung nhiu thng ging nh l chui cc xung ngn v hn c chiu cao ngu nhin v lp li sau cc khong thi gian ngu nhin. Nh vy, cc xung ny xut hin thng xuyn n ni cc hin tng qu trong my thu do cc xung ring gy ra xp chng ln nhau to thnh qu trnh ngu nhin lin tc. Qu trnh ny l dng. Gi tr ca nhiu ti cc thi im ring bit l c lp, tc h s tng quan ca nhiu bng 1 khi = 0 v bng 0 khi 0 . Theo nh l gii hn Liapunop, nhiu thng ging nh tng ca s lng rt ln cc dao ng ngu nhin c lp s c phn b chun vi trung bnh bng 0 v phng sai bng cng sut trung bnh ca nhiu. Mt xc 39

sut mt chiu ca cc gi tr tc thi ca nhiu c dng:

p( x) = 1 2 n exp( x2 ) 2 2 n

(1.30)

Hm phn b tch phn c dng:

1 F ( x) = 2 2 y: ( x) = 2

t2 2

1 dt = [1 + ( x)] 2

(1.31)

e
0

t2 2

dt l hm Cramp.

V d in hnh ca nhiu thng ging l tp m trong ca my thu (ngoi ra cn c nhiu v tr v 1 s dng nhiu kh quyn v nhiu cng nghip). 2. Nhiu xung: Gm cc nhiu dng xung n ngu nhin lp li sau cc khong thi gian sao cho cc hin tng qu trong my thu do 1 xung thc t kp kt thc trc khi xung tip theo xut hin. Nhiu dng nhiu cng nghip v nhiu kh quyn thuc v nhiu xung. Cc khi nim nhiu thng ging v nhiu xung ch l tng i: tu thuc vo tn s lp li ca cc xung m cng mt nhiu c th tc ng n my thu nh nhiu xung (nu di thng rng) hoc nh nhiu thng ging (nu di thng kh hp). Cc nhiu cng nghip to bi cc thit b in khc nhau cng l qu trnh ngu nhin phc tp. Nhiu thc nghim ch ra rng phn b xc sut bin cc xung nhiu cng nghip c xp x tt bng lut phn b chun loga. Nu k hiu bin xung l U, tnh theo dB, th ta c lut chun loga:
1 p (U ) = e 2

(U ) 2 2 3

(1.32)

trong , c xc nh bng thc nghim 4. Nhiu kh quyn: do phng in cn ging xut hin ngay gn ni thu cng nh cc vng xa. Mt ph ca cc nhiu kh quyn cc i min tn s m thanh v gim dn vi s tng tn s. 5. Tp m v tr: to ra nn tp m chung, chng xut hin do bc x ca thin h v ngoi Thin h. Mt ph ln nht ca cc tp m ny nm trong di decimet (dm) v centimet (cm) v cn lu ti trong thng tin v tr. 6. Nhiu cng nghip: Xut pht t cc thit b in khc nhau. Mc nhiu thng gim theo tng tn s. 40

7. Nhiu tp trung: Gm cc tn hiu t cc i l, cc bc x ca cc b dao ng cao tn c nhim v khc nhau (cng nghip, y hc)...v.v. Trong trng hp tng qut, y l cc dao ng c iu ch (dao ng hnh sin c tham s thay i). Cc dao ng ny c th l lin tc (v d tn hiu ca cc i pht thanh v truyn hnh), hoc c tnh cht xung (tn hiu cc i pht tn v cc i iu ch xung). Nhng thay i tham s dao ng ca nhiu ti im thu khng ch ph thuc vo tnh cht cc tn hiu ca ngun nhiu, m cn vo iu kin truyn sng ca cc tn hiu ny. Khc vi nhiu thng ging v nhiu xung c ph chim ton b di thng my thu, b rng ph ca nhiu tp trung trong a s cc trng hp nh hn di thng my thu (chnh v th m c tn gi l nhiu tp trung). Trong di sng ngn, nhiu t cc i l l c bn v quyt nh n nh lin lc. Nhiu khi trong di thng my thu ng thi c n hn 10 i lm vic. Mc nhiu cng thay i lin tc, nn nhiu t cc i ln cn l qu trnh ngu nhin. Khi thit k cc h thng thng tin, ngi ta thng coi phn b theo tn s ca cc nhiu tp trung ngu nhin l phn b u. Ngha l xc sut ri vo di tn tn hiu t l vi rng ca di. Kt qu tc ng ca s lng ln cc nhiu tp trung t cc ngun xa to ra nhiu tng vi cc tnh cht gn vi tp thng ging chun. Phn b xc sut mc ca nhiu tp trung tho mn lut chun loga. Cc tham s , c xc nh bng thc nghim. Mc nhiu tp trung l gi tr hiu dng ca in p nhiu li vo my thu vi mt loi anten nht nh v c biu din theo dB i vi 1V ngha l x = 20 log10 Uneff . Mc nhiu my thu pht tp trung l i lng ngu nhin trn trc thi gian ti mt tn s, cng nh trn trc tn s. minh ho, trn hnh 120 c biu din biu thi gian cc kt qu o t ng theo chu k ca mc nhiu. Phn b xc sut cc mc nhiu theo cc nghin cu thng k cng ging nh phn b cc mc tn hiu c xp x bng lut chun vi mt :
xx 1 exp W ( x) = 2 2 x 2 x

(1.33)

trong :

x = 20 log10 Uneff ; x = 20 log10 Uneff 0 - gi tr trung bnh ca mc nhiu; Useff 0 - in p hiu dng median ca nhiu;

41

 x = 20 ( log10 Uneff log10 Uneff 0 ) - sai lch trung bnh bnh phng
2

so vi gi tr trung bnh ca mc nhiu. i lng x trong phn b ny c trng cho ti trng trung bnh ca on tn s dng hay l mc nhiu trung bnh trn tn s chn ngu nhin bt k t on ny. Tn x x c trng cho s khng ng u ca cng nhiu theo di tn hoc theo thi gian.
X (dB) 45 5512 kHz, Xun 1978
F =1.2 kHz

T (gi) X (dB) 45 6801 kHz

T (gi) X (dB) 45 7628 kHz

21.00

22.00

23.00

T (gi)

Hnh 1-20. Biu thi gian mc nhiu Cc thc nghim ch ra rng khi chuyn t ngy sang m, gi tr trung bnh ca mc nhiu v tn x ca chng tng ln, c bit l trong phn di ca di SN. Cc i lng x v x ph thuc vo di thng my thu, x tng vi s tng di thng, cn x th li gim. Tn x x ph thuc vo thi gian quan st ( lu), iu chng t v tnh khng dng ca qu trnh bin i ca x . Tuy nhin khi trng thi ca tng ion n nh v i vi nhng khong thi gian khng vt qu hai gi, qu trnh ngu nhin ang xt c th coi l dng. i vi di FS = 1,2 KHz, cc gi tr x trung bnh l 5 10 dB vo ban ngy v 10 15 dB vo ban m. H s tng quan ca qu trnh thay i mc nhiu theo thi gian cng 42

nh i vi tn hiu c xp x bng ng cong:

2 K x ( ) = exp 2 2 x

(1.34)

y x l khong tng quan ca mc nhiu, thay i tu thuc vo chiu di ca tuyn trong phm vi hng chc pht.
x

m Ngy

f (MHz) 10 16

Hnh 1-21. Tnh cht thay i mc nhiu trung bnh Hnh 1-21 cho ta mt khi nim no v tnh cht thay i ca mc nhiu dng trung bnh trn di tn. T ta thy r rng nhng iu kin bt li i vi thng tin xy ra v ban m, phn di ca di SN. Tm li: Trong di SN, nhng thng ging chm ca cc tham s tn hiu v nhiu do s hp th, m v tt cc ngun nhiu, nhiu lon cc b tng ion, kt hp vi cc pha inh giao thoa nhanh c trng cho knh SN nh l knh c tham s bin i t ngt. c. Trong di sng cc ngn. Trong di SCN c s khc bit, ta bit rng cc mc tn hiu khi thng tin bng sng t trong di ny b nhng pha inh chm v nh do s thay i theo ngy m ca iu kin kh tng. Hn na nhng thay i ny quan st c trn cc tuyn c chiu di ln hn 20 40 Km. Cc pha inh su hn quan st c trong iu kin tin hnh lin lc gia cc i tng c ng. l do: Nhng thay i ca iu kin truyn sng bi a hnh thay i. S phn x sng t cc vt ti ch dn ti giao thoa trng in t ti im thu. V phn nhiu tp trung th tnh cht v nh hng ca chng n cht lng thng tin c quyt nh bi mc hon thin t chc thng tin bi v cc vng nhiu ln nhau ca sng t hn ch. Khi c phn x khng thng 43

xuyn t cc lp F2 v FS v khi c ion ho nhn to tng kh quyn th tnh hnh phc tp hn nhiu. Nu vic nh gi s tc ng ca nhiu trong di SN da vo cc nghin cu thng k, cho php tm c quy lut phn b cc mc nhiu theo cc to m chng ta quan tm (f, t) v tm c cc c trung s tng ng vi cc quy lut th khi nh gi tc ng ca nhiu trong di SCN ta khng th dng ti cc s liu thng k, thm ch khng th nhn c cc s liu v nhiu kh khn. Ta ch c th gi thit rng trong trng hp truyn sng SCN bng tng ion, cc quy lut phn b mc tn hiu v nhiu cng ging nh SN. Tuy nhin cc c trng s ca chng c th khc i rt nhiu. 1.3.4 Tc truyn tin tc v dung lng knh Lng tin tc cha trong tin cho trong trng hp tng qut c xc nh bi mc bt nh khi truyn tin. bt nh trc lc truyn c c trng bi phn b tin nghim cc tn hiu c th (ca cc tin P ( A1 ), P( A2 ),L , P ( Am ) ). Gi s rng gia cc tin {uk } v cc tn hiu truyn i

{ Ak } tn ti s tng ng n tr. Sau khi thu c tin, cn li bt nh no

c trng bi phn b hu nghim ca cc tn hiu thu c
P ( A1 / X j ), P ( A2 / X j ),L , P ( Am / X j ) ( j = 1, 2,L , m)

Khi lng tin tc nhn c c th xc nh nh hiu bt nh:

J ( Ai , X j ) = log P( Ai / X j ) 1 1 log = log P ( Ai ) P( Ai / X j ) P ( Ai )

(1.35)

y J ( Ai / X j ) l lng tin cha trong tn hiu thu c X j i vi tn hiu Ai . Lng tin tc trung bnh c xc nh nh l k vng ton hc J ( Ai / X j ) theo tt c cc tn hiu c th A v X:
J ( A, X ) = P( X j , Ai ) log
i =1 j =1 m m

P( Ai / X j ) P ( Ai )

(1.36)

rng: nn ta c: y:

P ( X j , Ai ) = P( Ai ) P( X j / Ai ) = P ( X j ) P( Ai / X j )

J ( A, X ) = H ( A) H ( A / X ) = H ( X ) H ( X / A)
m

(1.37)

H ( A) = P ( Ai ) log P ( Ai ) l entropy ca tn hiu pht i;

i =1

44

H ( A / X ) = P( X j ) P( Ai / X j ) logP( Ai / X j ) l entropy c iu
j =1 i =1

kin ca tn hiu. Entropy ca tn hiu thu c H ( X ) v ca tp m

H ( X / A) = H ( N ) c xc nh bng cc h thc tng t. J ( A, X ) bt/giy, vi gi T

Tc truyn tin tc trn knh c tp m l R =

thit l tt c cc tn hiu c cng di T. Suy ra dung lng ca knh l (bt/giy):

C = max R = max J ( A, X ) 1 1 = max [ H ( A) H ( A / X )] = max [ H ( X ) H ( N ) ] (1.38) T T T

y cc i c tm bng tt c cc phng php truyn c th. i vi knh nh phn ta c:

C= 1 [1 + P0 log P0 + (1 P0 ) log(1 P0 )] T

(1.39)

trong : P0 l xc sut thu sai tn hiu nguyn t. Khi truyn tn hiu m v tr trn knh i xng th:
C= P0 1 log m + P0 log m 1 + (1 P0 ) log(1 P0 ) T

(1.40)

T y suy ra rng khi truyn tin ri rc, dung lng knh hon ton c xc nh bi c s m m, tc truyn cc tn hiu nguyn t sai cc tn hiu ny P0 . Dung lng knh lin tc khi c nhiu thng ging vi ph u c xc nh bi cng thc Shannon:
P C = F log + 1 N 1 v xc sut thu T

(1.41)

y:

P t s cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu v nhiu li vo my thu; F N

di thng knh, bng di thng tuyn cao tn my thu. Nu gi thit cc tin pht i c cu trc thng k ca tp m trng, th tc truyn l:
P R = Fm m + 1 Nm

(1.42)

45

Pm l t s cng sut trung bnh tn hiu v nhiu li ra my thu; Fm di Nm

tn ca tn hiu truyn i, thng bng di thng tuyn thp tn my thu. S khc nhau c bn gia R v C l: C c trng cho knh, cc gi tr gii hn ca n khng ph thuc vo h thng ngun tin - nhn tin; cn R c trng cho h thng thng tin c th no . Theo nh l Shannon, tn ti cc phng php truyn tin v cc phng php thu tng ng sao cho xc sut li c th nh tu nu R C . Cn khi R > C th khng th lm cho xc sut li nh tu . i vi knh c tp m trng cng tnh, xc sut li gim theo hm m khi tng di tn hiu ( di dy m n):
P (n) < Ae nE ( R )

(1.43)

trong : A l h s no thay i chm vi s tng n, E ( R) l hm ca tc truyn tin tc R, dng khi R < C v bng 0 khi R = C . Trong cc h thng thng tin thc t, m ho khc vi l tng v th li lun c gi tr hu hn vi tc truyn cho trc. Gi tr ca li v tc truyn quyt nh cht lng v s lng ca tin tc truyn i, do chng phi l cc ch tiu xut pht so snh cc h thng thng tin khc nhau. 1.3.5 Tnh chng nhiu v tnh hiu qu ca cc h thng thng tin Khi nh gi cht lng lm vic ca h thng thng tin, ta quan tm trc tin n vic h thng m bo chnh xc truyn tin nh th no v c th truyn s lng tin tc l bao nhiu khi . Thng dng 2 tiu chun sau y so snh cc h thng thng tin: l tnh chng nhiu v tnh hiu qu. Hai tiu chun ny m t kh y h thng thng tin nh h thng truyn tin. Trong h thng thng tin thc t, tn hiu b mo dng khi truyn v tin c khi phc vi li no . Cc mo ny ph thuc vo tnh cht v tnh trng k thut ca h thng, cng nh vo cng v tnh cht ca nhiu. Cc mo gy bi h thng thng c tc ng khng i n tn hiu v v nguyn tc lun lun c th khc phc c. Cc nhiu c tnh ngu nhin, v vy nh hng ca chng khng phi bao gi cng khc phc c. Trong h thng thng tin c thit k tt, cc mo tn hiu thng ch do nhiu gy nn. Tnh chng nhiu ca h thng thng tin l kh nng ca h thng chng li cc nh hng c hi ca nhiu n vic truyn tin. S o nh lng ca tnh chng 46

nhiu l mc ph hp ca tin nhn c vi tin pht i, ngha l chnh xc ca vic khi phc tin ti im thu. Nu tp tin pht i l u (t ) , cn tp tin khi phc ti im thu l v(t ) , th hm mt xc sut p(u, v) hon ton xc nh cc tnh cht ca h thng v mt chnh xc khi phc. Bt k s nh gi no v chnh xc khi phc u phi l hm ca p(u, v) . Vi cc gi thit rt tng qut, hm ny c th biu din nh gi tr trung bnh ca hm khong cch (sai khc) no (u, v) gia u (t ) v v(t ) , ly trn tp u v v v vi xc sut p(u, v)
r = p (u , v) (u, v)dudv = (u, v) p(u ) p(v / u )dudv

(1.44)

Hm (u, v) xc nh gi tr tng i ca li (s khc bit gia tin pht i v tin nhn c). Thng hm ny c chn sao cho n tng theo s tng ca s khc bit gia u v v . Lc ny ta gi l hm tn hao, cn r l mo him trung bnh. Trong cc h thng thng tin tiu chun, chng nhiu da trn hm tn hao n gin l tiu chun ph bin nht. Hm n gin ny c tr 0 i vi tt c cc quyt nh ng v tr 1 i vi cc quyt nh sai:
(u, v) = 1 (v u )

(1.45)

Hm tn hao n gin p dng c cho cc h thng c cc li u khng mong mun nh nhau. Song trong nhiu h thng, mc khng mong mun ca li li tng theo mc tng gi tr li. Khi , gi tr ca hm tn hao cng phi tng theo li. C nhiu hm tn hao tha mn iu kin ny, song ph bin nht l hm tn hao bc hai: (u, v) = (v u ) 2 . chng nhiu h thng khi c nh gi bng sai s qun phng:
2 = [ v(t ) u (t ) ] = (v u ) 2 p (u , v)dudv = r
2

(1.46)

Hiu v(t ) u (t ) c th xem nh nhiu li ra my thu. Nu knh thng tin c c tuyn tn s l tng hnh , th khi c nhiu thng ging vi ph u, s khc bit gia u v v trn tn s f k s bng cng nhiu li ra my thu ti tn s ny * ( f k ) , cn sai s qun phng do tt c cc thnh phn c xc nh bi cng sut trung bnh ca nhiu li ra my thu N m . Sai s tng i c xc nh nh t s:

47

Fm

E=

2
Pm

0 Fm 0

*2

( f )df =

P ( f )df
m

Nm Pm

(1.47)

trong : Fm l di thng ca my thu theo tn thp; Pm l cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu li ra my thu. Nh vy, bnh phng sai s qun phng hon ton c xc nh bi cng sut trung bnh ca nhiu li ra my thu, cn sai s tng i - bi t s cng sut trung bnh ca nhiu N m v cng sut trung bnh ca tin Pm . thun tin, thay cho i lng E ngi ta dng s o logarit ca chnh xc khi phc:
Sm = 10 lg P 1 = 10 lg m E Nm

(1.48)

= t s tn hiu trn nhiu li ra my thu (dB) Trong cc tnh ton thc t, ngi ta hay dng i lng tng ch h thng lm tiu chun chng nhiu:
B = Sm / S = Pm P : Nm N

(1.49)

= t s cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu v nhiu li ra v li vo my thu. Tuy nhin, i lng ny khng phi bao gi cng c xc nh mt cch n tr v khng cho php so snh mt cch khch quan cc h thng khc nhau vi nhau, nu nhiu c ph rng hn tn hiu, c bit l nu nhiu c th xp x bng tp trng. Nguyn nhn l cng sut nhiu li vo my thu ph thuc vo vic n c o di tn no. C th o di thng tuyn cao tn my thu (trc tch sng), song di ny khc nhau ng k i vi cc h thng thng tin ring bit. Hn th na, i vi cng mt h thng thng tin ta c th dng cc my thu c di thng khc nhau. Nu m rng di thng qu mc cn thit, th N tng cn S gim. Khi c Sm thng cng gim, nhng mc khc vi S (nh kh nng lc nhiu 1 phn li ra my thu). V vy B tng mc d cht lng thu km i. Nh vy cn so snh cc t s cng sut tn hiu v mt ph trung bnh ca nhiu li vo v li ra my thu. Ta c tng ch h thng tng qut:

48

B' =
' trong : Sm =

S 'm S'

(1.50)

Pm P ; S' = ; N m / Fm N/F

F l di tn o cng sut nhiu N li vo my thu,

Fm l di tn o cng sut nhiu N m li ra my thu (thng l di tn

chim bi tn hiu). Gi t s di tn li vo v li ra my thu l =

B' = B v F , ta c: Fm

(1.51)

i lng B ' c trng khch quan cho chng nhiu, v vi mt ph nhiu cho trc li vo 2 = N / F v vi cng sut cho trc ca tn hiu vo P cho php xc nh mt cch n tr t s tn / nhiu li ra. Tiu chun chng nhiu nu trn r c dng cho cc h thng truyn cc tin lin tc u (t ) . i vi cc h thng truyn tin ri rc, tiu chun ny c xc nh bi biu thc sau y:
r = (v j , ui ) P(ui ) P(v j / ui )
i =1 j =1 m m

(1.52)

Hm tn hao n gin khi c dng:

(v j , ui ) = 1 ij ; ij =
1 khi i = j 0 khi i j

(1.53)

mo him trung bnh bng:

r = 1 P (ui ) P(vi / ui ) = P0 = xc sut li trung bnh
i =1 m

(1.54)

Nh vy, chng nhiu ( trung thc) ca h thng thng tin bt k c th nh gi bng gi tr ca mo him trung bnh. Khi truyn cc tin lin tc, mo him trung bnh bng bnh phng sai s qun phng (vi hm tn hao bc hai), cn khi truyn tin ri rc mo him trung bnh bng xc sut li ton phn trung bnh (vi hm tn hao n gin). Gia cc h thng truyn tin lin tc v ri rc c s khc nhau quan trng. Trong h thng truyn tin lin tc bt k mt tc ng no ca nhiu n tn hiu d l rt nh m gy nn mo tham s b iu ch, u ko theo sai s tng ng ca tin truyn i. Trong h thng ri rc, 49

li ch xut hin khi tn hiu c khi phc khng ng; iu ny ch xy ra khi c cc mo kh ln (tnh cht ny c gi l kh nng sa sai). Cui cng ta xt tiu chun chng nhiu theo tin tc, c nh ngha nh l gi tr tn hao tng i ca tin tc trong knh:
g= J op J ip

(1.55)

y: J ip = TRip l lng tin tc t ngun a n li vo knh;

J op = TRop l lng tin nhn c li ra knh.

Lng tin to bi ngun lin tc ph thuc vo sai s php o, thng c nh gi bng lch qun phng ca tin o c u* (t ) vi gi tr chnh xc ca n
u (t ) :
2

02 = u * (t ) u (t )

(1.56)

C th coi 02 nh tp m ca ngun tin. Trong trng hp c bit, 02 n gin l cng sut tp m lng t trung bnh v ta c:
P J ip = TFm log m + 1 2 0

(1.57)

trong : Fm l b rng di tn tn hiu pht, Pm l cng sut trung bnh ca n. Lng tin tc nhn c l:
P J op = TFm log m + 1 Nm

(1.58)

' y: N m l cng sut nhiu trung bnh li ra my thu, c tr l N m = N m + 02 , ' vi N m cng sut nhiu trung bnh xp chng ln tn hiu khi truyn trn knh.

Nh vy:
J op J ip P log ' m 2 + 1 R Nm + 0 = op = Rip P log m + 1 2 0

g=

(1.59)

' ' Khi khng c nhiu trong knh: N m = 0 v g = 1 . Khi N m th g = 0 .

Khi truyn tin ri rc, J ip c xc nh bi tc truyn trong knh 50

khng c tp m. Khi cc tn hiu l ng xc sut J ip = log m , cn J op lc ny bng:

J op = TC = log m + P0 log P0 + (1 P0 ) log(1 P0 ) m +1

(1.60)

Do , i vi knh i xng ri rc:

g = 1 + P0 log P0 m 1 + (1 P ) log(1 P0 ) 0 log m log m

(1.61)

Tnh hiu qu ca h thng thng tin i khi c nh gi bng tc truyn tin tc R (n v nh phn trn giy) khng ph thuc vo cc tham s ca knh hoc tn hiu. Song vic nh gi ny l khng y . Tc truyn tin tc ch c trng cho hiu qu s dng thi gian truyn. Vn s dng di tn v cng sut tn hiu vn cn ng. nh gi hiu qu h thng thng tin, cn s dng mt s h s c trng cho vic s dng cc tham s c bn ca knh. l: h s s dng cng sut tn hiu (hiu qu ):
=
R R RB = = 2 P / SF FS m

(1.62)

v h s s dng di tn knh (hiu qu ):

=
R F

(1.63)

trong : 2 l cng nhiu li vo my thu (cng sut nhiu trong di tn 1 Hz); R l tc truyn tin tc (bt/giy). H s l c trng quan trng nht ca cc h thng hn ch cng sut (thng tin v tr...v.v). Trong nhng trng hp iu kin hn ch khng phi l cng sut trung bnh m l cng sut nh ca tn hiu, ngi ta dng hiu qu nh:
peak =
R Ppeak / 2

(1.64)

Ppeak l cng sut nh ca tn hiu. Trong cc h thng hn ch di thng (thng

tin ng dy) c trng quan trng nht l h s . Gii hn trn ca c th nhn c t cng thc Shannon i vi dung 51

lng knh c nhiu cng tnh dng tp m trng chun (AWGN):

P R C = F log 2 + 1 F

(1.65) (1.66) (1.67)

1 khi ln 2

Suy ra: v

1 R R = log + 1 F 0 F

0 =

2 1

= gi tr gii hn i vi xc sut li nh tu . T y suy ra l 0 = vt qua trong bt k h thng no c tp trng cng tnh. Mt h s na l h s s dng dung lng knh (hiu qu ):
=
R C

0 (ngha l F ). Gi tr 1/ ln 2 l gii hn tuyt i ca v khng th

(1.68)

Hiu qu ny ch ra tc truyn tin n dung lng knh n mc no. i vi cc h thng truyn tin lin tc ta c:
P Fm log m + 1 Nm = P F log + 1 N

(1.69)

Trong trng hp tng qut, hiu qu c th vit di dng tch:

= 12

(1.70)

trong 1 l hiu qu h thng m ho, 2 l hiu qu h thng iu ch. S dng khi nim d ta c 1 = 1 1 , 2 = 1 2 , 1 , 2 tng ng l d tin v d tn hiu. Nh vy:
= (1 1 )(1 2 ) = 1 ; = 1 + 2 1 2

(1.71)

Cc h s lin quan vi nhau bi cc biu thc sau:

=
P , N

log + 1

(1.72)

Hiu qu v chng nhiu l cc ch tiu lm vic quan trng nht ca h thng thng tin khi c nhiu. H thng c hiu qu ln nht vi chng 52

nhiu cho trc, hoc ngc li c chng nhiu ln nht vi hiu qu cho trc, c coi l h thng hon thin nht. Hiu qu cc h thng iu ch tng t: Ta tin hnh so snh cc h thng iu ch theo hiu qu ca chng. Gi s rng trong tt c cc h thng cng truyn i mt tin. i vi cc tin lin tc ta c:
=
log( S m + 1) S log m + 1 B B log( S m + 1) vS m

= =

(1.73)

log( S m + 1) v

Bng 1-3 Kiu iu ch AM (iu bin) DSB (2 bin, khng sng mang) SSB (n bin) PM (iu ch pha) FM (iu ch tn s) H thng l tng
vmin B M2 v 2 M 2 + k peak
v v

B' M2 2 k peak + M 2

2 2 1 2 m 2m
v

1 1
~ v2 2 4k peak 3v 2 2 4k peak S v2

1 v3 2 4k peak
3 v3 2 4k peak

S v 1

T y suy ra rng vi gi tr cho trc ca Sm , hiu qu lin lc c xc nh bi 2 tham s: v v B . Gi tr ca chng i vi cc h thng iu ch khc nhau c cho trong bng 1-3. Bng 1-4 l kt qu tnh ton hiu qu lin lc vi
S m = 40 dB v h s nh k peak = 2 . Trn hnh v 1-22 l ng cong hiu qu

i vi AM v FM.

53

1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 10 20 m=1 AM

m=2 m=4 m=8

30

40

50

Sm, dB

Hnh 1-22. ng cong hiu qu ca AM v FM Vic phn tch cc ng cong v s liu nhn c ca bng 1-4 ch ra rng trong cc h thng thc t th FM c chng nhiu ln nht. Vi s tng ch s iu ch, hiu qu ca h thng ny tng do s gim hiu qu , hiu qu khi gim khng ng k. Cc h thng AM, DSB v SSB m bo hiu qu cao v s dng tt di tn knh. Tuy nhin chng c tng ch B nh v s dng cng sut tn hiu km (hiu qu nh). Kiu iu ch AM (M-1) DSB SSB PM ( m = 1 ) PM ( m = 10 ) FM ( m = 1 ) FM ( m = 10 ) L tng L tng
v

B 0.67 1 1 1 1000 3 3000 100 6310

Bng 1-4 6,6 6,6 13,3 6,6 0,66 6,6 0,66 6,6 0,66
-4 -4

2 2 1 2 20 2 20 2 20

0.48 0,50 1 0,5 0,19 0,57 0,32 1 1

4,4.10-4 6,6.10 6,6.10 13,3.10

-4

6,6.10-2 2.10-3 0,2 6,6.10-2 0,42

Khi di tn knh hp nh nhau ( v = 2 ) , tt c cc h thng c xt thc t u nh nhau. Trong iu kin ny hiu qu v tnh chng nhiu ca cc h 54

thng gn nh nhau. Hiu qu cc h thng truyn tin ri rc: Vi chng nhiu (xc sut li P0 ) cho trc, hiu qu cc h thng ri rc hon ton c xc nh bi h s s dng cng sut tn hiu v h s s dng di tn knh . Ni chung c th chia h thng thng tin ri rc thnh 2 nhm: nhm c hiu qu nng lng cao (song hiu qu tn s nh) v nhm c hiu qu tn s cao (song hiu qu nng lng nh). Thuc v nhm 1 l cc h thng coi ch tiu nng lng c ngha hng u, nh h thng thng tin v tinh v v tr. Nhm 2 l h thng thng tin ng dy chng hn, vi yu cu hiu qu tn s l quan trng nht. Nhiu khi phi dng bin php dung ho ng thi t c cc gi tr kh cao ca v . Cc biu = f ( ) cho php gii quyt c bi ton ny. 1.3.6 Cc c trng tng qut ca h thng thng tin C th chia cc tham s c trng cho h thng thng tin ra lm 2 nhm. Nhm 1 l cc tham s tin tc: chng nhiu v tc truyn. Nhm 2 l cc tham s kinh t - k thut: kch thc v trng lng thit b, cng sut tiu th, gi thnh, tin cy (thi gian lm vic khng hng trung bnh). Cc tham s tin tc xc nh s lng v cht lng sn phm h thng thng tin, cn cc tham s kinh t - k thut xc nh gi theo ngha rng ca sn phm ny. Ph hp vi s phn loi ny, mt cch hp l ta so snh cc h thng thng tin theo 2 c trng tng qut: l phm cht Q ca h thng v hiu qu kinh t D. Sau y ta ch xt phm cht h thng. Phm cht h thng Q c xc nh nh l tch ca chng nhiu tng i g v tc truyn tng i :
Q = g = g12 = g (1 1 )(1 2 ) = g (1 )

(1.74)

H thng c Q ln nht c coi l tt nht v phng din tin tc. Khi m ho v iu ch, d thay i. Vic a d vo thng lm tng chng nhiu. Tuy nhin cn xc nh mi quan h ti u gia d v chng nhiu c Q ln nht. i vi h ri rc ta c:
P log 0 m 1 + (1 P ) log(1 P0 ) Q = 12 1 + P0 0 log m log m

(1.75)

55

Cn vi h lin tc th:
P Fm log m + 1 Nm Q= Pm P F log + 1 log 2 + 1 N 0
2

(1.76)

i vi h thng thc t, Q lun nh hn 1, cn vi h thng l tng th Q =1. 1.4 H THNG THNG TIN V TUYN 1.4.1 S tng qut h thng thng tin v tuyn thc t chc thc hin thng tin bng ng v tuyn, ti u pht cn c thit b pht, ti u thu cn c thit b thu. Thng thng i vi vic t chc thng tin theo 2 chiu, mi u cn phi c c thit b pht v thit b thu. S tng qut ca h thng thng tin v tuyn c ch ra trn hnh 1-23. Thit b pht l tp hp cc phng tin k thut, nm gia ngun cc tn hiu in s cp v mi trng truyn sng. Thit b thu l tp hp cc phng tin k thut, nm gia mi trng truyn sng v ngun tiu th cc tn hiu in s cp.
My pht
Ngun tin B kch thch Khuch i text cng sut Thit b phi hp Thit b anten-phi

My thu
Nhn tin Tuyn thu ring Tuyn thu chung Thit b anten-phi MI trng truyn sng

Hnh 1-23. S cu trc tng qut ca h thng thng tin v tuyn Thit b pht bao gm my pht v h thng anten - phi . My pht thc hin ba chc nng c bn: 1. Bin i tn hiu in s cp thnh dng tn hiu cao tn ph hp vi di tn s cng tc ca h thng, 2. To di tn cng tc vi s lng tn s cng tc, n nh tn s v chnh xc tn s cho trc, 56

3. To ra cng sut cao tn yu cu t ngun nng lng ti ch. Khi tnh ton cng sut phi tnh n c ly lin lc yu cu, hiu qu anten pht v thu c dng, phng php tin hnh lin lc. My pht thng gm b kch thch, b khuch i cng sut v thit b phi hp anten. B kch thch thc hin bin i tn hiu s cp thnh tn hiu cao tn s cp (tn hiu v tuyn), tng hp mng tn s cng tc trong di tn cho, sau chuyn tn hiu v tuyn s cp chn ln tn s cng tc. B khuch i cng sut bo m khuch i tn hiu cao tn ln mc cn thit, thng gm nhiu tng mc ni tip. Thit b phi hp bo m phi hp my pht vi thit b anten v mt tr khng anten bc x cng sut cc i, bin nng lng in thnh nng lng ca sng in t. Thit b thu bao gm h thng anten phi v my thu. My thu gm c tuyn thu chung v tuyn thu ring. Anten thu nhn nng lng cc sng in t ri nh phi a ti li vo my thu. Trong my thu cc dng tn hiu c x l theo nguyn tc Rng - Hn ch - Hp - Hn ch cho php nng cao chn lc, nhy i vi cc dng tn hiu. Tuyn thu chung ng vai tr Rng - Hn ch, ti y tn hiu c ch c khuch i, lc di rng v bin i v thnh tn hiu in tn s trung gian. Tuyn thu ring ng vai tr Hp - Hn ch, ti y cc dng tn hiu c phn chia thnh cc tuyn ring bit tip tc c khuch i, lc di hp v bin i thnh tn hiu s cp v a v dng cn thit cho s hot ng ca thit b u cui. Ngun tin c th l tn hiu dng tng t hoc s. Trong thng tin v tuyn ta hay gp dng thit b thu - pht kt hp (thng gi l my thu pht) trong my pht v my thu cng chung mt v (tu trng hp s c mt s b phn dng chung nh anten, mch ra my pht kim mch vo my thu, b dao ng ch sng my pht kim dao ng ngoi sai my thu - b tng hp tn s, cc b lc trong cc tuyn tn s...). . 1.4.2 Phn loi thit b thng tin v tuyn thun tin cho vic nghin cu cc nguyn tc xy dng v kh nng khai thc s dng, ngi ta thng phn loi thit b thng tin theo cc tiu chun c trng nht ca chng. l: 1. Cng dng: Cng dng ca my thu pht, ca cc thit b phc v v iu khin quyt nh phm vi s dng ca chng. 2. Nguyn tc s dng: Chia ra thnh my thu pht c lp v my thu pht 57

iu khin tp trung. Loi u thng s dng trn cc hng thng tin c lp, ring bit. Loi sau l cc t hp pht, t hp thu v t hp thu pht. Chng hp thnh mt h thng k thut thng nht, c t chc. 3. Tnh c ng: Cc my thu pht c th l c nh v c ng (mang xch theo c nhn, t trn xe). 4. Di tn: Sng cc ngn (SCN), sng ngn (SN)... 5. Dng tn hiu v tuyn: in bo bin CW, in bo dch tn FSK, thoi iu tn FM, thoi iu bin AM, thoi n bin SSB... 6. Ch lm vic: n cng (simplex), bn song cng (semiduplex, half duplex) v song cng (full duplex). 7. Cng sut my pht: P 100 W - cng sut nh (CSN); 100 < P 1000 W cng sut trung bnh (CSTB); P > 1000 W - cng sut ln (CSL). 8. Mc t ng ha: C th khng t ng ha v c t ng ha. Trong thng tin v tuyn, ngi ta thng phn loi cc my thu pht kt hp vi tiu chun trn. Ph bin nht l cc loi sau: My thu pht sng cc ngn cng sut nh (SCN/CSN). Trong nhm ny li chia thnh: + SCN/CSN vi P 1W + SCN/CSN vi 1W < P 10 W + SCN/CSN vi 10W < P 100 W My thu pht sng ngn cng sut nh (SN/CSN). My thu pht sng ngn cng sut trung bnh (SN/CSTB). Mi nhm my thu pht c s dng cho cc mc ch thng tin v c ly thng tin di ngn khc nhau.

