Introduction to Chemistry

OBJECTIVES I. Chemistry II. Matter III. Classification of matter IV. Properties of matter

Chemistry: Definition
CHEMISTRY study of matter (composition, structure, properties, transformations and energy involved in the transformations)

Matter: Definition
Two basic properties: 1. mass - describes quantity of matter 2. volume amount of space it occupies

Phases of matter
1.Solids - definite shape and volume 2.Liquids definite volume but not shape 3.Gases no definite volume and shape 4.Liquid crystals* 5.plasma*

Phases of matter

Classification of Matter:

Classification of Matter:

Substances

Elements: classification
1. Metals conductivity, luster, malleability, ductility (majority of the elements are metals) 2. Nonmetals non-conductivity, reactivity 3. Metalloids combination of metallic and nonmetallic properties (semiconductors)

Elements: classification

The Periodic Table

Elements and Allotropes

Elements - simplest type of matter and composed of only one type of atom Allotropes two or more forms of an element in the same physical state (Masterton, 2004)
examples:

Carbon graphite (black solid) and diamond (clear hard solid) Oxygen O2 (elemental oxygen) and O3(ozone)

COMPOUNDS
- combination of different atoms / elements in a definite ratio - have unique properties
Examples:

1. Carbon dioxide represented as CO2 2. Sodium hydroxide represented as NaOH 3. Water represented as H2O

Classifications of Matter:

Mixtures

Homogeneous Mixtures
also known as SOLUTIONS examples: air, alloys, rubbing alcohol Components 1. Solvent present in greater amount 2. Solute present in lesser amount
solute is dissolved in solvent

Heterogeneous Mixtures
SUSPENSIONS components of the mixture can be easily identified since the particles are large enough (more than 1000nm) examples: spaghetti, salads, computer COLLOIDS they appear homogeneous but have larger particle sizes examples: fog, smoke, gelatin, foam

Colloids
Unlike in solutions, the components of a colloid are the following: 1. Dispersed particle 2. Dispersing medium dispersion instead of dissolution they exhibit Tyndall effect

Separation of component of a mixture

Properties of Matter
Dependence on amount 1. Extensive or Extrinsic dependent on the amount of matter (ex. mass, volume, energy) 2. Intensive or Intrinsic independent of amount (ex. density, temperature)

Properties of Matter
Dependence on chemical reactivity 1. Chemical dependent on the reactivity of matter (ex. ability to burn, to be oxidized or reduced, ability to form ions or precipitates) 2. Physical independent of reactivity of matter (ex. mass, volume, density, texture)

Transformation of Matter
1. Chemical change change in the composition of matter (formation of a new compound) ex. burning, rusting, explosions 2. Physical change no change in the composition of matter (the chemical formula does not change) ex. change in shape, phase changes

Transformation of Matter
INDICATORS OF CHEMICAL CHANGES Evolution of gas Heat absorption or release Formation of a solid (precipitate) Color change

Phase Changes

Composition of Matter

OBJECTIVES
1. Definition of an atom 2. Development of the atomic model 3. Sub-atomic particles 4. Isotopes and the average atomic mass

Atom: Definition
Atom smallest particle of an element

Ni4Mo: each dot represents an atom using an ion field micrograph

Daltons Atomic Theory

Atomic Hypothesis in 1807 1. all matter is composed by atoms 2. atoms are indestructible and unchangeable 3. elements are made up of the same atoms 4. elements combine in simple whole number ratios 5. a chemical reaction involves rearrangement of atoms

Subatomic Particles
Subatomic particles of importance to Chemistry: 1. proton positively charged 2. electron negatively charged 3. neutron uncharged * Protons + neutrons = nucleons Chemical reactions electrons are involved Nuclear reaction nucleons are involved

Comparison of Subatomic Particles

Discovery of Electrons

Based on the experiments of Joseph John Thomson using a cathode ray tube

Discovery of Electrons
he concluded that cathode rays are stream of negative charges which came from the atoms the charged particles were the same regardless of the metal he used for the electrode

Discovery of Electrons
Robert Millikan was able to compute the charge of the electron based on his oil-drop experiment

Discovery of Electrons
Based on the experiments of Thomson and Millikan: charge of the electron = 1.602 x 10-19 C mass of the electron = 9.1 x 10-31 Kg

Discovery of Protons
Based on the experiments of Eugen Goldstein in 1886 using gas discharge tubes that had perforated cathodes

Plum-pudding model of an atom

Developed by J.J. Thomson in 1904 Sphere of positive charge where negative charges are embedded

Discovery of Nucleus
Based on the experiments of Ernest Rutherford using alpha particles (which are positively charged) on a thin gold foil

Discovery of neutrons
James Chadwick discovered a particle with the same mass of a proton but with no electrical charge

Atomic Numbers
determined by Henry Moseley using cathode rays different elements bombarded with cathode rays emit x-rays which properties vary dependent on the atomic number (Z)

Nuclear Model of an Atom

Atomic number (Z) = number of protons Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons

Representing Neutral Elements

Exercises:

Representing Elemental Ions

Ions are charged atoms or molecules Cations are positively charged species Anions are negatively charged species Examples of Cations sodium cation Na+ or Na1+ calcium cation Ca++ or Ca2+ aluminum cation Al+++ or Al3+

Representing Elemental Ions

Examples of Anions chloride anion Cl- or Cl1 oxide anion O-- or O2 nitride anion N--- or N3-

Cations

Computing for the charge

Anions

Exercises:

Isotopes
same elements that have different mass numbers due to difference in the number of neutrons Examples:

Carbon Isotopes

Atomic mass vs mass number

Mass number = (# of protons) + (# of neutrons) Mass number varies for an element due to existence of isotopes Average Atomic Mass = weighted average of the masses of different isotopes The average atomic mass is the mass value found in the periodic table i.e. for Carbon is 12.011 amu

Atomic mass
1 amu is defined as exactly 1/12 of the mass of carbon-12 which is assigned as 12 amu Atomic mass is expressed in terms of amu (atomic mass units) 1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 g

Average Atomic Mass

= weighted average of the masses of different isotopes

Example

Example
Find the average atomic mass of Chlorine based on the given data of its two isotopes: Cl-35 Cl-37 34.97 amu 36.97 amu 75.53% 24.47%

Average atomic mass

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NUCLEAR CHEM