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Dimensional Tolerancing: HCL Technologies LTD 25 April To 19 May 2005
Dimensional Tolerancing: HCL Technologies LTD 25 April To 19 May 2005
Dimensional Tolerancing
Ability needed to REPRESENT INTERPRET MANUFACTURE MEASURE
Main applications of Dimensioning and tolerances are for Holes & Shafts, Tapers, Threads, Gears, Splines, etc.
0.025 M
35,95
59,45
0.125
0,45
0.025 M 0.015 M A
C0.5(BOTH SIDES)
0.125
0.025 A 0.025 M
0 -1.0
0.05 M
R0,5(TYP) R4 4,15 R5 1,5
30
0.6(MAX) x 45
DETAIL AT B
0.0 -0.2 0 -0.2 +0.1
SCALE 5:1 REFER FORGING DRAWING NO RD 040660 03 FOR MATERIAL, HARDNESS & OTHER DETAILS
25.25
C1.15
73,5
38.0
40
95,68
+0.016
0.02 M
NOTE : ALL MACHINED SURFACES TO BE FREE FROM RUST AND DENT MARKS
29.2
-0.350
26,58
PN : TRANSMISSION TOOLS
FOR ENGG. REF. AT BOSS FACE FRONT FACE BORE ALLOWANCE 0.15 0.075 0.15 0.075 0.2
48,3
0.025 0.030 M
DO NOT SCALE : IF IN DOUBT. REFER DESIGN OFFICE MATERIAL UNSPECIFIED APPD. MACHINING DEVIATION AS NOTED DGNR
LINEAR DIMENSION ANGULAR DIMN. Above Upto Devn. Short side of mm Deg. of min 1 0.5 6 0.1 angle 6 30 0.2 Above Upto 30 120 0.3 10 0.1 10 120 315 0.5 10 50 0.2 30 315 1000 0.8 50 120 0.5 20 1000 2000 1.2 120 0.8 10
BY
SIGN DATE
SIZE - C TO BE USED ON
TOOL NO : XXXX/Y
SCALE 1 :1
SHEET 1 OF 1
Different types of tolerances are 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Dimensional Tolerances Form Tolerances Position Tolerances Surface Roughness values Combination Tolerances
Other details shown on drawing are Material specification Special treatments if any Heat treatments Assembly condition Special notes
Tolerance: Tolerance is the total permissible variation from the specified basic size of the part. It is defined as the magnitude of permissible variation of a dimension or measured control criterion from specified value. Basic size: The basic size is the size on which variation permitted. Actual size: The size of a feature obtained by measurement
1. Open tolerances or General Engineering tolerances Standards used are IS 2102 ( Part 1) 1993 / ISO 2768 - 1 : 1989 General Tolerances Part 1: Tolerances for Linear and Angular dimensions without individual tolerance indications Part 2: Geometrical Tolerances for features without individual tolerance indications Ex: 20.0, 20-f, 20-f H
Table 1 Permissible deviations for linear dimensions except for broken edges (external radii and chamfer heights, see table 2) Values in millimeters Tolerance Class 0.5 up to 3 0,05 0,1 0,2 Permissible deviations for basic size range Over 3 up to 6 0,05 0,1 0,3 0,5 Over 6 up to 30 0,1 0,2 0,5 1 Over 30 up to 120 0,15 0,3 0,8 1,5 Over 120 up to 120 0,2 0,5 1,2 2,5 Over 400 up to 400 0,3 0,8 2 4 Over 1000 up to 2000 0,5 1,2 3 6 Over 2000 up to 4000 2 4 8
1) For nominal sizes below 0,5 mm, the deviations shall be indicated adjacent to the relevant nominal size (s).
Table 2 Permissible deviations for broken edges ( external radii and chamfer heights) Values in millimeters Permissible deviations for basic size range 0.5 up to 3 0,2 Over 3 up over 6 to6 0,5 1
0,4
0,1
1) For nominal sizes below 0.5 mm, the deviations shall be indicated adjacent to the relevant nominal size(s).