58

Chng 2
CC C TNH K THUT CA H THNG THNG TIN V TUYN
2.1 NHNG C TNH K THUT CHNH CA H THNG THNG TIN V TUYN Cc my thu pht v tuyn c s dng trao i thng tin gia 2 ngi dng hoc hn. Vic xem xt cc c tnh quan trng nht ca my thu pht cn cn nhc k lng trc khi thc hin khai thc hay thit k chng. 2.1.1 Cc c tnh k thut chung cho my thu v my pht a. Di tn cng tc v bc tn Di tn cng tc l mt trong nhng tham s nh gi kh nng lm vic ca h thng thng tin, l khong tn s cho php my thu pht lm vic tin cy v m bo cc thng s ch tiu k thut t ra. Di tn cng tc c nh gi qua h s bao tn (Kf = fmax / fmin), h s ny ca cc my thu pht ngy cng c xu hng tng ln. l do mong mun thng nht tt hn cc loi my thu pht v do c c s k thut thc t cho php s m rng . Hin nay c my thu pht bao trm c cc di tn MF, HF, VHF v u di UHF ng thi (v d nh my thu pht Icom IC-706). Cc di tn hnh thnh nh b tng hp tn s (THTS) to ra cc tn s chun ri rc, cch nhau mt khong nht nh gi l bc tn (cn gi l phn gii tn s). Khong ny thng chn l 100 Hz v 10 Hz. ln ca khong so snh c vi b rng ph ca dng tn hiu di hp nht. l tn hiu A1 - b rng ph ca n trung bnh bng 100 Hz. Tuy nhin trong phn sng di ca di, do dung lng tn s nh, thu hp ph tn hiu ngi ta lm vic vi cc tc rt thp bi vy bc tn ca mng bng 10 Hz l c ch v cn thit. b. chnh xc v n nh tn s cng tc m bo khi bt u lin lc khng phi tm kim v trong qu trnh lin lc khng phi vi chnh. Ngoi ra yu cu ny cn cn thit vi dng tn hiu nh tn hiu n bin lin tc v cc tn hiu ghp knh. Ta bit sai khc tn s cho php gia my pht v my thu i vi tn hiu n bin khng c 59

vt qu 25 30 Hz. Ngha l khng n nh tn s ca my thu pht phi l 12,5 15 Hz (tnh n s lch tn s ca my thu v pha ngc li) v bt n nh tng i c 10-6 (1ppm = 1.10-6). chnh xc v n nh tn s ca thit b thu pht v tuyn c quyt nh bi n nh ca b tng hp tn s m s c nghin cu k trong chng 5. c. Cc dng tn hiu v tuyn (mode) Trong k thut thng thng tin v tuyn, my thu pht c thit k lm vic vi cc tn hiu ri rc v lin tc. Tn hiu in s cp c th bin i thnh nhiu dng tn hiu v tuyn c cc u nhc im khc nhau trong cc iu kin tin hnh thng tin khc nhau. S lng dng tn hiu v tuyn phi c th thay i mt cch linh hot, tu theo tng tnh hung. Cc dng tn hiu v tuyn ph bin nht l: in bo vi cc dng ma np khc nhau nh ma np bin v ma np dch tn (tn hiu v tuyn ri rc) v in thoi vi dng iu ch khc nhau nh iu bin v iu tn (tn hiu v tuyn lin tc). Cc dng tn hiu v tuyn v k hiu ca chng c th c tng hp li v bao gm cc dng nh c ch ra trn bng 2-1a v 2.1b. Bng 2-1a K hiu cc dng tn hiu v tuyn K hiu K hiu mi A0 A1 A2 A2A A2H A2J A3 A3A A3B A3H A3J F1, F2 60 A1A A2A R2A H2A J2A A3E R3E B8E H3E J3E F1B Dng tn hiu Sng mang khng iu ch in bo bin (khng ch sng mang) CW in bo bin (khng ch tone c sng mang) in bo n bin c 1 phn sng mang (tone iu ch) in bo n bin c sng mang (khng ch tone) in bo n bin trit sng mang (khng ch tone) Thoi iu bin AM Thoi n bin c 1 phn sng mang (tn hiu li) Thoi n bin (2 bin) c lp ISB Thoi n bin c sng mang (tng thch AM) Thoi n bin trit sng mang (SSB: USB, LSB) in bo dch tn FSK (audio iu ch)

J2B F3 F4 F6 F9 F3E F3C F7A

in bo dch tn t ng (n bin) AFSK Thoi iu tn FM Facsimile in bo dch tn kp in bo pha tng i Bng 2-1b

Tng hp cc k hiu cho cc dng bc x v tuyn Dng tn hiu Bo Thoi Data (packet) RTTY Facsimile FSTV SSTV Cc k hiu AM A1A A1B A3E A2D A1D A2D A2C C3F A3F A2F SSB J2A J2B J3E J2D J2D J2C J3F J2F J3F FM F1B F3E FID F2D F2D F2C F3F F2F F3F PM G1B G3E G1D G2D G2D G2F G3F G2F G3F

Ghi ch: Tng hp chung cho cc k t ca k hiu mi cho cc dng tn hiu theo FCC (Federal Communications Commission):
K hiu th nht N Sng mang khng iu ch A Gm hai bin + ton b sng mang (DSBFC) B Bin c lp + ton b sng mang (ISBFC) C Bin cn d + ton b sng mang (VSB) H SSB + ton b sng mang (SSBFC) J SSB nn sng mang (SSBSC) R SSB + mt phn sng mang (tn hiu li)(SSBRC) F iu tn (FM trc tip) G iu pha PM (FM gin tip) K hiu th 2 0 Tn hiu khng iu ch 1 Khng ch ri rc sng mang

61

2 Khng ch ri rc tone 3 Dng tng t (m thanh hoc hnh nh) 7 2 hoc nhiu knh iu ch ri rc 8 2 hoc nhiu cc knh iu ch lin tc 9 Tng t v s K hiu th 3 A Bo nhn cng B Bo t ng C Facsimile D Data transmission E Thoi (ph m tn ging ni) F Television (video)

d. Mc suy gim ca cc dao ng khng c bn l cc dao ng (tn s) nm ngoi di dnh cho tn hiu. Chng c chia thnh cc dao ng ngoi di v dao ng ph. Cc dao ng ph pht sinh do cc qu trnh phi tuyn khi to mng tn s cng tc v khi chuyn cc tn hiu s cp thnh di tn cng tc (cc hi bc cao ca tn s cng tc fct , cc t hp tn s khc nhau...v.v). Mc suy gim thng l 80 dB trong di lch cng hng 3,5 25 kHz; 120 dB trong di 25 kHz 10% tn s thc t v 140 dB khi lch ln hn 10 %. Cc dao ng ngoi di l cc tn s nm ngay gn tn hiu c ch. Nguyn nhn pht sinh c th l cc sn dc ca cc tn hiu in bo rng hn mc cn thit, s qu ti ca ca cc phn t bin tn v khuch i...v.v. Cc dao ng ngoi di c th lm m rng ng k di tn so vi b rng di tn cn thit ca tn hiu (l di truyn tn hiu m khng b mo). B rng di b chim thc t ca tn hiu l di m ngoi gii hn ca n tiu tn 10 % cng sut. i vi mi dng tn hiu c mt nh mc i vi b rng di cn thit v b chim nh bng 2-2. Bng 2-2 Di thng ca cc dng tn hiu Dng tn hiu in bo dch tn K hiu F1 B rng di cn thit (B) 1,3FSHT + 0,55.B khi 1.5< FSHT /B <5.5 1,05FSHT + 1,9.B khi 5,5< FSHT /B <20 62 B rng di chim cho php (BCP) B B/2

in bo dch tn kp in bo bin n bin trit sng mang n bin c tn hiu li iu tn y: B Fm FH FL

F6 A1A A3J A3A F3

3,9FSHT + 2,75.B (3 5). B FH - FL FH 2(FH + Fm)

B B B + (B/2 B) 1,3.B 1,15.B B FH

FSHT - dch tn; - tc tnh bng baud (s xung / pht); - di tn; - tn s cao nht ca tn hiu s cp; - tn s thp nht ca tn hiu s cp.

e. Tc iu chnh: cho php chuyn i nhanh tn s cng tc (fCT), dng tn hiu, tc pht tn hiu ri rc v cng sut my pht. g. iu khin: tu theo tng cp s dng m my thu pht v tuyn c kh nng iu khin ti ch, iu khin xa v tuyn, iu khin xa theo ng dy hoc chuyn tip v tuyn. iu khin ti ch thng cho php khai thc ti a chc nng ca thit b, hon ton ch ng trong vn la chn tn s lm vic, dng iu ch, mc cng sut pht cng nh x l tn hiu thu... iu khin xa cho php khai thc thit b t xa, lc ny mt s tham s ca thit b phi c lp trnh trc trn cc knh nh nh trc. Chuyn tip v tuyn cho php tng c ly v chuyn hng thng tin, chc nng ny thng ch p dng i vi cc thit b lm vic di SCN, di SN t p dng. h. Ngun cung cp: in mng (1 pha hoc 3 pha), in my n, in ly t ng c xe t hoc ngun i in AC/DC, acqui 24V hay 13,8V. Mt s thit b loi cm tay thng dng ngun pin np c in p l bi ca 1,2V (V d nh 3,6V; 4,8V; 7,2V; 9,6V v 12V) i. Ch lm vic: Trong thng tin v tuyn khi nim thng tin l hai chiu v ch lm vic c phn chia bao gm: ch n cng (simplex), bn song cng (semi duplex, half duplex) v song cng (full duplex). Ch n cng hoc bn song cng: my thu v my pht khng lm vic ng thi, khi chuyn pht (PTT) my thu b khng lm vic v ngc li 63

mun thu tn hiu th khng c khng ch pht. Trong hai ch ny cho php trong thit k, tuyn thu v tuyn pht dng chung c nhiu khi chc nng, vic chuyn i thng qua cc chuyn mch cao tn, iu ny dn n gim ng k kch thc trng lng my cng nh ngun tiu th. ch n cng, my thu v my pht b tr lm vic trn cng mt tn s cho php nhiu my cng lm vic ng thi trn mt knh (ch hi ngh). Trong ch bn song cng, my thu v my pht b tr lm vic trn hai tn s khc nhau t nht vi ln di thng ca tn hiu, ch ny ch cho php cc my l lm vic mt hng vi my trung tm v ngc li. Khi my trung tm ng vai tr l mt trm chuyn tip v tuyn (Repeater), cc my l c th lm vic vi nhau nh ging nh trong ch n cng nhng trn 2 tn s thu v pht khc nhau, ng thi cho php chuyn hng cng nh tng c ly lin lc. Ch song cng v bn cht my thu v my pht l hai thit b c lp c th lm vic trn cng mt ng thng tin hoc lm vic cho gia cc ng thng tin. Ch song cng thng thit k i vi cc thit b lm vic di LF, MF v HF vi cng sut trung bnh v cng sut ln. 2.1.2 Cc c tnh k thut my pht a. Cng sut ra cao tn Cng sut cao tn thng c o trn ti tng ng thun tr 50 . + i vi my pht iu tn FM l cng sut ti tr an ten khi khng c iu ch. + i vi my pht iu bin AM, cng sut cao tn bng tng cng sut ca sng mang v cng sut ca 2 di bin. Cng sut sng mang Pc l
(VC / 2) 2 / R

hoc

VC 2 / 2 R watts (W)

(2.1)

Cng sut ca mi di bin l

(mVC / 2 2) 2 / R

hoc

m 2VC 2 / 8R

watts

(2.2)

Tng cng sut Pt l

Pt = VC 2 / 2 R + m 2VC 2 / 8R + m 2VC 2 / 8 R = (VC 2 / 2 R)(1 + m 2 / 2) = PC (1 + m / 2) watts
2

(2.3)

y:

VC R m

- in p cao tn sng mang - ti anten tng ng - h s iu bin

64

Pc + Cng sut nh (PEP):

- cng sut sng mang

PEP c ngha l cng sut ng bao nh (PEP: Peak Envelop Power) c o bng Watt. Cng sut PEP l kh nng o my pht cng sut ra RF v l cng sut ti nh ca tn hiu RF iu ch ph hp ti u ra my pht khi kt ni vi ti kim tra RF ph hp, trong trng hp ny ti gi 50 ph hp vi cng sut tiu th. Cch d nht o PEP trn bt k my thu pht no l s dng my hin sng (CRO). Cng sut nh c xc nh theo 2.4. PEP = Epp2 / 8R y: Epp R - in p nh nh ca ng bao - ti gi tng ng (50) (2.4)

V d, vi cng sut PEP l 100W, tng ng vi Epp = 200V v vi PEP l 125W, tng ng vi Epp = 225V. b. Tp m FM: L iu ch tn s xut hin trn sng mang khng iu ch. Gi tr in hnh l 55 dB thp hn 60 % di tn h thng 1 kHz. c. Tp m di bin my pht: c o cc khong cch khc nhau tnh t sng mang khng c iu ch m tn. Gi tr in hnh ti bng VHF l -90 dB ti 30 kHz v -105 dB ti 1MHz. d. c tuyn m tn: l c tuyn tn s i vi m tn t 300 3000 Hz. Tin nhn c s dng tng cc thnh phn tn s cao ca m tn so vi cc tn s thp. Tin nhn thng l 6dB /octave, c ngha l nhn i tn s m tn s nhn i in p m tn. Gi tr tiu biu l +1, -3 dB i vi c tuyn 6 dB trn octave. e. Mo m tn: l s o mc hi m tn. Gi tr in hnh l 3 % ti 1000 Hz v 60 % di tn h thng. g. di tn: l s khc nhau cc i gia tn s tc thi ca sng mang b iu ch v tn s sng mang. i vi my pht FM thng l 5 kHz. h. Bc x ph v cc hi: Bc x ph l bt k phn cao tn ra no nm ngoi bng tn cho php (c gn). Gi tr in hnh l 85 dB thp hn sng mang. i. n nh tn s ca b dao ng: l dung sai tn s trong phm vi di nhit c th. Gi tr ny ph thuc vo bng tn v cng sut ra. i vi 65

VHF bng cao (150 174 MHz) n bng 0,0005 % trong di nhit mi trng xung quanh t -30 n +60 C (0C). k. Phn cch tn s: y l khong cch cc i gia cc tn s pht c th hot ng m khng gy nn s gim cp. Gi tr in hnh l 10 MHz nhng thay i theo loi thit b. 2.1.3 Cc c tnh k thut my thu a. Cc c trng li vo Nhim v u tin ca bt k my thu v tuyn no l thc hin chuyn giao nng lng thu nhn bi anten n chnh my thu qua cc mch vo. Nng lng chuyn giao l cc i khi tr khng ca mch vo phi hp vi tr khng ca anten trong sut di tn mong mun. iu ny khng phi lc no cng t c. C 3 vn phi hp anten: 1, i khi my thu c s dng vi nhiu loi anten khc nhau, vi tr khng khng th xc nh hon ton; 2, cc anten c th dng trong cc ng dng di ng hoc nhng ni c a hnh thay i, dn ti d c o chnh xc tr khng ti lc no vn b thay i theo thi gian; 3, di tn mong mun rng. Nh vy c th cn thit k mch iu hng c kh hoc in t vi s iu khin bng tay hoc t ng ty theo cc kt qu o trong h thng. Ngoi ra mch vo cn phi c bo v trnh cc phng in cao p hoc trnh cc xung in, phi chu ng c cc tn hiu cng sut ln gn m khng hng. b. nhy nhy ca my thu c xc nh bng gi tr cc tiu ca tn hiu vo m vn m bo s hot ng bnh thng ca thit b chp hnh (thit b cui) vi t s tn/nhiu cho trc. Ni chung t s tn/tp v cng sut tn hiu li ra m tn c s dng xc nh cht lng ca tn hiu thu c v n cn dng c khng. nhy thng tnh bng microvolt (V). nhy ph thuc vo cng sut tp c li vo, h s tp m ca my thu, nhy ca phn tch sng v di thng. Cch tt nht ci thin nhy l gim mc tp m (bng gim nhit , di thng hoc ci thin h s tp m). C 2 phng php o nhy my thu: gim tp 20 (10) dB v SINAD. Phng php 1 l mc tn hiu cao tn ti li vo my thu s lm gim tp li ra m tn i 20 dB, thng l 0.5 V. Phng php SINAD l t s (dB) ti li ra m tn gia (tn hiu + tp 66

m + mo) / (tp m + mo). SINAD 12 dB l tn hiu tt, SINAD 20 dB l rt tt. Gi tr in hnh l 0.35 V i vi SINAD 12 dB. c. chn lc chn lc i vi my thu thng c nh gi thng qua cc chn lc nhiu tn s nh, chn lc nhiu tn s trung gian v chn lc nhiu tn s ln cn so vi tn s tn hiu. Nhiu tn s nh l nhiu c tn s i xng vi tn s tn hiu qua tn s ngoi sai ca my thu, cn nhiu tn s trung gian l nhiu c gi tr ng bng tn s trung gian my thu. i vi my thu siu ngoi sai i tn nhiu ln, nguy him nht l nhng nhiu c tc ng n tuyn tn s trung gian u tin. chn lc nhiu tn s nh v chn lc nhiu tn trung gian c xc nh nh biu thc 2.5 v 2.6.
Dn.a =
Dn.tg =

En.a EA
En.tg EA

(2.5) (2.6)

y: Dn.a Dn.tg EA En.a En.tg

- chn lc nhiu tn s nh (khng th nguyn), - chn lc nhiu tn trung gian (khng th nguyn), - nhy my thu ti tn s tn hiu, - nhy my thu ti tn s nhiu nh, - nhy my thu ti tn s nhiu trung gian.

Dn.a v Dn.tg nu c tnh theo n v deciben chng c chuyn i theo cng thc D(dB) = 2010logD.
K / K0
L tng
1

0,7

Thc t

0,001

B( 3dB )
B( 60 dB )

f0

Hnh 2-1. c tuyn chn lc ca my thu 67

 chn lc tn s ln cn l tham s dng nh gi kh nng ca my thu cho qua di tn nht nh v loi b tt c cc tn s nhiu ln cn khng mong mun khc. C nhiu cch xc nh chn lc. Ph bin nht l xc nh di thng ca my thu ti cc im -3 dB (mc 0,7). Cch khc l xc nh di thng ti 2 mc suy gim, chng hn -3 dB v -60 dB (mc 0,001) xem hnh 2-1. T s ca 2 di thng ny c gi l h s ch nht (Kcn) v c xc nh trn biu thc 2.7.
K cn = B( 60 dB) B( 3 dB) 1

(2.7)

- h s ch nht (khng th nguyn), l tng = 1. y: Kcn B(- 60 dB) - di thng 60 dB thp hn mc tn hiu cc i. B(- 3 dB) - di thng 3 dB thp hn mc tn hiu cc i. d. Ci thin di thng Ta bit rng tp nhit l dng tp m ph bin nht v t l thun vi di thng. V th, nu di thng gim tp m s gim lng tng ng. Tuy nhin di thng ny khng c nh hn di thng ca tn hiu tin tc (nu khng cng sut tin tc v/hoc ni dung tin s b gim). T s tn / tp li vo c tnh ti li vo my thu s dng di thng cao tn o cng sut tp. Song di thng ny rng hn di thng ca phn cn li ca my thu. H s gim tp m t c bng gim di thng c gi l s ci thin di thng (BI) v c tnh nh sau
BI = BRF BIF

(2.8)

y: BI - ci thin di thng (khng th nguyn). BRF - di thng cao tn (Hz). BIF - di thng trung tn (Hz). S gim tng ng trong h s tp m nh BI c gi l s ci thin h s tp v c tnh nh sau: NFci thin = 1010log(BI) e. Di ng Di ng ca my thu c xc nh nh hiu (dB) gia mc vo cc tiu cn phn bit tn hiu v mc vo gy qu ti my thu v sinh mo. Ni n gin, di ng l di cng sut vo trn my thu cn dng c. Di ng c 68 (2.9)

100 dB c coi l cao nht c th. g. trung thc L s o kh nng ca h thng thng tin to ra li ra ca my thu bn sao chnh xc ca tin tc ngun (gc). Bt k s thay i no v tn s, pha hoc bin xut hin (tn ti) trong dng sng gii iu ch m khng c trong tn hiu tin gc u c coi l mo. C 3 dng mo c th lm gim trung thc: mo bin , mo tn s v mo pha. Mo pha thc t khng quan trng i vi lin lc thoi v tai ngi khng nhy vi cc bin i pha, song mo pha c th lm hng vic truyn d liu. Nguyn nhn ch yu ca mo pha l do lc (c mong mun v khng mong mun). Cc tn s ti (hoc gn) tn s ct ca b lc chu nhng gi tr dch pha bin i. V th thng chn tn s ct c 1,3 ln gi tr cc tiu cn thit cho qua tn s tin tc cao nht. Dch pha tuyt i l tng dch pha tn hiu phi chu v ni chung c th chp nhn nu tt c cc tn s c cng tr pha. Dch pha vi sai xy ra khi cc tn s khc nhau chu cc dch pha khc nhau v c th c nh hng c hi n dng sng. Mo bin xy ra khi c tuyn bin - tn s ca tn hiu li ra ca my thu khc vi ca tn hiu tin tc gc. Mo bin l kt qu ca s khuch i khng ng u trong b khuch i v b lc. Mo tn s xy ra khi cc tn s khng c trong tn hiu gc li xut hin trong tn hiu thu c. Nguyn nhn l mo hi v mo iu ch cho do khuch i phi tuyn gy ra. C th gim mo hi bng cch dng thit b lut m 2 nh FET tuyn cao tn my thu (ch sinh hi bc 2 v iu ch cho, khng c thnh phn nguy him nht l hi bc 3). h. Suy hao iu ch cho: l t s theo dB gia tn hiu cao tn to nn iu ch cho v nhy 12 dB SINAD. Gi tr in hnh l - 80 dB. i. Suy hao tn hiu ph: l li ra ca my thu gy bi tn hiu c tn s khc vi tn s iu hng ca my thu. Gi tr in hnh l 100 dB. k. Phn cch tn s: l phn cch cc i gia cc tn s thu c th lm vic m khng c gim cp; thng l 2 MHz. 2.1.4 Phng php hnh thnh tn hiu v tuyn Sau y ta s xt ch yu phng php to tn hiu v tuyn F1 v F6 (tn hiu v tuyn ri rc) v SSB (tn hiu v tuyn lin tc). a. Phng php to tn hiu v tuyn F1 v F6 (ma np tn s) Theo h thng m ha nh phn, trong cc knh F1 cc symbol 0 v 1 69

c pht i trn cc tn s khc nhau:

0 u1 (t ) = U 0 cos(B t + ) 1 u2 (t ) = U 0 cos(C t + )

(2.10)

khi 0 < t < T, vi T l rng ca phn t tn hiu. Tn s fC cao hn tn s f B . Hiu fC f B = fSHT c gi l dch tn. Thng dng cc dch tn sau: 125 Hz (F1-125); 250 Hz (F1-250) v 500 Hz (F1-250). Cc tn hiu F6 bo m pht tin tc ng thi theo hai knh. Mi t hp cc symbol c gn cho mt tn s nht nh:
00 u1 (t ) = U 0 cos( At + ) 01 u2 (t ) = U 0 cos(B t + ) 10 u3 (t ) = U 0 cos(C t + ) 11 u4 (t ) = U 0 cos(D t + )

(2.11)

khi 0 < t < T. Cc tn s tng dn: f D > fC > f B > f A . Cc dch tn f D fC , fC f B ,

f B f A chn bng nhau. K hiu F6-500, F6-1000, v.v..

Tn s danh nh ca cc tn hiu l:
f0 = f B + fC 2

(2.12)

rng v cu trc ph cc tn hiu F1 v F6 ph thuc vo phng php ma np. Nu khi ma np (khi chuyn t tn s ny sang tn s khc) c xy ra s gin on pha, th ph ca tn hiu phi xt nh tng ph ca cc dao ng ma np bin (A1) nhm li gn tn s b ma np. Nu khng xy ra s gin on pha, th cn xt ma np tn s nh l s iu tn bng cc tn hiu dng ch nht. Cu trc v b rng ph lc ny c xc nh bi ch s iu tn:
mF1 = fSHT /(2 F )

(2.13)

y fSHT - dch tn; F - tn s ma np. B rng hiu qu ca ph khi ma np khng gin on pha hp hn mt cht so vi khi ma np c gin on pha, bi vy d thc hin iu kin b rng di b chim hn. C nhiu phng php thc hin s ma np tn s: Phng php n gin nht l tc ng vo tn s ca khung dao ng b to dao ng (hnh 2-2). Nh b ma np v cc kho K m cc t C A , CB , CC (khi lm 70

vic mt knh ch dng CB , CC ) c mc vo khung dao ng, bng cch m bo c dch tn cn thit i vi f D (do cc tham s khung dao ng xc nh).
RB1 CG CA K CB K CC L K C1 C2 RB2 RE Q CL RL +E

B manip

Knh Knh 1 2

Hnh 2-2. B to tn hiu F1 v F6 u im: ma np khng c gin on pha, Nhc im: khng th nhn c cc tn s tn hiu n nh cao. C 3 cch (t nht) nng cao n nh tn s b ma np: Gim tn s danh nh ca b dao ng gim bt n nh tuyt i ca n. n nh nhit (iu ho nhit ) v bc kn b dao ng loi tr nhng thay i ca kh hu n tn s. Dng dao ng thch anh kt hp vi iu ho nhit v bc kn. Cch th 3 l ph bin nht nn ta xt k hn cch ny. Hp cng hng thch anh lun lun ghp yu vi phn t tch cc ca b dao ng (v d: tranzitor) v in dung ca gi thch anh C0 ln hn nhiu in dung ca nhnh ni tip CK (hnh 2-3). Bi vy kh kh tc ng n tn s ca thch anh bng cch mc cc phn t khng vo hp cng hng thch anh.
LK CK

C0 C0 >> CK

Hnh 2-3. S tng ng ca hp thch anh S thc t ca dao ng thch anh vi cc phn t c ma np nh 71

hnh 2-4. Vi b dao dng thch anh rt kh nhn c dch tn ln (F1-1000, hay F1-6000) ang c dng rng ri. Trong cc my hin i, ngi ta dng cc to tn hiu F1 v F6 bng phng php tng hp f A , f B , fC , f D , trn c s tn s ca b dao ng thch anh chnh xc cao. Vic ma np cc tn s tng hp lun lun lin quan n s gin on pha, v iu ny dn ti m rng ph tn hiu. Tuy vy nu to cc tn hiu cc tn s kh cao ri tip li chia chng th c th gim s gin on pha n hng n v .
RK +E L C1 K C3 RE C2 B ma np K K CA CB CC CD

RB1

RB2

Knh 1

Knh 2

Hnh 2-4. B dao ng thch anh to tn hiu F1 v F6 Hnh 2-5 l v d tng hp cc tn hiu F1 v F6. u tin nh cc thao tc tng hp trc tip hnh thnh tn hiu F1 - F6 dng:
f = f0 n FSHT 2

(2.14)

f0 - tn s danh nh ca tn hiu, FSHT - dch tn s cp;

n = 1 - i vi tn hiu F1; n = 3 - i vi tn hiu F6.

dch tn trong tn hiu s cp c chn bng bi cc dch tn cng tc fSHTi tc l :

FSHT = ki fSHT i ( ki l s nguyn)

(2.15)

Sau f c chuyn tuyn tnh ln tn s cao hn ki ln tc l ki f 0 (thc hin bng bin tn bnh thng da vo tn s f 0 (ki 1) ). Nu chia tn hiu bin i c dng
' f = ki f 0

n FSHT 2

(2.16)

cho ki ln th ta s nhn c tn hiu ra : 72

f CT = f 0

n FSHT n = f 0 fSHT i 2 ki 2

(2.17)

Nh vy c cc dch tn cng tc cn thit, cn tm c ki tng ng.

Knh 1 Knh 2

f0

Mch to tn hiu s cp

B trn cng f

B chia

f/ki

Lc thng di

fCT

B nhn

f0 (ki - 1)

Hnh 2-5. S tng hp cc tn hiu F1 v F6 Tn hiu s cp f c hnh thnh t tn hiu cao tn hn v vi dch tn ln hn:
f m = mf 0 mn FSHT 2

(2.18)

dch tn mFSHT c chn ln nhm m bo chn lc tt cc thnh phn mt cch n gin nht. Ph ca dy xung ngn mFSHT c s dng to
f m . Bn thnh phn d nh lm tn hiu tng lai vn nm trong thnh phn

ph v c chuyn thnh tn s mf 0 bng bin tn. Vic ma np v lc cc thnh phn tn hiu c thc hin trong b khuch i cng hng (hnh 2-6).
A B C D
mFSHT

mf 0

mFSHT

f m

B chia tn

f m / m

Lc thng di

CD L

CC

CB

CA

B ma np

Knh 1

Knh 2

Hnh 2-6. S to tn hiu F1 - F6 s cp 73

Knh 1 Knh 2

B manip s cp
mFSHT i

S cng tr
f1

Tn hiu ra

3mFSHT i
f1

f1'

B chia tn

B to dy xung

T khi tn s chun

Hnh 2-7. S to tn hiu F1 - F6 Ta xt thm mt v d na ca vic tng hp tn hiu F1 - F6. Vic tng hp ny c qui v vic nhn c cc tn s dng:
n f = f 0 FSHT i 2 FSHT i = f0 2 3FSHT i 2

(2.19)

Bng cch chia mt dy xung chun no ta hnh thnh hai tn s dng mFSHT i v 3mFSHT i (m - hng s). c cc tn s ny i vi tt c cc dch tn yu cu, ta thay i h s chia ca b chia (hnh 2-7). Sau vic ma np cc tn s ny c thc hin nh cc tn hiu s cp i n theo cc qui tc sau:
00 3mFSHT i 01 mFSHT i 10 mFSHT i 11 3mFSHT i

(2.20)

Ct u ca k hiu ng vi knh 1, ct th 2 ng vi knh 2. Tip theo ta hnh thnh tn hiu F1 - F6 s cp trong s cng tr. lm iu ta dng tn s ca dy xung f1 v tn s nhn c li ra b ma np s cp (nh trn). Vic hnh thnh (ma np ln 2) xy ra di tc ng ca cc tn hiu ca knh 1 theo qui tc:

74

0 f1 3mFSHT i ( A ) 0 f1 mFSHT i 1 f1 + mFSHT i 1 f1 + 3mFSHT i

( B) (C) ( D)

(2.21)

y khng c ng nht thao tc cng tr vi thao tc nhn tn s tng hoc hiu trong cc b bin tn bnh thng. Nguyn tc ca s cng tr nh sau: hai chui xung tn s f1 lch nhau v thi gian c a n s . ng thi cc xung tn s mFSHT i hoc 3mFSHT i cng a n s . Nu symbol 0 tc ng ln li vo thng tin ca s , th ti thi im n ca xung tn s mFSHT i ( 3mFSHT i ), nh s tng tc ca n vi xung tip theo ca 1 trong cc dy f1 m xung hin thi ca dy th hai f1 (s dng nh dy ra) c xo i. Cn nu symbol 1 tc ng ln li vo thng tin, th ti thi im n ca xung tn s mFSHT i ( 3mFSHT i ) xy ra s ghi li xung t dy th nht sang dy th hai - dy ra. Nh vy s xung i n li ra ca s trong thi gian rng ca phn t tn hiu T, s xc nh bi hiu tn s f1 mFSHT i hoc f1 3mFSHT i khi c tc ng ca symbol 0 v bi tng f1 + mFSHT i hoc f1 + 3mFSHT i khi c tc ng ca symbol 1. loi tr s khng u n thi gian ca cc xung trong dy ra, dy ra c chia trn c s m cc xung v ghi vo hng tng ng. Php chia l thao tc bt buc trong s bin tn xung. Nu dng mt dy ni tip cc s cng tr, c th chuyn dch tn hiu F1 - F6 to ra v pha di trn trc tn s, nhng lc phi tun th iu kin: h s chia tng cng khi bin tn phi bng 2m. Vi iu kin ny trong tn hiu cui cng tn s mFSHT i v 3mFSHT i c bin thnh cc tn s FSHT i / 2 v 3 FSHT i / 2 . li ra ca s c mc b lc tn thp bin cc dy xung thnh cc dao ng hnh sin. b. Tn hiu v tuyn iu ch n bin A - c im tn hiu n bin Tn hiu n bin (Single-sideband) l dng tn hiu th hin nhiu tnh u vit cho php tng hiu qu s dng tn s cng nh tnh chng nhiu, chnh v th m trong cc h thng thng tin v tuyn hin nay n bin l dng tn hiu iu ch khng th thiu c. Chng khng nhng c ng dng trong cc 75

dng iu ch lin tc m c trong iu ch ri rc (xem 2.1.1). hiu dng iu ch n bin trc ht ta xt qua v tn hiu iu ch bin . Nh ta bit trong iu ch bin , tn s cao tn mang tin (sng mang) s c iu ch sao cho bin ca n thay i ph hp vi dao ng ca tin tc (tn hiu iu ch). n gin ta coi tin tc Us v sng mang Uc u l dao ng iu ha v tn s tin tc bin thin t smin smax . Ta c: Us = Uscosst Uc = Uccosct UA3 = (Uc + Uscosst)cosct = Uc(1 + mcosst)cosct trong :
m= Us gi l h s iu bin Uc
m m U c cos(c + s )t + U c cos(c s )t 2 2

(c >> s)

Dao ng sng mang c iu ch bin c th c biu din nh sau: (2.22)

Bin i lng gic i vi (2.22) ta nhn c.

U A3 = U c cos ct +

(2.23)

T 2.23, ch ra rng ngoi thnh phn sng mang (Uccosct), tn hiu iu bin cn c 2 bin tn: Bin tn trn c tn s t (c + smin) n (c + smax) v bin tn di c tn s t (c - smax) n (c - smin). Nh vy hai bin tn cng mang mt ni dung tin tc nh nhau. Qua nghin cu nng lng quan h trong tn hiu iu bin ta thy rng cng sut ca tn hiu iu bin (cng sut c ch) ph thuc vo h s iu ch m, h s iu ch m cng ln th cng sut tn hiu iu bin cng ln. Mt khc gim mo, h s iu ch m thng nh hn 1, do cng sut cc bin tn thc t ch bng khong 1/3 cng sut sng mang, ngha l phn ln cng sut pht x u phn b cho thnh phn ph khng mang tin tc. Phn cng sut cn li t i so vi cng sut pht x th li phi chia i cho 2 bin tn chuyn cng mt ni dung tin tc. Do vy phn cng sut thc s c ch cn li rt nh b so vi phn cng sut v ch pht x. y l nhc im ln ca tn hiu iu bin, nhc im ny cng r nt i vi cc my pht iu bin cng sut ln. T ngi ta t ra vn ch truyn i mt bin tn, bin tn cn li s c gt b, lc ny sng mang ch cn dng tch sng v c th c nn 76

mt phn hoc ton b trc khi c truyn i. Lc ny tn hiu c gi l tn hiu n bin (1 bin) n hon ton nguyn vn v mt ni dung tin tc so vi tn hiu iu bin trc khi b gt b 1 bin. Qu trnh to ra tn hiu ch c mt di bin tn gi l iu ch n bin. T biu thc ca tn hiu iu bin (2.23) ta c th rt ra biu thc ca tn hiu iu ch n bin nh sau: UA3J(t) = U c
m cos(c + s )t 2

(2.24)

US

UC
c
U A3 J

Hnh 2-8. th vc t ca tn hiu n bin biu thc 2.28, m khng mang ngha v su iu ch na m c gi l h s nn sng mang. H s nn sng mang m =
Us , m c gi tr t 0 ? Uc

Khi m = , c ngha l sng mang b nn hon ton th vc t ca tn hiu n bin c biu din trn hnh (2.8). Ta thy rng vc t c trng cho tn hiu n bin thay i c v bin ln gc pha. Ngha l iu ch n bin l iu ch bin - pha (bin - tn s). Sng mang c th b nn 1 phn hoc hon ton, do vc t ti tin Uc c th nh hn vc t bin tn Us. n bin c tha nhn v c hiu r v ton hc vo u nm 1914, tuy nhin ng lin lc thnh cng u tin l vo nm 1923 gia Anh v M. C nhiu loi thng tin n bin; mt s tit kim di thng, mt s tit kim cng sut v mt s tit kim c hai. Ph ca mt s loi c cho hnh 2-9. 77

Bin

Tn hiu iu ch fm (a)

PC PLSB = m PC/4 LSB fC PC

2

PUSB = m2PC/4 USB P t = P C + m2P C/2 f

Bin

Tn hiu iu ch fm (b) Tn hiu iu ch fm (c)

PLSB = 0

PUSB = m2PC/4 USB fC PC = 0 Pt = PC + m2PC/4 f

Bin

PLSB = 0

PUSB = m2P C/4 = Pt USB fC PC f

Bin

Tn hiu iu ch fm (d) Tn hiu iu ch fm (e)

PLSB = 0

PUSB = m2PC/4 USB fC PC Pt = PC + m2PC/4 f

Bin

PLSB = m PC/4 Ch A fC PC

PUSB = m2PC/4 Ch B Pt = PC + m2PC/2 f

Bin

Tn hiu iu ch fm (f)

PLSB < PUSB LSB fC

PUSB = m2PC/4 USB Pt = PC + m2PC/4 + P f

Hnh 2-9. Cc dng tn hiu n bin: (a) iu bin thng thng - A3E; (b) n bin ton b sng mang - H3E; (c) n bin trit sng mang - J3E; (d) n bin sng mang suy gim 1 phn - R3E; (e) n bin c lp - B8E; (f) n bin cn d - C3E. Cc tn hiu v tuyn lin tc iu ch n bin c chng nhiu v hiu qu cao. C th l: Tit kim cng sut: Trong my pht iu bin A3A, theo biu thc 2.3 trn xc nh: 78

Pt = Pc (1 + m 2 / 2) W, y Pt l cng sut tng cng; Pc l cng sut sng mang.

Nh vy, nu m = 1, hai phn ba (67 %) cng sut pht tng cng nm sng mang v mt phn ba (33 %) l cc di bin. Trong my pht n bin trit sng mang hon ton:
Pt = PUSB = PLSB = Pc . m2 . 4

(2.25)

Nh vy, 100 % cng sut pht tng cng c dnh cho cng sut di bin. Kt qu l cn t hn nhiu cng sut pht tng cng to nn tn hiu c cng cht lng trong my thu so vi A3A. Vic kh sng mang s tng cng sut dnh cho di bin ln t nht l 3 ln hay 10log10(3) = 4,8 dB ci thin v t s tn / tp. Tit kim di thng: Khi pht thoi A3 b rng ph tn s l 2Fmax, khi pht n bin Fmax. Nh vy rng ph tn thu hp c hn mt na nh m: + t gy nhiu v tng s knh thng tin sng ngn ln gp i. + Hiu qu thu tng ln r rt v b rng ph hp li lm my t b nhiu, nng cao chn lc my thu, nng cao t s S/N. C th, nu b rng ph tn hiu m tn l 300 3400 Hz, ta c s ci thin v di thng l 10log10(6800/3100), hay cng sut tp m gim c 3,5 dB. + Do thu hp di sng pht x nn gc pht ln tng in li hp v nhn bi vy cng trng ti im thu n nh t gy ra pha inh. Tng cng c hai im ta c li khong (4,8 + 3,5) = 8,3 dB v cng sut. Pha inh chn lc: Khi pht A3, hai di bin v sng mang c th i theo nhng con ng khc nhau, gy nn pha inh chn lc. Mt loi pha inh chn lc l pha inh di bin, tc l mt di bin b suy hao ng k, dn ti gim bin tn hiu li ra b gii iu ch my thu. T gim t s tn / tp c 3 dB. Hin tng ny c gy nn mo i cht song khng lm hng hon ton tn hiu v 2 di bin cha cng mt tin tc. Dng pha inh chn lc ph bin v nguy him nht l pha inh bin sng mang, lm cho ng bao tn hiu gn ging vi qu iu ch, gy nn mo nghim trng tn hiu gii iu ch. Dng pha inh chn lc th 3 l s dch pha gia sng mang v di bin, lm cho v tr tng i ca vc t sng mang v di bin thay i, dn ti thay i dng ng bao tn hiu v tn hiu gii iu ch b mo nghim trng. Khi pht n bin 79

ch c pha inh di bin xy ra song khng gy nn mo tn hiu gii iu ch. My pht A3 lun pht khi nhn t hp pht, cn my pht A3J ch pht khi bp t hp v ni (PTT - Push to Talk). iu ny lm tng hiu qu tng cng ca A3J. V mt ghp knh: A3 mi my pht ch pht c mt ng thoi, cn A3J mt my pht, mt anten ng thi pht i 4 ng thoi (hai bin tn di, hai bin tn trn), xem hnh 2-14. Nhc im chnh ca A3J l s cn thit phi to li sng mang ti my thu gii iu ch. iu ny lm tng phc tp v gi thnh. B - Cc phng php to tn hiu n bin: c 4 phng php - Phng php bin tn lin tip (phng php lc) - Phng php dch pha - Phng php th ba (cn gi l phng php lc v dch pha kt hp) - Phng php tng hp (phng php Verzunov) Sau y ta ln lt xt tng phng php: Phng php bin tn lin tip S dng nguyn tc tch 1 trong cc di bin ca tn hiu iu bin nh b lc. T s phn tch ph ca tn hiu iu bin, r rng mun c tn hiu n bin ta ch cn lc mt di bin tn. Nhng thc t khng n gin nh vy. Khi sng mang cao tn c iu ch th vn lc tch ra mt di bin tn gp nhiu kh khn. r hn ta gi thit: tn s thp nht ca tin tc Fmin = 300 Hz, lc khong cch gia bin tn vi sng mang f = Fmin = 300 Hz. Nu sng mang c tn s fc = 10 MHz th ta c h s lc ca b lc
x= f 300 = = 2.10 5 vi h s lc x rt nh ny th vic thit k b lc hon f c 10.10 6

ton khng c tnh kh thi. Ngay c dng mt b lc thch anh cng rt kh lc c di bin tn mong mun. Do trong phng php lc, ngi ta thng dng nhiu b bin i tn s trung gian c th h thp yu cu i vi b lc (tng t s x). S khi ca phng php ny nh hnh 2-10. S ny dng 3 ln bin tn ln lin tip. Sau mi ln bin tn ta li tch ra di bin mong mun bng b lc thng di. H s phm cht Q ca b lc n bin ph thuc vo tn 80

s sng mang, phn cch tn s gia cc di bin v suy hao mong mun di bin khng cn thit. V mt ton hc ta c th vit:
Q= f c (log 1 S / 20)1/ 2 4f

(2.26)

trong :

Q - h s phm cht;

f c - tn s trung tm hay tn s sng mang;

S - mc trit di bin khng mong mun (dB);

f - phn cch tn s gia tn s cao nht ca di bin di v tn

s thp nht ca di bin trn. Cc b lc LC thng c Q thp, do b lc hay dng l lc thch anh, lc gm, lc c kh hoc lc sng m b mt (SAW). B lc thch anh ph bin nht, c kch thc nh gn, Q cao c 100.000, tn hao cho qua khong 1,5 3 dB. B lc gm c Q khng cao lm, c 2000, tn hao cho qua t 2 4 dB, kch thc nh, bn vng vi iu kin mi trng. B lc c kh bn vng hn 2 loi b lc trn, song kch thc ln v nng. B lc SAW rt bn vng v tin cy, khng cn iu chnh phc tp, kch thc trng lng nh, song tn hao cho qua rt ln c 25 35 dB v thi gian tr di.
Tn hiu iu ch Khuch i Trn cn bng Khuch i m Sng mang 1 BPF 1 B cng Trn cn bng Khuch i m Sng mang 2 Antenna x Trn cn bng BPF 3 KCS tuyn tnh BPF 2 x

iu chnh sng mang li

Khuch i m Sng mang 3

Hnh 2-10. To tn hiu n bin bng phng php lc Nhm tng hiu qu cc my pht ni chung, khi to tn hiu n bin 81

i khi ngi ta gim h s nh ca n. H s nh l t s gia in p cc i (nh) ca tn hiu v gi tr hiu dng ca n. Khi h s nh ln, tng ra c s dng km. N phi c tnh ton vi cng sut nh ca tn hiu, trong khi cng sut trung bnh li thp hn nhiu cng sut nh. H s nh ca tn hiu ting ni l 3,3 4,2 c ngha l cng sut trung bnh s thp hn cng sut nh 11 18 ln. Mt trong cc bin php gim h s nh l xn (hn bin) tn hiu n bin bng cch mc b hn bin hai pha vo tuyn to tn hiu n bin. Ngi ta xc nh rng c th hn ch tn hiu n bin n su 12 15 dB. Phng php dch pha Trong phng php ny di bin khng mong mun c trit i li ra b iu ch, do vic lc sc l khng cn thit. S khi ca phng php ny nh hnh 2-11. Thc cht y c 2 b iu ch 2 bin ring bit. Tn hiu iu ch v sng mang c a trc tip n 1 b iu ch. C 2 c dch pha i 900 ri a n b iu ch kia. Tn hiu ra ca 2 b iu ch c cng vi nhau trong b cng tuyn tnh ly di bin mong mun (bin di).
sin s t

B iu ch cn bng 1
sin c t Dao ng sng mang

Tn hiu iu ch s Dch pha 900

cos ct

B cng tuyn tnh

Tn hiu n bin (trn) cos(c + s )t

Dch pha 900

cos s t

B iu ch cn bng 2

Hnh 2-11. To tn hiu n bin bng dch pha Tn hiu iu ch (Us) v sng mang (Uc) thng qua mch quay pha, c a n hai b iu ch cn bng (mch iu bin vng) lch pha nhau 900. Do cc bin tn trn ca hai b iu ch cn bng lch pha nhau 1800. Cn cc bin tn di ng pha. Tn hiu sau hai b iu ch cn bng c a u mch tng hoc hiu. Nu ly hiu ca cc in p ra trn hai b iu ch ta nhn c bin tn trn. Ngc li nu ly tng cc in p ra ta s nhn c bin tn di. C th chng minh iu bng cng thc ton hc sau: gi thit tn hiu ca hai b 82

iu ch cn bng lch pha nhau 900 nn biu thc ca hai tn hiu ra tng ng l: U CB1 = U CB cos s t.cos ct = (2.27) 1 = U CB cos (c + s ) t + cos (c s ) t 2 U CB 2 = U CB sins t. sinc t = (2.28) 1 = U CB cos (c + s ) t + cos (c s ) t 2 Do : UA3J = UCB1 - UCB2 = UCBcos(c + s)t (2.29) y chnh l hiu n bin trn. Phng php ny c th m rng cho trng hp h iu ch c s lng b iu ch n 3, lc s c n mch quay pha, vi gc quay pha

=
Tm li:

(2.30)

- u im ca phng php ny l cho php lm vic ti tn s cao hn (v khng dng b lc) v d chuyn bin, dng phng php ny b tng hoc hiu khng cn s dng b lc cht lng cao nh dng phng php lc. - Nhc im l cn c mch dch pha 900 trn c di tn s m tn, i hi chnh xc quay pha rt cao ch cho php sai s t 0,50 10 . y l mt kh khn ln v thc hin quay pha chnh xc i vi tn hiu c di tn rng t smin smax khng phi n gin. Cc b iu ch cn bng phi ging ht nhau, cc in p ra phi c bin bng nhau. T nhng l do trn phng php ny t c s dng v phc tp. Phng php th ba: c xut bi D. K. Weaver vo nm 1950, ging phng php dch pha ch l cng dng dch pha v cng trit di bin khng cn thit. Song u im ca n l tn hiu tin tc u tin c iu ch sng mang m tn ph, v th khng cn b dch pha di rng. S khi ca phng php ny nh hnh 2-12. Tn s ra cao tn cui cng l di bin di. Dch pha 900 l dch pha tuyt i ca tt c cc tn s, v th khng quan trng. Nu cn di bin trn cao tn, ch vic tro i cc li vo sng mang ca cc b iu ch cn bng 3 v 4. 83

f c + f 0 f m + 900

B iu ch cn bng 1
f 0 + 900

f 0 + 90 f m
0

Lc thng thp 1

f 0 + 90 f m
0

B iu ch cn bng 3
fc

f c f 0 + f m 900

Dch pha 90 0
fm
f0

Dao ng sng mang

fc

B cng tuyn tnh

Tn hiu n bin

Sng mang ph m tn
f0

Dch pha 90 0
f c + 900

f c + f 0 f m + 900

B iu ch cn bng 2

f0 fm

Lc thng thp 2

f0 f m

B iu ch cn bng 4

f c + f 0 f m + 900 f c f 0 + f m + 900

Hnh 2-12. To tn hiu n bin bng phng php th 3 Phng php Verzunov: t ph bin nn khng xt y. Phng php to cc tn hiu n bin c lp (B8E): thng s dng bng phng php lc, di y l s to 2 v 4 knh n bin c lp. To 2 knh n bin c lp S to 2 knh n bin c lp nh hnh 2-13. Hai tn hiu iu ch ring bit iu ch cng mt tn s sng mang. Hai b lc thng di dng lc di bin trn ca mt knh v di bin di ca knh kia. Sau hai di bin ny c kt hp li trong mch lai to ra tn hiu hai bin sng mang b trit, mi bin mang tin tc ring bit. y l mt phng php c dng to tn hiu iu bin stereo.
f s1

B iu ch cn bng 1
fc

f c f s1

Lc USB

f c + f s1

Dao ng sng mang

fc
fs2

f c + f s1

B kt hp
fc f s 2
fc f s 2

fc f s 2

B iu ch cn bng 2

Lc LSB

Hnh 2-13. To tn hiu n bin 2 knh c lp To 4 knh n bin c lp Kt hp phng php ghp knh theo tn s v to tn hiu n bin c lp ni trn c th cho php to 4 knh n bin c lp. S khi v ph tn hiu ca chng c ch ra trn hnh 2-14. 84

Ghp knh thoi u vo

iu ch n bin c lp (ISB)

A CH1 Lc thng thp 0 - 3 kHz Lc thng thp 0 - 3 kHz iu ch cn bng Lc LSB 3,25 - 6 kHz

B CH1, 2 C iu ch cn bng Lc USB 100 - 106 kHz D

CH2

D sng mang 1 6,25 kHz

D sng mang 2 100 kHz

Suy gim cng sng mang

CH3

Lc thng thp 0 - 3 kHz

iu ch cn bng

Lc LSB 3,25 - 6 kHz

iu ch cn bng

Lc LSB 94 - 100 kHz

CH4

Lc thng thp 0 - 3 kHz

CH3, 4

E iu ch CB (Trn tn) Lc thng di 3,1 0,006 MHz iu ch CB (Trn tn) Lc thng di f th 0,006 MHz

F Khuch i cng sutf th

D sng mang 3 3 MHz

D sng mang 4 f th - 3,1 MHz

Bin i ln di tn cng tc

1 0 3 kHz 0

2 3 3,25 Lc LSB

2 6 ,25 94 C

1 100

2 106 kHz Lc USB

2 3 94 3 Lc LSB Tn hiu li 4 0 4 3 3 3,25 Lc LSB E 3 3 3,094 4 3,1 Lc BPF 12 kHz 1 2 3,106 MHz 3 F 4 fth Lc BPF 12 kHz 1 2 3 6,25 94 4 100 D 1 2 106 kHz 4 100 4 3 106 kHz

Hnh 2-14. Ghp v to 4 knh tn hiu n bin c lp 85

 n bin nn gin bin (ACSSB): Cho php lin lc thoi di hp vi cht lng t c gn nh h thng iu tn, song di thng ch bng 1/3. y cc tn hiu m tn c nn trc khi iu ch bng cch khuch i cc tn hiu c bin ln t hn cc tn hiu c bin nh. Nn gin tn hiu tin tc lm tng di ng ca h thng bng cch gim di ng ca cc tn hiu tin tc trc khi pht, sau gin chng sau gii iu ch. V d, khi c nn gin cc tn hiu tin tc vi di ng 80 dB c th truyn qua h thng thng tin vi di ng ch 50 dB. Nn gin lm gim mt cht t s tn/tp i vi cc tn hiu bin ln, song li tng ng k t s tn/tp ca cc tn hiu bin nh. Cc h thng ACSSB yu cu rng tn hiu sng mang li bin gim phi c pht i cng vi cc tn hiu tin tc. Tn hiu li dng ng b cc b dao ng trong my thu v cung cp tn hiu cho AGC theo di v iu chnh khuch i ca my thu v lm cm my thu khi khng thu c tn hiu li. C- Cc phng php gii iu ch tn hiu n bin Phng php phch khng lin kt (non-coherent) (hnh 2-15): Tn hiu thu c t anten c khuch i ri i tn xung thnh tn hiu trung tn v khuch i chn lc tip. Tn hiu ra tng IF cui c phch vi tn hiu ca b dao ng tn s phch BFO (Beat Frequency Oscillator) c tn s bng trung tn. V vy, hiu ca chng l tn hiu tin tc. Phng php ny l khng lin kt v cc tn hiu BFO v dao ng ni RF khng ng b vi nhau v vi cc b dao ng bn pht. Do , bt k sai lch no gia tn s my pht v my thu cng sinh ra li dch tn trong tn hiu tin gii iu ch. Sai s ny phi < 50 Hz.
An ten KCT v tin lc Trn cao tn KTG v BPF Trn trung tn Tin tc gii iu ch

D ngoi sai

BFO

Hnh 2-15. Tch sng khng lin kt

86

Phng php phch lin kt (coherent) (hnh 2-16): Ging phng php trn, ngoi tr cc tn s LO v BFO c ng b vi dao ng sng mang ca my pht. Mch khi phc sng mang l vng PLL di hp bm theo tn hiu li trong tn hiu thu c v dng sng mang khi phc to li cc tn s dao ng ni lin kt. Nh vy, nhng thay i nh trong tn s sng mang my pht c b tr trong my thu.
An ten KCT v tin lc Trn cao tn Ngoi sai Khi phc sng mang v tng hp tn s KTG v BPF Trn trung tn Tin tc gii iu ch

BFO

Hnh 2-16. Tch sng lin kt Phng php tch sng ng bao (hnh 2-17) S dng cc sng mang ng b v tch sng ng bao gii iu ch tn hiu n bin. Sng mang li c pht hin v tch ra t ph gii iu ch, ri c ti sinh trong mch khi phc sng mang. Sng mang ti sinh c dng lm ngun tn s chun cho my thu to tn hiu ngoi sai. Trung tn ti sinh c cng thm vo ph trung tn ti b cng tuyn tnh sau cng, to nn ng bao ton sng mang SSB. ng bao ny c tch sng trong b tch sng diode thng thng khi phc tin tc gc.
An ten KCT v tin lc Trn cao tn Ngoi sai Khi phc sng mang v tng hp tn s Sng mang cao tn KTG v BPF Cng tuyn tnh Tch sng ng bao Tin tc

Trung tn ti sinh

Hnh 2-17. Tch sng ng bao

87

2.2 C S XY DNG CH TIU K THUT CHO MY THU PHT SNG NGN CNG SUT TRUNG BNH 2.2.1 Yu cu chung My thu pht s dng cho thng tin c ly xa vi trm n vi ngn kilmt. My c thit k lp t ti cc trung tm c nh hoc trn cc phng tin chuyn ch. 2.2.2 Chn di tn cng tc ca my thu pht T nhng iu trnh by u chng 1, ta thy rng cc di sng SD, ST, SCN khng p ng c cc yu cu thng tin c ly xa. Vy ch cn di SN l thch hp. Vn l gii hn di v gii hn trn ca di tn cng tc phi nh th no?. Tt nhin ta mong mun l phm vi fmax fmin cng rng cng tt v nh vy s tng dung lng tn s cng tc. a. Chn gii hn di ca di tn m bo lin lc sng ngn c ly gn, ngi ta dng phng thc truyn lan bng sng t. Lin lc bng phng thc ny ph thuc vo hai yu t: cng sut pht v tn s. Xt v cng sut: Ta bit rng cng trng ti im thu E c tnh bng:
E = A Pt / D (V/m)

(2.31)

y: A = const; Pt - cng sut bc x my pht, D - khong cch t my pht n my thu. Nh vy vi gi tr E l c nh th D tng khi Pt tng. Song ta khng th tng Pt ln mi c v iu s ko theo nhiu vn khc nh kch thc, trng lng ca my thu pht, kh nng thc hin v mt k thut...v.v. Xt v tn s: Trong gio trnh truyn sng ta bit rng hm suy gim t l nghch vi bc sng . Nh vy khi tn s tng th hm suy gim tng, tn s gim th hm suy gim cng b. Bi vy tng c ly lin lc bng sng t, ngi ta c gng gim tn s cng tc. Kt hp hai iu kin trn ngi ta chn gii hn di ca di tn cng tc bng gii hn di ca di SN i vi my thu pht cng sut trung bnh ngha l: 88

fCTmin 1 1,5 MHz (thc t cho thy vi gii hn ny c ly lin lc khng vt qu vi chc Km). b. Chn gii hn trn ca di tn Khi lin lc xa di SN, ngi ta phi dng phng thc truyn lan bng sng tri. Tuy nhin nh chng 1 ni thng tin bng sng tri ch thc hin c nu cc tn s s dng nm thp hn cc gi tr cc i, c xc nh bi mc ion ho ca cc lp phn x i vi mi c ly thng tin. Ngoi ra thng tin ch c th thc hin nu cng sut my pht v cc h s khuch i anten bo m c cng trng in t cn thit ti im thu. iu kin u hn ch gii hn trn ca di tn, iu kin sau - gii hn di. Thc t truyn sng cho thy tn s gii hn fti hn = fmax = 12 14 MHz. Tnh n sai s khi d bo v tnh ton, cc tn s c dng s chn thp hn tn s ti hn 20 30 %. Nh vy: fCT max = 10 12 MHz m bo thng tin chc chn. Tm li: Di tn cng tc ca my thu pht cng sut trung bnh l 1 12 MHz. Ch : Cng vi nhng thnh tu mi nht trong lnh vc v tuyn in t, phn ln cc my thu pht mi hin nay u lm vic trong ton b di sng ngn (tc l t 1 30 MHz). 2.2.3 Chn dng cng tc Khi chn dng cng tc cho cc my thu pht SN/CSTB, ngi ta xut pht t cc tiu chun sau y: Tnh chng nhiu ca dng cng tc, Hiu qu tn s ca dng cng tc, Hiu qu nng lng ca dng cng tc . Da trn ba tiu chun ny, ngi ta phn tch v chn ra dng cng tc tha mn yu cu s dng ca my thu pht. i vi my thu pht SN/CSTB dng cng tc thch hp nht l F1 (thu nghe v in ch), Hai dng F6 v A1 l cc dng cng tc ph. Thng tin thoi ch dng khi thc s cn thit (dng chnh l thoi n bin SSB/A3J). Ch : Nhm mc ch thng nht ho my thu pht, cc my thu pht th h mi u c y tt c cc dng cng tc nh F1, F6, A1, A3A, A3J, F3 (tr dng cng tc in bo pha tng i F9 do phc tp cha thc hin c). 2.2.4 Chn anten v phng thc iu khin 89

a. Chn anten Trong chng 1 ta bit mt trong cc biu thc ca iu kin thc hin thng tin v tuyn vi cht lng khng xu hn cht lng qui nh l bt ng thc: M 1 / WLINK trong : M - th nng lng ca ng v tuyn, WLINK - h s suy gim nng lng ca sng v tuyn trn tuyn thng tin, M = (PTX.GTX.GRX) / Pvao RX GTX, GRX v PTX c vai tr nh nhau trong biu thc ca M. PvaoRX ti thiu xc nh bi cng sut trung bnh ca nhiu. Cng sut nhiu li ph thuc vo hng tnh ca anten thu. Nh vy ta thy vai tr ca anten l rt quan trng. Nhm m bo tt nht cc ch tiu v yu cu s dng ca my thu pht i vi mc ch khc nhau v t tnh cht s dng ca loi my thu pht ny (thng l c nh, c iu kin trin khai thit b, ngun nui khng thnh vn ....) nn cc my thu pht SN/CSTB thng c trang b cc loi anten c hiu qu cao. Sau y ta xt vn tt mt s loi anten . 1. Chn t i xng na sng: C hai loi l nm ngang v t chch (cn gi l V ngc) (hnh 2-18). Gin hng (GH) trong mt phng ng v mt phng ngang nh hnh 219. T GH trong mt phng ng ta thy rng trong on tn s no ( y l 1.5 6 MHz) cc i bc x hng thin nh. Ti cc tn s cao hn, GH b bin dng, cc i bc x dch sang min cc gc (gc nng) nh hn. y l tnh cht l th v nu chn ng tn s, c th dng anten trong di c ly rng m khng h c khong st hoc vng cht no (t 0 1500 Km).
B A
Ct

B A h Cc nu

h
Ct

Cc nu n in i n in i

A=B A + B = na bc sng h > 1/8 bc sng nt en = s cch in

Hnh 2-18. Anten lng cc na sng 90

T GH mt phng ngang ta thy rng khi R < 300 Km c th coi anten l v hng v khng cn nh hng n. Khi R > 300 Km cn nh hng anten sao cho hng n i tng lin lc vung gc vi mt phng chn t (i qua 2 cnh anten).
6.0 8.0 4.0 10.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 1.5 GH, mt phng ng R < 300 Km 2.0 8.0

(a)

(b)

ng i qua 2 cnh anten R > 300 Km GH, mt phng ngang, ti f = 6 MHz

Hnh 2-19. Gin hng trong mt phng ng v mt phng ngang Chn t i xng l anten di tng i hp. trm di tn rng vi h s khuch i anten cao tn rt ngn chiu di cc cnh v gim h khi tng tn s. Chn t l anten cng hng nn KSC (h s sng chy) trong phi rt thp, bi vy ngi ta dng phi vi cht in mi l khng kh gim tn hao. Chn t xin c dng khi mun gim thi gian trin khai hoc khi khng khng gian. GH tuy khc i cht chn t ngang song tnh cht chung vn c gi nguyn (h s khuch i anten ca chn t xin nh hn 2 4 ln chn t ngang). 2. Anten hnh T: Nhn c t chn t i xng ngang hoc xin bng cch ni hai dy phi song hnh (ti ch u vo hai nhnh anten) thnh mt. Anten ny tng ng anten cn song c h s khuch i cao hn. GH trong mt phng ngang l hnh trn. Lm vic ch yu bng sng t. 3. Anten sng chy: Anten na trm (anten hnh - mt dy t thp): 91

L si dy di khong vi , tri trn mt t. Dy ny c tr ti bng tr khng sng (mt u in tr ni vo dy, u kia ni vo i trng nh ln trn mt t). Tr khng sng 400 600 , t ph thuc vo tn s (di tn rng). Tr vo ca anten rt gn vi tr khng sng, bi vy khng cn thit b phi hp. Chiu di ti u ca anten l (5 7), treo cao h = 1 2 m. Anten sng chy l anten nh hng, cc i bc x hng v pha ti. GH ca anten nh hnh 2-20.

Mt phng ng

Mt phng ngang

Hnh 2-20. Gin hng anten sng chy H s khuch i anten trong di sng ngn rt nh (0.01 0.1). Anten sng chy nn trin khai trn t kh tng h s khuch i. Nhm tng hiu qu ca anten sng chy, phn gia hoc phn gn my thu pht c nng ln tr cao v ta c anten na trm hay anten hnh (hnh 2-21). Trong di sng ngn, anten sng chy c dng lm anten thu c chng nhiu cao.

h n in i

Rti i trng

R ti

An ten na trm

An ten hnh

Hnh 2-21. Anten na trm v anten Anten hnh V: L anten sng chy i xng, gm hai dy cng gia tr anten v t di mt gc no (hnh 2-22). Cc nhnh anten c tr khng ti bng tr khng sng. V-anten l nh hng v di rng. GH nh hnh 2-22. Ch yu lm vic trong phn trn ca di sng ngn, c ly xa. 92

Anten hnh trm: Dng to ra gin hng nhn trong di sng ngn. GH nh hnh 2-23. H s khuch i anten ln hn ca anten hnh V nm, su ln. c cc i bc x di gc cho sng , kch thc anten phi tho mn:
h=

4.sin

; l = 0.37.

sin 2

; =
30 MHz

(2.32)

15 MHz Rti 10 MHz h

2

Mt phng ng

15 MHz Rti An ten V, h = 12 m, di 46 m Rti = 400 m, gc = 50 Mt phng ngang

10 MHz 30 MHz

Hnh 2-22. Anten hnh V v gin hng ca n

Rti h

Mt phng ng

Mt phng ngang

Hnh 2-23. Anten hnh trm v gin hng ca n b. La chn phng thc iu khin Thng thng c hai kh nng iu khin: ti ch v t xa. i vi my 93

thu pht SN/CSTB th c hai phng thc ny u c p dng. Trong vi phng thc iu khin ti ch my thu pht c th cng tc tt c cc dng cng tc, cn i vi phng thc iu khin xa th ch mt s dng nht nh. iu khin ti ch khng c g c bit nn ta khng xt y. iu khin xa c th thc hin theo ng dy hoc qua my thu pht v tuyn. Thng ngi ta iu khin tt m ngun my thu pht, chuyn ch v dng cng tc, thay i tn s cng tc trong cc tn s c chun b trc. Vic iu khin xa thng thc hin theo nguyn tc: "lnh - dy" (khi KX bng dy) v "lnh - xung v tuyn" khi KX qua my thu pht v tuyn. Nguyn tc "lnh - dy" c minh ha bng s hnh 2-24. Vic iu khin thc hin bng cch cp in p cho mt trong cc dy xc nh s hiu ca lnh. Trong khi to xung s to ra cc xung vi tn s nht nh (thng l xung m tn). Sau cc xung c a n khi to lnh (t hp cc xung) to lnh cn thit. Lnh to ra c pht i nh my thu pht v tuyn. Ti u thu c qu trnh ngc li. Ngoi ra bn thu cn c phn lp li lnh ri pht ngc li xem lnh pht i c thc hin ng hay khng.
Mch ng/ m ngun Chuyn mch Ngun DC Ma trn i t Chuyn tn s cng tc C cu chp hnh C cu chp hnh

ng dy

Chuyn ch cng tc

C cu chp hnh

Hnh 2-24. iu khin xa theo ng dy Nguyn tc lnh - xung v tuyn c minh ha bi s khi hnh 2-25.

B to xung

Khi to lnh

My thu pht VT

My thu pht VT

Gii m lnh

C cu chp hnh

Lp li lnh

Hnh 2-25. iu khin xa v tuyn 94

2.3 C S XY DNG CH TIU K THUT CHO MY THU PHT SNG NGN CNG SUT NH 2.3.1 Yu cu chung Trng lng kch thc nh, s dng n gin thun tin cho mang xch (my thu pht trang b cho c nhn hoc nhm nh). Bo m lin lc tin cy c ly gn (l ch yu). 2.3.2 Chn di tn cng tc cho my thu pht sng ngn cng sut nh (SN/CSN) Phn ny tng t nh my thu pht SN/CSTB song ch lu l my thu pht mang xch nn di tn c hp hn di tn ca nhm my thu pht SN/CSTB (thng t 1 12 MHz). 2.3.3 Chn dng cng tc c bn Tiu chun chnh l: S ng thng tin cng nhiu cng tt, Tnh chng nhiu cao, n gin, d thc hin ph hp vi my thu pht mang xch. 1. m bo s ng thng tin ln trn on tn cho th b rng ph tn hiu ca dng cng tc c chn phi cng nh cng tt. Ta xt b rng ph cc dng tn hiu vi tc pht l 25 baud. - Dng in bo dch tn (FSK): Vi tc pht l 25 baud v dch tn hay dng l 250 Hz th ta c b rng di cn thit B theo bng 2-2 l: B = 1,05.FSHT + 1,9.B = 1,05 x 250 + 1,9 x 25 = 310 Hz - Dng in bo bin (A1): Vi tc pht l 25 baud th: B = (3 5)B = (3 5) x 25 = 75 125 Hz - Dng n bin c tn hiu li (R3E): Vi ph tn hiu m tn c bn l 300 3400 Hz th: B = FH - FL = (3,4 0,3) kHz = 3,1 kHz - Dng thoi bin (AM): B = 2 x (FH - FL) = 2 x (3,4 0,3) kHz = 6,2 kHz Qua y ta thy b rng ph tn hiu A1 l nh nht m vic thc hin li n gin d dng nn y l dng cng tc c bn. Ngoi ra dng cng tc thoi 95

R3E cng c chn lm dng cng tc ph. Cc dng FSK v SSB i hi n nh tn s cao, thc hin phc tp nn t c chn. 2. V phn tnh chng nhiu th nh ta bit chng 1, tn hiu A1 xp sau cng, song b li nh kh nng chn lc ca c quan thnh gic (tai ngi) m trong mt s trng hp tn hiu nh hn nhiu ta vn thu nhn c tin tc. Bi vy A1 vn l tn hiu c chn. 3. V mt n gin thc hin v s dng th A1 xp u bng. Tm li: Vi my thu pht SN/CSN, dng cng tc chnh l bo A1, dng cng tc ph l thoi AM. 2.3.4 Lp lun chn phng php n nh tn s Trong my thu pht v tuyn thng c yu cu l khi bt u lin lc khng phi tm kim v trong qu trnh lin lc khng phi vi chnh. m bo yu cu ny tc l bo m n nh tn s v chnh xc tn s ca my thu pht (tn s pht v tn s thu). Thng yu cu v n nh tn s ca my thu pht SN/CSN l c 10-4. Cc bin php thng c p dng l: n nh tham s ca b dao ng, Dng thch anh to mng tn cng tc. a. n nh tham s ca b dao ng: y l bin php thng dng trong my thu pht cp thp. Mun n nh tn s b dao ng bng tham s ta phi bo m: Cng sut ra b dao ng phi nh: gim ghp li ra b dao ng c dng Ic (Ia) nh v Q cao. in p cung cp n nh tt. Dng tng m. Cu trc c kh: t bin i dng hp kim cng t bin i theo nhit v t bin dng khi b rung xc, gi t bng s l loi vt liu t thay i theo nhit , dy ni dng dy cng m bc gim in dung tp tn. Cun cm qun trn ng s bng phng php nng. Bc kim khung dao ng. Dng t b nhit c h s nhit m mc song song vi khung dao ng. S dng t s C /L cao bo m Q cn thit. 96

Phi hp tr khng gia b dao ng v ti. Nu h s bao tn K = (fmax / fmin) > 2 th phi thc hin chia bng b dao ng lm vic trong phm vi hp. Dng b hiu chun thch anh (Calibrator) hiu chun tn s b dao ng LC. Chn kiu dao ng: thng chn kiu 3 im in dung. b. m bo chnh xc tn s: Tn s ghi trn thang phi ng vi tn s thc ca my thu pht trong sut di tn. Do vic khc tn s, truyn ng c kh phi ht sc chnh xc. gim sai s do mt ngi, ta thng dng h thng knh quang hc. Vi cc my thu pht hin i th ch th tn s c trnh by trn mn hnh nh b o tn s nm ngay trn my thu pht. c. Dng b dao ng thch anh: Do yu cu gn nh, n gin cu trc ca nhm my thu pht cp thp nn bin php ny ch s dng mc hn ch (trong ton di tn c vi tn s n nh bng thch anh). 2.3.5 Chn loi anten cho my thu pht Vi my thu pht c nhn th anten cn l thch hp nht. Tuy nhin nu hon cnh cho php th ngi ta dng c anten 2 cc v anten sng chy (hai loi ny xt trn). y ta ch xt anten cn:

h = 0,25 h = 0,50 h = 0,75

Mt phng ngang

Mt phng ng

Hnh 2-26. Gin hng ca anten cn Anten cn l chn t na sng khng i xng hon ton. GH trong mt phng ngang l hnh trn. Trong mt phng ng GH c dng hnh cnh hoa (hnh 2-26). T GH ta rt ra kt lun rng anten cn trc ht dng nh anten v hng lin lc bng sng t trong di sng ngn v sng trung. Ngoi ra cn c th dng nh anten v hng lin lc bng sng tri khi bc x di 97

cc gc khng ln lm i vi mt t trong di sng ngn. C ly lin lc trong c hai trng hp ph thuc mnh vo t s h/ v dn in ca t. Trong thc t anten cn thng c kch thc l 1,5 m; 2,7 m; 4 m v 10 m. 2.3.6 Phng thc iu khin Thng l iu khin ti ch. Ngoi ra cng c kh nng iu khin xa n gin bng i dy, chuyn tip pht (hoc thu) nhn cng v t ng nhm tng c ly lin lc. Ta xt k hn nguyn tc chuyn tip t ng. S thc hin nh hnh 2-27.

f1

f1

f2

f2

Trm u cui A

Trm trung gian

Trm u cui B

Hnh 2-27. Chuyn tip t ng Ti trm trung gian c hai my thu pht vi hai tn s cng tc ring bit l f1 v f2. Trong tn hiu pht i ca trm cui c cha tn hiu iu khin (thng l tn hiu m tn). Bnh thng hai my thu pht ti trm trung gian u trng thi thu. Khi my thu pht u A pht tn hiu tn s f1 th my thu pht c tn s cng tc f1 trm trung gian s thu tn hiu ny, gii iu ch tch ra tn hiu iu khin ( chuyn my thu pht tn s f2 sang pht) v tn hiu tin tc ( a sang iu ch tn hiu my thu pht 2). My thu pht trung gian 2 s pht tip tn hiu i cho my thu pht trm u cui B. Qu trnh ngc li hon ton tng t. Nh phng thc ny ta c th tng c ly lin lc v i hng lin lc. 2.4 C S XY DNG CH TIU CHO MY THU PHT SNG CC NGN CNG SUT NH 2.4.1 Yu cu chung My thu pht s dng cho iu hnh trong phm vi nh. Kch thc, trng lng cng nh cng tt. S dng n gin thun tin. C ly lin lc ti a l 10 20 Km. 98

2.4.2 Chn di tn cng tc cho my thu pht T yu cu chung nu trn v t c im ca vic truyn sng in t (di tn v tuyn) xt chng 1, ta thy di tn ph hp nht l di sng mt (SCN): fCT > 30 MHz. Trong di sng mt ny tu thuc vo quan im thit k, trnh k thut v cng ngh, tng bc li chia thnh tng on nh. 2.4.3 Chn dng cng tc Vi u im l di tn rng, di sng cc ngn khng t ra yu cu cao i vi b rng ph tn hiu c dng. Bi vy dng thoi iu tn FM (b rng ph 16 18 kHz) vi u im l c chng nhiu tt, thc hin tng i n gin, t gy nhiu ln nhau gia cc my thu pht c chn lm dng cng tc c bn ca my thu pht SCN/CSN. 2.4.4 Phng php n nh tn s trong my thu pht SCN/CSN bt n nh tn s tng i cho php ca my thu pht trong di ny c 10 . Tho mn yu cu ny c th bng phng php n nh tn s bng tham s va n gin va t tn km. Ta bit rng tn s ca b dao ng l:
-4

f CT =

1 2 L.C

Nh vy m bo tn s n nh trc ht l bo m L, C n nh. Nhn t gy mt n nh l nhit , m v p sut mi trng xung quanh, tng ng vi cc nhn t ny ta c h s nhit in cm v h s nhit in dung. V mt s chng bng s thay i tng i ca in cm, in dung khi nhit thay i i mt C (10C).
L =
L C , C = L.t C .t

(2.33)

Cc h s ny cng nh cng tt. Cc bin php gim h s nhit in cm l: Dng li s vi h s nhit tuyn tnh nh. Gn cht vng dy vi li (qun nng). Dng mn bc kim. Cc bin php gim h s nhit in dung l: Dng gm chu nhit lm ca t khng i. Dng vt liu dn in vi h s n nhit tuyn tnh nh lm t bin i (inva, superinva, thp). Dng trc quay c cu trc c bit. 99

i vi cc min thay i nh ca L v C ta c:
f 1 L C = ( + ) 2 L f C

(2.34)

Suy ra f = h s nhit tn s =

L + C
2

. Nu h s nhit tn s bng khng

th L = C . iu ny c thc hin bng t c h s nhit in dung m. Tuy nhin v L v C ph thuc phi tuyn vo nhit nn ch b hon ton trong di nhit hp. Khi b nhit trong c bng vn s phc tp hn rt nhiu. Ngi ta thng dng bin php sau (hnh 2-28): Ni t b nhit song song vi t xoay b tn s gia bng, cn hai bn s c sai lch. fmax khi t xoay c gi tr nh nht, nh hng ca t b nhit n tn s s mnh hn, lch s dng (ng 1). Ni t b ni tip vi t xoay dng ng cong s ngc li (ng 2). Vy bin php duy nht l dng c t ni tip v t song song (ta c ng 3). Bin php ny c th b tho mn khi Kf 2.
f t

CT2 2 1 L fmin 3 fmax C CT1

Hnh 2-28. Phng php t b nhit 2.4.5 Anten ca my thu pht SCN/CSN Ph hp vi yu cu s dng v di sng, anten hay dng l anten cn ( xt trn, y khng xt li na). 2.4.6 Phng thc iu khin Ch yu l iu khin ti ch. Ngoi ra cn c th iu khin xa hoc chuyn tip. Nguyn tc chung ging nh ca my thu pht SN/CSN.