Table 3 Permissible deviations of angular dimensions Permissible deviations for ranges of lengths, in millimeters, of the shorter side of the angle concerned over 10 up to 50 00 30 10 20 over 50 up to 120 00 20 00 30 10 over 120 up to 400 00 10 00 15 00 30 over 400 00 5 00 10 00 20
Tolerance Class
Tolerance Class up to 10 over 10 up to 30 over 30 up to 100 over 100 up to 300 over 300 up to 1000 Over 1000 up to 3000
0,02
0,05
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
K L
0,05 0,1
0,1 0,2
0,2 0,4
0,4 0,8
0,6 1,2
0,8 1,6
Perpendicularity tolerances for ranges of nominal lengths of the shorter side Tolerance Class up to 100 over 100 up to 300 over 300 up to 1000 over 1000 up to 3000
H K L
0,3 0,6 1
0,5 1 2
Symmetry tolerances for ranges of nominal lengths Tolerance Class up to 100 over 100 up to 300 over 300 up to 1000 over 1000 up to 3000
H K L 0,6 0,6 1
Tolerance class H K L
IS 2102 PART 2
VALUES FOR Straightness / perpendicularity / symmetry / Run out specified Circularity - limited to diameter tolerance or run out value Cylindricity Limited to combined effect of CIRCULARITY& PARALLELISM. Parallelism Limited to Dimensional Tolerance & flatness tolerance. Coaxiality - Limited to run out tolerance.
ISO 2768 mK
General Engg. Tole for dimensions Tolerance class. m General Engg. Tole for form / position tolerance class. K
IS 2102 mK - E
General Engg. Tole for Dimension as per m General Engg Tole for Form / position as per K Enveloping dia limits -E
ISO 2768 - K
General tol. as dim not considered. Form/position as per tol. Class K.
SPECIFIED TOLERANCE
VALUE GIVEN VALUE AND POSISTIONAL STATUS GIVEN STD.SYMBOLS USED.
2. Specificied tolerances Standards used IS 919 (Part 1) 1993 / ISO 286 1 : 1988 ISO System of Limits and Fits Part 1: Bases of tolerances, Deviations and Fits Part 2: Tables of standard tolerance Grades and limit Deviations for Holes and shaft. Example : 20H7, 20g6, 30 + 0.02 Specific tolerance should be less than open tolerance
by
various
Manufacturing Processes
IT grades
1, 2, 3, 4 35 5, 6, 7
46 48
Electric Discharge machining Boring Reaming Broaching Turning (Diamond tools) Turning Milling Shaping
67 59 58 59 47 7 12 8 10 10 14
11 14 9 12 12 18 10 14 12 15 14 16
Table 1 Numerical values of standard tolerance grades IT for basic sizes up to 3 150 mm
Basic size mm
Above Up to and including
Tolerances m mm
3 6 10 18 30 50 80 120 180 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500
2 2,5 2,5 3 4 4 5 6 8 10 12 13 15 16 18 21 24 29 35 41 50
3 4 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28 33 39 46 55 68
4 5 6 8 9 11 13 15 18 20 23 25 27 32 36 40 47 55 65 78 96
6 8 9 11 13 16 19 22 25 29 32 36 40 44 50 56 66 78 92 110 135
25 30 36 43 52 62 74 87 100 115 130 140 155 175 200 230 260 310 370 440 540
40 48 58 70 84 100 120 140 160 185 210 230 250 180 320 360 420 500 600 700 860
60 75 90 110 130 160 190 220 250 290 320 360 400 440 500 560 660 780 920 1100 1350
0,1 0,12 0,15 0,18 0,21 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,46 0,52 0,57 0,63 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,05 1,25 1,5 1,75 2,1
0,14 0,18 0,22 0,27 0,33 0,39 0,46 0,54 0,63 0,72 0,81 0,89 0,97 1,1 1,25 1,4 1,65 1,95 2,3 2,8 3,3
0,25 0,3 0,36 0,43 0,52 0,62 0,74 0,87 1 1,15 1,3 1,4 1,55 1,75 2 2,3 2,6 3,1 3,7 4,4 5,4
0,4 0,48 0,58 0,7 0,84 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,85 2,1 2,3 2,5 2,8 3,2 3,6 4,2 5 6 7 8,6
0,6 0,75 0,9 1,1 1,3 1,6 1,9 2,2 2,5 2,9 3,2 3,6 4 4,4 5 5,6 6,6 7,8 9,2 11 13,5
1 1,2 1,5 1,8 2,1 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,6 5,2 5,7 6,3 7 8 9 10,5 12,5 15 17,5 21
1,4 1,8 2,2 2,7 3,3 3,9 4,6 5,4 6,3 7,2 8,1 8,9 9,7 11 12,5 14 16,5 19,5 23 28 33
12502
2
20002
2 2
1) Values for standard tolerance grades IT01 and IT0 for basic sizes less than or equal to 500 mm are given in ISO 286 1, annex A, table 5. 2) Values for standard tolerance grades IT1 to IT5 (incl.) for basic sizes over 500 mm are included for experimental use. 3) Standard tolerance grades IT14 to IT18 (incl.) shall not be used for basic sizes less than or equal to 1 mm.
Table 1 Numerical values of standard tolerance grades IT for basic sizes up to 3 150 mm
Basic size mm
Above Up to and including
3 6 10 18 30 50 80 120 180 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500
2 2,5 2,5 3 4 4 5 6 8 10 12 13 15 16 18 21 24 29 35 41 50
3 4 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28 33 39 46 55 68
4 5 6 8 9 11 13 15 18 20 23 25 27 32 36 40 47 55 65 78 96
6 8 9 11 13 16 19 22 25 29 32 36 40 44 50 56 66 78 92 110 135
25 30 36 43 52 62 74 87 100 115 130 140 155 175 200 230 260 310 370 440 540
40 48 58 70 84 100 120 140 160 185 210 230 250 180 320 360 420 500 600 700 860
60 75 90 110 130 160 190 220 250 290 320 360 400 440 500 560 660 780 920 1100 1350
1) Values for standard tolerance grades IT01 and IT0 for basic sizes less than or equal to 500 mm are given in ISO 286 1, annex A, table 5. 2) Values for standard tolerance grades IT1 to IT5 (incl.) for basic sizes over 500 mm are included for experimental use. 3) Standard tolerance grades IT14 to IT18 (incl.) shall not be used for basic sizes less than or equal to 1 mm.
Table 1 Numerical values of standard tolerance grades IT for basic sizes up to 3 150 mm
Basic size mm
Above Up to and including
3 6 10 18 30 50 80 120 180 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500
0,1 0,12 0,15 0,18 0,21 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,46 0,52 0,57 0,63 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,05 1,25 1,5 1,75 2,1
0,14 0,18 0,22 0,27 0,33 0,39 0,46 0,54 0,63 0,72 0,81 0,89 0,97 1,1 1,25 1,4 1,65 1,95 2,3 2,8 3,3
0,25 0,3 0,36 0,43 0,52 0,62 0,74 0,87 1 1,15 1,3 1,4 1,55 1,75 2 2,3 2,6 3,1 3,7 4,4 5,4
0,4 0,48 0,58 0,7 0,84 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,85 2,1 2,3 2,5 2,8 3,2 3,6 4,2 5 6 7 8,6
0,6 0,75 0,9 1,1 1,3 1,6 1,9 2,2 2,5 2,9 3,2 3,6 4 4,4 5 5,6 6,6 7,8 9,2 11 13,5
1 1,2 1,5 1,8 2,1 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,6 5,2 5,7 6,3 7 8 9 10,5 12,5 15 17,5 21
1,4 1,8 2,2 2,7 3,3 3,9 4,6 5,4 6,3 7,2 8,1 8,9 9,7 11 12,5 14 16,5 19,5 23 28 33
1) Values for standard tolerance grades IT01 and IT0 for basic sizes less than or equal to 500 mm are given in ISO 286 1, annex A, table 5. 2) Values for standard tolerance grades IT1 to IT5 (incl.) for basic sizes over 500 mm are included for experimental use. 3) Standard tolerance grades IT14 to IT18 (incl.) shall not be used for basic sizes less than or equal to 1 mm.
WHERE TO POSITION
POSITIONING IS REPRESENTED BY CAPITAL LETTERS FOR HOLES A,B,H BY SMALL LETTERS FOR SHAFTS a,b,h STD DISTANCES ARE KEPT EACH LETTER & FOR EACH DIA GROUP FROM BASIC DIM. THE DISTANCE TO THE BASIC DIM WITH LEAST VALUE IS TERMED AS FUNDEMENTAL DEVIASION; FD IS FIXED FOR A DIA-DIM COMBINATION.