100

Chng 3
C S XY DNG S KHI CHO H THNG THNG TIN V TUYN
3.1 C S XY DNG S KHI CHO MY THU PHT SNG CC NGN CNG SUT NH 3.1.1 My thu pht cm tay Cc my thu pht cm tay cn c kch thc nh v chy pin np. S cu trc n gin ca mt my thu pht cm tay in hnh nh trn hnh 3-1.
Tin nhn K m tn Hn bin K cao tn C/m thu pht

LPF

VCO

BPF 1 THTS K cao tn

BPF 2

K m tn

Gii nhn

Hn ch tp m

BPF 4

TS vung pha

K TG 2

Trn 2

BPF 3

KTG 1

Trn 1

Hnh 3-1. S kt cu ca my thu pht cm tay Tn hiu micro c tin nhn v c khuch i trc khi t vo b hn bin gi bin ca n mc khng i. Tn hiu hn bin sau c lc thng thp trc khi thc hin iu tn b VCO pht. Sau tn hiu iu tn c khuch i bi b K cng sut cao tn, ri qua chuyn mch thu pht i ra anten. Theo hng thu, tn hiu thu c t anten qua chuyn mch thu pht ( thu) i n b lc di thng (bao ton b di tn). Tn hiu ra b lc i ti khuch i cao tn khuch i ri lc tip bi b lc iu khin in t suy gim tn s nh. Tip theo tn hiu thu i ti b trn cn bng, trn vi tn s ngoi sai 1 to ra trung tn 1 (thng c gi tr 10,7 MHz). Tn hiu trung tn 1 c khuch i, ri qua b lc thch anh (m bo phn ln chn lc knh ln cn) trc khi i ti b trn 2. Ti y trung tn 1 c trn vi tn hiu ngoi sai 2 t b tng hp tn s to ra tn hiu trung tn 2 (thng l 455 kHz). Tn 101

hiu ny c khuch i hn bin, ri n b tch sng vung pha gii iu ch. Tn hiu gii iu ch qua b hn ch tp m v b gii nhn trc khi c khuch i bi b khuch i m tn. 3.1.2 My thu pht SCN/CSN di rng Trong gio trnh thu ta bit rng to ra my thu di rng ngi ta chia ton b di tn cng tc thnh 2 bng v dng 1 b ngoi sai ton di phc v cho c hai bng. C hai bng cha cc on tn s bng nhau ( f max f min ) / 2 , cn gi tr khng i ca tn s trung gian 1 c lin quan cht ch vi b rng ca di tn cng tc: f TG1 = ( f max f min ) / 4 . H s trm theo tn s ca dao ng ngoi sai 1 (DNS1) khi s nh hn nhiu h s trm ca c di tn cng tc. Tht vy:
f NSmax = f max ( f max f min ) / 4
f NSmin = f min + ( f max f min ) / 4
f NSmax f NSmin 3 f max + f min 3 f min + f max f max +1 3K f + 1 f min = = f Kf +3 3 + max f min 3

(3.1) (3.2)

K NS f =

(3.3)

V d: di tn cng tc 20 52 MHz th K f = 2, 6 cn K NS f = 1,57 . Vic thu hp di tn ca DNS lm gim nh vic thc hin s b nhit ton bng cho cc thay i tham s ca khung dao ng.
Dao ng thch anh fTA Trn tn fNS Phn t khng Ngoi sai my thu Khuch i cng sut Bng I: fNS - fTA Bng II: fNS + fTA

n my thu

Hnh 3-2. Dng ngoi sai cho my pht V trong cc my thu pht n cng (simplex), b phn t tn s l chung cho c my thu v my pht, nn mt cch t nhin ngi ta dng DNS1 lm dao ng ch sng (DCS) hoc l b dao ng gc ca my pht. Cch s dng n gin nht DNS trong vai tr b dao ng gc my pht nh hnh 3-2. 102

y, fTA c tnh ton nh fTG1 tuyn thu trn. Song phng php ny trong tuyn pht ngoi tn hiu c ch, khng trnh khi cn to nn cc dao ng t hp ph bc thp. Nu di tn cng tc ca my thu pht l 20 52 MHz th tn s trung gian 1 ca my thu hay tn s gc cao tn trong my pht s bng 8 MHz, cc hi ca tn s ny (t hi bc 3 n hi bc 6) s trc tip ri vo di tn ca my thu pht. Nhc im chnh l vi di tn ca my thu pht c cho trc, di tn ca DNS v ca fTG1 hay fgc trong my pht l c nh v bi vy khng th thay i cc tn s ny nhm trnh cc t hp bt li. Mt li thot khc th hin vic dng 2 my pht vi cc DCS ring lm vic trong hai bng tn ca my thu pht. Ta thy ngay l nu n nh tn s ca 2 b DCS ny ging nh ca NS1 v nu chng hon ton c lp vi nhau th vic dng mt thang t tn s l khng th v khng th no ng chnh c 3 b dao ng. Ni cch khc khng th no b tr chng vo mt thang tn s c. Hn na vic s dng mt lc 3 b dao ng n nh cao l khng tit kim. Bi vy mt cch hp l nn coi NS1 l dao ng gc v bo m t ng tinh chnh tn s i vi DCS khng n nh ca hai my pht (bng 2 b dao ng r tin) theo cc tn s ca NS ny. S cu trc ca my thu pht s dng tng ny nh hnh 3-3.
Cc phn t bng I

KCT

Trn 1

KTG 1

Trn 2

KTG 2

Hn bin

TSTS

Mch vo Mch ra

KCS

Khung KCT, CS

DCS

Phn t khng

DNS 2

D tm kim

iu hng anten

I II

C cu t f c nh

Dao ng gc

LPF

TT

iu hng Mch vo Mch ra KCS Khung KCT, CS DCS Phn t khng Hn ch su iu ch KT K micro

Micro

KCT

Trn 1

Hiu chun thch anh Tai nghe Ngun

Cc phn t bng II

Hnh 3-3. S cu trc my thu pht SCN - CSN di rng 103

Hot ng ca s cu trc nh sau: My thu bin tn hai ln c tng khuch i tn s tn hiu trn tn 1 vi tn hiu a n l cc dao ng t NS1 (dao ng gc), tuyn trung tn 1, trn tn 2 trong tn s tn hiu nh cc dao ng thch anh NS2 c bin thnh trung tn 2, tuyn trung tn 2, cui cng l thc hin vic x l tn hiu iu tn. c im ca my thu l c hai tuyn tn s tn hiu nhn c bao gm KCT v TT, mi tuyn phc v mt bng tn ca my thu pht. Vic dng hai tuyn l loi b vic chuyn mch c kh trong cc khung dao ng khi chuyn bng tn v do c 2 tuyn my pht (vi cc khung dao ng c dng lm cc khung KCT). Tuyn my pht (1 trong 2) bao gm DCS v KCS. Dao ng ch sng bao gm phn t khng (PTK) c iu khin bng tn hiu li ni (FM). Khung dao ng ngoi trong ch thu l ti ca KCT, cn khung ti (khung trung gian) ca KCS l khung vo ca KCT. Vic chuyn t thu sang pht v ngc li thc hin bng chuyn mch ngun nui cp cho cc tuyn my pht v my thu. Vic chuyn bng thc hin bng vic cp ngun cho cc tuyn cn thit v ngt ngun ca tuyn khng dng. Ngoi ra, nh mt r le cao tn duy nht mc thit b phi hp anten vo cc tuyn ang hot ng. Trong ch pht, my thu bt u t TT1 v kt thc bi TSTS vn c dng v thc hin chc nng TT dao ng ch sng cng tc theo tn s ca NS1 my thu. Nguyn tc hot ng ca TT nh sau: Cc dao ng ca DCS t khung ngoi i n TT1 my thu v nh cc dao ng ca NS1 c bin i thnh fTG1 sau nh cc dao ng ca NS2 thnh fTG2. Nu coi rng my pht khng b iu ch cn tn s ca n ng vi gi tr danh nh th khi khng c sai s ca NS1 my thu v cc sai s trong vic iu hng TSTS, in p trn ti TSTS bng khng. Cn nu di tc ng ca cc nhn t gy mt n nh, tn s DCS thay i i, th trn ti TSTS xut hin in p c du v ln ph thuc vo hng v tr s lch tn ca DCS. in p ny s dng nh in p iu khin trong h thng TT. Ngi ta thng dng PTK lm b iu khin tn s ca DCS. Hng s thi gian trong mch iu khin TT chn ln khng lm gim di tn khi iu ch tn hiu. TT ch bm theo nhng thay i chm ca tn s gy bi tc ng ca cc nhn t gy mt n nh. 104

Di thng ca tuyn trung tn 2 my pht thu khi thu tn hiu vi di tn 5 kHz thng c 16 18 kHz. C ngha l di bt ca TT b hn ch. Vi cc h s ch nht ca ng cong chn lc my thu thc hin c trn thc t v vi tc thc t ca c tnh b iu khin, di bt khng vt qu 15 kHz (Di bt ln hn di thng v dng ng cong chn lc my thu khc xa dng ch nht). Ta cng nhn thy rng khi chuyn t bng tn ny sang bng tn khc, sai s tn s ca NS1 gy bi nhn t bt n nh no , s dn n s i du ca sai s trung tn 2. Bi vy khi chuyn bng nh chuyn mch ng chnh vi chuyn bng, cc tnh ca in p iu khin TT c i ngc li . Nhm gim yu cu i vi n nh tn s cc b DCS, ngi ta dng cc bin php nhn to m rng di bt TT n di gi ca n. Mt trong cc bin php l dng b dao ng tm kim. Dao ng tm kim l b dao ng tch thot to in p rng ca vi tn s 2 4 Hz. Ti thi im bt pht my thu pht, in p t li ra b dao ng tm kim c a n PTK ca DCS, lm thay i tn s ca n trong phm vi rng. Trong qu trnh thay i , tn s i qua gi tr danh nh ca mnh, khi xut hin in p trong tuyn trung tn 2 ca my thu, cn thit cho s bt tn s ca DCS bng h thng TT. Dao ng tm kim c ngt ra (kho li) bi in p nhn c nh thnh phn mt chiu ca dng xut hin khi tch sng in p trung tn 2 trong mch hn ch bin . Qu trnh xc lp ch bt ca TT mang tnh dao ng, ngha l t thi im bt u tm kim tn s cc dao ng DCS n lc bt n bng TT, xy ra mt vi dao ng ca dao ng tm kim. H thng TT c b dao ng tm kim s hot ng bnh thng nu lch tn ban u ca DCS nm trong phm vi di gi ca TT. Sai s tn s ca DCS c TT, nu b qua sai s ca dao ng gc v sai s im "0" ca b phn bit (TSTS), s ph thuc vo h s TT. Thng h s TT trong phm vi 50 100. Vic p dng tt c cc bin php n nh bng tham s c th i vi tn s ca dao ng gc cho php nhn c mng tn s cng tc ca my thu pht trong di rng cch nhau 25 kHz. Trong my thu pht c b hiu chun thch anh, to ra hai mng tn s vi khong cch l 250 kHz v 25 kHz. Mng cch nhau 25 kHz cn hiu chun thang tn s ca my thu pht, t chnh xc tn s cng tc v kim tra nh k tn s. 105

Nu my thu pht chu nhng tc ng c th lm dch tn s dao ng gc i qu 12,5 kHz th khi t tn s theo b dao ng thch anh c dng mng cch nhau 25 kHz, c th cho php sai s i 25 kHz. Mng cch nhau 250 kHz cho ta thy r rng sai s tn s trong vng tn s cng tc c t khng vt qu 12,5 kHz. Vic kim tra c tin hnh tn s gn nht, bi ca 250 kHz, c nh du (*) trn thang tn s ca my thu pht. Cc my thu pht di rng thng c c cu c kh lm gim nh vic thay i mt vi tn s cng tc chun b trc nh nh trc v tr gc ca b phn t tn s. Cc my thu pht ny cng c kh nng iu khin xa t my in thoi t ngoi, chuyn tip pht nu ti im cho c b tr hai my thu pht. Nguyn tc xy dng my thu pht sng mt xt trn nu ht tim nng n nh tn s bng tham s. Ta xt thm mt s cu trc ca my thu pht, tuy khng c s dng rng ri song li c quan tm v th hin c mt s gii php k thut cn bn. Cu trc ny vn cn s dng n nh tn s tham s song th hin cc kh nng ca k thut transistor (hnh 3-4). My thu ca my thu pht l my thu i tn mt ln, di rng. Vic bin i ton b di tn 20 52 MHz thnh trung tn duy nht 10,7 MHz c thc hin nh DNS vi iu hng trn (30,7 62,7 MHz). H s trm tn s ca ngoi sai KNS f = 2,04 (ln hn tt c cc th h trc ca my thu pht). iu ny t c nh tch lu kinh nghim sn xut (h s nhit tn s t c trong di tn rng - 250 Hz/).
Lc thch anh Hn bin

KCT

Trn 1

KTG

TSTS

KT

Tn k

Thu DNS PTK KTG bo

Lc thch anh

K micro

Thu Phi hp an ten Pht Lnh t ng phi hp Trn 2 KTG TS pha D gc (thch anh)

KCS

DCS

PTK

LPF

D tm kim

m sc bo

Ngun

Hnh 3-4. S cu trc my thu pht SCN/CSN (phng n di rng) 106

 bo m chn lc tho mn ca my thu theo knh ln cn, b lc thch anh c dng lm b lc c bn (h s ch nht KCN = 2,78). Tn s trung gian cao bo m trit tt cc nhiu theo knh thu ph, cn vic a b lc c bn li gn li vo my thu lm nng cao chn lc thc t trong min lch cng hng nh. Vic t tn s my thu v kim tra n c thc hin nh tn k s, l s thun tin hn nhiu so vi t tn s theo b hiu chun thch anh. Cng nh trong my thu pht trc, NS ca my thu l dao ng gc tinh chnh tn s DCS my pht trong ch pht. Tuy nhin trong my thu pht ny thay cho TT ngi ta dng TF nh nng cao chnh xc tn s ca my pht (khng c lch cn d). Tn s DCS my pht lun lun thp hn tn s NS mt lng bng trung tn my thu. Tn s hiu c tch li ra b trn ph, c khuch i ln v a ti TSF so snh vi tn s chun ca b dao ng thch anh ring. V di bt ca TF rt nh nn ngi ta phi dng b dao ng tm kim ngha l b dao ng tch thot to in p rng ca vi tn s khong 20 Hz, bo m d tm tn s dao ng ch sng. Sau khi TF lm vic cc dao ng ca dao ng tm kim c ngt i. Vic iu ch c thc hin NS my thu. Vic iu khin tn s DCS xy ra nh s thay i hiu pha ca cc dao ng c so snh TSF (trong ch xc lp ca TF, s thay i tn s ca DCS b chm li mt s cht so vi s thay i tn s ca NS trong qu trnh iu ch). Di thng ca b lc tn thp trong vng TF c chn vi tnh ton cho qua ph tn hiu li ni. My thu pht bo m kh nng lm vic bng tn hiu bo bin , iu ny l hp l c bit l trong iu kin phc tp ca a hnh. thu chng nhiu cc tn hiu bo, mt tuyn gm b lc thch anh di hp v b trn l TSF ca h thng TF (trong ch thu TF khng lm vic) c to thnh. Vic chn m sc thch hp thc hin nh thay i nh tn s b dao ng chun thch anh. u im ca my thu pht ny l vic a vo h thng tinh chnh t ng thit b phi hp anten to nn nhng thun tin c bn khi khai thc. Nguyn tc lm vic ca h thng t ng da trn s iu ch tham s cc phn t iu hng phi hp anten. Cui cng ta m t cc nguyn tc xy dng cc my thu pht hin i. Cu trc ca my thu pht sng mt cng sut nh hin i in hnh c xc nh bi phn t c s c s dng. l: 107

Cc transistor trng v lng cc - khuch i tuyn tnh v phi tuyn (bin i) cc tn hiu nh v ln trong di tn hp v rng. Cc vi mch tng t - khuch i tuyn tnh v phi tuyn (bin i) cc tn hiu yu trong di tn hp l ch yu. Cc mch logic ri rc - x l s khi tng hp tn s Cc b lc thch anh cao tn n khi kch thch nh. Cc hp cng hng kch thc nh - dng cho cc b dao ng thch anh chun. Cc linh kin nh: cun cm, t in, in tr, cc dng c bn dn khc...v.v. Cc tm mch in: lp rp cc phn t thnh cm chc nng. Cc dy dn cc nh ni gia cc tm v gia cc cm...v.v. Cc phn t c s m bo: Kh nng chuyn t n nh tn s bng tham s sang n nh bng thch anh trong ton di tc l kh nng to ra cc b tng hp tn s kch thc nh v kinh t. Nng cao r rt tin cy k thut ca thit b, dn n tng thi gian lm vic khng hng t vi trm gi ln n vi nghn gi. Gim ng k kch thc v trng lng trong thit b. Nng cao mc thng nht ho cc cm chc nng ca thit b, do bo m kh nng sa cha tt hn. S cu trc n gin ca my thu pht SCN/CSN vi b tng hp mng tn s gin on nh hnh 3-5. S ny c nhiu ci lp li hai s trc: - My thu i tn hai ln: i tn hai ln dng nng cao chn lc ca my thu theo knh ln cn (b lc cao tn thch anh c c trng chn lc gn vi cn thit song vn khng ). - Di tn my thu 30 76 MHz chia thnh cc bng mi bng c khi KCT ring. Cc khung dao ng ca cc khi ny c iu chnh bng s iu khin ph hp vi cc tn s c chn trn b tng hp S iu chnh bao gm: a) cc cun cm c chuyn mch bng cc kha it. Cc cun ny c gi tr gin on bo m vic chia nh bng tn thnh cc on nh hn; b) cc varicp m s thay i in p trn chng bo m chnh xc ho tn s. 108

KCT

Trn 1

Lc thch anh

KTG 1

Trn 2

KTG 2

Hn bin

fNS1
KCT B tng hp D thch anh

fchun = fNS2 = 10 MHz

Trit n

TSTS

KT

KCT

F = 1 kHz
iu khin Lc thoi/ bo

KCT

Kho bo
Phi hp anten

KT

Chuyn bng

Thu Pht
LPF

f NS1
Trn KTG 1 TSF D thch anh

Loa

Lnh t ng iu chnh
B cng

LPF KCS KCS KCS DCS PTK D tm kim

PTK

K micro

Micro

Hnh 3-5. S cu trc my thu pht SCN/CSN di rng c b tng hp s B tng hp tn s gin on thc hin chc nng NS1ca my thu. thu hp di tn ca b tng hp, vic thu trn mt na di tn my thu c bo m bng s iu hng trn ca NS, cn na kia - bng s iu hng di. Tn s trung gian 1 khi bng: fTG1 = (fmax - fmin) / 4 (trong trng hp ang xt l 11,5 MHz). Bin tn 2 thc hin nh b dao ng thch anh chun ca b tng hp (fchun = 10 MHz). chn lc theo knh ln cn c nng ln trong tuyn trung tn hai (fTG2 = 1,5 MHz). Tip sau l b hn bin v TSTS bnh thng i vi tn hiu FM. Trong tuyn tn thp dng b lc bo m chuyn t di rng thu tn hiu thoi sang di hp thu tn hiu bo. Trong my thu c b trit tp m: ng bao ca cc tp m tc ng li ra hn bin c tch ra bi b tch sng, c nn, c san bng v dng kha b khuch i m tn cui. Khi c tn hiu, in p hn bin ln hn ngng hn ch, bin ng bao bng khng. Do KAT m ra. 109 (3.4)

Ngoi sai 1 ca my thu (b tng hp) l gc cho DCS c n nh bng TF. Di tn ca DCS c chia thnh cc bng. Chuyn bng nh s iu khin. H thng TF c b dao ng tm kim lm vic ht nh trong my thu pht trc. Tn s trung gian TF c so snh TSF vi tn s b dao ng thch anh ring. Cc dao ng ca DTA b iu ch bi tn hiu li ni hoc xung m thanh 1 kHz khi chn ch bo. Cng sut ca tng khuch i s b ca b K di rng my pht c chia ra kch thch hai b khuch i cp 2, cng sut ra ca chng li c cng b cng. trit cc hi bc cao ca tn hiu, li ra my pht c b lc tn thp c tn s ct dch chuyn khi chuyn t na di tn ny sang na di tn khc theo lnh t s iu khin. (iu ny l iu cn thit cho h s trm di ln hn 2). Thit b phi hp anten c iu hng trn nguyn tc iu ch tham s cc phn t iu hng phi hp anten. B tng hp thc hin theo s tng hp s, bc ca mng tn s l 1 kHz. 3.2 C S XY DNG S KHI CHO MY THU PHT SNG NGN CNG SUT NH Cc my thu pht nhm ny c s dng tin hnh thng tin v tuyn simplex c ly n vi chc kilomet trong nhng trng hp thng tin ny khng th bo m c nh cc my thu pht SCN. i khi cc my thu pht SN/CSN t ra c ch pht cc tin ngn i xa (300 400 Km) bng sng khng gian v trn cc tn s khng bn ti thi im . Cc my thu pht SN/CSN lm vic ch thoi n bin v bo mannip bin . Kh nng lm vic thoi cho php s dng cc my thu pht ny nh ngun d tr ca thng tin SCN. Vic p dng bo ma np bin thu nghe cho php to ra knh c chng nhiu pht cc tn hiu ri rc c dung lng tng i nh i xa. Vic hnh thnh tn hiu thoi n bin bng phng php lc, bin tn lin tip tn s tn hiu l ph bin nht v v c bn xc nh cu trc ca cc my thu pht ny. Trong phng php ny tn hiu n bin s cp c hnh thnh tn s khng i khng cao lm, sau n c dch chuyn ln di tn cng tc ca my thu pht nh bin i lin tip. Vic bin tn tn hiu pht t thp ln cao v 110

vic bin i tn hiu thu t cao xung thp trong my thu i tn l cc qu trnh ngc nhau, v vy trong my thu pht simplex c nhiu kh nng s dng cng mt phn t, ch yu l cc b lc, c cho pht v cho thu, d nhin phi tnh n hng i li ngc nhau ca tn hiu. cho r hn, nghin cu 2 s in hnh ca my thu pht SN/CSN. 3.2.1 S tuyn tn hiu ca my thu pht SN/CSN (di tn 1,5 11 MHz) S ch ra trn hnh 3-6. Xt tuyn pht trc: Tn hiu n bin s cp to nn nh b iu ch cn bng v b lc tp trung (hoc thch anh) tn s khng cao lm. Dy cc tng tip theo bo m nng tn hiu n bin ln di tn cng tc ca my thu pht. S ln bin tn xc nh bi khong cch tng i ca cc tn s m tn hiu n bin c nng ln v bi cc tham s ca cc b lc trong tuyn tn hiu. Khong ny cng ln v cc tnh cht chn lc ca b lc cng km th s ln bin tn cng ln. Cc tn s m tham gia trong qu trnh bin i tn hiu ( v d ny l f1, f2) c tng hp t cc tn s ca b dao ng thch anh chun ca my thu pht. Vic la chn tn s danh nh ca chng c kt hp vi s cn thit loi b s xut hin li ra b trn cc tn s t hp bc thp gn vi tn s tn hiu c ch. Ln bin tn cui cng da trn di tn s n nh (f3min - f3max) vi ri rc cho trc ca mng. Di ny cho php nhn di tn cng tc li ra ca my thu pht. Ch c th loi tr s xut hin cc t hp nguy him li ra b chn cui trong trng hp di tn c h s trm nh. cc my thu pht cng sut nh iu kin ny c thc hin mc nht nh v chng c di tng i hp (trong cc n i di rng, tn hiu c chuyn ln tn s cao hn nhiu di tn cng tc. C mng tn s gin on chun cng c chuyn ln trn cc tn s cng tc nhn c nh l tn hiu gia tn s chun v tn s tn hiu. H s trm theo tn s ca mng ri rc chun dch ln trn s nh i mt cch ng k v do to ra cc iu kin thun li hn chng vic to ra cc tn s t hp li ra my pht). Tn hiu n bin trong di tn cng tc c khuch i ln trong b khuch i cng sut v ti khi phi hp my pht vi anten. V cc my thu pht SN/CSN thng c dng kt hp vi my thu pht SCN nn thit b anten phi hp c tnh ton c kh nng lm vic bng mt anten cho c my thu pht sng ngn v sng cc ngn. Xt tip tuyn thu: 111

Tn hiu thu c t thit b anten phi hp i ti li vo my thu. Khung trung gian ca my pht thc hin chc nng ca khung dao ng vo. Cc khung dao ng ca tuyn khuch i cng sut my pht u c dng trong tuyn KCT my thu. Nh cc dao ng tn s f3 m nhim chc nng cc dao ng NS1 ca my thu, tn s ca tn hiu thu c bin i thnh tn s trung gian 1, sau nh cc dao ng tn s f2 - thnh tn s trung gian 2 v nh cc dao ng tn s f1 - thnh tn s trung gian 3. S chn lc c bn ca my thu c thc hin nh b lc tp trung. B lc ny c dng khi to tn hiu trong ch pht. T li ra b lc tp trung, tn hiu i ti b gii iu ch ri KT, sau ti thit b cui. Nh vy tt c cc mch chn lc ca my thu pht u c s dng trong c ch pht v thu. Tn hiu bo A1 c hnh thnh bng cch khng ch cc dao ng ca tn s chun u tin f0. Trong trng hp ny cc dao ng c a n b trn 1 (thay cho tn hiu n bin) nh s kho chu s khng ch ca ma np. Thu di hp cc tn hiu bo A1 thc hin nh b lc di hp ring mc li ra trn tn ca my thu. Tn hiu tch c a n b trn tn - ngoi sai, bo m c c phch m tn cn thit cho vic thu nghe.
ng chnh

K CS

K TG

Trn 3

K TG Lc di Lc di K TG

Trn 2

Khung

Phi hp an ten CT KCS

Khung

Khung

f3
Trn 1

f2
Trn 2

K CT

K CT

TK M T
K T NS Trn Cc tng iu chnh TS TK LPF Trn cn bng Trn 1 Lc tp trung K TG Lc di Trn 3 K TG Lc di

f0
Gii iu ch

f1

Lc hp

f0
Mc tn hiu li

TK
Mch kho Ma np

f3 = f3min - f3max

Hnh 3-6. Tuyn tn hiu my thu pht SN/CSN

112

B phn iu chnh mc sng mang cho php lm vic c tn hiu li khi iu ch n bin. pha thu, tn hiu li c dng nh dao ng gc cho h thng t ng iu chnh khuch i (TK), n c tch ra bng b lc di hp tn hiu A1. Nu ta lu rng vic bo m thng tin tin cy nh my thu pht SN/CSN ch c th t c khi s dng mt cch linh hot cc tn s cng tc th ta thy rng trong cc my thu pht ny ngi ta dng phng php t tn s theo tng decade v iu chnh t ng tuyn cao tn. Ch tic rng b tng hp tn s (THTS) ca my thu pht ny c thc hin theo s ni suy n gin nht dng cc thao tc tng hp trc tip. S ny ta s nghin cu chng 4, dn n v s cc bc x ph ca my pht v n vic to nn s lng ln knh thu ph. Bi vy my thu pht khng th no tho mn cc yu cu cht ch hin nay v tng thch in t khi tp trung cc thit b v tuyn khc nhau trn din tch hn ch . Cc my thu pht hin i ngy nay ca nhm ny thc hin trn cc phn t c bn, hin i v c cc b THTS cht lng cao vi mc dao ng ph thp. Trong cc my thu pht ny vic iu chnh t ng nhanh chng cc tuyn tn hiu v cc thit b phi hp anten c bo m. Nhng c im c bn v cu trc ca cc my thu pht loi ny, l: S phn chia ti a cc tuyn pht v thu, iu ny lm n gin h thng chuyn mch iu khin v bo m s kh ghp v in ca cc tuyn. Vic chuyn dch tn s nhn c khi bin tn ln 1 v s chuyn dch s b tn hiu pht i v pha trn, ln vng hng chc MHz c bin i tip theo v pha di. Nh t c s suy gim tt cc nhiu theo knh thu ph v gim mc bc x ph. (S chuyn dch dng b lc thch anh cao tn n khi). Dng b KCS di rng v cc b lc chuyn i c li ra my pht, nh vy khng phi s dng cc khung dao ng cng hng iu chnh t ng. Dng cc h thng TK c hiu qu trong my thu cng nh trong my pht (TK trong my pht phng chng qu ti ca b khuch i di rng, s qu ti c th dn ti s nhiu lon cc knh thng tin ln cn do m rng ph v ti s mo tn hiu pht i). Dng cc b tng hp tn s hai vng (TF vi b chia c h s chia bin 113

i) bo m c c bc yu cu ca mng tn s vi s b lc ti thiu. C thit b bo m vic chun b s b ca my thu pht lm vic trn ton s lng ln tn s cng tc. Ch th tn s cng tc bng s. Dng h thng kh ghp anten, bo m s lm vic phi hp ca my thu pht SN v SCN vi mt anten chung (gim s lng anten cc k quan trng i vi my thu pht c ng). B tr theo tng khi, bo m kh nng sa cha ca trang thit b v thun tin cho vic lp t trn xe. 3.2.2 S my thu pht SN/CSN lm vic trong di tn 0,03 30 MHz y l s in hnh chung cho nhng my thu pht SN hin nay lm vic di cng sut di 250 W. T s cu trc tn s tuyn thu hnh 3-7 ta nhn thy: Cc tn s tn s chun: dao ng ti ch th nht (1LO), dao ng ti ch th hai (2LO) v dao ng phch tn (BFO) c n nh tn s cao v bt n nh ca chng ph thuc duy nht vo bt n nh ca dao ng chun thch anh 32 MHz trn Q9. Tuyn to ra 1LO quyt nh di tn s v bc tn lm vic ca thit b. Trong , mch DDS (THTS s trc tip) c th coi l nhng mch THTS ph m nhn di tn thp bc tn nh. r hn, xem hnh 3-10. i tn ln 1 c i tn ln (tn s trung tn 1 c gi tr cao: 64,455 MHz). iu c ngha: - y xa tn s nhiu nh, nhiu trung gian so vi tn s tn hiu, cho php nng cao chn lc i vi nhiu tn s nh v nhiu tn s trung gian. Trnh nhng nhiu tn s trung gian do cc i pht thanh qung b hot ng mnh di sng trung. - Trn tn ln 2 cc khu tip theo (c nhiu thit b i tn 3 - 4 ln), h trung tn 2 xung 455 kHz, s dng cc tng K v b lc thch anh cho php nng cao chn lc tn s ln cn v nhy my thu.

114

Hnh 3-7. S cu trc tn s tuyn thu Trong tuyn cao tn v trung tn 1, hnh 3-8: V tn s trung tn 1 c gi tr ln hn tn s tn hiu nh nu trn nn cho php tuyn cao tn my thu s dng nhiu b lc thng di BPF c nh v tuyn cao tn my pht s dng nhiu b lc thng thp LPF c nh, mi b lc tng ng vi 1 bng tn nht nh thay cho mch lc cng hng theo tn s tn hiu. Bng cch ny cho php tnh ton thit k n gin v gn nh trong khi vn m bo cc chn lc thnh phn tn s tn hiu cao. Tuyn tn s trung tn 1 v dao ng LO1 t tuyn PLL a ln c dng chung cho c thu v pht. Chuyn mch cho tuyn thu v tuyn pht s dng cc chuyn mch in t bng cc i t cao tn ging nh chuyn mch chn cc b lc. Chuyn mch cc b lc LPF tuyn pht thng qua tip im cc r le cao tn c kh v tn hiu sau KCS ln nhm trnh xuyn nhiu v suy hao tn hiu. Trong iu kin s dng bnh thng, trn tn 1 tuyn thu c trn tn trc tip, iu cho php tp m u vo my thu gim ng k. Ngoi ra chng cng c th cho php tn hiu tuyn cao tn s dng thm tng K cao tn (PRE. AMP) hoc qua mch suy gim (ATT), iu ph thuc vo vic tn hiu thu c l yu hay qu ln v do ngi s dng la chn. Mch ATT ny c th c iu khin mt cc t ng nh mch AGC.

115

ALC

2LO 64 MHz

1LO

Hnh 3-8. S tuyn cao tn v trung tn 1 Trong hnh 3-9: Cng ging nh tuyn tn s trung tn 1, tuyn thu v pht do thit k c s lp li tng ng trong cc tuyn tn s cn li nn cho php s dng chung nhiu khi chc nng bao gm cc b lc, trn tn... cng nh cc tn s chun LO2 v BFO. iu ch tn hiu trn IC-2301: tn hiu n bin dng iu ch cn bng v lc, CW v AM tn hiu sng mang ly t BFO do mt cn bng t tn tn trn. Gii iu ch trn IC-2001 theo dng trn tn kiu phch vi BFO. Mch NB (Noise Blank) cho ngn chn cc loi nhiu dng xung. Chc nng ca cc mch AGC trong tuyn thu v ALC trong tuyn pht c vai tr gn tng t nh nhau. Cc mch ny s c gii thiu trong chng 5. 116

ALC

AGC

2LO

Hnh 3-9. S tuyn m tn v trung tn 2

ALC

BFO

S.Meter

117

FSKK

DATA

Hnh 3-10. S khi PLL Tuyn PLL (hnh 3-10) c nhim v to ra mng tn s chun 1LO, tn s chun 2LO v cc tn s phch BFO. n nh ca cc tn s chun ny ph thuc vo duy nht mt b dao ng chun 32MHz. Cc mch DDS t ra thch hp trong cc vai tr to ra cc tn s chun mng mau c dn cch tn s nh c s dng to ra tuyn tn s 1LO v BFO. Ngoi chc nng to tn s chun mng mau, mch DDS (IC6) trn cn thm nhng chc nng khc nh: trn tn, chia bin i, tch sng pha... hnh thnh 1LO.

118

3.3 C S XY DNG S CU TRC CHO CC MY THU PHT SNG NGN CNG SUT TRUNG BNH Cc my thu pht c cng sut my pht t 100 1000 W phn ln l cc my thu pht ca di sng ngn v dng thc hin thng tin trn khong cch n vi trm, thm ch vi nghn kilomet. Mt s lng hn ch cc my thu pht sng mt (SCN) c cng cng sut, bo m thng tin c ly 100 150 Km bng sng t, v cu trc tng t cc my thu pht sng ngn. Cc my thu pht cng sut trung bnh c th l c nh hoc c ng (t trn xe). Cc my thu pht ny cho php lm vic c trong ch simplex v duplex. Cc dng tn hiu c bn khi thng tin l: cc tn hiu bo truyn ch v bo thu nghe, cc tn hiu thoi. Trong mt s my thu pht, thc hin thng tin khi c ng, my pht v my thu c b tr cng vi nhau (t nht l trn din tch ca xe). Trong cc my thu pht khc, ch dng lm vic khi dng (tnh ti) - my pht v my thu c b tr ring bit, i khi cch xa nhau. Khi cc nhiu t my pht sang my thu c loi tr (nhiu theo cc knh ph). Cc my thu pht cng sut trung bnh c th l c lp hoc thnh tng cm. Cc my thu pht c lp phc v cho cc hng thng tin ring bit, cn cc cm my thu pht (trung tm) - cho h thng thng tin c chc nng tng th no . Cc my thu pht c lp lun lun l my thu pht thu pht, chng c thit b cui ring v c cc phng tin iu khin xa. Cc my thu pht c lp vi cng sut my pht n 250 W c th c s kt hp ca my thu v my pht vi b tng hp tn s chung, tc l mt thit b thng nht v phng din kt cu, tng t cc my thu pht cng sut nh nh nu trn. Khi cng sut my pht ln hn 250 W, my thu v my pht thng c tch ring, thm vo my thu khng cn l vt s hu ch ca mt loi my thu pht, m c thng nht v dng nh phn hp thnh ca a s cc my thu pht cng sut trung bnh v cng sut ln. Mt v d ca s cu trc my thu pht SN/CSTB c ng, c lp vi my pht v my thu ring r nhng b tr phi hp nh hnh 3-11.

119

Anten pht

Anten thu pht My thu c bn Bn iu khin

Anten thu n trm iu khin xa

ng dy

My pht

My thu ph
My tip sc

Thit b KT TB o lng kim tra

Thit b KX Ngun nui

Thit b ghp knh B phn tch tn s

n trm thoi/bo

Thit b cui

Hnh 3-11. S cu trc my thu pht c lp vi my pht v my thu phi hp My thu pht bao gm: My pht vi b anten pht bc x sng tri v sng t. My thu c bn thu tt c cc dng tn hiu, vi b anten thu thu sng tri v sng t. My thu ph thng thu cc dng tn hiu nghe (bo A1, thoi AM, thoi SSB tinh chnh tn s bng tay). Anten thu - pht dng lin lc khi hnh tin bng cc sng in li ly n 100 300 Km (anten bc x nh). Thit b cui ti ch (my in bo, manp bo v atric, loa, micro....) Cc phng tin lin lc vi trm iu khin xa my thu pht (trm v tuyn tip sc v ng dy). Thit b ghp knh ng iu khin xa, bo m to nn s lng cn thit cc knh thng tin tin tc v knh cng v. Thit b iu khin xa v tuyn bng my thu pht v bo hiu v tuyn v trng thi ca n. Thit b t ng ho cc qu trnh tin hnh lin lc. Thit b o lng kim tra. Thit b nh gi tnh hnh tn s. Ngun in s cp (trm in vi ng c xng) v th cp (cc b bin i c b nn). Ngun dng s cp chn cng sut t ng c t. Bn iu khin chung my thu pht c kh nng chuyn knh. 120

My thu pht SCN/CSN lin lc trong i hnh c ng. Cc my pht v my thu c kh nng iu chnh t ng tn s n mt trong cc tn s chun b trc hoc n tn s cn thit bt k. S khc nhau l thi gian iu chnh. Nu trc y thi gian ny c hng chc giy, th by gi l vi giy v vi phn ca giy. Cc thit b phi hp anten trn cc phn t ri rc v cc my thu vi t xoay gin on. B anten pht v anten thu thng gm: Cc chn t i xng, Anten thu bc x nh, dng thc hin lin lc bng sng tri c ly n 500 Km, Cc anten hnh V l cc anten nh hng bc x khng gian lin lc xa, Cc anten cn l cc anten bc x b mt. Cc chn t vi phi khp kn cng c dng nh anten bc x b mt Anten thu - pht lin lc khi c ng l anten bc x nh v lin lc khong cch kh xa ch c th bo m bng sng tri. ng thng tin tip sc thng dng di decimet. S knh ca ng ny xc nh bi thit b ghp knh v c tnh ti cc kh nng ca my thu pht theo cc dng tn hiu v theo s knh tin tc. Knh iu khin xa v tuyn c th c phi hp vi mt trong cc knh tin tc, v trong thi gian iu khin xa v tuyn tin tc khng c pht i. S bo hiu t xa v trng thi cc phn t ca my thu pht thc hin lin tc v cn mt knh ring. Mc d rng my thu pht c lp c tnh ton s dng thit b cui ca mnh, n vn c kh nng chuyn mch chuyn (pht) cc knh cho thit b cui ca tng trm thng tin m my thu pht ny l mt thnh phn. Nhm khai thc kh nng dng mng in xoay chiu nui my thu pht, cc tham s ca ngun ti ch u c qui v cc tham s ca mng in. Trong thnh phn ngun nui thng c b n p xoay chiu v mng in c th c cc bin i ng k. Bn iu khin chung ca my thu pht dng chuyn i tt c cc mch iu khin ca my thu pht. Cc thao tc thc hin t bn iu khin ca my thu pht c th l: 121

M ngun nui my thu pht, Chn ch cng tc, Chn dng tn hiu, Pht lnh iu chnh t ng cho my pht v my thu, iu chnh cc knh, Chuyn i cc knh ca my thu pht trn ng iu khin xa v c trn ng cc trm thoi v bo. Chuyn cc tn hiu v tuyn s cp ln di tn cng tc trong cc my thu pht SN/CSTB: Trong cc my thu pht loi ny, vic chuyn cc tn hiu v tuyn ln di tn cng tc thc hin bng cc php bin tn lin tip. Khi bin tn s dng cc tn s chun n nh cao c tng hp t tn s ca b dao ng thch anh cc k chnh xc. Nhng yu cu c bn khi chuyn tn tn hiu l tuyn tnh ca php chuyn (gi nguyn khng thay i cu trc ca cc tn hiu) v khng c cc sn phm ph ca bin tn. u tin ngi ta chuyn cc tn hiu t mt s tn s c nh sang cc tn s c nh khc, sau chuyn ln di rng cc tn s gin on. S ln bin tn trong tuyn c xc nh bi hiu gia tn s cng tc v tn s hnh thnh tn hiu v tuyn s cp v bi cc tnh cht chn lc ca cc b lc li ra mi cp bin tn. Trc tin xt php chuyn cc tn hiu ln tn s n: Cc phn t c bn ca b bin tn l b trn v b lc. Nu c hai dao ng (ca tn hiu fc v chun f0 ) a n trn tn th li ra s c tp v hn cc tn s dng: mfc nf0 ; m, n l cc s nguyn dng, c tr t 1 n v hn. Tng m + n = p c gi l bc ca t hp tn s ( p tng th cng t hp gim). Mt trong hai dao ng to nn khi m = n = 1 (tng hoc hiu) l dao ng c ch. Cc dao ng cn li u l ph. tch ly dao ng c ch v loi b cc dao ng ph ngi ta dng cc b lc di. Suy gim ng k cc dao ng ph c th t c bng s la chn s b trn tn. Tt nht l b trn tn vng cn bng v cc dao ng ph li ra ca n ch c dng: 122

f ph = (2n + 1) f 0 (2m + 1) f c

(3.5)

Chuyn tn hiu ln di tn s phc tp hn v s tn s chun by gi s bng s tn s trong di v mi tn s chun li phi tho mn iu kin suy gim cn thit cc dao ng ph. Xc xut hnh thnh cc dao ng ph c hi s cng nh nu h s bao tn cng nh ( K f = f 0 max / f 0 min ). Gim h s bao tn c th thc hin bng cch chuyn s b tn hiu ln tn s rt cao. i khi c th trnh c s hnh thnh cc dao ng ph bng php chuyn tn hiu i vi ln bin tn cui cng ln khng phi mt m l 2 - 3 tn s cch nhau mt khong bng di tn chun gim h s bao tn (hnh 3-12).
56.222 MHz 46.222 MHz 36.222 MHz
fc

Trn tn (-)
f0

Lc thng thp

Tn hiu ra Bng I: 1.5 - 10 MHz Bng II: 10 - 20 MHZ Bng III: 20 - 30 MHz

56.222 - 66.222 MHz

Hnh 3-12. V d 1 to di tn cng tc la chn linh hot nht cc cch bin tn, i vi php bin tn cui cng c th chuyn tn hiu ln vi tn s vi khong cch khc nhau gia chng v to nn mt lot cc di tn chun vi h s bao tn khc nhau (hnh 3-13). y cn to di 0 60 MHz. Tn hiu trc php bin tn cui c chuyn ln 3 tn s 12.8; 37.8 v 42.8 MHz. Cn di tn cng tc v di tn s chun ng vi chng c to theo bng 3-1. Bng 3-1 on tn cng tc ( MHz) 0 13 13 15 15 20 20 23 23 28 28 30 30 60 Tn s tn hiu li vo b bin tn cui (MHz) 42.8 37.8 42.8 37.8 42.8 37.8 12.8 Di tn s chun (MHz) 42.8 55.8 50.8 52.8 57.8 62.8 57.8 60.8 65.8 70.8 65.8 67.8 42.8 72.8 123

C nhiu cch to nn on tn cng tc (xem t bng) song ta chn cch tt nht.

Lc thng thp (< 30 MHz) 12.8 MHz 37.8 MHz 42.8 MHz
fc

B trn tn (tr)
f0

Lc thng di (30 - 35 MHz)

Li ra

42.8 - 72.8 MHz Lc thng di (55 - 60 MHz)

Hnh 3-13. V d 2 to di cng tc By gi ta xt vn lc tn hiu li ra b bin tn cui cng. V cc tn s ra hnh thnh nh hiu cc tn s rt cao f 0 f c , tn hiu i xng cng mnh nht f 0 + f c nm rt xa phm vi di tn cng tc. Cc tn s chun ( b suy gim mc no trong b trn cn bng) cng vt ra ngoi gii hn ca ton b di tn cng tc hoc mt phn ca n. iu ny cho php ta s dng b lc thng thp (hnh 3-12) hoc nhm b lc gm b lc thng thp v mt lot cc b lc di thng (hnh 3-13). p ng yu cu t ng ho qu trnh iu chnh, ngi ta dng cc b lc iu chnh gin on gm cc nhm t in v in cm gin on.

124

Chng 4
B TNG HP TN S
4.1 KHI QUT CHUNG V CC B TNG HP TN S 4.1.1 V tr v yu cu B tng hp tn s (THTS) l mt thnh phn c bn rt quan trng trong cc thit b thu pht v tuyn. N c nhim v to ra cc tn s dng lm dao ng ch sng cho tuyn pht v dao ng ngoi sai cho tuyn thu. Trong k thut thng tin hin i, thit b thu pht v tuyn c th thc hin thng tin lin lc tin cy, khi bt u lin lc khng phi tm kim v trong qu trnh lin lc khng phi vi chnh tn s, th b THTS phi t c nhng yu cu sau: Lm vic trong di tn rng tho mn c cc yu cu ra vi s lng thch anh l t nht. Bc tn ( phn gii tn s) nh p ng c cc yu cu i vi tng loi thit b trong cc di tn khc nhau. m bo n nh v chnh xc tn s cao. m bo sch dao ng ( tinh khit ph), loi b n mc thp nht cc dao ng ph sinh ra trong qu trnh bin i tn s: phi rt gn vi dao ng n iu ho, khng c cc dao ng ph ng k, khng c s iu bin, iu tn hay iu pha r rt bi cc tp m, bi ting xoay chiu ...v.v. Thi gian thit lp tn s nhanh, chnh xc. C kh nng nh v iu chnh chuyn tn s t ng. Kch thc, trng lng nh, kh nng module ho cao. Gi thnh h.

B THTS l thit b c kh nng to ra mt s lng ln tn s chnh xc t mt tn s chun. Thut ng THTS (frequency synthesizer) c Finden s dng ln u tin cho vic to ra cc tn s l hi ca tn s chun. Cc tin b gn y trong vic thit k cc mch tch hp cho php pht trin cc b THTS r tin, nh c th p dng chng trong hu ht cc my thu pht thng tin. Mt b THTS c th thay th cho nhiu mch cng hng thch anh t tin trong mt my thu v tuyn nhiu knh. B dao ng s dng mt thch anh 125

to ra mt tn s chun, cn b THTS th to ra cc tn s chun khc. Do chng kh r v c th d dng iu khin bng cc mch s, nn cc b THTS c ng dng nhiu trong thit k cc h thng thng tin mi. 4.1.2 Phn loi cc phng php tng hp tn s C nhiu cch phn loi tng hp tn s da theo nhiu tiu ch khc nhau, nhng hin nay thng dng hn c c th phn chia cc b tng hp tn s thnh ba loi sau: THTS trc tip, THTS gin tip c s dng vng kho pha PLL v THTS s trc tip (DDS). Phng php lu i nht c m t ln u tin bi Finden, v c gi l THTS trc tip, bao gm cc b trn, b nhn tn, b chia tn v cc b lc thng di. Sau , trong hu ht cc ng dng, THTS trc tip c thay th bi THTS gin tip (kt hp), s dng mch vng kho pha PLL tng t hay PLL s. Phng php THTS mi nht hin nay - THTS s trc tip, s dng my tnh s v mt b bin i s - tng t (DAC) to ra tn hiu. Mi phng php THTS c u nhc im ring, v c th cn thit phi kt hp c ba phng php trong khi thit k b THTS. Trong chng ny, c ba phng php THTS s ln lt c nghin cu. 4.2 CC MCH C S TRONG CC B TNG HP TN S 4.2.1 Tng hp tn s s dng cc mch nhn, chia, cng v tr Hai php tnh u cho php t tn s f0 nhn c cc tn s cao hn
K1 f 0 v thp hn f 0 / K 2 (K1, K2 l cc s nguyn). Thc hin lin tip hai php
K1 f 0 . Cc tn s c K2

tnh ny cho php nhn c cc tn s vi h s phn s

hnh thnh nh vy nu vn cha tho mn yu cu th c th cng hoc tr lin tip. f0 s l tha s chung trong tt c php tnh c thc hin. Bi vy ta s biu din cc php tnh bng mt ton t V. Tn s c tng hp f = Vf 0 . Nu
f 0 c s gia f 0 th: f + f = Vf 0 + V f 0 v f = V f 0

suy ra: f / f = f 0 / f 0 . Php nhn tn da trn c s hnh thnh cc dao ng c dng khng sin song li tun hon (c chu k), hay gp nht l dy xung giu hi bc cao v tch 126

ly hi cn thit nh b lc (cng hng). Php chia tn c thc hin trn c s s dng rng ri cc vi mch tch hp logic. Nhng b chia xy dng trn IC thng gi l b chia s. Chng l thit b m, to nn dy xung li ra vi tn s nh hn tn s lp li ca xung vo mt h s chia K D . Trig c li vo m l b chia hai n gin nht. Ni ni tip n trig cho ta b chia vi h s chia K D = 2 n (tn s c chia gii hn fT = 1/( p + T ) y p l rng xung vo, T l thi gian chuyn trng thi ca trig). Thng cn b chia vi h s chia tho mn iu kin 2 n 1 < K D < 2 n . Mun vy cn ni ni tip n trig v loi b cc trng thi tha. iu ny t c bng cch chuyn mch cng bc mt s trig hoc gi chng khng chuyn mch mt cch cng bc. tha trng thi c loi tr bng vic a cc hi tip ph vo dy trig (hnh 4-1).

Vo

n 1

Ra

Hnh 4-1. B chia c hi tip Nu a hi tip t hng n v hng u tin th h s chia s gim i n v: K D (1) = 2n 20 = 2n 1 . Nu a hi tip t hng n v hng th hai th:
K D (2) = 2n 21 = 2.(2n 1 1) , tc l K D gim i 2. Hi tip t hng th n v hng

th i (khi i < n ) dn ti h s chia: K D (i ) = 2n 2i 1 . Cc b chia c h s chia bin i chim mt v tr c bit trong tng hp mng tn s. Gi s rng ta c b m xung gm mt chui cc trig ni ni tip vi dung lng bng h s chia yu cu K D . Nu s xung i vo li vo ca n (tnh t thi im bt ngun b m) bng dung lng th li ra s xut hin mt xung. Ta dng xung ny lm xung ra v ng thi l xung a b m v trng thi ban u. Tn s lp li ca cc xung li ra s s nh hn K D ln so vi li vo. thay i K D cn thay i dung lng b m. Dung lng b m ph thuc vo trng thi ban u ca mi trig. S t hp c th cc trng thi ca trig tr i 1 s bng cc h s chia c th. V d b m gm 4 trig th h s 127

chia c th thay i t 1 15 (hnh 4-2).

Tn hiu vo S R T1 Q

S R

T2

Q Mch V Tn hiu ra

S R

T3

S R

T4

Hnh 4-2. B chia c h s chia bin i Thay cho cc trig, trong cc b chia c th s dng cc decade m, ngha l cc b chia vi dung lng bng 10 (hnh 4-3).
Tn hiu ra Mch V

Tn hiu vo

Decade 1

Decade 2

Decade n

Mch lt

Hnh 4-3. S b chia bin i dng decade Di tc ng ca xung ra, ton b thc decade nm trng thi xc nh bi v tr ca cc chuyn mch ngha l trng thi b h s chia n dung lng cc i. Sau khi y ton b dung lng b chia, mch "V" vi n li vo s lm vic v chu trnh lp li. H s chia xc nh bng biu thc:
K D = (9 an ).10n 1 + (9 an 1 ).10n 2 + .... + (9 a1 ).100

(4.1)

a1 , a2 ,L , an l cc s ghi trong decade tng ng.

C th chia vi h s chia l phn s. Nu h s chia ch cha cc phn chc, th trong 10 chu trnh chia cn thc hin chia cho h s K D v ( K D + 1) tng ng (10 k ) ln v k ln. H s chia trung bnh: 128

K D avr =

K D .(10 k ) + ( K D + 1).k = K D + k /10 10

(4.2)

Nu mun c phn trm trong h s chia, cn thc hin php chia cho cc h s ( K D + k /10) v [ K D + (k + 1) /10] tng ng (10 k1 ) ln v k1 ln. H s chia trung bnh s l:
K D avr =
(KD +

k k +1 ).(10 k1 ) + ( K D + ).k1 k k 10 10 = KD + + 1 10 10 100

ki i i =1 10
m

(4.3)

Trong trng hp tng qut vi m hng phn s:

K D avr = K D +

(4.4)

Trong s thc t cn iu khin s php chia (v d cho K D v K D + 1 ) v cn san bng (ly trung bnh) dy li ra b chia nh b lc hoc b chia ph. Php cng v php tr tn s hay c thc hin bng cc b bin tn thng thng, ch yu l cc b bin tn vng cn bng kt hp vi lc trc tip. 4.2.2 Cc h thng tinh chnh t ng tn s trong cc b tng hp B t dao ng tinh chnh theo tn s chun cn phi xt nh mt dng ca b lc di hp. Nguyn tc ca phng php lc ny c gii thch trn hnh 4-4.
k f S

BPF

So snh a LPF

Dao ng lin tc Phn t khng

fra

Hnh 4-4. S tinh chnh t ng tn s Tn s ca b dao ng c tinh chnh (c n nh) s so snh vi mt trong cc tn s ca mng to bng phng php trc tip. in p ra ca phn t so snh c gi tr v du ph thuc vo sai pha hoc sai tn v s c lc bi b lc thp tn di hp. in p sau lc ny dng iu chnh tn s ca b dao ng thng qua phn tr khng. Tu thuc vo kiu ca phn t so snh m n c th phn ng vi hiu pha hoc hiu tn s ca cc dao ng c so snh. Tng ng s c cc h 129

thng tinh chnh t ng tn s theo pha (TF) v tinh chnh t ng tn s theo tn s (TT). Ta ln lt xt hai h thng ny: a. H thng TF (vng kha pha PLL) VCO (Voltage Controlled Oscillator): l b dao ng c tn s n nh ph thuc vo thin p ngoi. Tn hiu ra ca VCO l tn s, cn tn hiu vo l in p iu khin (c th l DC hoc AC). c tuyn iu khin in hnh ca VCO nh hnh 4-5. Tn s ra khi thin p vo bng 0 (V) l tn s t nhin fn , cn khi thin p thay i gy nn s lch tn f. Do , ta c f ra = f n + f . f i xng, tn s t nhin ca VCO phi nm gia ca on tuyn tnh c tuyn vo - ra. Hm truyn t ca VCO l: K 0 = f / V , trong V l s thay i thin p iu khin, f l s thay i tn s ra.
180 100 80 50 fN -1 0 +1 Thin p (V)

Tn s ra VCO

-2

+2

Hnh 4-5. c tuyn in p vo - tn s ra ca VCO B so pha (PD): l thit b phi tuyn c 2 tn hiu vo: tn hiu chun (f0) v tn hiu ra ca VCO (fVCO). Tn hiu ra ca PD l tch ca 2 tn hiu vo, v th c cha cc thnh phn f 0 f VCO . V ton hc ta c:
V pd (t ) = K pd .VVCO .Vo .sin(0t + 0 ).sin(VCOt + VCO ) = K pd .VVCO .Vo 2

{[cos(VCO o )t + (VCO 0 )] - [cos(VCO + o )t + ( VCO + 0 )]}

(4.5)

B lc tn thp LPF loi b thnh phn tn s tng, nn sau lc ta c in p iu khin l:

Vdk (t ) = K pd .K f .V0 .VVCO

[cos(VCO 0 )t + (VCO 0 )]

(4.6)

y: K f l h s truyn t ca b lc LPF. 130

Khi hai tn s vo bng nhau VCO = 0 ta c:

Vdk (t ) = K pd .K f .V0 .VVCO 2 cos(VCO 0 )]= K L .cos e

(4.7)

y: K L l h s truyn t ca vng, e l sai pha gia 2 tn hiu vo. Hnh 4-6 l c tuyn hiu pha li vo - in p ra ca b so pha. Hnh 46a l ca b so pha dng sng vung, c dng rng ca vi dc m t 00 n 1800. in p ra cc i dng khi 2 tn hiu vo cng pha, bng 0 khi VCO vt pha tn hiu chun 900, cc i m khi VCO nhanh pha hn tn hiu chun 1800. Nu VCO nhanh pha nhiu hn na, in p ra tr nn t m hn, cn khi VCO chm pha hn th in p ra tr nn t dng hn. Nh vy, sai pha cc i m b so pha c th bm l 900 900, hay t 00 n 1800. B so pha to nn in p ra t l vi sai pha gia 2 tn hiu vo. Hnh 4-6c l c tuyn pha ca b so pha tng t vi c tnh hnh sin. in p ra ch tuyn tnh vi sai pha trong khong 450 n 1350. T 2 hnh ny ta thy rng in p ra so pha bng 0 khi 2 tn hiu vo c tn s bng nhau v lch pha nhau 900. V th, nu ban u tn s dao ng t nhin bng vi tn s chun th cn c sai pha 900 gi in p ra so pha bng 0 (V) v tn s VCO bng tn s t nhin ca n. Sai pha 900 ny tng ng vi nh thin pha. Ni chung, ngi ta coi nh thin pha nh pha chun c tr bng 900. Do , in p ra i t gi tr dng cc i ca n ti 900 n gi tr m cc i ti + 900 (hnh 4-6b).
VPD +V
1800

VPD +V
+900

900 1350 1800

90

0V -V

90

45

(a)

(b)

-V

(c)

Hnh 4-6. c tuyn tch sng pha Hot ng ca h thng: Khi khng c tn hiu chun bn ngoi, in p Vdk (t ) = 0 , VCO dao ng tn s t nhin ca n f n . Khi c tn hiu chun, ti b so pha s thc hin trn 2 tn hiu vo. Ban u, 2 tn s khng bng nhau f VCO f 0 v vng khng kha. V b so pha l thit b phi tuyn nn sau trn ta c cc thnh phn tn s VCO, tn s chun v thnh phn tn s tng v hiu ca chng. 131

LPF chn 2 tn s vo v tn s tng nn li ra b lc ch cn thnh phn in p tn s hiu f 0 f VCO = f d (i khi c gi l tn s phch) a n (c th qua khuch i) li vo VCO. in p iu khin ny lm thay i tn s VCO mt lng t l vi cc tnh v bin ca n. Khi tn s VCO thay i, bin v tn s ca tn s phch cng thay i tng ng (hnh 4-7 - ti im a hnh 4-4).
+

fd (Hz)

0 f 0 = f VCO

Hnh 4-7. Tn s phch Sau vi chu k, tn s VCO bng vi tn s chun v vng c kha. Khi kha th tn s phch ti li ra LPF bng 0 Hz (in p DC), iu ny l cn thit nh thin VCO v gi n kha vo tn s chun. Mt khi vng kha, bt k s thay i no ca tn s vo u c nhn nhn nh sai pha, v b so pha to nn s thay i tng ng in p ra ca n ti lp kha.
Di kho = 2fL Di gi = fL Di kho = 2fL Di gi = fL fLl fn (a) fLu fCl Di bt = 2fC Di ko = fC fn (b) fCu fLl fCl Di bt = 2fC Di ko = fC fn (c) fCu fLu

Hnh 4-8. Di kha v di bt ca PLL Hai tham s quan trng ca vng PLL l di kha v di bt: Di kha: c nh ngha nh di tn ln cn tn s t nhin ca VCO, trn PLL c th duy tr s kha vi tn hiu chun. C ngha l lc u PLL c kha vo tn s chun. Di kha cn c gi l di bm, trn PLL s bm chnh xc tn s chun. Di kha tng khi tng ch tng cng ca vng PLL tng. Di gi bng mt na di kha. Mi quan h gia di kha v di gi c minh ha trn hnh 4-8a. Tn s thp nht m PLL vn bm c gi l gii hn 132

kha di ( fll ), tn s cao nht m PLL vn bm c gi l gii hn kha trn ( flu ). Di kha ph thuc vo ln ca cc in p a n b so pha, vo dc ca c tuyn so pha, vo dc ca c tuyn iu khin VCO. Di thng b lc tn thp thc t khng nh hng n di kha v trong ch kha in p iu khin thay i rt chm theo thi gian v ph ca n chim di rt hp. Di bt: c nh ngha nh di tn ln cn tn s t nhin ca VCO, trn PLL c th thit lp hoc nhn bit s kha vi tn hiu chun. Di bt ni chung nm gia 1,1 v 1,7 ln tn s t nhin ca VCO. Di bt ph thuc vo di thng ca LPF. Di bt gim khi di thng b lc gim v khi cc hi bc cao ca in p iu khin cng c lc tt, in p iu khin cng gn vi hnh cosine, dn ti gim thnh phn 1 chiu quyt nh mc iu chnh ca VCO. Di ko bng mt na di bt (hnh 4-8b). Ta c gii hn di bt di ( f cl ) v gii hn di bt trn ( f cu ). Di bt khng bao gi ln hn (hu nh lun lun nh hn) di kha (hnh 4-8c). t c hiu qu lc ca cc dao ng t hp ph, cn dng LPF c di thng rt hp v do gim di bt. Bi vy khi chuyn b tng hp t tn s ny sang tn s khc, ngi ta phi dng mt h thng t ng a tn s ca b dao ng iu chnh vo di bt ca vng PLL. thng l b dao ng tm kim hay b to in p rng ca. Khi bt ngun b tng hp, in p ny tc ng ln phn t khng v thc hin s qut tn s ca VCO, sao cho bt c di cha tn s danh nh. Sau khi bt c th b dao ng tm kim t ngt ra. Trong mt s b tng hp ngi ta p dng b so pha xung. Trong so pha thng thng cc dao ng c dng hnh sin hoc ch nht c dng lm cc dao ng chuyn mch v c chuyn mch. Trong so pha xung, chuyn mch ngi ta dng dy cc xung ngn. Tnh cht l th ca so pha xung l kh nng so snh khng ch cc tn s nh nhau, m cn c cc tn s bi ca nhau. Nu tn s ca dy xung l fP th so snh vi n c th dng dao ng iu ho n. fP. in p li ra b so pha xung c xc nh bi gi tr v du ca in p hnh sin ti thi im tc ng ca xung. Nu fVCO v fP l bi ca nhau th cc xung trng vi cng mt gi tr ca in p hnh sin tn s fVCO v in p ghim bi xung s nh nhau (hnh 4-9). ln ca in p ny xc nh bi dch pha ca in p hnh sin so vi dy xung. Khi cc tn s khng phi bi ca nhau, dy xung ra s b bin i v bin . in p ra b so pha xung c san bng bi LPF c thi hng ln. 133

V VCO t

VVCO t

VXUNG t V t

VXUNG t V t

Hnh 4-9. Hnh thnh in p ra ca so pha xung S minh ha ng dng vng PLL nh hnh 4-10. y tn s b dao ng iu chnh c bin i ni suy a v tn s khng i so snh vi tn s chun so pha. S bin tn thc hin t cao n thp cng vi s thu hp lin tip di thng cc b lc, nh trit tt cc t hp ph. u im ny gii thch s ng dng rng ri ca s .
f0 BPF fTG1 Trn (-) fC1 B chn 1 BPF fTG1 = f0 So pha fTG2 Trn (-) fC2 B chn 2 BPF BPF LPF Varicap fTGi VCO fra

Trn (-) fCi B chn i

Hnh 4-10. S ni suy c vng PLL b. H thng t ng iu chnh theo tn s (TT) y thit b so snh phn ng vi s thay i tn s ca b dao ng c iu chnh v cng khng c s so snh trc tip cc tn s. Tn s b dao ng nh tn s ca thnh phn ca mng, c bin i xung thnh tn s ca b phn bit (TSTS). c tuyn tn s li vo - in p ra ca ca b phn bit nh hnh 4-11a. Nu tn s bin i ca b dao ng khc vi fD0 th li ra ca b phn bit s xut hin in p c gi tr v du c quyt nh bi gi tr v du ca lch tn s b dao ng so vi danh nh (tn s danh nh l f + fD0 hoc f - fD0 nu f l thnh phn ca mng tn s). Hnh 4-11b l s biu din kt hp c tnh ca TSTS v ca phn t iu khin. 134

1 f

f bd f du

f D = f VCO

fD 0

(a)

(b)

Hnh 4-11. c tuyn ca b phn bit Trong hnh ny: fbd - lch ban u ca tn s b dao ng so vi danh nh, fdu - lch cn d. im O ng vi trng thi cn bng n nh ca h. tng ch ca TT l: KTT = fbd / fdu. fdu ph thuc vo dc ca c tuyn TSTS v phn t khng. C th ta c: SD = (V / fD ) = tg v Sk = (fVCO / V) = tg. KTT = 1 + (fb - fdu )/fdu y: S l dc ca c tuyn; V l in p sau b phn bit Ti im cn bng: fb - fdu = - Sk.V fdu = V/tg KTT = 1 - Sk.SD V cn c KTT > 1 nn Sk v SD phi khc du. Di bt ca TT c xc nh bi lch ban u cc i ca b dao ng c iu chnh, khi vn bo m c tc dng iu chnh ca h thng (vi nhng iu kin ban u bt k v d khi bt ngun, khi thay i nhanh tn s ...). Di gi ca TT c xc nh bi lch cc i ca b dao ng iu chnh m vn gi nguyn tc dng iu chnh trong qu trnh tng lch ban u (khi h thng c m ngun lin tc). C cu lc t hp ph trong h thng TT kh ging trong h TF xt. Gia thnh phn chun ca mng f v cc dao ng t hp f + F pht sinh cc phch. Cc phch bin c hn ch bi b hn bin, cc phch tn s c tch sng bi b phn bit. V vy cc dao ng vi tn s F c chng 135

ln in p iu khin. Nu F > fct LPF n s b lc b, nu F fct LPF n s iu ch cc dao ng ca b dao ng c iu chnh.

R1 BPF 1 Hn bin n tuyn dch R2 Varicap1 C Varicap2 Dao ng ph V2 Khuch i Tch sng Kho K1 V1 Phn t ngng Kho K2

TSTS

Khuch i

n tuyn dch

LPF 2

Tuyn bin i tn s dao ng ph

Hnh 4-12. S iu chnh in t b dao ng ph Trong trng hp pht sinh iu tn k sinh fVCO v tun th iu kin tn s iu ch nh hn tn s ct LPF, di tn s gim i KTT ln (c s gii iu ch). Do c lch cn d, nn KTT khng p dng c trong cc b tng hp vai tr nh TF. Thng TT ng vai tr ph. Khi xt s b tr ta thy rng cn duy tr fVCO khng c vt qu f / 2 (di thng ca b lc c bn). Yu cu ny thng t c nh h TT (hnh 4-12). Hot ng ca s nh sau: khi t tn s cng tc ca b tng hp, tn s ca dao ng ph ng vi tn s cng tc c hoc tn s ngu nhin trong di ca n, bi vy cc dao ng li ra b lc c bn ca s b tr s khng c. y l iu kin b dao ng tch thot lm vic, bo m qut tn s ca dao ng ph. in p ngun (- E) np t C qua R1 v V1. Khi UC t gi tr ngng no , kha K2 m ra v t phng. V t ni vi phn t khng 1, s thay i in p trn t ko theo s thay i tn s dao ng ph. Khi tn s ny i qua gi tr danh nh, li ra BPF1 xut hin in p. Sau hn ch, khuch i, tch sng s m kho K1. in p trn t C c ghim li v thi np. Cng lc TT bt u hot ng. in p iu khin t li ra TSTS qua LPF2 tc ng ln phn t khng 2. in p ny cn c khuch i trong b khuch i mt chiu v bo m np thm cho t C ang phng chm. Hng s thi gian R2C >> hng s thi gian b lc LPF2, in p ra b lc R2C >> in p ra LPF2, bi vy y c th coi nh c hai h thng TT di rng v di hp. TT di rng (R2C - phn t khng 1) bo 136

m a tn s b dao ng vo di kha ca TT di hp (R2C - phn t khng 2), cn TT di hp duy tr tn s bin i ca b dao ng trong di thng ca BPF1. Trong mt s b tng hp, ngi ta s dng kt hp c TF v TT (hnh 4-13). y lch cn d ca TT phi nh hn mt na di bt ca TF.
BPF So pha f0 Hn bin TSTS LPF2 LPF1 VCO fra

Hnh 4-13. TT v TF kt hp 4.3 CC PHNG PHP TNG HP TN S 4.3.1 To mng tn s bng phng php tng hp trc tip Tng hp trc tip tn s c ngha l nhn c tn s chun mi t cc tn s ca dao ng chun s cp cho bng cc php tnh s hc n gin i vi cc tn s , chng bao gm cc php: nhn, chia, cng v tr. y l phng php THTS c in c ng dng sm v c nhiu im hn ch. Theo nguyn l ny ta c b THTS dng nhiu b dao ng chun vi nhiu thch anh (kiu 1) v b THTS dng 1 thch anh (kiu 2). Kiu 1 n gin song t tin nn t s dng. a. Cc phng phpTHTS trc tip
Chn b dao ng chun 10...90 (kHz) Trn tn
SW1 SW2

Chn b dao ng chun 1...9 (kHz) f ra

Lc di

Hnh 4-14. THTS trc tip s dng nhiu dao ng chun Trn thc t, vic to ra cc b dao ng thng thc hin d dng hn so vi cc b lc di c chn lc cao. Thay v phi dng cc b lc di c chn lc cc k cao, thng dng nhiu b dao ng chun, phng php ny 137

gi l phng php lun phin. S minh ho trn hnh 4-14. S gm 18 b dao ng chun, 2 o mch, b trn v lc di. o mch SW2 c nhim v chn 1 trong 9 b dao ng c di tn t 1 9 kHz vi bc tn 1kHz, SW2 gi l o mch hng kilhc. o mch SW1 c nhim v chn 1 trong 9 b dao ng bao trm di tn t 10 90 kHz vi bc tn l 10 kHz, SW1 gi l o mch hng chc kilohec. Hai tn hiu c chn t hai o mch a ti b trn tn. B lc u ra s chn thnh phn t hp tn s cao trong hai thnh phn t hp u ra b trn. V d: Cn t tn s l 91KHz, ta t SW1 v tr ly b dao ng 1 kHz, SW2 v tr ly b dao ng 90 kHz, u ra b trn c hai thnh phn chnh 90 + 1 = 91 kHz v 90 - 1 = 89 kHz, b lc di s chn ly thnh phn 91 kHz. Vi s ny, ta thu c di tn 1 99 kHz bc tn l 1 kHz. S s dng b trn nh th ny gp phi kh khn ln nht l: u ra b trn c hai thnh phn tn s tng v hiu, nu hai thnh phn tn s ny qu gn nhau th vic loi b mt trong hai thnh phn l kh khn, yu cu v b lc tng ln. Mt trong nhng iu cn quan tm u tin khi thit k cc b THTS trc tip l h s trn r (mixing ratio):
r= f1 f2

(4.8)

vi f1 v f2 l cc tn s u vo b trn. Khi r qu ln hoc qu nh th hai tn s u ra s qu gn nhau, nn kh lc ly mt thnh phn. d dng chn lc s dng phng php to mng chn hi nh trn s hnh 4-15: hai tn s f1ref v f 2 ref t li ra cc b chn hi i ti b trn. Tn s tng f o / p = f1ref + f 2 ref c tch ra bng b lc li ra b trn. Tn s f1ref c c nh nhn tn s f1 bng bc ca mng tng hp f S vi h s ( n + l ) , cn f 2 ref nh nhn tn s
f 2 = 10.f S vi h s p. Do vy:
f o / p = (l + n).f S + p.10.f S = f S (l + n + 10. p )

(4.9)

f1, f2 nhn c bng tng hp trc tip t tn s b dao ng thch anh chun. H thc f2 = 10f1 chn xut pht t mc ch s dng h thng decade; l v p c th nhn cc gi tr ca cc s nguyn dng khc khng. Chng xc nh v tr ca tn s u tin ca mng c tng hp trn trc tn s, cn n c th nhn cc gi tr t 0 9.

138

f1ref = ( + n)f S

f1 = f S

Chn hi 1

B trn (+) Chn hi 2

f 2 = 10 f S

Lc di thng

fo / p

f 2ref = p.10.f S

Hnh 4-15. To mng tn s ri rc bng tng hp trc tip V d: Ta cn mng tn s cch nhau fS = 10 kHz trong di t 1 2 MHz. Khi n = 0, l + p.10 phi bng 100 v ch vi iu kin ny tn s u tin mi bng 1 MHz. Nu n = 1 9 th li ra s nhn c di tn t 1 1,09 MHz. Sau cn tng p ln mt n v (dch tn s ca b chn 2 i mt khong 10fS) v ln lt cho n cc gi tr t 0 9. Di tn by gi s m rng thm ra 10fS hay 100 kHz v s bao on tn t 1 1,19 MHz. H s l + p.10 cho php thay i linh hot cc gi tr tuyt i ca tn s cc b chn f1ref , f 2 ref bng cch chn l v p (xem bng 4-1). Bng 4-1
l

p 9 8 7 6

f1ref

f 2 ref

10 20 30 40

100 200 300 400

900 800 700 600

Trong cch tng hp tn s ny, mng tha f 2 ref c an xen bi mng mau
f1ref (hnh 4-16). Bi vy phng php ny c gi l phng php ni suy.

m rng di tn ca mng, s hnh 4-15 c th tip tc ko di bng cch b xung thm mt lot cc b chn decade v b trn c lc. Bc ca mi b chn tip theo so vi bc ca b chn trc phi ln hn 10 ln:
f1ref = (l + n).f S , f 2 ref = p1.10.f S , f 3ref = p2 .100.f S , ..v.v

Tn s ra s l:
f o / p = f S .(l + n + p1.10 + p2 .100 + .... + pn .10n )

(4.10) 139

Cc h s p1 , p2 ,L , pn ch c th nhn 10 gi tr lin tip.

Mng tha

Mng mau

Hnh 4-16. Phng php ni suy Nhc im c bn ca nguyn tc to mng ri rc ny l s xut hin chc chn ca cc tn s t hp ph li ra b tng hp. Mng tn c hnh thnh theo mt cng thc c nh nn kh nng c ng linh hot tn s b hn ch nht nh. C nhiu s khc nhau khc phc c nhng nhc im ca s n gin nu trn, trong s c ng dng rng ri nht l nhm cc s vi cc decade ging nhau (hnh 4-17).
Decade 1 f1 Trn 1 f C LPF 1 Chia 10 LPF 2 fRA1 Chn hi 2 Trn 2 f C Decade 2 LPF 3 Chia 10 f RA 2 LPF 4

Chn hi 1

Hnh 4-17. To mng tn ri rc bng phng php decade ging nhau Mi decade bao gm b chn hi decade, b trn, b chia mi c lc. Cc tn s ca cc b chn hi nh nhau (trn thc t ngi ta dng mt b chn hi chung). Tn s chun f1 a n b trn 1 cng vi mt trong cc tn s ca fC ri c chia 10. Dao ng nhn c fra 1 = (f1 + fC)/10 li cng vi mt trong cc tn s b chn decade th hai ri li chia cho 10. Tn s ra: fra 2 = (fra 1 + f''C)/10. (4.11) cc decade ging nhau cn thc hin iu kin f1 fra 1 fra 2. Nu h s bao tn ca b chn hi khng ln th f'C f''C 9f1. S thay i tn s ca b chn decade th nht i mt bc fS s dn n s thay i tn s fra 1 i fS/10, fra 2 i fS/102; fran i fS /10n. S thay i ca tn s ca b chn decade th hai i fS dn n s thay tn s li ra decade th n i fS/10 n -1. nhn c s 140

thay i tn s li ra b tng hp i fS, cn thm vo decade th n mt b trn nhng khng c b chia 10. B rng tuyt i ca di tn ra ca b tng hp s bng b rng di ca b chn hi ngha l 10.fS, cn b rng di tn li ra mi decade l fS. Cc b lc li ra b trn v b chia ca mi decade c th iu chnh c hoc l b lc di. Khi fS 100 kHz - cc b lc l khng iu chnh c. u im ca s khi chn ng di tn ban u ca b chn l s trit hon ton tho mn cc t hp ph v kh nng nhn c mng tn mau th no tu . Nhc im l di tn hp, mun m rng phi chuyn tn nhiu ln. b. Tng hp di tn ri rc c b tn s dao ng ph Vic lc trc tip cc thnh phn hi ca mt chui dao ng iu ho gp kh khn nht nh, nht l khi gin cch tn s nh, bi vy cn tm bin php khc phc. C s ca phng php tng hp ny l s tng hp trc tip cc tn s song c b xung thm cc php tnh nhm ci thin lc cc thnh phn ca mng c tng hp. Thc cht ca phng php l thnh phn c chn ca mng nh bin tn c qui v tn s khng i rt thp. tn s ny s bo m iu kin lc tt nht, c ngha l ci thin h s trn r (theo 4.8). Sau bng con ng ngc li, n c chuyn v tn s c hoc tn s bt k khc. Cc tn s bin i ph ny c thc hin nh b dao ng ph (hnh 4-18).
BPF 1 Trn 1 (tr) fph Dao ng ph BPF 2 fTG Trn 2 (tr) fph BPF 3

k f S

f + f S f f f S ............

fra

Hnh 4-18. S lc b tr S ny s dng b tng hp mng tn rt mau trong on tn tng i cao. Vic lc trc tip thnh phn hi cn thit trong iu kin nh vy gp nhiu kh khn. B lc BPF1 li ra b tng hp ch c th tch ra mt nhm cc thnh phn ca mng, trong c tn s c chn f. Nhm cc thnh phn ny nh dao ng ph c dch xung di theo trc tn s sao cho tn s c chn nm trong di thng ca b lc di hp BPF2 vi tn s trung tm fTG. Do : 141

fTG = fph - f fra = fph - fTG = f

(4.12) (4.13)

Sau lc, nh tn s cng ca b dao ng ph , fTG c bin i thnh tn s: tch ly thnh phn khc, v d f + fS, ch cn tng tn s ca dao ng ph thm lng fS l . bt n nh tuyt i ca fph khng c vt qu mt na di thng ca b lc BPF2. iu chnh dao ng ph thc hin ng thi vi vic iu chnh b lc BPF1 v BPF3. li ra trn tn 1, ngoi tn s c ch cn c th tch ra tn s ph t thnh phn tn s nh: fTG = fnh - fph (4.14) N c th th hin dng cc phch vi tn s fTG. Mc suy gim tn s nh ph thuc nhiu vo kh nng lc ca BPF1. Ngoi ra cc dao ng ph cn c th xut hin do t hp: | m. fph n (f k.fS) | fTG (4.15) Trong trn tn 1 thc hin s bin tn xung nn cc dao ng ph gn vi fTG thng c bc cao (bin nh). Cc dao ng ph li ra trn tn 2 c th l fph, fTG v cc t hp dng: | p. fph q. fTG | fra (4.16) B lc BPF3 c chn lc km i vi cc tn s gn fra nhng trit tt fTG. Suy gim thch ng tt c cc dao ng ph ch c th bng cch la chn cn thn di tn ca dao ng ph v tn s fTG. iu khng phi bao gi cng t c v lc phi a thm cc bin tn ph vo vng b tr, da vo cc tn s n nh cao (s ln bin tn ph c th tu , song trong cng thc bin tn cui cng fph phi xut hin hai ln vi du khc nhau). c. S b THTS s dng 1 dao ng chun Cui cng, lm r hn v mt b THTS trc tip, hnh 4-19 gii thiu mt s THTS trc tip in hnh c ng dng vo trong mt thit b c th. Vi gii php ny chng ch cn s dng duy nht mt b dao ng chun thch anh kt hp vi cc b cng, tr, nhn, chia, php ni suy (mng tha, mng mau) v chn tn s theo nguyn l decade cho php to ra mng tn s chun tng i rng t 1,0 10,990 MHz, bao gm 1000 tn s chun vi bc tn fS = 10 kHz. 142

Nhn
(3,4,5,6,7)

fN = 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 MHz M.mau fM = 0,21...0,30 MHz (21...30)f x1 100 kHz M.tha (10...19)f x100 fTD = 1,8 (2,8) MHz TT1 (+) fT = 1,0...1,9 MHz f TT1 TT2 (-) f TT2

10 kHz DTA 2MHz

1MHz

f TT2 = fN - f TT1 = 3,8...4,79 MHz = 5,8...6,79 = 7,8...8,79 = 9,8...10,79 = 11,8...12,79 TT3 (-) fR fR = f TT2 - fTD = 1,0...10,990 MHz (fs =10 kHz, 1000f)

Chia
40KHz

To dng x1000

f TT1 = fT + fM =1,21...2,20 MHz (fs =10 kHz, 100f)

Hnh 4-19. S cu trc to mng tn s bng phng php tng hp trc tip Tn hiu u ra c xc nh theo biu thc 4.17. Tn s cc tuyn trong s hnh 4-19 tng ng vi cc o mch chn tn s hng nghn, hng trm v hng chc kilohec c ch ra trn bng 4-2. fR = fN - (fTD + fT + fM) (4.17) V d: Ta cn chn tn s lm vic l 4,86 MHz. Theo (4.17) v bng (4.2) xc nh c tn s cc tuyn: fR= 8 - (1,8 + 1,1 + 0,24) = 4,86 MHz. Bng 4-2 Tn s cc tuyn tng ng vi cc o mch chn tn s
o mch x1000 fN (MHz) fTD (MHz) o mch x100 fT (MHz) o mch x10 fM (MHz) 1 6 2,8 0 1,9 00 2 6 1,8 1 1,8 10 3 8 2,8 2 1,7 20 4 8 1,8 3 1,6 30 5 10 2,8 4 1,5 40 6 10 1,8 5 1,4 50 7 12 2,8 6 1,3 60 8 12 1,8 7 1,2 70 9 14 2,8 8 1,1 80 10 14 1,8 9 1,0 90