FITS When two parts to be assembled, the relation resulting from the difference between the size before assembly is called a fit. A fit is represented by 30 H 7 / g6, 30 H 7 / p6, 40 H7k6, 40 H7p6, 40 H7/h6,
INTERPRETATION
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Zone of Tolerance
P.D
S.D
T.D
Tolerance frame
5.1 The tolerance requirements are shown in a rectangular frame which is divided into two or more compartments. These compartments contain, from left to right ,in the following order (see figures 3,4 and 5) : _ The symbol for the characteristic to be toleranced: _ The tolerance value in the unit used for linear dimensions. This value is preceded by the sign if the tolerance zone is circular or cylindrical: _ if appropriate, the letter or letters identifying the datum feature (see figures 4 and 5)
Figures 3
Figures 4
Figures 5
Tolerance frame(contd)
5.2 Remarks related to the tolerance, for example 6 holes, 4 surfaces or 6x shall be written above the frame (see figures 6 and 7) 5.3 Indications qualifying the form of the feature within the tolerance zone shall be within near the tolerance frame and may be connected by a leader line (see figures 8 and 9)
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Tolerance frame(contd)
5.4 If it is necessary to specify more than one tolerance characteristic for a feature, the tolerance specifications are given in tolerance frames one under the other (see figure 10)
Figure 10
Toleranced features
The tolerance frame is connected to the toleranced feature by a leader line terminating with an arrow in the following way: _ on the outline of the feature or an extention of the outline ( but clearly separated from the dimension line) when the tolerance refers to the line surface itself (see figures 11 and 12)
Figure11
Figure12
Figure13
Figure14
Figure15
Figure17
Figure18
Tolerance zones
7.1 The width of the tolerance zone is in the direction of the arrow of the leader line joining the tolerance frame to the feature which is tolerance, unless the tolerance value is preceded by the sign (see figures 19&20).
Figure 19
Figure 20
Figure 21
Figure 22
Figure 23
Figure 24
Figure 25
Figure 26
COMMON ZONE
Figure 27
Figure 28
Datums
8.1 When a tolerance feature is related to a datum, this is generally shown by datum latter which defines the datum is repeated in the tolerance frame. To identify the datum, a capital letter enclosed in a frame is connected to a solid or blank datum triangle (see figures 29&30).
Figure 29
Figure 30
8.2
The Datum triangle with the datum letter is placed: -On the outline of the feature or an extension of the out line (but clearly separated from the dimension line), when the datum feature is the line or surface itself (see figures 31)
Figure 31
- as an extension of the dimension line when the datum feature is the axis or median plane (see figures 32 to 34). NOTE - If there is insufficient space for two arrows, one of them may be replaced by the datum triangle (see figures 33 and 34). on the axis or median plane when the datum is :
a) the axis or median plane of a single feature (for example a cylinder); b) the common axis or plane formed by two features (see figure 35).
8.3 If the tolerance frame can be directly connected with the datum feature by a leader line, the datum letter may be omitted (see figures 36 and 37).
8.4 A single datum is identified by a capital letter (see figure 38). A common datum formed by two features is identified by two datum letter separated by a hyphen (see figure 39). If the sequence of two or more datum features is important the datum letters are placed in different compartments (see figure 40), where the sequence from left to right shows the order of priority.
If the sequence of two or more datum features is not important the datum letters are indicated in the same compartment (see figure 41).
9 Restrictive specifications 9.1 If the tolerance is applied to a restricted length, lying anywhere, the value of this length shall be added after the tolerance value and separated from it by an oblique stroke. In the case of a surface, the same indication is used. This means that the tolerance applies to all lines of the restricted length in any position and any direction (see figure 42).
9.2 If a smaller tolerance of the same type is added to the tolerance on the whole feature, but restricted over a limited length, the restrictive tolerance shall be indicated in the lower compartment (see figure 43). 9.3 If the tolerance is applied to a restricted part of the feature only, this shall be dimensioned as shown in figure 44.
9.4 If the datum is applied to a restricted part of the datum feature only, this shall be dimensioned as shown in figure 45. 9.5 Restrictions to the form of the feature within the tolerance zone are shown in 5.3.
Theoretically exact dimensions If tolerances of position or of profile or of angularity are prescribed for a feature, the dimensions determining the theoretically exact position, profile or angle respectively, shall not be toleranced. These dimensions are enclosed, for example The corresponding actual dimensions of the part are subject only to the position tolerance, profile tolerance or angularity tolerance specified within the tolerance frame (see figures 46 and 47). Figure 46 Figure 47
.
Projected tolerance zone In some causes the tolerances of orientation and location shall apply not to the feature itself but to the external projection of it. Such projected tolerance zones are to be indicated by the symbol (see figure 48). Maximum material condition The indication that the tolerance value applies at the maximum material condition is shown by the symbol placed after: The tolerance value (see figure 49); The datum letter (see figure 50); Or both (see figure 51);According to whether the maximum material principle is to be applied respectively to the toleranced feature. the datum feature or both.
Figure 50 Figure 51 Figure 48
Figure 49
Introduction to Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing GD & T standards ANSI Y 14.5M 1982 ISO 1101 1983 ASME 14.5M -1994
ISO 1101 -1983 (Technical Drawings-Geometrical TolerancingTolerancing of Form, Orientation, Location and Runout) ANSI Y14.5 1982-American National Standards Institute (ANSI) published ANSI Y14.5 ASME Y14.5M-1994 ASME Y14.5M-1994 Revised.
ASME Y 14.5M-1994 stand for ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers Y 14.5 Standard number. M Standard is Metric.
+0.3 - 0.2
Key terms used in Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing Modifiers and symbols geometric tolerancing used in
Understand key terms and how they affect the interpretation of a drawing. Understand the modifiers and symbols used in geometric tolerancing.
FEATURES
A feature is a general term applied to a physical portion of part, such as a surface, hole or slots,tabs. An easy way to remember this term is to think of a feature as a part surface.
FEATURES
Features
Feature Of Size
Non-Feature Of Size
FEATURE OF SIZE
This is one cylindrical or spherical surface, or set of two opposed elements or parallel surfaces associated with size dimension which has an axis, center line or center plane contained within it. Features of size are features, which do have diameter or thickness. These may be cylinders, such as shafts and holes. They may also be slots, rectangular or flat parts, where two parallel flat surfaces are considered to form a single feature.
FEATURE OF SIZE
Internal FOS is comprised of part surfaces (or elements) that are internal part surfaces.
like hole diameter or the width of a slot.
Example:
ACTUAL MATING ENVELOPE = PERFECT FEATURE COUNTERPART. The Actual Mating Envelope (AME) of an external feature of size is a similar perfect feature counterpart of the smallest size that can be circumscribed about the feature so it just contacts the surfaces at the highest points with in the tolerance zone.
MATERIAL CONDITIONS
A geometric tolerance can be specified to apply at the largest size, smallest size or actual size of a feature of size. Maximum Material Condition (MMC) Maximum material condition is the condition in which a feature of size contains the maximum amount of material everywhere within the stated limits of size.
MMC
Geometric tolerances are often specified to apply at MMC when the function of a FOS is assembly. Geometric tolerances are often specified to apply at LMC to insure a minimum distance on a part. Geometric tolerances are often specified to apply at RFS to insure symmetrical relationships.
MODIFIERS
Modifiers communicate additional information about the drawing or Tolerancing of a part. There are nine common modifiers used in geometric tolerancing.
Nine modifiers
DIAMETER MODIFIER
The diameter symbol is used two ways: inside a feature control frame as a modifier to denote the shape of the tolerance zone, or outside the feature control frame to simply replace the word "diameter.
Reference modifier
The modifier for reference is simply the method of denoting that information is for reference only. The information is not to be used for manufacturing or inspection. To designate a dimension or other information as reference, the reference information is enclosed in parentheses.
Reference Example:
RADIUS MODIFIER
Arcs are dimensioned with radius symbol on drawings. A radius is a straight line extending from the center of an arc or a circle to its surface. The Symbol for a radius is "R. When the "R" symbol is used, it creates a zone defined by two arcs. The part surface must lie within this zone. The part surface may have flats or reversals within the tolerance zone.
Radius modifier
Controlled Radius
The symbol for a controlled radius is "CR. it creates a tolerance zone defined by two arcs. The part surface must be within the crescent-shaped tolerance zone and be an arc without flats or reversals.
CONTROL RADIUS
BETWEEN SYMBOL
COUNTERSINK SYMBOL
DEPTH SYMBOL
SQUARE SYMBOL
Rule #1
Rule #1 is referred to as the "Individual Feature of Size Rule." In industry the Rule #1 is paraphrased as perfect form at MMC or the envelope rule. Where only a tolerance of size is specified, the limits of size of an individual feature prescribe the extent to which variations in its form as well as in its size are allowed.