0,30 0,29 0,28 0,27

0,26 0,25 0,24 0,23 0,22 0,21

Nhn xt: phng php to mng tn s chun bng THTS trc tip cho php chuyn i tn s nhanh, tp m pha thp, v tn s lm vic cao nht trong cc phng php THTS. Tuy nhin, THTS trc tip c phn gii tn s (bc tn) cn ln, i hi nhiu v phn cng (cc b dao ng, b trn, b BPF) so vi hai phng php THTS khc. Cc yu cu v phn cng dn n kch thc ln hn v gi thnh b THTS trc tip cao hn. Mt nhc im na ca THTS 143

trc tip l cc tn s khng mong mun c th xut hin u ra. Di tn cng rng, th cc tn s l ny s xut hin cng nhiu. Cc nhc im ny phi c cn nhc cng vi tnh vn nng, tc v tnh mm do ca THTS trc tip. 4.3.2 To mng tn s bng phng php tng hp gin tip Cc nhc im ca THTS trc tip c khc phc ng k bng phng php THTS gin tip s dng vng kho pha PLL. Nguyn tc tng hp gin tip l s pht trin tip theo ca h thng c TF v khc vi h thng ch thay v s bin tn ni suy b dao ng iu chnh ngi ta thc hin vic chia tn s dao ng. a. B THTS gin tip vi 1 mch vng kha pha S cu trc ca h thng TF c b chia vi h s chia bin i N nh hnh 4-20.
f0 So pha LPF Phn t khng Dao ng fra

fra / N

Chia bin i

Hnh 4-20. S TF c b chia bin i Ti b so pha, tn s chia ca b dao ng c so snh vi tn s chun. in p iu khin c lc bi LPF tc ng ln tn s b dao ng qua phn t khng sao cho t c s cn bng cc tn s a n so pha. H s chia N c th thay i trong phm vi rt rng nh b chia c h s chia bin i. Ti trng thi cn bng ca h thng ta c f0 = fra / N hay fra = N.f0 iu ny c ngha l: bt n nh tng i ca b dao ng s c xc nh bi bt n nh tng i ca tn s chun, Trong h ny c th thc hin c thao tc thun tin iu khin tn s: l "s - tn s". Bc ca mng tn li ra xc nh bi N v kh nng lc ca LPF. Nu N biu din bng s nguyn th mng tn li ra s c bc tn l fS = f0, cn nu N l phn s th bc ca mng s c chia nh ra. Khi c phn chc, phn 144 (4.18)

trm trong N, bc ca mng tng ng s l f0/10, f0/100...v.v. c im ca h thng ny: Di bt ca TF c b chia rng hn chng N ln so vi TF c bin i ni suy bi v: tn s phch cng cch xa tn s ct ca b lc, s lc hi bc cao cng nh, thnh phn mt chiu cn iu chnh b dao ng cng ln. Tnh cht lc ca hai h TF cng khng nh nhau: trong h c b chia, nu cc dao ng ca b dao ng b iu ch k sinh vi di tn nht nh, th lng di tn dn n so pha s nh hn N ln. Mc thay i (p mch) trong in p iu khin s nh i mt lng tng ng v v th khng xy ra s b tr thch ng iu ch k sinh. Do yu cu v sch dao ng ca b dao ng s rt cao. Thi gian xc lp ch dng trong b tng hp s tng ln do c thm b chia, nht l khi N ln. Gii hn trn ca b chia bin i c ch to t cc phn t TTL (Transistor - Transistor Logic) xp x 25 MHz, cn vi CMOS logic (Complementary Metal - Oxide - Semiconductor Logic) l khong 4 MHz. Do vy khi b chia lp trnh cn lm vic nhng di tn s ln hn, v d vi vic xy dng b THTS 2.109 Hz cho thng tin v tinh, th phi s dng phng php khc. C cc cch khc nhau gii quyt vn ny. Trc ht cn xem xt vn tc lm vic tng i thp ca cc b chia lp trnh c. khc phc nhc im cc b chia bin i trong vng kho pha c tn s gii hn thp, ta dng b chia c nh P t trc b chia bin i N (gi l b chia trc - Prescaler) trn hnh 4-21. Do , tn s a ti b chia bin i N c h thp. Cc b chia trc c th hot ng c tn s cao (c th ln ti hng Gigahertz - GHz). Nh vy, vic to ra mng tn s cao d dng thc hin c.
LPF fra / N.P So pha Phn t khng N B chia bin i M B chia c nh 2 fra / P Dao ng fra

B chia P c nh 1

fref

f0 = fref / M

Dao ng chun

Hnh 4-21. S TF c b chia bin i v c nh 145

Ngoi b chia c nh 1, ngi ta cn a thm vo b chia c nh 2. Cn c b chia ny v tn s ti u ca b dao ng thch anh chun cao hn nhiu tn s so snh f0. Trong ch xc lp ta c: fra = N.P.f0 (4.19) Tc l khi N thay i i mt n v, fra s thay i i (P.f0), tng ng tng bc tn ca mng tn s ra (fS = P.f0). b li phi dng chia c iu khin trc chia bin i - xem mc 2 tip theo. Hnh 4-22 l s c bin i s b tn s ca b dao ng c iu chnh. B tng hp ny c th l b tng hp nhiu bng. chuyn bng cn thay i s m v thc hin iu chnh tng ng b dao ng.
Phn t khng P Chia c nh 1 fref Dao ng chun fra

LPF N Chia bin i

Dao ng

So pha

Trn (-) m. fref Nhn m

M Chia f0 = fref / M c nh 2

Hnh 4-22. S TF c b chia bin i v bin tn s b Nu trung tn bng hiu m.fref - fra th iu kim n nh ca h thng l: fref / M = (m.fref - fra)/P.N suy ra: fra = (m.M - P.N).f0 (4.20) ngha l bt n nh tng i ca b dao ng bng bt n nh tng i ca dao ng chun. Nu P = 1 mng s c bc tn fS = f0, cn nu P > 1, fS = P.f0. b. B THTS gin tip s dng b chia c iu khin trc chia bin i Nh trnh by trn (hnh 4-21), sau b chia trc P, tn s a ti b chia bin i l fra / P ( c gim i P ln). Tn hiu a ti hai u vo b so pha l f0 v fra / NP. xc nh (4.12), ti trng thi xc lp ca vng so pha ta c: fra = N(P.f0) Ta thy, khi P c nh, mi ln thay i h s chia N mt n v th tn s u ra thay i l (P.f0). Mng tn s u ra c bc tn fS = P.f0, nh vy th qu ln, khng tha mn yu cu ca b THTS. Nh vy, vn t ra tip theo 146

l phi gim bc tn ca mng tn s u ra. gii quyt vn ny phi chn h s chia N l mt phn s. C th N gm mt s nguyn cng vi mt phn s
N = N0 + AQ , P

(N0, A, Q, P u l cc s nguyn)

Khi

AQ f ra = N 0 + .P. f 0 P

fra = (PN0 + AQ)f0

(4.21)

V mt l thuyt, biu thc (4.21) hon ton c th thc hin c, nhng thc t thc hin n rt kh. Bin i (4.21) i mt cht, trong h s ta thm vo v bt i mt lng l AP s c fra = (PN0 + AQ + AP - AP)f0 fra = [P(N0 - A) + (P + Q)A]f0 T biu thc (4.22) ta thy: Trong mt chu k chia y , b chia trc s chia cho (P+Q) trong A xung ( u ra b chia trc) v chia cho P trong (N0 - A) xung. T y, ta thit lp c b chia nh hnh 4-23, lu s ny N chnh l N0 ni trn v l s nguyn.
fv
(2) t VCO (a) :P : (P+Q) (d) (b) :N

(4.22)

f ra

n TSF (c)

(1)

:A Data

Hnh 4-23. B chia c iu khin trc chia bin i Hot ng: B chia trc s chia cho (P+Q) khi tn hiu iu khin mc cao v chia cho P khi tn hiu iu khin mc thp, gi y l b chia trc kp lun phin (Dual - Modulus - Prescalers). Tn hiu u ra b chia trc ng thi c a n hai b m. Trong mt chu k chia, u tin b m (1) t h s l A, b m (2) t h s l N, tn hiu iu khin c mc cao t h s ca b chia trc l (P+Q). Trng thi ny c duy tr n khi b m (1) m ti 147

0. Ti thi im ny, b m (1) pht ra tn hiu mc thp t h s ca b chia trc l P, b m 2 lc ny c gi tr l (N-A) ( m c A xung trong giai on u), ti khi b m (2) m n 0 th trng thi ny kt thc v cng l kt thc mt chu k chia y (u ra b m (2) c mt xung). Cc b m s c reset a v trng thi ban u tip tc chu k chia tip theo. Gin thi gian ca chu trnh chia ti cc im a, b, c, d nh hnh 4-24. Gi s mt chu k chia bt u ti thi im t0, trong giai on u ca chu k chia, b chia trc c gi tr l (P+Q) (tn hiu iu khin mc cao), giai on ny tn ti ti khi b m (1) m n 0, tc l u vo b m 1 (u ra b chia trc) phi c A xung, do phi c A(P+Q) xung u vo. Giai on sau ca chu k chia, b chia trc c h s l P (tn hiu iu khin mc thp), b m (2) c gi tr l (N-A). Khi b m ny m ti 0 th kt thc chu k chia, u ra c mt xung. Trong giai on ny u vo b m (2) (u ra b chia trc) phi c (N-A) xung, do phi c P(N-A) xung u vo.
(P+Q)A xung (a) P(N - A) xung

t0

t
A xung (N - A) xung

(b)

t0
: (P+Q) :P

(c)

t0

(d)

t0

Hnh 4-24. Gin thi gian ca b chia c iu khin trc chia bin i T (4.21) c: fra = (PN + AQ).f0 y, A l s nguyn nhn cc gi tr t 0 n N Khi A = 0 th fra = N.P.f0 :B chia trc c h s chia c nh l P Khi A = N th fra = N(P + Q)f0 : B chia trc c h s chia c nh l (P+Q) Khi 0<A<N th fra = (PN + AQ)f0 148

Mi khi thay i A mt n v th tn s u ra thay i mt lng Q.f0, ta c mng tn s vi bc tn fS = Q.f0. Nu Q = 1 th bc tn ca mng fS = f0, tha mn yu cu v bc tn ca b THTS. Khi : fra = (PN + A)f0 (4.23) V d: gi s cn t tn s cho VCO l 45,350 MHz, vi bc tn f0 = 25 kHz. T s hnh 4-22 v biu thc (4.16), vi P = 32, P + 1 = 33 c: 45,350 MHz = (32N + A).25 kHz Tm N v A bng cch: 45,350 MHz : 25 kHz = 32N + A = 1814 hay Nh vy N = 56 v A = 22. Ta s bin i ngc li c th hiu c nguyn l mt cch r rng hn: 1814 = 32.56 + (33 - 32).22 = 32.(56 - 22) + 33.22 Nh vy b chia trc c iu khin s chia cho 33 vi 22 xung ri chia cho 32 vi N - A = 34 xung, h s chia tng cng ng bng 1814. Chuyn i thnh bit nh phn A = 10110 v N = 0111000. Tng t nh trn c tnh ton c cho mt h s chia bt k. Trong thc t cc b chia trc kp thng c thit k sn v s dng l: 5/6, 8/9, 10/11, 32/33, 40/41, 64/65, 100/101, 128/129. Kt lun: vi phng php ny ta khc phc c nhc im cc b chia bin i c tn s gii hn thp, bo m bc tn ca mng ra nh theo yu cu. c. B THTS gin tip vi nhiu mch vng kha pha Ngy nay cc b tng hp s 2 vng (nhiu vng) kha pha PLL c p dng rt rng ri (hnh 4-25). C hai vng u thc hin theo s c bin tn s b. Bng cch s dng 2 hay nhiu vng PLL cho php khc phc c nhng hn ch ca mt vng, nh di tn rng, bc tn nh, thi gian thit lp tn s (kha pha) nhanh...v.v. Trong s hnh 4-25, s dng 2 vng kha pha. Vng 1 (vng chnh) m bo di tn s u ra ca b THTS l rng vi bc tn ln (fS1 = f01) c nhim v to mng tha. Vng 2 (vng ph) m bo di tn s y bc tn ca 149 1814 = 32N + A 1814 = 32.56 + 22

vng 1 c nhim v to mng mau, vi bc tn nh (fS2 = f02) Mi quan h tn s gia cc vng: fra1 = fTG1 + fra2 fra2 = m.fref - fTG2 y: fTG1 = N1. f01 (vi f01 = fref / M1) fTG2 = N2. f02 vi f02= fref / M2 T 4.17 c th trin khai fra1 = N1. f01 + (m.fref - N2. f02) Qui f01 v fref v f02 c: fra1 = N1.M2. f02 / M1 + m.M2.f02 - N2.f02 fra1 = (N1.M2 / M1 + m.M2 - N2).f02 (4.20) nhn c mng mau khi cc tn s so snh f01 v f02 tng i cao, cn chn t s M2 / M1 bng 0.9; 0.99; 0.999...v.v. Nu ng thi thay i N1 v N2 i mt n v v cng mt pha th ton b h s ca f01 s thay i tng ng 0.1; 0.01; 0.001...v.v.
M1 Chia c nh 1 f01 Phn t khng 1 fTG1 Dao ng 1 Trn 1 (-) fra2 f02 So pha 2 LPF 2 N2 Chia bin i 2 Phn t khng 2 fTG2 m.fref Dao ng 2 Trn 2 (-) fra = fra1

(4.17) (4.18)

(4.19)

So pha 1

LPF 1 N1 Chia bin i 1

fref Dao ng chun

M2 Chia c nh 2

Nhn m

Hnh 4-25. S TF hai vng 4.3.3 Tng hp tn s s trc tip - DDS Tng hp tn s s trc tip (DDS - Direct Digital Synthesizer) l phng php THTS mi nht, n ng dng k thut s trong vic to ra di tn t hp. C s ca phng php ny l nh lut Kotelnikov, ni dung ca nh lut l: "Nu tn hiu c ph hu hn, c tn s ln nht l fmax th hon ton c th c 150

xc nh bi nhng gi tr tc thi ti nhng thi im cch nhau nhng khong bng nhau, khong ny gi l chu k ly mu (Tlm) tho mn iu kin: Tlm 1/(2fmax) hay flm 2fmax". Nh vy to nn tn hiu hnh sin c tn s f, ch cn c khng t hn 2 gi tr ca n trong chu k ly mu l . Trn thc t thng dng nhiu hn 4 gi tr. V d vi 8 gi tr trong chu k ly mu, nu flm = 1/ Tlm = 8MHz th c th to ra dao ng tn s f = 1MHz bng phng php ny. khi phc li tn hiu ta cho tn hiu ri rc i qua b lc thng thp. t vn ngc li, ta c th to ra tn hiu S(t) t mt chui xung chun c bin khng i, gi s cn to ra tn hiu hnh sin c tn s f. Ta tin hnh iu bin chui xung chun sao cho bin ca n bin thin theo dng tn hiu f cn t hp, chm xung ny cho qua b lc thng thp ta thu c tn hiu cn t hp. Vn iu bin chui xung nh th no s c gii quyt bng cc my tnh a nng, my vi tnh hoc dng mt bng nh (b nh) lu tr cc gi tr gin on thch hp ca sng hnh sin. Thc cht ca phng php dng bng nh l cho ra nhng gi tr tng t nhau trong mi chu k sng hnh sin v thay i tn s ra bi vic iu chnh lung s liu ra. Vic to tn hiu sin c tn s cho c thc hin nh sau. Vi tn s ly mu (ri rc ha) flm = f 0 , pha hin thi ca dao ng c xc nh (tnh) sau cc khong thi gian Tlm . T b nh chn ra mt s t l vi gi tr ca hnh sin vi pha nh th. Nh b bin i s - tng t, s chn c bin i thnh in p. Kt qu li ra b bin i D/A in p s thay i tng nc (xem hnh 4-28a). LPF sau b bin i D/A dng tch ly hi bc 1.
Khi tnh pha t tn s Ghi tn s B cng Khi nh D/A LPF fra

D chun

f0

To xung

flm = f0

Hnh 4-26. S cu trc ca DDS S cu trc ca DDS (hnh 4-26) bao gm: b to xung nhp (chun), khi t tn s, khi tnh pha hin thi ca hnh sin c tn s cho, khi nh 151

lu gi cc s liu v cc tr ca hnh sin ti cc pha khc nhau, b bin i D/A v LPF. Thay cho khi nh c th s dng khi tnh ton, ti y theo chng trnh xc nh cc gi tr hin thi ca hnh sin c tnh ton trn c s cc s liu (nhp vo) v tn s cn thit v pha hin thi. Cc s liu ca tn s cn t hp t khi t tn s c a ti b cng pha, xung ng h c tn s f 0 (chu k T0 ) cng c a ti b cng pha. Nh vy qua mi khong thi gian T0 ta xc nh c gi tr pha v bin tc thi ca dao ng. Gi s b cng pha N bit, nh vy n tnh c 2N gi tr pha hin thi (s ny xc nh dung lng b nh ca thit b tnh ton). Tn s nh nht ca b t hp (hay cng chnh l bc tn) c chu k bng chu k cng Tm , trong c 2N gi tr pha hin thi.
Tm = 2 N .T0

(4.21) (4.22)

Tn s gi hn di

f min = f m =

f0 1 1 = N = N Tm 2 T0 2
T0 2 = Tm 2 N
N

Gia s pha cng vi mi nhp ng vi tn s f min l:

m = 2 .

(4.23)

Nu tn s f = p.f m

( p = 1, 2,L

, pmax ) cng c 2 gi tr pha hin thi

trn p chu k, gia s pha mi nhp s bng (tnh theo radian):

= 2 . p. T0 2 . p = N 2 Tm
2 pS 2N

(4.24)

Gi tr pha hin thi tng tuyn tnh theo qui lut

s = S . =

(4.25)

y S l s nhp ng vi xung ng h. Trong khi nh tin hnh lng t theo pha, ngha l ghi cc gi tr ng hnh sin ch i vi mt lot cc gi tr pha gin on. Chng ta gi thit rng s gi tr nh th bng 2k trong gc phn t th nht ( 0 / 2 ) , khi bc lng t s l:
q =

2.2k

(4.26)

152

 gim bt dung lng b nh cn thit, trong khi lu tr thng tin ch nh i vi gc phn t th nht, cn i vi 3 gc phn t cn li s c qui i sang gc phn t th nht. Vi gc phn t th 2, gc pha quy i l: qd 1 = s Vi gc phn t th 3, gc pha quy i l: qd 2 = s Vi gc phn t th 2, gc pha quy i l: qd 3 = 2 s . ng vi mi gi tr pha lng t c mt gi tr bin lng t, do s gi tr lng t bin cn phi lu tr trong bng nh bng s gi tr lng t pha trong gc phn t th nht l 2k. Cng vi s qui i ny phi c tn hiu iu khin cc tnh in p b bin i D/A (gc phn t th 3, th 4 in p m). Qu trnh lng t nh sau: Trong qu trnh b cng pha tnh ton gi tr 2 pS pha tc thi s = N , khi s gn vi gi tr lng t pha ip , cch ip mt
2

khong cch khng ln hn na gia s pha (tc l S ( qd ) i.q

) s c lm 2

trn thnh ip (hnh 4-27), t m ho gi tr lng t pha ip ny s l a ch la chn gi tr bin lng t tng ng trong bng nh a sang b bin i D/A. u ra b bin i D/A c in p bc thang thay i, qua b lc thng thp cho ta tn s f mong mun.
T0 CLK

2 p 2N

t
2 pS 2
N

iq

2 pS ' 2
N

( i + 1 ) q

Sai s lng t pha

iq
Bin

(i+1)q

(lng t)

Ai

Ai+1

Hnh 4-27. Lng t bin v pha Tm li qu trnh hot ng nh sau: cn t tn s f = p.fm th gi tr p 2 pS s c a vo b cng pha. Gi tr pha tc thi c tnh = N , khi gi tr
2

153

pha t ti gn gi tr lng t pha nht, lc gi tr lng t bin tng ng vi gi tr lng t pha trong bng nh s c a ra. Ta thy, tn s gii hn ln nht ca DDS khng ch ph thuc vo tn s ng h f0 m cn ph thuc vo tc ca cc b tnh, tc truy nhp ca b nh v tc ca b bin i D/A do ta khng th tng fra bng cch tng f0 ln mt cch tu c. V d: Xc nh cc tham s b tng hp vi cc s liu ban u sau:
k = 2; n = 3; N = 26 ; f 0 = 8000 Hz; p = 3

S dng cc cng thc trn ta tnh c:

f s = f min = 125 Hz; f max 8000 / 4 = 2000 Hz; f = 375Hz; s = 5, 6250 ; = 16,8750 ; q = 22,50 ;0 Ai 7

Cc kt qu tnh ton cho trong bng 4-3. Bng 4-3

S
Pha hin thi Pha hin Pha M ca Bin M ca Du M du 0 thi, gc lng t pha lng t bin in p in p S = S vung 1 lng t lng t Ai

1 2 3 4 5 6 9 10 11 15 16 17 20 21 22 154

16,9 33,7 50,6 67,5 84,4 101,2 151,9 168,8 185,6 253,1 270 286,9 337,5 354,4 371,2

16,9 33,7 50,7 67,5 84,4 78,8 28,1 11,2 5,6 73,1 90 73,1 22,5 5,6 11,2

22,5 45 45 67,5 90 90 22,5 22,5 0 67,5 90 67,5 22,5 0 22,5

001 010 010 011 100 100 001 001 000 011 100 011 001 000 001

3 5 5 6 7 7 3 3 0 6 7 6 3 0 3

011 101 101 110 111 111 011 011 000 110 111 110 011 000 011

+ + + + + + + + +

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

Ai

6 4 2 0

10

14

16

18

20

S thay i in p bc thang li ra D/A

90 60

30

10

12

14

16

18

20

S thay i pha lng t

0 Xung trong khi nh

1 S

Hnh 4-28. Hnh 4-28 biu din th thay i in p bc thang li ra b bin i s - tng t ty thuc vo s hiu ca mu S, xy dng trn s liu ca bng. S thay i ca pha lng t vo S biu din bi vch thng ng trn hnh 4-28b. ng gch gch trn hnh 4-28b l s thay i ca pha khng c lng t ha. Hnh 4-28c l cc xung hnh thnh trong khi nh v l lnh thay i cc tnh in p li ra b D/A. Nhn xt: B tng hp tn s DDS s dng ton vi mch nn c kt cu gn nh, cng sut tiu th thp, c phn gii tn s tt (bc tn c th t ti 1Hz), vic t tn s gn nh tc thi ( tr khng ng k), c sai s v nhiu 155

pha nh. Vi k thut vi in t ngy nay ngi ta ch to c DDS t ti tn s 150MHz, nu s dng cc b cng pha c u vo ra song song, b bin i D/A song song th c th t ti tn s 500MHz. Tuy nhin, t hp tn s theo phng php DDS gp phi mo lng t bin v mo lng t pha. Ngi ta tnh c + Mo lng t bin : Dma = 20 lg
1 [db] 6.2n

Trong n l s bit m ho mc lng t bin . + Mo lng t pha: Dm = 20 lg

12.2k +1

[db]

Trong k l s bit m ho mc lng t pha. Kt lun: Chng ta xt cc phng php THTS, mi phng php u c nhng u nhc im khc nhau. S tng hp l s kt hp im mnh ca tng phng php nhm tha mn c mc ch t ra l xy dng c cc b THTS ngy cng hon ho, p ng c cc yu cu k thut t ra. Cc phng php THTS thng c s dng trong cc thit b vin thng m c bit l trong cc thit b thng tin v tuyn hin i ngy nay l: THTS gin tip dng b chia c nh c iu khin trc chia bin i, THTS dng vi x l, THTS gin tip kt hp DDS, THTS gin tip vi nhiu vng kha pha...

156

Chng 5
CC MCH IU CHNH V IU CHNH T NG TRONG CC MY THU PHT V TUYN

5.1 CC MCH IU CHNH V IU CHNH T NG TRONG MY THU 5.1.1 iu chnh bng tay v iu chnh t ng h s khuch i a. t vn Mc tn hiu cao tn li vo my thu, nh ta bit thng thay i trong phm vi rt rng. N ph thuc vo cng sut my pht v loi anten ca i i, vo c ly v iu kin truyn sng, vo loi anten thu. Di bin i ny c th t ti 100 120 dB (105 106 ln), trong khi my thu li c di ng hn ch v s qu ti nu tn hiu mnh nn vic iu chnh khuch i trong my thu l hon ton cn thit. Nhim v ca vic iu chnh ny l: Duy tr mc sng mang li vo b tch sng gi tr tng i c nh (const) cho d mc tn hiu anten thay i ng k. Bo m li ra m tn ca my thu ch bin i nh mt hm ca vic iu ch sng mang ch khng bin i theo mc sng mang. Bo m h s khuch i my thu c th ln thu cc tn hiu yu m khng s gy qu ti cc tng khuch i cao tn khi thu tn hiu mnh. Bo m mc ra khng i mt cch hp l khi iu hng my thu t i ny sang i khc. Tn hiu n li vo b hn bin ln mch hn ch lm vic. Khng xy ra qu ti cc tng cao tn v trung tn.

Trong cc my thu FM, thng dng TK m bo: -

Hiu qu ca h thng TK c nh gi bng t s gia s thay i mc tn hiu li vo my thu v s thay i mc li ra: = p/q (thng 60 80 dB); y: p = EA max /EA d ; q = Ura max /Ura d (Cc gi tr cc i v danh nh) 157 (5.1)

b. Phn loi Ngi ta chia ra hai loi: iu chnh khuch i bng tay v iu chnh khuch i t ng (vit tt l TK hoc AGC). iu chnh khuch i bng tay ch c th bo m mc ra ca tn hiu l khng i vi nhng thay i rt chm ca mc tn hiu vo. Vi nhng thay i nhanh ca mc tn hiu vo nh trn cc ng v tuyn sng ngn th ch TK mi c tc dng. Ta c th thay i h s khuch i ca my thu bng thay i h s khuch i ca mt hoc vi phn t ca tuyn thu: - Thay i h s truyn t ca mch vo bng vic mc b suy gim loi phn p nhiu cp dng in tr vo gia thit b anten - phi v khung dao ng vo. u im: khi gim mc tn hiu th ng thi gim c mc nhiu. Nhc im: gim t s tn / tp, di iu chnh ca b suy gim ln (100 120 dB) nn s cp suy gim ln kh thc hin. - Thay i h s khuch i ca cc tng khuch i my thu. Cn bo m khuch i khng mo tn hiu, do thng iu chnh cc tng m bin tn hiu cn nh. c. Gii php k thut tng c bn ca h thng AGC c minh ha trn hnh 5-1. in p AGC c to ra trong tng tch sng hoc trong tng hn bin v t l vi bin sng mang xut hin li ra b khuch i trung tn. Cc tnh in p AGC chn sao cho s tng mc sng mang ko theo s tng in p AGC. iu ny li dn n gim h s khuch i ca tng tng, gim khuch i tng th ca my thu v khi phc mc sng mang li vo tch sng v tr ban u ca n. Nu mc sng mang gim, qu trnh xy ra theo chiu ngc li. AGC ph dng trnh qu ti cao tn khi tn hiu vo ln. Trong nhiu my thu FM ch dng AGC ph.
AGC ph KCT Trn tn KTG Tch sng KT

LPF AGC c bn

Hnh 5-1. S mch AGC 158

AGC n gin: kiu ny in p AGC c to ra ngay khi in p sng mang xut hin li ra KTG. C ngha l khuch i ca my thu gim thp hn tr cc i ca n khi tn hiu mong mun cn yu v ang cn khuch i ti a. hon thin, ta dng AGC c tr. AGC c tr: Vng AGC c thit k sao cho n khng hn ch in p ra n khi in p vo tch sng t n mc ngng t trc. hon thin hn na ta dng h thng AGC c tr v khuch i: phng n 1 thc hin khuch i ph tn hiu cao tn trc tch sng; phng n 2 khuch i ph in p 1 chiu sau tch sng AGC (hnh 5-2).
Tng iu chnh n tng iu chnh KTG n gii iu ch Tch sng AGC Tng iu chnh n tng iu chnh n gii iu ch Tch sng AGC K 1 chiu

a)

b)

Hnh 5-2. S AGC c khuch i Hnh 5-3 l c tuyn bin ca my thu vi cc h thng AGC khc nhau. Khi khng c AGC, c tuyn tuyn tnh trong phm vi di ng ca my thu. Vi AGC n gin, s ph thuc ca in p ra vo sc in ng trong anten l phi tuyn. Vi AGC c tr, khi EA < EAd c tuyn l tuyn tnh.
Ura
Khng AGC AGC c tr AGC n gin AGC c tr v khuch i AGC l tng

Ura d

EA
EAd

Hnh 5-3. c tuyn cc loi AGC Cc h thng AGC xt trn bao trm phn ln cc tng ca tuyn chung v tuyn ring ca my thu. i khi ngi ta chia h thng AGC ra thnh hai h thng c lp: AGC tuyn ring v AGC tuyn chung, trong AGC tuyn ring s ng vai tr chnh. AGC tuyn chung l AGC c tr ln. N ch hot ng khi mc tn hiu li vo t ti gi tr gn vi gii hn di ng ca tuyn chung. H thng AGC ny s m bo s lm vic ca tuyn chung trong 159

ch tuyn tnh vi mc tn hiu cao v nh vy s ci thin chn lc thc t ca my thu. Mt vn c hu vi cc loi AGC trn l s b khuch i xy ra sau: mch theo di mc sng mang v to in p iu chnh nm sau KTG nn phn ng c th qu chm (mc sng mang thay i v truyn qua my thu ri). Trong mt s trng hp ta dng AGC trc: tn hiu thu c kim tra ti im gn tuyn cao tn thu hn v in p iu chnh c a xui (feedforward) n cc tng KTG. Mt s im lu : + Hng s thi gian ca b lc AGC phi chn sao cho in p iu chnh ch phn nh thay i chm ca mc tn hiu, m khng kp bm theo s thay i ng bao tn hiu (thng l nhanh, khi thu tn hiu iu bin). V chu k ng bao tn hiu Tmax = 1/Fmin nn ta phi c >> Tmax ; nu Fmin = 300 Hz, Tmax = 0,0033 s; 0,05 - 0,2 s. + Khi thu tn hiu ma np bin , 1 s v vi hng s thi gian nh hn, trong cc qung trng gia cc xung tn hiu h s khuch i kp tng ln v lm tng mc nhiu. + i vi tn hiu thoi n bin c mt s tnh cht c bit v vy ta xt cc nguyn tc thc hin AGC khi thu dng tn hiu ny: Tn hiu n bin ch tn ti khi pht tin. Trong cc qung ngh t nhin xut hin gia cc t v cu, s khng c nguyn liu AGC c th da vo. Nh vy c ngha l trong cc qung ngh khng trnh khi s r ln ca tp v nhiu. suy gim hin tng kh chu ny cn tng hng s thi gian ca b lc AGC, song iu li ko theo s tng thi gian phn ng ca my thu vi mc tn hiu ti, ngha l lc mi xut hin tn hiu s pht sinh s qu ti my thu. Vic gii quyt vn ny t c bng vic dng b lc AGC vi hai hng s thi gian: rt nh khi tng bin tn hiu v rt ln khi gim tn hiu (c gi l np nhanh - phng chm). V d thc t nh hnh 5-4.
T tch sng AGC

n tng iu chnh

Hnh 5-4. S mch vi hng s thi gian np v phng khc nhau 160

Gi s rng in tr trong ca ngun in p (tch sng AGC) nh. Khi tn hiu tng, t c np nhanh qua tr trong rt nh ca i t, cn khi tn hiu gim in p trn t ln hn in p vo, it ng v hng s thi gian phng ca t xc nh bi tr ngc ca i t v tr vo tng tip sau. Hng s thi gian np c chn bng vi mili giy (ms), hng s thi gian phng c 2 giy. Ngi ta gi AGC xt l AGC theo ng bao hay AGC theo ph. Nhc im ca AGC theo ng bao l: - S tng h s khuch i my thu n cc i trong cc qung ngh ko di ca tn hiu. - chng nhiu xung u n thp (do thi hng nh ca AGC). T di tc ng ca cc xung u n c th np n in p gn bng bin ca chng, dn ti AGC suy gim ng k tn hiu ca my thu. Nu cng vi tn hiu c ch ngi ta pht i c tn hiu li th c th p dng h thng AGC khc (AGC theo tn hiu li). Lc ny tn hiu li c tch ra bng b lc di hp, c khuch i n gi tr AGC lm vic bnh thng. AGC ny c nhc im l khng tnh n pha inh chn lc ca tn hiu. V d khi pha inh cc thnh phn ph gn sng mang v ng thi tng cc thnh phn trong vng trn ca ph tn hiu th s c hin tng qu ti my thu. nng cao hiu qu ca h thng AGC, ngy nay ngi ta dng AGC s nh hnh 5-5a. Trong s ny, nh dng b tch phn s (b m thun nghch) bin ra khng ph thuc vo bin tn hiu vo. Khi Ura < Utr ging nh AGC tng t, AGC s khng lm vic v h s khuch i bng Kmax.
Uvo
Tuyn iu chnh

Ura ZD
Tch sng

+1 0

RC2
1

Utr Ura

ADC
Chn trn

Utr FD

-1 2mUtr

Z D = 1

RC1

Hnh 5-5. S AGC s Tn hiu li ra b tch sng AGC c lng t ho nh phn: nu Ura > Utr 161

tn hiu sai s c to ra ZD = -1, nu Ura < Utr th ZD = +1. Tn hiu sai s ny i n b m thun nghch ly trung bnh RC1 vi h s m n1. Khi RC1 trn (y), li ra ca n xut hin xung lm tng hoc gim i mt n v (tu thuc vo du trn) s m trong b m thun nghch th hai RC2. M trong RC2 thay i t 0 Rmax. B m ny khng c trn: Khi m trong RC2 t c gi tr 0 hoc Rmax s xy s chn vic a xung c du tng ng t RC1 n. M trong RC2 iu chnh h s khuch i ca tuyn trung tn. D thy rng ch dng, trong s AGC s ang xt c pht sinh cc dao ng, dn n s thay i m trong RC2 i n v (v d R = 15, 16, 15, 16....), tng ng vi iu ch bin k sinh tn hiu vo. C th trnh hin tng ny bng p dng b lng t ha c vng khng nhy trong c tuyn (hnh 5-5b), tng ng vi vic chuyn t lng t ha 2 mc sang lng t ha 3 mc (ZD = 1, 0). Mt cch hp l nn chn rng ca vng khng nhy bng gi tr mu iu chnh 2mUtr, m l chnh xc tnh ca vic iu chnh bin tn hiu. Dung lng max ca RC2 c th tnh theo cng thc: Rmax = log(Kmax/Kmin) / log(2m +1) (5.2) Kmax, Kmin l h s khuch i ti a (ti thiu) ca tuyn c iu chnh. c tnh b lng t ha nh trn c th thc hin nh 2 b so snh vi ngng tng ng l Utr mUtr. Tn s ly mu FD nn chn cao hn mt bc b rng ph tn hiu vo ADC. B rng ny c xc nh bi di thng LPF li ra b tch sng AGC. 5.1.2 Mch t ng khng ch tp m li ra my thu khi khng c tn hiu Cc mch ny cn c cc tn gi khc nh: mch trit ro, trit n hay SQL (Squelch). Nguyn tc chung l gim h s khuch i my thu khi khng c tn hiu. Vic ny thng thc hin tuyn m tn v tuyn cao tn phi lun lun sn sng thu tn hiu. Trong mt s my thu tn hiu FM, iu khin khuch i ngi ta dng s chnh lch dng trong mch in cc iu khin ca phn t thc hin chc nng hn bin. Khi khng c tn hiu dng ch c xc nh bi s lng hn ch cc t bin tp m thng ging ln hn ngng hn ch. Do khi xut hin tn hiu s xut hin s chnh lch dng. S chnh ny thc hin cc chuyn i cn thit trong b KT nh r le in t hoc c kh, tc l khi phc li s khuch i bnh thng ca tng b iu khin kho trc . Hnh 5-6 minh ho cho phng n ny 162

Hn bin

Tch sng tn s

KT

Khuch i DC

R le

Hnh 5-6. Trit n theo nhn bit t tng hn bin Mt h thng khc s dng hiu ng chn p tp m trn b hn bin ca my thu FM trong phn ph thp tn ca tp m khng b chim bi cc thnh phn ca ph tn hiu. Hnh 5-7 minh ha cho nguyn tc ny.
KT Vo < 200 Hz Lc thng thp Khuch i tp m Nn KT Ra

Hnh 5-7. Trit n dng b lc tn thp H thng hot ng nh sau: Phn ph thp tn ca tp m t 0 - 200 Hz c lc bi b lc tn thp. in p tp sau c khuch i ln, c nn, san bng v dng lm in p kho tng KT. Khi xut hin tn hiu, tp m b chn p, cn KT m ra. Nguyn tc th ba c minh ho hnh 5-8
Hn bin TS tn s KT

TS bin

K tp m

Nn

Hnh 5-8. Trit n theo ng bao Cc tp m li ra b hn bin khi khng c tn hiu c tch sng bi tch sng bin . Thnh phn bin i tc ng bao tp m c khuch i ln, c nn, c san bng ri a n KT kha n. Khi c tn hiu in p tng ca tn hiu v tp ln hn ngng hn ch, cn bin thnh phn bin i trn ti tch sng bin trit tiu. Cc phng php trn thng c gi l trit n theo tp m. Mt phng php na cng thng c p dng kt hp nhm tng kh nng phn 163

bit c chn lc ca h thng, l phng php trit n theo m m. Nguyn tc c xy dng nh sau, v pha my pht cc xung m (tone) c m ho lun c gi trn tn s sng mang khi nhn nt bm t hp hoc mircro. V pha my thu, cc xung m ny c tch ra bng b lc rt hp nh b gii m tone trong my thu v dng iu khin b phn chp hnh. Cc xung m ny c tn s di ph m tn thp nht ca ting ni (<300Hz), do vy sau khi lc gii m chng thng c khuch i sau mi nn ly thnh phn mt chiu iu khin tng KT. Khi my thu nhn c tn hiu sng mang, phi ng xung m c gii m mi ni KT vo tuyn trc ca my thu, cn khi khng c hoc khng ng m m ng KT vn khng c ni. Nguyn tc ny thng c p dng i vi cc my thu pht di tn s VHF, UHF. S c minh ho hnh 5-9.
Tch sng tn s Khuch i m tn

Lc, gii m tone

Khuch i Nn

Khuch i iu khin

Hnh 5-9. Trit n dng tone ring Cn ch khi s dng mch trit n dng tone ring vi cc phng php trn, khi mch trit n kiu ny khng c kch hot.
Khuch i trung gian Khuch i m tn

Tch sng AGC

Khuch i so snh Ungng

Khuch i iu khin

Hnh 5-10. Trit n theo cng tn hiu Trong cc my thu tn hiu SSB, iu khin khuch i (ng m) tng m tn ngi ta so snh s chnh lch in p trn ng AGC c tch t tuyn tn s trung gian tn hiu gia khi c v khng c tn hiu khng ch. Phng php ny cn c gi l trit n theo cng tn hiu. S c ch ra trn hnh 5-10. 164

5.1.3 iu chnh di thng ca my thu Nh ta bit, cc tuyn ring ca my thu c bt u t cc b lc chn lc tp trung, l cc phn t c bn trit nhiu tc ng trn cc knh thng tin ln cn. Cc b lc ny c di thng ng vi ph tn hiu thu. Vy liu c th dng b lc chung cho tt c cc dng tn hiu vi di thng bin i khng? Khi thu nghe AM v bo bin , vic t di thng ti u ca my thu tu thuc vo hon cnh nhiu l rt hiu qu. Song hin nay khi thng tin n bin ang thay th thng tin iu bin, vn p dng b lc tp trung vi di thng bin i thc t khng t ra na v: - Ph tn hiu n bin b dch ln trn hoc xung di so vi tn s thu danh nh tu thuc vo di bin tn s dng. - Cc u im ca SSB c thc hin nu ng cong chn lc ca b lc c h s ch nht cao. Bi vy ta s ni v b lc di thng bin i trong cc my thu nghe tn hiu AM v bo bin . Mt s b lc di thng bin i nh hnh v 5.11.
Hp thch anh Vo
LK

C0 a
CK RK

Ra

CH

Hnh 5-11. S b lc thch anh vi di thng bin i Hp cng hng thch anh c dng nh phn t ghp gia hai khung dao ng. in p tn hiu ti im a so vi v c c do C0, c b hon ton bng in p ngc pha ti im ny do CH (im gia ca khung ni t). Do vy cc khung dao ng ch ghp vi nhau qua (LK, CK, rK). Nu c hai khung c iu hng chnh xc vo tn s cng hng ni tip ca thch anh th phm cht ca khung cng hng tng ng l: Qt = (0LK) / (rK + 2p2R0) (5.3) R0 - tr khng cng hng ca cc khung vo v ra, p trong trng hp ny bng 1/2 v vy: Qt = (0LK) / (rK + R0/2) (5.4) 165

Nh vy khi phm cht cc khung vo v ra cao, di thng ca khung tng ng (tc ca b lc) nh gim Qt c th rt rng. Nu nh lch i xng cc khung v cc pha khc nhau nh cc t ng chnh th s ca khung tng ng c dng hnh 5-12b.
LK CK RK LK CK RK

p2 R 0

p2 R 0

X1 r

X2 r (b)

(a)

Hnh 5-12. S tng ng ca b lc di thng bin i V: X1 = -X2 nn Qt = 0LK / (rK + 2r)

= Qk
' 0 ' ; 2Qk - lch cng hng tng qut 0 0 '

QK - phm cht khung vo v ra c tnh n phn ng ca s

' - tn s ring ca khung lch cng hng.

' = | ' - 0 | Vi s tng ', r gim cn di thng th thu hp li. Bng cch nh vy c th thay i rng di thng t vi kHz n 200 300 Hz. Tnh cht thay i ca dng ng cong chn lc b lc khi lch cng hng khung (D = f()) vi cc gi tr ' khc nhau nh hnh 5-13.
D
1' = 0
' 2 > 1'

' ' 3 > 2

Hnh 5-13. ng cong chn lc ca b lc thch anh bin i Khi thu hp di thng, h s ch nht ca ng cong chn lc gim, trong vng tn s ring ca cc khung lch cng hng xut hin cc ch lm. V vy b lc ny phi s dng kt hp vi b lc c tham s khng i ng trc, tnh cho di thng cc i ca my thu. thay i di thng ca b lc ny 166

ngi ta thay i: tr s cc t ghp gia cc khung, tr s cc tr khng vo v ra v in dung ca cc khung (nhm gi cho tn s trung bnh ca b lc l khng i). Mt gii php lc iu chnh di thng bng phng php dch tn s trung tn tn hiu hay c s dng trong cc my thu SN hin nay. Gii php ny cho php loi b nhiu xut hin v mt pha. S cho gii php ny c th hin trn hnh 5-14.
f n-1
KTG Trn tn (-)

fn
K & Lc di Trn tn (-)

f n+1
KTG

fp
Dao ng ph
SHIFT

Hnh 5-14. iu chnh di thng theo phng php dch trung tn

iu chnh trung tm iu chnh ct nhiu di lc dI iu chnh ct nhiu trn lc dI

Nhiu

Lc di

Lc di Nhiu

Tn s IF trung tm

Ph tn hiu

Ph tn hiu

Hnh 5-15. Minh ho iu chnh di thng bng phng php dch trung tn Nh dao ng ph c a vo cho php iu chnh fn lch v 2 pha trung tm ca b lc:
f n = f p f n-1 f n+1 = f p f n = f n-1

(5.5) (5.6) 167

Kt qu sau 2 ln bin i vi tn s ph fp c tn s f n+1 = f n-1 . Vi mc ch ny khng nhng cho php lc b nhiu v mt pha m cn cho php chn lc i vi tng dng tn hiu ring r bng cch s dng nhiu b lc thch anh khc nhau trong tuyn tn s fn v khng n nh ca b dao ng ph c loi b theo nguyn l b tr. Gii php ny thng c p dng i vi cc my thu hin nay. Minh ho cho gii php iu chnh lc nhiu mt pha c th hin trn hnh 5-15. 5.2 CC H THNG IU CHNH V IU CHNH T NG TRONG MY PHT 5.2.1 Mch iu chnh t ng mc - ALC S chc nng ca mch ALC (Automatic Level Control) c ch ra trn hnh 5-16.
Cc tng KTG Tng KCS Lc tn thp Mch ghp Mch phi hp

Uf

ALC
Ur

Tch sng SWR

Chn mc H/M/L

Hnh 5-16. Mch ALC Mc ch ca vic s dng mch ALC trong tuyn pht nhm t c: - n nh v ng u mc tn hiu pht trong di tn lm vic: bng cch CT h s khuch i ca cc tuyn tn s trung tn tuyn pht, mch ny hot ng ngay c khi ngun cp cho my pht khng n nh. - CT cng sut pht (APC - Automatic Power Control): cho php khng ch cng sut pht theo mc c la chn. Mc chn ny c th l lin tc hoc c nh theo cc mc: cao, trung bnh hay thp (H/M/L). Ngoi ra, mch ny cn cho php bo v tng khuch i cng sut khi h s sng ng (SWR - Standing Wave Ratio) ln bng cch gim cng sut pht thm ch cm pht. H s SWR c xc nh theo 5.7. 168

SWR =

Pf + Pr Pf Pr

(5.7)

y:

SWR : khng th nguyn, l tng = 1, : cng sut sng ti, Pf : cng sut sng phn x. Pr

5.2.2 C s ca h thng t ng iu chnh phi hp anten 1. Yu cu v iu kin phi hp Thng tin v tuyn ngy cng i hi cc thit b phi lm vic trong di tn rng, vi nhiu loi anten khc nhau, cc anten ny c tr khng vo ph thuc vo tn s v thng l mt s phc
Z A ( j ) = RA ( ) + jX A ( )

(5.8)

Do cc phn t khuch i (n in t, tranzitor) ca tng ra ch cho ra cng sut ln nht khi ti ca n l RGH (ch gii hn), nn phi hp cn phi iu chnh kh b thnh phn X A ( ) v a RA ( ) = RGH , thun tin gi RGH = Rt th
Z A ( j ) = RA ( ) = Rt

(5.9)

y chnh l iu kin phi hp anten, mun c thc hin iu ny phi iu chnh c in tr v in khng ca anten. 2. Cc phng php phi hp Cc my pht thng dng tng ra phc tp v c lc sng hi cao, c kh nng bo v tng KCS ra khi tham s anten thay i ln. Tng ra phc tp s dng hai hoc nhiu hn cc khung cng hng. Khung ghp vi anten gi l khung anten, cc khung cn li gi l khung trung gian. iu chnh cc khung v ghp gia chng s thc hin c iu kin (5.9) ni trn, v c cc phng php iu chnh sau: iu chnh phi hp anten nh thay i ghp gia cc khung Phi hp theo phng php ny l sau khi iu chnh cng hng mch anten kh phn khng X A ( ) , s tin hnh thay i ghp gia cc khung cng hng RA ( ) = Rt lm ti cho tng KCS. c im ca phng php ny l in tr vo ca khung cng hng anten c th thay i trong phm vi no , ch khi thay i ghp mi a v Rt. Do vy phng php c thun li 169

l vn m bo phi hp tt khi thay bn dn hoc thay i cc tham s ca tng ra; nhng li phi tin hnh iu chnh nhiu ln, nhiu khu dn n lm tng thi gian iu chnh, d lm hng cc tip im khi my pht c cng sut ln nn cc my hin i t dng, ch s dng nhng chng loi my c hoc nhng my mi c cng sut nh... iu chnh phi hp anten nh khi phi hp ring r Do phng php phi hp trn cn c nhc im na l my pht vn bc x cao tn khi iu chnh, khng m bo h s yu cu SWR = 1 1,3 ; v vy kt cu cc phn t phi hp nh mt khi ring s khc phc c nhc im ny. Yu cu ca phng php phi hp ny l phi c in tr ti c nh cho tng ra, n thun tin cho vic iu chnh. i vi cc my pht s dng tng ra c khung cng hng th vic phi hp phi tin hnh ring r tng ra v khi phi hp nhm a tr khng vo ca khi phi hp v Rt. Cn i vi cc my pht s dng khuch i cng sut di rng th vic iu chnh ch phi tin hnh iu chnh khi phi hp a tr khng vo ca anten Z A ( ) v Rt , do vy kh nng nng cao tc iu chnh. Vi kt cu thnh khi phi hp ring r nh vy cng rt tin li cho vic chuyn sang s dng cc my pht khc c cng di tn, cng sut truyn v in tr ti. 3. Nguyn tc thit lp khi phi hp anten Qu trnh bin i Z A ( j ) v Rt c gi l qu trnh phi hp, cc mch m bo s phi hp ny gi l mch phi hp. Thit b (khi) phi hp s bao gm c mch phi hp v cc phn t ph m bo cho vic iu chnh. Cch mc khi phi hp nh hnh 5-17
1 2 Mch phi hp 1 2

Rt

Z A ( j )

Z1 ( j ) = Rt

Z 2 ( j ) = Z * ( j ) A

Hnh 5-17. V tr ca mch phi hp anten 170

V Z A ( j ) = RA ( ) + jX A ( ) , nn khi bin i v Rt phi s dng hai phn t: mt bin i RA ( ) ; mt kh b X A ( ) . i vi thit b phi hp t ng th cc phn t m bo cho vic iu chnh mch phi hp l cc b nhn bit s mt phi hp, n cho bit lch gia Z A ( j ) so vi Rt. B nhn bit phi c nhim v nhn bit v R, G v . Tn hiu t cc b nhn bit a ti khi iu khin iu khin cc thit b thc hin nhm iu chnh cc phn t ca mch phi hp. Vic iu chnh kt thc khi Z A ( j ) ; Rt . Cch mc mch cho thit b t ng phi hp nh hnh 5-18.

Mch phi hp

Z A ( j )

Mch nhn bit

Thit b thc hin Khi phi hp

Khi iu khin

Hnh 5-18. S tng qut mch t ng iu chnh phi hp anten C s phi hp l cc mch phi hp, sau y s i tm hiu cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca mch phi hp anten bng cc mch lc n gin. V vic iu chnh phi tin hnh mi khi thay i tn s, nn cc mch phi hp c gi l cc mch cng hng. Cc mch cng hng n gin thng c cu to ch nh trn hnh 5-19.
1

jX 2

jX 2

jX 1 2

Z A ( j )
1

jX 1

Z A ( j )
2

Z1 ( j )

Z ' ( j )
a.

Z1 ( j )
b.

Hnh 5-19. Na khu ch T (a) v na khu ch (b) 171

Hnh 5-19a gi l na khu ch T, hnh 5-19b l na khu ch . Cc phn t bin i l t in v in cm. Nguyn l lm vic: V d mch phi hp na khu ch T (hnh 5-18a), i vi gi tr X1 s c:
Z ' ( j ) = jX 1.Z A ( j ) = R ' ( ) + jX ' ( ) jX 1 + Z A ( j )

(5.10)

Nu R ' ( ) = Rt th phn khng X ' ( ) s c kh bng X2 nh sau:

X 2 + X ' ( ) = 0

(5.11)

Biu thc (5.11) chnh l iu kin phi hp, mun thc hin c (5.11) th X2 phi tri du vi X ' ( ) . V trong mt phng phc, do gi tr Z A ( j ) c th bt k im no, tc l n c th mang tnh cm, hoc dung, cho nn dng cc khu trn ch phi hp c trong mt phn mt phng thi. Mun phi hp trong ton b mt phng phi s dng kt hp c hai khu ny. Ty thuc vo v tr tr khng Z A ( j ) trn mt phng m dng mt trong hai khu sao cho vic iu chnh n gin nhng vn m bo phi hp chnh xc, cho tc nhanh. c th hn, phn tch mch khi ch c mt phn t iu chnh mc song song hoc ni tip vi Z A ( j ) . Hnh 5-19a, nu mch phi hp ch s dng phn t X1 mc song song th,
RA ( ) X A ( ) 1 1 1 + = + 2 j 2 2 2 jX 1 Z A ( j ) jX 1 RA ( ) + X A ( ) RA ( ) + X A ( )

(5.12)

Ta nhn thy gi tr X1 khng lm thay i in dn vo ca mch, v vy mch ch c th phi hp c khi dn bng 1 Rt . iu kin phi hp l
RA ( ) 1 = 2 R ( ) + X A ( ) Rt
2 A

(5.13) (5.14)

X A ( ) 1 j 2 =0 2 jX 1 RA ( ) + X A ( )

T (5.13) bin i c
2 RA ( ) Rt 2 + X A ( ) = ( Rt 2 ) 2 2

(5.15)

y chnh l phng trnh ng trn r, bn knh Rt 2 tm ( Rt 2; 0 ) . 172

jX A ( )
N

Css Cnt

RA ( )

Rt 2

Rt Lnt

Lss
M

Hnh 5-20. Vng trn mt phng phc iu chnh phi hp anten Nh vy, trn mt phng phc (hnh 5-20), mi gi tr Z A ( j ) nu nm trn ng trn C th u c a v gi tr Rt mt cch d dng nh thay i phn t X1 mc song song vi Z A ( j ) . T (5.14) thy rng, nu phn khng ca anten dng (na ng trn pha trn) th X1 phi l t, cn nu l m (na ng trn pha di) th X1 l cm. Hnh 5-19b, nu mch phi hp ch s dng phn t ni tip X2 th vic phi hp t c khi RA ( ) = Rt ; X2 ch c tc dng kh b thnh phn khng X A ( ) . Trn mt phng phc (hnh 5-20) mi gi tr Z A ( j ) nm trn ng thng MN i qua Rt song song vi trc tung u c th dng X2 phi hp. Nu X A ( ) > 0 th X2 l t ni tip Cnt , X A ( ) < 0 th X2 l in cm ni tip Lnt. T c nhn xt sau: vic phi hp vi anten bng mch lc cng hng c hai phn t bin i c th theo hai cch: 1, thay i tr khng anten v Rt ri mi kh phn khng; 2, kh phn khng trc v bin i in tr anten sau. Thc hin theo phng php th hai l rt kh khn v nh trn phn tch, khi bin i in tr RA s lm cho XA thay i, v nh vy phn khng khng c kh hon ton. Do chn cch th nht. Mt khc do yu cu v chn lc sng hi bc cao nn tt nht l cu to mch phi hp nh cc b lc tn thp (c C mc song song v L mc ni tip vi ZA). Hnh 5-21 cho bit gii hn cc vng phi hp ca hai khu lc tn thp ca na khu hnh T v . 173

jX A ( )

L2 C1
D B

ZA

( C3 )
Rt

( C1 )

RA ( )

( L2 )
A
L2 C3 ZA

( L2 )
E

Hnh 5-21. Gii hn cc vng phi hp ca na khu hnh T v Gii tuyn ca cc vng ny xc nh bi na ng trn in dn khng i, Gt = 1 Rt v na ng thng RtE. Trong vng gch cho vic phi hp s do khu na hnh m nhim, vng cn li l ca na khu hnh T. V d tr khng ca anten nm im A, mun a v im c RA = Rt th trc tin phi mc ni tip vi Z A ( j ) gi tr in cm L2 sao cho A dch chuyn v im B nm trn ng trn in dn GA < Gt , sau dng C3 mc song song s ko B v Rt theo chiu mi tn trn hnh v. on AB tng ng vi in khng L2 , cn gi tr in np ti B s xc nh C3 . V vy d dng tnh c gi tr L2 v C3. phi hp Z A ( j ) vi Rt ngoi vng gch cho, v d im D cn mc C1 song song vi Z A ( j ) s ko D dch chuyn theo chiu kim ng h v E trn ng trn in dn GA < Gt khng i. Tm ca ng trn l giao im ca ng trung trc on OD vi trc honh. Hiu gia phn in np ti E v D cho php xc nh C1. Ti E c RA = Rt , phn khng s c kh bng L2 mc ni tip, gi tr in khng ti E xc nh L2 . Vic iu chnh cc phn t ca mch phi hp c th lin tc hoc ri rc. Di y tip tc s phn tch cc h thng CT phi hp anten.

174

5.2.3 Cc h thng CT phi hp anten C rt nhiu cc h thng CT phi hp anten trong my pht. Mi h thng c c im ring ca mnh, quyt nh min ng dng ca n. Trn c s ca 2 phng php iu chnh phi hp anten trn, mt cch tng hp chng c th c xy dng theo mt trong cc h thng c bn sau: a. H thng CT s dng phng php iu ch tham s H thng kiu ny c th s dng CT cc khung dao ng ca b KCS cng hng vi cc dao ng kch thch v CT thit b phi hp anten. 1. H thng CT khung dao ng: S nh hnh 5-22. Cng nh bt k h thng cng hng no, n c vng nhy hn ch, v vy vic iu ch thc hin trong hai chu trnh. Chu trnh 1 tm kim vng nhy, chu trnh 2 - iu chnh chnh xc.
Tn hiu vo Khung dao ng Tn hiu ra

TS bin PTK

Khi ng

Dao ng F M o pha K dc U K So pha

BPF

LPF

KT

K 1 chiu

RL

2 1

Hnh 5-22. S cu trc h thng CT khung dao ng vi iu ch tham s S hot ng nh sau: B dao ng m tn F cp tn hiu cho b tch sng pha. Ph thuc vo v tr chuyn mch o chiu S, hiu pha ca cc in p dn n n hoc bng 0 hoc bng 180o. Du ca in p iu khin quyt nh bi hiu pha ny. C chiu quay ca ng c ghp qua b gim tc vi b phn 175

iu chnh cng vy. cui (u) di, chuyn mch o chiu S lm vic v hng iu chnh thay i ngc li. Trong qu trnh tm kim, mt trong cc tham s ca khung dao ng (L hoc C) b iu ch nh phn t khng bi tn s F. Nu dng vic iu chnh trong vng nhy ca h thng th tn s ring ca khung s dao ng v lc : fCT = fCTo + fD .cost y: fCTo - tn s ring ca khung, fD - lch tn s ring cc i, gy bi s iu ch tham s. Hnh 5-23 minh ha s lm vic ca CT khung. Tn s t trn trc honh, thi gian - trn trc tung v bin in p cao tn trn trc ng. Trn trc tung biu din ng cong fD.cost, cn trong mt phng Um, f biu din ng cong cng hng ca khung dao ng v cc gii hn dch chuyn ca n trn trc tn s trong qu trnh iu ch (ng gch gch). Kt qu l cc dao ng cao tn b iu ch bi tn s F, bin ca cc dao ng cao tn v bin ca cc ng bao ca chng s ph thuc vo s lch cng hng ca khung so vi tn s ca cc dao ng kch thch.
Um

(5.16)

(f) t t
f 0

(f) f (f) f = fCT 0 t f f t

Hnh 5-23. Minh ho s lm vic CT khung dao ng vi iu ch tham s. Nu by gi dch chuyn ng cong cng hng b iu ch trn trc tn s th d dng thy rng tn s cng hng ring ca khung cng tin n gn tn s kch thch, bin cc dao ng cao tn s cng tng ln v t cc i khi cng hng, cn bin ng bao u tin s tng ln (ng vi s tng dc 176

ng cng hng) sau gim n tn 0 khi cng hng v dc ng cong cng hng bng 0 ti nh. V nh ca ng cong m khng phng th khi cng hng s xut hin cc hi bc hai v bc cao ca tn s F vi bin khng ln, nh cng phng - bin ca chng cng nh. Khi i qua cng hng ng bao iu ch li xut hin nhng vi pha ngc li v bin ca n s thay i tng ng vi s thay i dc sn nghing ng cong cng hng. Bn phi hnh 5-23 v cc dao ng ca ng bao i vi ba v tr ca ng cong cng hng so vi tn s dao ng kch thch c gi tr f, f v f. T s cu trc hnh 5-22 ta suy ra rng cc dao ng trn khung c tch sng ra thnh thnh phn mt chiu v xoay chiu. Di tc ng ca thnh phn mt chiu khuch i n ngng no khi i vo vng nhy, r le P lm vic v chuyn li vo bn phi tch sng pha cp thnh phn xoay chiu nhn c sau khi tch sng. T hai cc tnh mc c th m chn ra cc tnh bo m quay ng c v pha nh khi tin n gn vng nhy. V rng bin ng bao khi tin n gn cng hng b gim xung nn tc quay ca ng c cng chm dn li. Khi cng hng th ng c dng li. Nu h qu qun tnh th khi i qua cng hng, cc tnh ca in p iu khin s thay i v s bo m tr li cng hng.
UK
Vng tm kim t pha di Vng tm kim t pha trn

Vng iu chnh tinh

Hnh 5-24. th thay i in p iu khin li ra TSF Hnh 5-24 l th s thay i in p iu khin li ra tch sng pha, minh ha cho qu trnh ng hc ca h thng khi chuyn t chu trnh tm kim sang chu trnh iu chnh chnh xc. Sau khi kt thc vic iu chnh khung dao ng (sau khi ng c dng) b dao ng tm kim c ngt ra. Qu trnh iu chnh mi s bt u khi khi ng b dao ng tm kim v thay i tn s dao ng kch thch. 177

2. H thng CT thit b phi hp: Thit b phi hp c hai b phn iu chnh v n thc hin hai chc nng: b thnh phn khng ca Zv anten v bin i thnh phn tch cc (thun tr). iu chnh thit b phi hp c ngha l tm cc gi tr in dung ca t trong khung song song Ck v t ghp Cgh sao cho dng anten l cc i. S cu trc ca h thng CT thit b phi hp c cho hnh 525. N bao gm hai h thng CT ging nhau v c lp. Mt iu chnh ghp nh ng c M1, mt iu chnh t ca khung song song nh ng c M2 . Hai h ch khc nhau l cc tn s iu ch chn khc nhau, iu ny l cn thit loi tr cc nhiu ln nhau.
K1
Tch sng bin Lc di thng B cng Khuch i Q Chuyn mch o chiu

T K2 0o

R S

Tch sng pha

Dao ng F 1

Khi ng

180 o

M1

L RL M2 CK T KCS my pht

F2 n tuyn TC khung song song

Hnh 5-25. S chc nng CT phi hp v iu ch tham s Qu trnh ng hc ca hai h thng iu c lp nh cc h thng iu chnh khp kn, t ra ph thuc ln nhau: chng buc nhau tm kim s cng hng ca khung dao ng tng ng (bao gm thit b phi hp v anten). S cng hng ng vi dng cc i trong anten (vi hai b phn iu chnh th c v hn cc cng hng khng ng vi dng cc i trong anten). thc hin iu ch tham s song song vi cc t Ck v Cgh, ngi ta 178

mc cc mch gm varicap v t xoay ni ni tip. in dung ca cc t ny so vi Cgh v Ck th khng ln nhng gy nn s iu ch tham s khi cp cho varicap in p xoay chiu t cc my pht tn s F1, F2 (nu in dung ca varicap nh hng mnh n vic iu chnh thit b phi hp th s xut hin s nguy him ca vic pht sinh cc hi bc cao ca tn hiu do c tnh phi tuyn ca varicap). Cc t xoay mc ni tip vi varicap bo m s khng i ca su iu ch tham s theo di tn. Mi h thng CT lm vic trong hai chu trnh. Chu trnh u bo m vic tm kim vng nhy, chu trnh hai bo m iu chnh tinh. B dao ng m cp tn hiu cho tch sng pha. in p ny c a trc tip n mt li vo TSF, cn li vo kia - a qua r le in t gm trig v hai kho v qua b khuch i (b cng trong trng hp ny l tng cho qua). Cc tnh ca in p nui ng c v xc nh hng quay ca n ph thuc vo trng thi ca trig v trig iu khin cc kho K1, K2. Trong mt trng hp hiu pha ca in p dn n TSF bng khng, trong trng hp khc - bng 180. Trng thi ca trig c xc nh bi v tr ca chuyn mch o chiu. Khi c dng anten, li ra tch sng bin xut hin in p ng bao ca tn hiu iu ch. V dng anten b iu ch bi hai tn s F1, F2 nn sau tch sng bin cn c b lc, cho qua tn s "ca mnh" v hi bc hai ca n. Sau cc dao ng c a n b cng. Ta lu rng mc tn hiu tm kim a n b cng t dao ng m c chn rt thp, cn in p ca n TSF c c nh b khuch i.
Cng hng

Hnh 5-26. S tin trin ca dng ng bao khi iu chnh tham s in p ly t tch sng bin (in p lch cng hng) lun lun tri hn in p tn hiu tm kim (hnh 5-26). Khi n gn cng hng, hi bc hai ca ng bao bt u th hin. Khi cng hng bin hi bc mt trit tiu, cn bin hi bc hai c gi tr ln nht. Gi tr ny ph thuc vo su iu ch v phm cht khung tng ng. Trong trng hp c th ny, bin hi 179

bc hai tri hn hi bc mt v vy ngay khi xut hin tn hiu lch cng hng, n gy qu ti b khuch i v chn p tn hiu tm kim. Nh vy xy ra s chuyn t ng t tm kim sang iu chnh chnh xc (t y ta thy r b lc li ra tch sng bin c tn ton cho qua hi bc 1 v 2 ca ng bao iu ch lm g). Ta cng suy ra F1, F2 phi khc nhau hn 2 ln. cui qu trnh iu chnh khi cc ng c dng li r le P2 mc vo M2 c ngt in. Cc tip im ca n (khng v trn hnh) s bt trig ca mnh, bng cch thay i pha ca tn hiu tm kim. Nu vic iu chnh tin hnh ng th t tr i khng c g thay i v tn hiu tm kim b chn p trong b khuch i. Nu s iu hng l gi (cng hng ring) th tn hiu tm kim thc hin vic iu chnh tip tc. b. H thng t ng iu chnh c nh im cc tr H thng ny c s dng iu chnh thit b phi hp cc my pht sng mt. S cu trc h thng CT thit b phi hp bng phng php nh im cc tr biu din hnh 5-27.

D1

C Khuch i R D2 Cm

o chiu C GH M1 o chiu Thit b iu khin Khi ng

CK T KCS

M2

Hnh 5-27. S cu trc c nh im cc tr Trong qu trnh iu chnh Cgh v Ck thay i c chu k di tc ng ca cc ng c M1 , M2 c b phn gim tc. Nu tc thay i ca t Cgh ln hn nhiu tc thay i ca t Ck, th trong thi gian Ck thay i hon ton s c hng lot chu trnh thay i hon ton 180

ca Cgh . Khi khung dao ng tng ng gm cc phn t ca thit b phi hp v thnh phn khng ca in tr ton phn anten s cng hng mi khi iu kin Lt .Ct = 1/2 c thc hin, trong - tn s cc dao ng kch thch. S ln cng hng trong chu trnh thay i ca Ck s cng ln, nu hiu tc thay i ca Ck v Cgh cng ln.
IA

CK CKmin CKmax

Hnh 5-28. S ph thuc ca dng anten Trong s cc cng hng ny c cng hng ng vi s phi hp ca my pht vi anten v cng sut. Dng anten ti im cng hng ny s cc i (hnh 5-28). Nhim v ca CT thit b phi hp l phi ghim ly cng hng ny. Vic iu chnh c thc hin trong vi chu trnh: - Chu trnh 1: t t Ck vo v tr xut pht. - Chu trnh 2: Nh cc i dng trong anten khi Ck thay i hon ton. Dng anten cm ng trong bin p anten mt in p, in p ny np cho t C qua cc it D1, D2 . C np cc i khi dng anten cc i. S np ca t bo m nh im cc i. Trong thi gian ca chu trnh ny, thit b iu khin s cm pht thng tin v nhng g ang xy ra trong mch np t C, nhng s cm ny ngng tc ng nh chuyn mch o chiu khi in dung ca t t cc i. - Chu trnh 3 - So snh: Chu trnh ny lp li chu trnh trc. Khi dng anten li t cc i th c dng np thm chy qua t C, v n thi gian ny t kp phng mt t qua R, in tr ngc ca cc it v tr vo ca b khuch i. Xung np thm c khuch i v c thit b iu khin s dng ngt ng c M2 , o chiu ng c M1 v gim t ngt tc thay i in dung Cgh (theo hng ngc li). ng tc cui l cn thit v do qun tnh t Cgh s i qua thi im cng hng. - Chu trnh 4 - So snh: Tng t chu trnh trc, nhng ch c thc 181

hin bi t Cgh nhm iu chnh chnh xc. Khi hon thnh iu chnh, h thng c trng thi ban u. H ny thua h iu chnh tham s v tc iu chnh do s chu trnh ln. c. Cc h thng CT phi hp dng phn t ri rc Yu cu tc iu hng cao my pht lm xut hin nhng thit b phi hp iu chnh ri rc. y mch phi hp c thc hin theo mt trong cc s cng hng thng thng song c s dng cc phn t ri rc l cc t v cun cm. T ri rc l mt b cc t c in dung khng i c mc song song vi nhau trong cc t hp bt k nh cc r le cao tn. Tr s cc t ny c th lp thnh cp s nhn nh phn (vi cng bi bng 2). in dung cc tiu ca t th nht C1 lin quan vi in dung ca t th n (Cn) bng h thc Cn = C1.2n - 1 V tng tt c cc in dung C = 2.Cn - C1 (5.18) in dung ca t ri rc c th thay i trong phm v t C1 C vi bc ti thiu l C1. Vi cun cm cng tng t nh vy, song chng c mc ni tip vi nhau. By gi ta xt nguyn tc lm vic ca h thng ny dng n gin nht (hnh 5-29).
1

(5.17)

jX 2

jX 1 2

Z A ( j )

Z1 ( j )

Hnh 5-29. Khu

1 T 2

Vic iu hng thc hin nh hai atric mt phi hp t li vo mch phi hp. Khi iu hng na khu phi hp hnh T dng lc tn thp, mt trong cc atric s xc nh du lch ca gi tr thnh phn tch cc ca tr khng vo phc mch phi hp: Z1(j) = R1() + j.X1() 182 (5.19)

khi gi tr Rti, cn atric th hai - xc nh du dch pha gia dng v p li vo ca mch khi gi tr 0. Nu R1() > Rti th du li ra atric thnh phn tch cc ca tr khng s dng (quy c R+), cn khi R1 () < Rti - s m (R -). Cc ch th ca atric pha cng tng t: Khi X() > 0 du li ra l dng (+), cn khi X() < 0 - l m (-). Nh vy ch c th c 4 t hp cc ch th ca hai atric. Biu thay i ca tr khng vo ca na khu hnh T khi iu hng nh hnh 5-30.
+ jX1( ) R M R+ B + G < Gti (C song song )
Gti = const R ti = const

jB1()

G+

A + F

+
K

+
R < R ti (L ni tip ) Gti = 1/Rti (C song song ) G1()

R ti (L ni tip ) E D R

R1()

L C R+ G G+

(a) (b)

Hnh 5-30. Biu thay i ca tr khng vo (a) vo in dn vo (b ) vi iu hng cc thit b phi hp trn cc phn t tp trung Mt phng Z1(j) c chia thnh 4 vng bi trc honh v ng thng MN i qua R1() = Rti v song song vi trc tung. Mi vng ng vi mt quan h nht nh ca cc ch th ca atric. Qu trnh iu hng c chia thnh hai giai on. giai on 1, in cm dc ca na khu T c ngt ra v ch c in dung ngang thay i. Trong trng hp ny im biu din tr khng vo ca mch (v d, im F) chuyn dch trn ng trn in dn khng i (G < Gti) theo chiu kim ng h, ln lt i qua cc vng A, B v C. Vng D c coi l cng cm. Giai on 1 bt u t vic mc in dung ln nht Cn ca t ri rc vo mch. Theo cc ch th ca atric, ngi ta xc nh v tr ca im trn mt phng v trng thi tng ng ca cc b phn iu hng. Khi tm c im biu din vng bt k ngoi vng D, in dng tip theo Cn - 1 c thm vo t Cn. Nu im biu din ri vo vng D th Cn - 1 c ngt ra v thay vo n l Cn - 2. Li tin hnh kim tra ... v.v. cho n in dung nh nht. Sau khi kt thc 183

giai on 1, Zvo ca mch phi hp s c biu din bi im gn im E. Giai on 2 bt u t vic mc vo ln lt cc cun cm (cun cm ln nht c mc u tin). Nu du li ra atric pha l m th thm vo cun cm tip theo. Nu du dng th cun cm c ngt ra. Giai on 2 kt thc bng vic kim tra vic mc cun cm b nht vo. Kt qu ca hai giai on l Zvo gn vi Rti. Vic iu hng na khu phi hp hnh (hnh 5-31) tin hnh theo atric thnh phn tch cc ca in dn vo phc Y(j) = G() + j.B(). S thay i in dung mc song song vi Zvo ca anten lm chuyn dch im biu din trn mt phng in dn phc t di ln trn theo phng thng ng, cn cun cm ni tip lm chuyn dch im biu din trn ng trn tr khng khng i theo chiu kim ng h.
1

jX 2

jX 1

Z A ( j )
2

Y1 ( j )

Hnh 5-31. Khu

1 2

Giai on 1: mc ln lt cc cun cm ni tip, bt u t cun cm ln nht. in cm b ngt ra ch khi du li ra atric in dn tch cc l m (G-) v du m li ra atric pha (- ). Kt thc giai on 1 im K tin ti im L. Giai on 2: Ln lt mc cc t, c kim tra theo ch th atric pha. Vic iu hng kt thc khi in dn vo ca mch gn n 1/Rti. Lu thut ton xy dng chng trnh lm vic ca h thng t ng iu chnh phi hp anten trn cc phn t ri rc c ch ra trn hnh 5-32. Bt u bng vic n nm khi ng tm dng mch phi hp nh kim tra php ton

{( R

> Rt ) {( GA < Gt ) ( X A > 0 )} = 1

(5.20)

184

sau l th t th cc t, cm nh nguyn l iu chnh nu. Kt thc bng vic ng cm hoc t nh nht ty vo tng s na khu hnh T hay na khu hnh .
Bt u Sai

{( R

> Rt ) {( GA < Gt ) ( X A > 0 )} = 1

Lk
2 K1

ng

K=2 k=0 k = k+1 Sai ng Lk ng k < m-1 ng

Lm

K=1
kmax = m jmax = n

j=0 j = j+1
A

Cj

{( G

< Gt ) ( X A > 0 )} = 1

ng Tt Lk

Sai ng Cj

{( R

< Rt ) ( X A < 0 )} = 1

ng Tt Cj

j < n-1 Sai Sai ng

Cn

ng

j=0 j = j +1 Sai X < 0 A ng Cj ng j < n -1 ng Cn Sai Kt thc Sai ng Tt Cj ng Lk Sai

k=0 k = k+1
X A > 0 ng

Tt Lk k < m-1 ng Lm ng

Hnh 5-32. Lu thut ton ca h thng t ng iu chnh phi hp anten trn cc phn t ri rc T nguyn l v chng trnh lm vic ca h thng t ng iu chnh phi hp anten trn cc phn t ri rc ca b lc tn thp va nu, xy dng s khi ca h thng nh hnh 5-33.

185

L1

L2
1

...
2 K

Lm

KR

KG

R le cao tn chn L

...
C1
Xc nh v tr kha K

C2

Cn

R le cao tn chn C

Xc nh vng in tr

Khi iu khin

Gn

Hnh 5-33. S h thng iu chnh phi hp anten trn cc phn t ri rc

186

Chng 6
NG DNG K THUT MI TRONG H THNG THNG TIN V TUYN
Cc h thng thng tin v tuyn ngy cng c hon thin cng vi s pht trin ca tin b k thut p ng c i hi ca thng tin mi trong tnh hnh hin nay. Mt trong nhng i hi l cn phi tng c tin cy ca ng thng tin mun vy cn phi m bo thit lp ng thng tin nhanh, n nh, tng tnh chng nhiu, tnh bo mt thng tin...v.v. Rt nhiu cc gii php c quan tm nghin cu v gii quyt c gii thiu trong cc chng trc nh chn dng iu ch tn hiu, xy dng s chc nng cho tuyn thu tuyn pht, cu trc cc b tng hp tn s, cc h thng iu chnh t ng... Trong chng ny s tip tc cp n nhng vn c tnh thi s ang c ng dng trong cc h thng thng tin v tuyn trong cc di tn HF v VHF, l h thng thng tin tri ph v t ng thit lp ng truyn cng nh m rng kh nng ng dng linh hot ca cc knh thng tin v tuyn di VHF, UHF thng qua h thng trung k v tuyn. Cc k thut mi ny trc y c nghin cu v ng dng c hiu qu trong thng tin qun s, n nay chng mi c cc nh sn xut quan tm a vo thnh sn phm thng mi ng dng rng ri trong mt s h thng vin thng khc nh thng tin di ng, thng tin v tinh, vi ba s... 6.1 K THUT TRI PH TRONG THNG TIN V TUYN 6.1.1 Gii thiu chung K thut tri ph c ng dng ln u tin trong cc h thng thng tin ca qun i M vo nhng nm 1940, nhm che du thng tin v chng nhiu c . Tuy nhin, vi thp nin sau k thut ny t c quan tm nn kh nng ng dng ca n c phn hn ch. Cho mi n cui nhng nm 1970 trn th gii mi thy ni n k thut tri ph trong cc h thng thng tin v nhng nm gn y nh cc u th tuyt vi ca n trong thng tin di ng v mt lot cc h thng thng tin khc m k thut tri ph thc s pht trin mnh. tng ca k thut tri ph trong cc h thng thng tin l da vo nh l Shannon, nh l ny c pht biu nh sau: vi mt knh c tp m trng cng tnh (AWGN: Additive White Gaussian Noise) th tng quan gia dung 187

lng, cng sut, rng di tn v cht lng cho bi: C = B.log2(1+S/N) (6-1) trong C l dung lng ca knh, B l rng di tn ca tn hiu, cn S/N l t s gia cng sut tn hiu v tp m. Nh vy, cng vi mt dung lng xc nh C, c th truyn c tn hiu vi t s S/N rt thp nu tn hiu c ph rt rng v nu c kh nng bin mi tp nhiu v c dng nh hoc gn nh AWGN. iu ny c th t c nh thc hin tri rng ph ca tn hiu cn truyn phn pht v nn ph phn thu. Trn c s ny cho php h thng lin lc lm vic tt trong cc iu kin c nhiu mnh, thm ch che du tn hiu chm vo trong nn nhiu, nh i phng rt kh pht hin c tin tc truyn i. Hn na, nh vic s dng cc dy gi ngu nhin tri ph nn i phng hu nh khng th gii m c thng tin. c im c bn ca h thng thng tin tri ph l ph tn hiu c truyn i rt rng. Tuy vy, khng phi loi h thng thng tin no c ph rng cng l h thng thng tin tri ph. Mt h thng thng tin c gi l h thng tri ph nu n tho mn 3 yu t sau y: Th nht: tn hiu sau khi tri c b rng ph ln hn gp nhiu ln so vi b rng ph ban u ca n. Th hai: s tri ph c thc hin bi tn hiu tri ph thng c gi l m tri ph, m tri ph ny c lp vi d liu v c tc ln hn nhiu ln tc d liu. Th ba: ti pha thu, vic gii tri ph c thc hin bi ly tng quan gia tn hiu thu c vi bn sao ging ht ca m tri ph s dng pha pht. Nh vy cc h thng iu ch bng rng nh iu ch tn s, cc h thng iu ch xung mc d tho mn iu kin ph tn hiu rng song khng phi l h thng tri ph. 6.1.2 Cc u im ca h thng thng tin tri ph a. Gim nhiu T khi ra i n nay, cc h thng thng tin tri ph v ang ngy cng pht trin. Cc h thng ny chng t c tnh u vit ca k thut tri ph, l kh nng chng nhiu cao. 188

Nu ch xt n tp m trng chun cng tnh (AWGN) th tri ph khng c u im lm gim tp m trng AWGN. Song iu ny khng lm nh hng nhiu n cht lng ca h thng bi v tp m AWGN phn b ng u v rng v hn trn c di tn vi mc cng sut tn hiu nhiu kh nh. Tuy nhin i vi nhiu c th tri ph c hiu nng tng i cao. iu ny tho mn c iu kin ban u khi sut ra tng tri ph tn hiu. hiu r c h thng thng tin tri ph c kh nng chng nhiu c nh th no, trc tin ta cn phi hiu r cc phng thc gy nhiu ca i phng ra sao. Trong chin tranh, c bit l trong chin tranh hin i, tc chin in t ng mt vai tr ht sc quan trng. Thng thng mi bn tham chin u tm mi cch nhm lm t lit h thng thng tin ca i phng. Mt phng php dng ph bin l ch p in t, gy nhiu h thng thng tin. Vic gy nhiu ny c thc hin bng 2 cch sau: Gy nhiu ton b bng tn tn hiu ca h thng. Khi thc hin phng php ny th mi to tn hiu ch b gy nhiu vi mt mc nng lng ng u v cng sut tn hiu nhiu khng cao. Gy nhiu mt s ta tn hiu hoc l gy nhiu ton b di tn tn hiu nhng cng sut nhiu cc to khc nhau. Khi cng sut tn hiu nhiu ti mt ta c th t c kh ln. Nhn chung c hai phng php trn u kh hiu qu i vi cc h thng thng tin thng thng. i vi cc h thng thng tin tri ph, do ph ca tn hiu c tri ra rt rng cho nn vic gy nhiu theo phng n th nht th nng lng ti mi ta tn hiu rt nh, kh c th lm nh hng n cht lng ca h thng. Mt iu khc bit nht ca h thng thng tin tri ph vi h thng thng tin thng thng l: vi cch gy nhiu chn lc theo to th ti my thu ch c tn hiu tri ph mi tng quan vi m tri ph v c khi phc li cn cc tn hiu nhiu tuy c mc cng sut kh ln nhng khi s bin thnh dng tng t nh tp m AWGN v cng sut kh nh. Qu trnh ny c minh ha trong hnh 6-1.