In Rule #1, the words perfect form mean perfect flatness, straightness, circularity and cylindricity. In other words if the feature of size is produced at MMC, it is required to have perfect form. TECHNOTE For features of size, where only a tolerance of size is specified, the surfaces shall not extend beyond a boundary (envelope) of perfect form at MMC.
INSPECTING A FEATURE OF SIZE When inspecting a FOS that is controlled by Rule #1, both its size and form need to be verified. The MMC size and the Rule #1 envelope can be verified with a Go gage. A Go gage is made to the MMC limit of the FOS and has perfect form. Go gage must be at least as long as the FOS it is verifying. The minimum size (LMC) of a FOS can be measured with a No-Go gage. A No-Go gage is made to the LMC limit of the FOS.
Rule#2
RFS applies, with respect to the individual tolerance, datum reference, or both, where no modifying symbol is specified. MMC and LMC must be specified on the drawing where required.
Dimensional tolerancing
Geom. tolerancing
Rule #2a is an alternative practice of Rule #2 according to which RFS may be specified as a symbol in feature control frames if desired and applicable.
On engineering drawings there are two uses for basic dimensions: 1. To define the theoretically exact location, size, orientation, or true profile of a part feature. 2. To define gauge information. Basic dimensions must get their tolerances from a geometric tolerance or from a special note.
The basic dimension only specifies half the requirement. To complete the specification, a geometric tolerance must be added to the feature involved with the basic dimension.
No geometric control is used on basic dimensions that specify datum targets. When basic dimensions specify datum targets, they are considered gage dimensions.
Interpret the flatness control. Interpret the straightness control. Interpret the circularity control. Interpret the cylindricity control.
FORM CONTROLS
Flatness. Straightness. Circularity. Cylindricity. g c
FLATNESS
SYMBOL :-
STRAIGHTNESS
SYMBOL :-
CIRCULARITY
SYMBOL :-
CYLINDRICITY
SYMBOL :-
FLATNESS
Definition : Flatness is the condition of a surface having all of its elements in one plane. The tolerance zone for a flatness control is three-dimensional. General representation
Inspecting Flatness
Establish the first plane of the tolerance zone by placing the part surface on a surface plate that has a small hole.
The surface plate becomes the true counterpart of the controlled feature. A dial indicator is set in the small hole. The tip of the dial indicator traces a path across the entire part surface. Then the part is moved over the hole at random.
If the FIM (full indicator movement) is larger than the flatness tolerance value at any point on the path, then the surface flatness is not within its specification.
STRAIGHTNESS : Definition : Straightness of a line element is the condition where each line element (or axis or center plane) is a straight line. The tolerance zone for a straightness control (as a surface line element control) is twodimensional. General Representation :
General Representation
0.2mm
CIRCULARITY
Definition: Circularity is a condition where all points of a surface of revolution, at any Section perpendicular to a common axis, are equidistant from that axis. General representation:
0.2
39.0 38.5
Example :
Circularity control :
A circularity control is a geometric tolerance that limits the amount of circularity on a part surface. It specifies that each circular element of a features surface must lie within a tolerance zone of two coaxial circles. It also applies independently at each cross section element and at a right angle to the feature axis. The radial distance between the circles is equal to the circularity control tolerance value.
INTERPRETATION
94.2 94.6 0.2
Two imaginary and concentric circles with their radii 0.2mm apart.
0.2
Part surface
Circularity application :
Is to limit the lobing (out of round) of a shaft diameter. In certain cases, lobing of a shaft diameter will cause bearings or bushings to fail prematurely.
Circularity application :
The diameter must be within its size tolerance. The circularity control does not override Rule #1. The circularity control tolerance must be less than the size tolerance. The circularity control does not affect the outer boundary of the FOS.
INSPECTION OF CIRCULARITY
Cylindricity
Definition :Cylindricity is a condition of a surface of revolution in which all points of the surface are equidistant from a common axis. General Representation :
0.2
39.0 38.5
Cylindricity control :
A cylindricity control is a geometric tolerance that limits the amount of cylindricity error permitted on a part surface. It specifies a tolerance zone of two coaxial cylinders within which all points of the surface must lie. A cylindricity control applies simultaneously to the entire surface. The radial distance between the two coaxial cylinders is equal to the cylindricity control tolerance value. A cylindricity control is a composite control that limits the circularity, straightness, and taper of a diameter simultaneously.