189

a)

WS
b)

WSS

c)

WSS

d)

WS

Hnh 6-1. nh hng ca nhiu c n h thng thng tin tri ph a. Tn hiu cha tri ph b. Tn hiu sau tri ph c. Tn hiu b gy nhiu theo cch th 2 d. Tn hiu sau gii tri ph Nh vy thy rng, bng vic tri ph tn hiu th tc ng ca nhiu c b gim i ng k. y l mt tham s quan trng cho mt h thng thng tin v tuyn th h mi. b. Gim mt nng lng Song song vi vic chng li ch p in t ca i phng th vic bo m tnh b mt ca mt h thng thng tin cng l mt vn sng cn trong thng tin qun s. Vic bo m tnh b mt ca h thng ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t. Mt trong nhng yu t phi k n l mt nng lng ca tn hiu. tng tnh bo mt ca h thng, kh nng chng b pht hin v thu trm th nng lng tn hiu pht i phi rt thp. Th nhng mt nng lng ca tn 190

hiu thp th t s tn hiu trn tp m S/N thp theo, iu ny ng ngha vi cht lng ca h thng gim. Vn ny ch c gii quyt mt cch ht sc hiu qu khi h thng thng tin tri ph ra i. Trong h thng tri ph nh c gii thiu, ph ca tn hiu c tri ra trn mt bng tn rt rng do mt nng lng ca tn hiu kh thp (ngi ta tnh ton c mt nng lng ca tn hiu tri ph c th thp hn tp m AWGN) v nh vy tn hiu b chm trong tp m nn kh c th pht hin c. Tuy nhin, ph ca tn hiu li c khi phc nh vic gii tri ph bng m tri ph do t s tn hiu trn tp m vn c bo m. c. a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access) Khi hnh thnh tng tri ph tn hiu, ngi ta ch mong mun vi mc ch chng nhiu v bo mt cho h thng thng tin. Tuy nhin sau ny ngi tp m cn pht hin ra mt kh nng to ln ca tri ph l kh nng a truy nhp ca h thng. y khng ch l mt u im thc s hp dn khng nhng cho thng tin qun s m cn c ngha c bit trong thng tin thng mi. Trc y i vi mt bng tn nht nh, th ta ch c th p ng cho mt s lng hn ch ngi s dng. Cn i vi k thut tri ph v mt l thuyt ta c th p ng cho mt s lng ngi s dng rt ln bng cch phn phi cho mi i tng mt m tri ph ring bit. y l vn c cp trong thng tin di ng. 6.1.3 Cc h thng thng tin tri ph Hiu qu c c nh tri ph tn hiu ca h thng thng tin tri ph c nh gi qua tng ch x l (PG: Processing Gain). Ni chung, tng ch x l c xc nh theo: PG = W/Bi (6.2) Tn hiu tri theo tiu chun th 2 nu trn c thc hin bng cc chui cc chip gi ngu nhin (PN: Pseudo Noise) vi tc ni chung ln hn nhiu so vi tc s liu. Vic tri ph ni chung c thc hin bng cch nhn chui s liu cn truyn vi chui gi ngu nhin. Tu theo cch s dng chui PN tri ph, cc h thng tri ph c chia thnh cc loi c bn nh sau: H thng tri ph nhy tn (FH - Frequency Hopping), trong tn hiu gi ngu nhin PN c s dng iu khin tn s sng mang. 191

 H thng tri ph chui trc tip (DS - Direct Sequence), trong chui s liu c nhn trc tip vi chui gi ngu nhin PN. a. H thng tri ph nhy tn FH S khi n gin ca mt h thng tri ph FH c minh ho trn hnh 6-2.
x(t ) x(t )
K & lc di rng
Trn tn Trn tn

s (t )

K & iu ch

KCS

K & Lc di thng

Gii iu ch

s (t )

PN

THTS

PN

THTS

a)

b)

Hnh 6-2. H thng tri ph nhy tn a/ My pht. b/ My thu Tn hiu truyn i x(t) c th c biu din theo: x(t) = s(t). exp j[(t)+L0]t (6.3) trong L0 l tn s b tng hp tn s khi cha c iu khin nhy tn, (t) l gia s tn s iu khin bi chui PN. Gi s chui PN c chu k l n, khi s cc gi tr c th c ca (t) l 2n-1 v ph tn hiu u ra s c rng W = (2n1). khng ph thuc vo tc chip. S ph thuc ca tn s tn hiu li ra theo thi gian c m t trn hnh 6-3.

TC

Hnh 6-3. S ph thuc ca tn s tn hiu trong h thng FH vo chui PN v li tn s trong h thng FH chm

192

Khi Tc>T0 vi Tc v T0 ln lt l rng thi gian ca xung chip v xung s liu th h thng c gi l nhy tn chm. Ngc li, h thng c gi l nhy tn nhanh. Gi tr ca trong c hai loi h thng nhy tn v l thuyt c th chn tu song trong thc t thng chn sao cho cc tn s nm tch bit, do thng chn

Max.[2/Tc, 2/T0]

(6.3)

Cc chc nng to chip gi ngu nhin PN v ng b gia my thu v my pht c thc hin trong b x l thng tin. Chui PN a n b tng hp tn s trong my thu pht iu khin tn s sng mang bng cch iu khin h s chia bin i ca b chia lp trnh thng qua b bin i ni tip / song song trong b THTS. Chui PN c s dng iu ch tri ph nhm mc ch ngu nhin ho to tn hiu trn mt bng tn rng chng nhiu v bo mt. iu ch tri ph c th l iu ch trc tip vi chui s liu (bng cch cng modulo 2 chui PN ny vi s liu u vo v to ra chui c tc bng chui PN, ph s gn bng ph ca chui PN) hoc iu ch gin tip bng cch iu khin tn s ca b tng hp tn s trong my thu pht. b. H thng tri ph chui trc tip DS Trong h thng tri ph chui trc tip (thng dng trong cc h thng thng tin s), chui s liu c nhn (hoc cng modulo 2) trc tip vi chui PN. Nguyn tc hot ng ca h thng c th c din t mt cch vn tt nh sau. Xt h thng bng gc tng ng, gi chui s liu l d(t) vi ph D() v chui gi ngu nhin l c(t) vi ph C(), khi tn hiu truyn i s c dng d(t).c(t). Ph ca tn hiu truyn i (bng D()*C()) s ph thuc ch yu vo ph ca c(t) do tc chip trong h thng tri ph chui trc tip rt ln hn tc d liu. Tc l ph ca tn hiu c dng ging ph tp m. Ti phn thu, tn hiu thu c l tng ca tn hiu tri ph, tp m trng chun v cc nhiu ph hp (tn hiu ch p chng hn). Di tc ng nhn tn hiu gii tri (l bn sao ng b ca c(t) dng phn pht) vi tn hiu thu c, phn tn hiu hu ch c nn ph tr li d liu ban u do c2(t)=1, tch d(t).c(t).c(t) = d(t). Cc nhiu di hp do c nhn vi c(t) nn c tri ph ra nh tn hiu c tri phn pht, do vy hm mt ph cng sut ca nhiu li vo thit b quyt nh my thu s gim hn, thp hn nhiu so vi tn hiu hu ch c nn ph tr li, nh vy t s tn / tp ti li vo thit b quyt nh tng. Vic tri ph v gii tri ph hu nh khng c tc dng ci thin vi tp m bng rt 193

rng nh tp nhit. Trong cc h thng c nhiu tn hiu tri ph khc nhau v m PN nh cc h thng a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access), cc tn hiu t cc my khc ti my thu ang xt cng l tp m bng rng, do vy chng c cng cng sut ti li vo thit b quyt nh v v vy cn c bin php kim sot thch hp. S khi n gin ca mt h thng tri ph chui trc tip v hot ng ca n c m t trn cc hnh v 6.4, 6.5 v bng 6.1. Cn lu rng, trong cc ti liu khc nhau, ngi ta thng dng cc cch biu din tri ph hoc bng tch (), hoc bng tng modulo 2 (). Hai cch biu din ny tng ng nhau v bng chn l ca cc mch nhn v mch cng modulo 2 l tng ng. Tuy nhin trong thc t, do cc cng Exclusive-OR (cng modulo 2) r hn cc mch nhn nhiu nn ngi ta thng s dng cc mch cng modulo 2 thc hin mch tri ph, trong khi li hay dng ton t nhn gii thch hot ng ca h thng cho d hiu.
x(t ) x(t )
My thu Gii iu ch

d (t )
iu ch

My pht

d (t )
c(t ) = 1

c(t ) = 1
PN Dao ng Dao ng

PN

a)

b)

Hnh 6-4. S khi n gin h thng tri ph DS a/ My pht. b/ My thu Bng 6-1 Hot ng ca h thng tri ph DS d(t) c(t) d(t).c(t) d(t).c(t) c(t) d(t) 194 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1

D( f )

C( f )

f
D( f ) * C ( f )

f
D( f ) * C ( f ) * C ( f )

Hnh 6-5. Biu ph ca h thng tri ph DS Cc thit b thng tin v tuyn trong di sng HF v VHF th h mi hin nay thng s dng k thut tri ph nhy tn (FH) v ph tn hiu sau khi tri khng ph thuc vo tc m tri ph do d thc hin ng b gia my thu v my pht, ngoi ra kh nng chng nhiu c tt hn. Tc nhy tn hin nay ty theo tng cp thit b v ty theo cht lng knh thng tin m c th t n vi trm ln (tn s / giy) i vi thng tin di VHF v vi chc ln i vi thng tin di HF. 6.2 T LP THIT LP NG TRUYN - ALE 6.2.1 Tnh cp thit ca ALE ALE l tn vit tt ca "Automatic Link Establishment" c ngha l "T ng thit lp ng truyn" v thng dng ch bt k h thng no c pht trin vi mc ch "t ng" chn cc tn s s h tr lin lc gia cc trm trong mng vo bt k lc no. Nh gii thiu trong chng 1, vi tnh cht tht thng ca mi trng sng ngn u bit rng mt knh tt lc ny hon ton c th tr nn v dng vo lc khc. Chnh v th m trc y khi khai thc thng tin trong di sng ngn cn phi c ngi s dng vi nhiu kinh nghim v c hun luyn tt thit lp v duy tr bng tay ng lin lc gia cc trm. Cng vic ny l qu trnh tn km thi gian, i hi nhiu chi ph v thng l khng tin cy. Vi s gip ca cc tin b cng ngh, nht l trong lnh vc mch tch hp (IC), cc nh nghin cu bt u quan tm n vn c bn lm th no t ng ha qu trnh chn cc knh lin lc "tt". Tnh hnh cng tr ln cp bch khi thng tin v tuyn s dng trong cc lnh vc ngy cng i hi phi c tin cy cao khng th chp nhn nhng chm tr, gin on do qu trnh kt ni bng tay. ALE p ng mt cch y cho vn ny v n cung cp 195

cho trm v tuyn HF kh nng thit lp kt ni gia n v trm khc khng cn s gip ca ngi vn hnh. Trong nhng nm 1980, mt s nh sn xut thit b HF, hon ton c lp vi nhau, a ra cc h thng ALE ring ca mnh nh l gii php cho vn ny. Tt c cc h thng ALE ny, mt mc no , u bao gm cc chc nng tng t nhau: t ng gi v tr li, gi chn lc, t ng bt tay, qut knh v chn knh v phn tch cht lng ng truyn. Tt c cc h thng ny u lm vic theo cch ring ca mnh v to nn mt phng php cho my thu pht (trm) "t ng" kt ni vi my thu pht (trm) khc. V nhng c im ny trong cc my thu pht HF lm cho chng thch nghi hn vi cc nhu cu ngi s dng, nn chng cn c gi l cc my thu pht HF thch nghi. 6.2.2 Tiu chun FED-STD-1045 Vn vi cc h thng ALE to nn bi cc nh sn xut HF ring r tht n gin: khng c tnh tng tc ln nhau. Trong cc ch t ng ha cao ca cc my thu pht HF mi, khng th m bo t ng kt ni gia cc mng s dng thit b ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau. Cc phng php truyn dn v bt tay l khng tng thch gia cc nh sn xut khc nhau n gin ch l do cha bao gi c yu cu chng phi tng thch vi nhau. Do vic pht trin Tiu chun Vin thng Lin bang cho ALE c bt u vo nm 1985. V vy vo nm 1990, phin bn FED-STD-1045 ra i. y l tiu chun chi tit cho s tng tc ca cc h thng ALE trong thit b thu pht v tuyn HF. FED-STD-1045 l c s cho h cc tiu chun v tuyn HF m t vic t ng ha ca tt c cc my thu pht HF. N cung cp cc chc nng tiu chun ha i vi khi xng cuc gi, pht, tr li v cc tn hiu xc nhn lin quan n ALE. Dng sng pht i s cha thng tin a ch gi chn lc mt i no v s yu cu i ny tr li nu n c m my. Tiu chun ny cng xc nh cc nghi thc cn thit, nh thi v cc nh ngha k thut, nhng cn vic thc hin v cc giao din ngi dng dnh quyn cho cc nh sn xut ci tin v c th ha. Sau y l tm tt qu trnh lm vic ca h thng ALE 1045. My thu ALE lun ch qut ch khi n khng kt ni vi i no khc. N c th qut n 100 knh vi tc 2 hoc 5 knh trn giy v lin tc theo di cc knh trong nhm qut t trc ca mng tm cc tn hiu ALE ti. Cc tn hiu ny c nh gi cht lng knh (LQA - Link

196

Quality Analysis), d liu nh gi c lu gi trong b nh dng sau ny. Khi mt i mun lin lc vi mt i khc, i gi s kim tra b nh LQA ca n tm knh tt nht mi nht v dng knh ny gi u tin. N s kim tra xem knh ny c bn hay khng ri pht tn hiu gi dng s trn knh . Tn hiu gi ny s tun theo nghi thc c th v cha cc a ch gi chn lc ca c i gi v i b gi. Nu i b gi thu c v gii m cuc gi mt cch chnh xc, th n s tr li bng tn hiu c th. Khi nghe c tn hiu tr li i gi s gi tn hiu xc nhn v kt ni s c thit lp. Nu khng thit lp c kt ni trn knh u tin, h thng s th trn cc tn s khc trong nhm qut theo th t " tt" nh cho n khi thit lp c kt ni mt trong cc tn s .

LQA l s o t ng ca cht lng tn hiu ALE gia 2 i, da trn t l li bt (BER - Bit Error Rate) v t s tn trn tp (SINAD). B nh LQA ca my thu c hnh thnh bi php o th ng hoc tch cc ca cht lng knh ngn hn trn cc tn s ch nh. Php o tch cc c da trn cc tn hiu truyn dn c bit gi l "thm d m thanh" cung cp cho cc i nghe c hi o cht lng knh ti cc khong thi gian nh trc. Php o th ng l cc php o ch c thc hin khi cc kt ni c thit lp hoc khi cc i khc tnh c nghe thy chng ang gi cc i th 3. Trong c 2 loi o lng knh, tt c cc i trong mng u phi tha thun trc v tp tn s trong cc nhm qut m chng s dng cho ALE. Tt c cc i khng kt ni vi cc i khc s t ng tr v ch qut ch ca chng v lng nghe cc cuc gi ALE ngu nhin hoc c k hoch trc. Nhng ch li ca ALE 1045: Cc my thu pht c cha ALE 1045 khng yu cu ngi khai thc s dng c kinh nghim v c hun luyn tt thit lp mt cch nhanh chng kt ni cht lng cao. Cc my thu pht ALE 1045 cha cc a ch (du hiu gi) gi duy nht gi chn lc, c th qut n 100 knh lp trnh sn, phn tch cht lng ng truyn sng i vi mi tn s v t ng kt ni trong vi giy. Kt ni m h thng ALE c th cung cp l rt bn vng v tin cy, nht l i vi vic truyn d liu trn knh HF nhiu tp. Dng sng ALE s dng 197

cc k thut nh truyn thng bo 3 ln d tr, sa li thun (FEC), xen k, m ha Golay v b phiu theo a s 2/3. V h thng ALE 1045 da vo cc thut ton DSP phn tch, nn d liu khng li c th c khi phc ngay c khi bn khng th sao chp CW. ALE 1045 trnh din hot ng gn nh 100% khng li ti cc mc tn hiu trong vng 15 dB thp hn cht lng knh thoi "ti" theo tiu chun CCIR. Mt c im hp dn khc ca ALE l chc nng nghip v ca n. Chc nng ny cho php t ng truyn cc d liu vn bn sau khi kt ni c thit lp. Hai loi thng tin nghip v l T ng hin th thng bo (AMD) v Ch d liu vn bn (DTM). Cc thng bo AMD c th di n 90 k t v thng c kt hp vo cuc gi kt ni. DTM cho php truyn dn ton b k t ASCII trong cc file c di bt k. Mc d tc truyn kh thp, cc thng bo nghip v vn c th truyn i khi khng c loi truyn dn no khc c th nu cht lng knh rt ti. 6.3 H THNG TRUNG K V TUYN (Radio Trunking) 6.3.1 t vn Trong lnh vc thng tin di ng th di tn l ngun ti nguyn c gi tr nht. Khi cc tn s ngy cng tr nn dy c khp ni, nhng nh sn xut tip tc tm kim cc cch s dng cc di tn c hiu qu hn. Trong nhng nm gn y, mt trong nhng phng php c hiu qu ph bin v thnh cng nht l h thng trung k v tuyn. Trong khi cc h thng trung k di tn t 800 n 900 MHz kh pht trin th cc h thng dng cc knh VHF v UHF thng thng ch va mi c gii thiu v cng c thnh cng nhanh chng. Vic a vo cc i v tuyn tng hp tn s a tn (DTMF) cui nhng nm 70 cho php c th p dng khi nim trung k vi cc ng dng v tuyn di ng. Thay v c mt truy nhp v tuyn n vo mt knh n, th h thng trung k cho php i v tuyn tm kim hoc qut mt knh ri trong cc knh chun b trc. Trung k v th c ngha l t ng tm kim mt knh ri trong mt hay nhiu knh c th. Nu knh chnh ny bn th i v tuyn t ng qut ti knh c sn tip theo. V vic qut l rt nhanh v t ng nn ngi s dng khng th x l kp. Do cn phi c s kim sot trc khi pht, ngay c khi vic qut c lm t ng. Cng c th xy ra vic nghe trm hoc can thip t nhng ngi s dng khc trn cng mt knh, c khi nhng nhn t ngoi ny khng cng trong mt h thng trung k. Tm li, ba yu t 198

chnh ca h thng trung k l: ch qut knh nhanh, t ng chn knh ri v tnh ring bit (khng b nghe trm). H thng trung k di ng trn mt t cho ti hin ti: Phn quan trng nht ca h thng trung k hin ti c thit k cho hot ng trong di tn t 800 n 900 MHz. Nhng xut thit k chnh l ca Motorola, E.F Johnson v Ericsson/GE. Ngoi ra, h MPT - 1327 c Philips h tr ln u c s dng rng ri trn th trng chu u. Nhng h thng ny gi rt cao, c cho thit b di ng v thit b trm ch v tr chuyn tip (lp li). Mc d cc h thng ny cng dng cho cc ng dng kt ni in thoi, chng ch yu c thit k cho cc hot ng nhanh trong tng nhm. Cu hnh in hnh thng l 5 knh, nhng h thng ny em li hiu qu v li ch ca trung k cho cc ng dng v tuyn di ng. Thc t, trung k 800 v 900 MHz pht trin v tuyn di ng thng mi nhanh chng trong giai on 10 nm qua, vi s cnh tranh ca lnh vc in thoi t ong. Tuy nhin tt c cc loi trung k c hai tr ngi khi s dng cc nc ang pht trin l gi thnh ca n qu cao v khng th thch hp vi vic s dng tn s thp hn 800 MHz. Gii thiu cc kiu h thng trung k v tuyn: Mt trong nhng yu t quan trng trong vic chn la h thng trung k v tuyn l vng ph sng. Trong khi mt b chuyn tip n ch c th cung cp vng ph sng cho mt s b phn, nhng mt s cc b phn khc li cn c h thng ph sng vng rng ln hn. Trong cc trng hp ny th cn thit phi c h thng ph sng vng rng. Nhiu nh sn xut ra nhiu gii php c th p ng cho cc nhu cu s dng khc nhau, mt cch tng qut c th tham kho hng Motorola chia h thng trung k v tuyn thnh 2 nhm ch yu sau: - Cc h thng trung k v tuyn n trm. - Cc h thng trung k v tuyn vi ph sng vng rng. 6.3.2 Cc h thng trung k v tuyn n trm a. H thng trung k Smartrunk 1. Khi qut v h thng trung k Smartrunk Cc hng ca M bt u gii thiu mt h thng trung k v tuyn 199

mi c thit k c bit vi gi thnh hp l. S dng mt h bo hiu mang tn Smartrunk, h thng ny s hot ng trn bt k mt di tn no v n s tng thch vi nhiu my thu di ng v cm tay ph thng. Khc hn vi cc dng trung k v tuyn m t trc, Smartrunk c thit k c bit cho cc ng dng kt ni in thoi v tuyn mc d n m bo cho cc cuc gi gia i di ng vi i di ng cng rt tt. tng v Smartrunk bt ngun t Trung Quc, ni c hn mt triu my thu cm tay gi thp ang c dng nh my thu cm tay. Ging nh nhiu nc ang pht trin, xy dng mng in thoi dy Trung Quc rt t v kh khn. cung cp cc phng tin truyn thng nhiu hn na, cc nh kinh doanh v cc c nhn Trung Quc thit lp h thng t 3 n 5 knh v tuyn kt ni gia cc trm c s v mng li in thoi cng cng. Tuy nhin h thng ny khng c tnh nng trung k v tuyn v rt cng knh. V d, to mt cuc gi trn mt h thng 4 knh, ngi s dng u tin phi nghe knh s 1, nu n bn, anh ta phi chuyn mch v tuyn bng tay sang knh s 2 v nh vy n knh s 4 cho n khi knh nghe r c tm thy. Tt nhin, trong khi lm nh vy, anh ta c th d dng nghe trm trn cc knh khc hoc truyn qua mt cuc gi khc ang c thc hin. Vi bt c ni no t 25 n 100 ngi s dng trn mt knh th h thng ny c th tr thnh rt hn lon v khng hiu qu. 2. Gii php trung k Smartrunk Khi dng cc trm c s v my di ng cng trang b cc module ca Smartrunk th cc i v tuyn ny s t ng qut t 2 n 16 knh trung k ng v m mt knh. Vi Smartrunk, c th gim st hoc can thip vo mt cuc gi ngay trong khi ang tin hnh (gi khn cp). Ngi iu hnh h thng c th tng s lng knh ti nh vo hiu qu vn c ca trung k. Khi ngi s dng mun cc chc nng ring th h trung k c th cung cp cho h. V mt ny, Smartrunk nh mt h thng in thoi t ong gi thnh thp do n cung cp c rt nhiu c tnh cng nh tnh d dng ca mt h thng in thoi t ong nhng vi mt gi thp hn nhiu. 3. Cu hnh h thng Smartrunk H thng Smartrunk gm 2 phn chnh: mt b iu khin trm c s m cc giao din c th ni ti bt k trm c s song cng no khc hoc ti my 200

khuch i lp li; mt bng logic cho my di ng c lp t trn mi my di ng hoc my thu cm tay. B iu khin trm c s phc v nh mt my in thoi kt ni vi y chc nng c thm vo iu khin ton b chc nng trung k. Mi b phn iu khin i hi mt knh trung k. Bng logic cho my di ng iu khin qut cc knh v tuyn, kim tra, chng n v cc chc nng PTT (n pht) v cng a ra ton b cc chc nng bo hiu. my cm tay th bng logic ny thay th cc b iu ch v gii m DTMF thng thng. H thng Smartrunk m bo t 2 n 16 knh trung k v tuyn v c dung lng ti 1100 thu bao trong h thng. Ngoi ra do kt ni gia cc trm c s th cc knh trung k c th t cc gi tr khc nhau, nhng v tr khc nhau trong mt vng rng. Cu hnh thng dng dng cho lin lc in thoi thng gm 4 knh v tuyn vi mc ti l 25 n 30 ngi trn mt knh. Cc thu bao trong vng 30 kilomet c th khng cn xm nhp vo mng in thoi cng cng m c th phc v ti ch khi dng dch v di ng ti di ng.
B iu khin Tx/Rx B iu khin My di ng Tx/Rx B iu khin Tx/Rx T hp Tx My cm tay Ghp Rx DTMF Tel. Tng i

Pulse Tel.

Trm c nh song cng ghp Fax, Tel., My tnh

Hnh 6-6. S cu trc h thng Smartrunk in hnh 201

Hnh 6-6 l cc s xy dng cu trc h thng Smartrunk in hnh. Chng ch ra r hn cu hnh h thng. 4. Kh nng ng dng C 5 dng cuc gi c th c thc hin qua h thng: t di ng ti c nh; t c nh ti di ng; t di ng ti di ng; cc cuc gi nhm; cc cuc gi iu hnh/khn cp (xem hnh 6-7).
Knh v tuyn #1 giao din m tn in thoi vo di ng di ng vo in thoi Duplexer My thu My pht B iu khin ng in thoi

Knh v tuyn #2 giao din m tn di ng vi di ng Duplexer My thu My pht B iu khin ng in thoi

Knh v tuyn #3 giao din m tn gi nhm / khn cp Duplexer My thu My pht B iu khin ng in thoi

Hnh 6-7. M hnh h thng 3 knh trung k v tuyn v kh nng ng dng b. H thng trung k Smartrunk II Phn trn trnh by khi qut v h thng Smartrunk dng iu ch m DTMF. K thut s c a vo p dng cho ra i h thng Smartrunk II nh c trnh by di y. 1. M t chung Qua thi gian ngn k t khi gii thiu vo nm 1992, Smartrunk II ca Selectone tr thnh tiu chun th gii cho cc h thng tng i v tuyn vi gi thnh h. Smartrunk II l th h sau cng ca Smartrunk, c nhiu c tnh mi 202

u vit i vi ngi s dng v ngi iu khin h thng. Khun dng (format) nh tn hiu ring ca Smartrunk II em li tc cao, di ph sng rng v bo mt thng tin cao hn. C th la chn ch lm vic gm: to trung k thoi v tuyn, to trung k pht nhanh v ch v tuyn thng thng. i vi ngi s dng, Smartrunk II cung cp mt dch v kiu cellular thc s vi cc c tnh nh nh v pht quay s, quay s nh v quay li s. ng thi h thng Smartrunk II cung cp bo mt cao chng li ngi dng khng c php. Ngoi ra cn c th la chn mt vi dng lm vic linh hot hn trong thit k h thng. V hn ht, Smartrunk II c kh nng tng thch vi Smartrunk nguyn gc. 2. Cc c im mi Ngoi cc c im c ca Smartrunk, Smartrunk II c cc c im u vit v mi sau y: La chn ch trung k: thoi v gi nhanh Lm vic ging nh in thoi t ong thc s trong ch trung k thoi v tuyn Hot ng PTT thc s trong ch trung k Format bo hiu s ring cho php bo v ti a vic ngn cn ngi dng khng c php, c ly tng ng k, tc truyn s liu nhanh hn. Tng thch trc tip vi cc dng trung k v tuyn khc trong h cellular, PCS, CT2 v cc dng khc nh Smartnet, LTR, MPT Nh v pht tn hiu quay s (ging nh cellular) T ng quay s nhanh 10 knh nh do ngi dng lp trnh Quay li s in thoi sau cng a m chung phn bit loi cuc gi C tn hiu bo knh ri cho ngi dng bit C 10 mc gi u tin Bo mt 5 s c lp trnh Nhiu ch hot ng bnh thng iu khin v tuyn t xa ct nhng ngi s dng bt hp php (hay khng tr tin)

203

T ng nhn bit my di ng gim bt thi gian lng ph (Radio check) Thi gian thm nhp knh nhanh hn Nhiu la chn mi c th lp trnh c Tng thch vi cc h hin c C sn cc b nng cp vi gi thnh thp cho phn iu khin Smartrunk hin c Lm vic trong mi di tn: di thp VHF, UHF hoc 800/900 MHz Hot ng hon ton t ng: t cc in thoi theo kiu tone hay pulse Gi ring bit v an ton: ti hn 11000 thu bao Cc thu bao u tin: iu hnh / khn cp C s d liu thu bao

3. Tm tt c tnh k thut h Smartrunk II -

Kh nng b sung ca h Smartrunk II Ghi gi ti 1800 cuc gi trn mt knh Ni dung ghi mi cuc gi gm c: thu bao, s quay s, thi gian gi v loi cuc gi Cc file cu hnh c th to lp hay g b Cc interface 2 ng in thoi / mt b iu khin DTMF (a tn) hay xung, u ni RJ11-C Interface v tuyn - m tn pht, m tn thu, ng pht PTT, trit n, u ra M trit n CTCSS

6.3.3 Cc h thng trung k v tuyn vng rng i vi nhiu b phn, v tr mt b chuyn tip n c th bao ph mt vng ton b cc hot ng ca h. Tuy nhin nu nhu cu s dng tng ln vt xa vng ph sng a l ca mt h thng n trm th cn thit phi c mt h thng vng rng cho nhng ngi s dng my v tuyn d dng lin lc mi ni m h cn, cho d h di chuyn gia cc trm chuyn tip khc nhau. Nhng li ch ca thng tin vng rng: 204 Phi hp gia cc t chc v cc n v vi nhau trn mt vng rng ln.

Vng ph sng c m rng vt ra ngoi kh nng ca mt h thng hin c. tin cy vng ph sng c nng ln. Phi hp thnh mt t chc ln hn v c kim tra nh ngi iu phi duy tr lin lc vi nhng ngi s dng trong sut vng ph sng.

Hng Motorola a ra 3 cu hnh h thng sau: a. H thng ng pht (Simulcast) Simulcast s dng nhiu trm thu pht m rng vng ph sng ca h thng. Simulcast s dng kiu bo hiu Smartnet II. C th xp xp ti 10 trm trong mt h thng Simulcast. Mi trm xa gm c mt b iu khin t xa v nhiu b chuyn tip vi cc tn s ging nhau t ti trm ch. H thng yu cu c mt ng kt ni (Link) bng viba hoc cp quang kt ni gia cc trm vi nhau. Hnh 6-8 minh ha cho cu hnh ny.

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Hnh 6-8. H thng thng tin vng rng Simulcast Simulcast thc hin truyn ng thi tn hiu sng mang ging nhau t nhiu trm c tnh a l ring bit. iu ny c tm quan trng c bit m bo kh nng nhn bit cht lng thoi trong cc vng b chng ln. thc hin tt nhng yu cu ny cn c mt thit b c bit kim tra tn s pht v s ng b thoi trong ton h thng. 205

b. H thng chn a trm t ng (Automatic Multiple Site Selection AMSS) Chn a trm t ng (AMSS) l mt phng php to ra mt vng ph sng rng ln thng qua s dng ch nh knh phi hp ti nhiu trm knh chung. AMSS c bit thch hp ng dng trong cc vng rng ln, khi m i hi thit k h thng c nhiu vng chng ln, vng a l c ph sng l rt ln v khng c s giao thoa tn s. Hnh 6-9 minh ho cu hnh ny, AMSS ging vi Simulcast ch i hi cc trm phi c kt ni vi nhau cung cp thng tin cho cc khu vc gia cc trm. S khc nhau, i vi AMSS l mi trm s dng cc tn s khc nhau trong khi Simulcast li i hi mi trm s dng cng mt tn s.

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Hnh 6-9. H thng chn a trm t ng (AMSS) V AMSS khng i hi tn s ging nhau ti mi trm nh Simulcast, nn hn ch c s cn thit phi c thit b c bit cn bng v duy tr cc ch tiu k thut v tn s. Tuy nhin AMSS li cn nhiu tn s an xen v khng thch hp trong cc vng ng c tn s. Mc d cc tn s c th c ti s dng trong h thng AMSS, nhng chng khng th c phn nh li ti cc trm ln cn. Mi trm AMSS c mt b iu khin trung tm t xa v mt ngn hng cc b chuyn tip vi cc tn s, m cc tn s ny l duy nht cho trm . V ch c mt knh iu khin trn mt trm trong mt h thng AMSS, nn ti mi trm cn phi c mt knh iu khin d phng. H thng Simulcast v AMSS a tho mn nhiu yu cu ph sng vng 206

rng ca nhiu t chc. Song mt s t chc li cn c thm cc yu cu khc nh dung lng cao hn v tch hp c nhiu h thng hin c v mi vo trong mt h thng c vng ph sng rng ln hn nhiu. H thng tha mn c nhng yu cu ny l h thng SmartZone. c. H thng SmartZone SmartZone l mt h thng v tuyn trunking ph sng vng rng, c tch hp, dung lng cao. Mc d SmartZone c thit k dng vi k thut trunking, nhng n c th tch hp cc h thng thng thng (Conventional) vo trong h thng kh d dng, h thng SmartZone c minh ha trong hnh 6-10 sau y: V SmartZone c th kt hp cc h thng con Simulcast c kh nng v tn s v cc h thng ti s dng li tn s, nn SmartZone c th ti a ho kh nng hin c ca tn s. iu ny gip cho SmartZone c u im hn cc kiu h thng vng rng khc c tch hp, mt h thng in hnh i hi c mt s lng ln v tn s. Thm vo c s h tng hin i ca SmartZone cho php SmartZone cung cp mt gii php v mng cho cc yu cu thng tin vng rng vi giao din ngi dng n gin.
Chuyn tip thng thng
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Trunking ng pht
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SMARTZONE Trunking n vng Trunking mt thp Chuyn tip xen bng

Hnh 6-10. H thng SmartZone tch hp cc h thng con khc nhau Cc u im ca h thng SmartZone: 207

SmartZone c tnh t ph ci tin v m rng trn cc kh nng vng rng Smartnet hin c v cung cp cc u im sau: Vng ph sng SmartZone cho php ph sng vng a l rng ln hn. Mt vng (Zone) trong h thng SmartZone c th c ti 48 trm (Site), tu thuc vo h thng v cu hnh tu chn. V c th tch hp 4 h thng SmartZone thnh h thng a vng. Hiu qu ca ph tn SmartZone cho php s dng cc ti nguyn v knh tn s rt hiu qu. iu ny t c thng qua tnh nng vic "ch nh trm nng ng", cho php SmartZone c kh nng ch cp cc knh ti nhng trm c cc thnh vin ca nhm hot ng. Hiu qu u t SmartZone cung cp kh nng trang b cho cc trm ch vi mt s b chuyn tip ph hp vi nhu cu thng tin ti trm . iu ny c ngha rng mi trm c th c s lng b chuyn tip khc nhau. Nhng khu vc mt lu lng thp c th c ph sng vi s lng b chuyn tip ti thiu, v gim ng k gi thnh. tin cy cao hn SmartZone khng i hi cc trm xa phi c b iu khin trung tm khi s dng b chuyn tip thng minh (IntelliRepeater). Cc b chuyn tip thng minh c trang b kh nng vn hnh Trunking ni ti (t ng vai tr b iu khin trung tm). V cc b chuyn tip thng minh ny c th lm d phng cho nhau, gip cho tin cy ca trm c nng cao. Dung lng cuc gi ti a SmartZone cung cp cc kh nng khai thc ti a dung lng cuc gi cho h thng, vi cc tnh nng nh thit lp cuc gi khi knh bn (Busy Override), n nh trm quan trng (Critical Site Assignment) v vn hnh trm u tin. Tnh mm do ca h thng SmartZone c th phi ghp cc h thng n trm c cu hnh khc nhau v cc h thng ng pht Simulcast. SmartZone c p dng trin khai cc cng ngh khc nhau nh cng ngh tng t, cng ngh s hoc kt hp tng t v s. 208

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Brennan V. P, "Phase-Locked Loops: Principles and Practice," McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996. 2. Conely Mgr., "Kenwood Trunked Radio Systems", Kenwood Trunked System. 3. D. C. Green, Radio Systems for Technicians, 2nd Edition, Longman, 1995, 294 pp. 4. Edward Singer, Land Mobile Radio Systems, Prentice Hall, 1989, 258 pp. 5. "Gii thiu chung v l thuyt vin thng - General Introduction of Telecommunication Theory," LG Information & Communications, Ltd. (Sch song ng Vit-Anh). Nxb. Thanh nin, H Ni, 1995. 6. Jack R. Smith, Modern Communication Circuits, 2nd Edition, McGrawHill, 1996, 580 pp. 7. Proakis G. J, "Digital Communications," McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989. 8. Rappaport S. T, "Wireless Communications," Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1996. 9. Shakhgildyan V. V, Radio Transmitter Design, Mir Publisher, Moscow, 1987, 487 pp. 10. "ST-853 SmarTrunk II - Digital Trunking Systems Overview for Icom Twoway Radios", March 2000. 11. Steele R. (Ed), "Mobile Radio Communications," Pentech Press, London, 1992. 12. Ulrich L.Rohde, T.T.N. Bucher, Communications Receivers: Principles and Design, McGraw-Hill, 1994, 584 pp. 13. Viterbi J. A, "CDMA-Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication," Addision-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1995. 14. Wayne Tomasi, Electronic Communications Systems: Fundamentals through Advanced, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2001, 947 pp. 15. Wozencraft J. M., Jacobs I. M, "Principles of Communication Engineering," John Willey & Sons, Inc., New York-London-Sydney, 1965.

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