Cylindricity application :
Is to limit the surface conditions (out of round, taper, and straightness) of a shaft diameter. In certain cases, surface conditions of a shaft diameter will cause bearings or bushings to fail prematurely.
Cylindricity application :
The diameter must also be within its size tolerance. The cylindricity control does not override Rule #1. The cylindricity control tolerance must be less than the total size tolerance. The cylindricity control does not affect the outer boundary of the FOS.
INSPECTION OF CYLINDRICITY
First, it allows the designer to specify which part surfaces are to contact the inspection equipment for the measurement of a dimension. Second, the datum system allows the designer to specify, in which sequence the part is to contact the inspection equipment for the measurement of a dimension.
CONSEQUENCES
-Good parts are rejected -Bad parts are accepted
DATUMS(PLANAR)
DATUM DATUM FEATURE DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR SIMULATED DATUM DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL DATUM SELECTION
DATUM
A datum is a theoretically exact plane, point or axis from which a dimensional measurement is made. A Datum is the true geometric counter part of a datum feature A true geometric counter part is the theoretical perfect boundary or best fit tangent plane of a datum feature.
DATUM FEATURE
A datum feature is a part feature that exists on the part and contacts a datum.
SIMULATED DATUM
A datum feature simulator is the inspection equipment that includes the gage elements used to establish the simulated datum.
The drawing must communicate when and how the datums should be used. This is typically done through the use of feature control frames.
DATUM TARGETS
Datum targets are symbols that describe the shape, size and location of gauge elements that used to establish datum planes or axes. Datum targets are shown on the part surfaces on a drawing, but they actually do not exist on a part. Datum targets can be specified to simulate a point, line or area contact on a part. The use of datum targets allows a stable and repeatable relationship for a part with its gauge. Datum targets should be specified on parts where it is not practical (or possible) to use an entire surface as a datum feature.
INTRODUCTION
Here Feature of Size is used as a datum features When a diameter is used as a datum feature, It results in a datum axis When a planar is used as a datum feature, it results in a datum center plane
Describe the datum that results from a FOS datum feature
3 Ways for representing an axis as datum Datum identification symbol can be touching the surface of a
diameter to specify axis as the datum
Datum Terminology
Datum feature A Datum feature simulator / Gauge element Simulated datum axis A Simulated datum Feature A
Draw the datum feature simulator for an external and internal FOS datum feature (MMC primary).
Draw the datum feature simulator for an FOS datum feature (MMC secondary with virtual condition)
Datum axis secondary (MMC) , Datum centre plane tertiary (MMC) (Contd)
When referencing the datums with the face primary, diameter secondary (MMC), and slot tertiary (MMC), the following conditions apply: The part will have a minimum of three points of contact with the primary datum plane The datum feature simulators will be fixed size gage elements. The datum axis is the axis of the datum feature simulator
Datum axis secondary (MMC) , Datum centre plane tertiary (MMC) (Contd)
The datum axis is perpendicular to the primary datum plane Depending upon the datum feature's actual mating size, a datum shift may be available. Second and third datum planes are to be associated with the datum axis The tertiary datum center plane is the center plane of the tertiary datum feature simulator
Draw the datum axis when using a pattern of FOS as a datum feature (MMC secondary)
Datum sequence
Panel-A
Explain how changing the datum reference sequence in a feature control frame affects the part and gauge
Panel A
An adjustable gauge is required. No datum shift is permissible on datum feature A The part is oriented in the gage by datum feature A Datum feature B will have a minimum of one point contact with its datum feature simulator The orientation of the holes will be relative to datum axis A
Panel B
Panel B
Datum feature B will have 3- point contact with its datum plane The part is oriented in the gauge by datum feature B The orientation of holes will be relative to datum plane B An adjustable gauge is required and no datum shift is permissible on datum feature A
Panel C
Virtual condition=10.2
PERPENDICULARITY
SYMBOL :-
Perpendicularity Control
Define Perpendicularity
Perpendicularity is the condition that results when a surface, axis, or centerplane is exactly 90 deg to a datum. A perpendicularity control is a geometric tolerance that limits the amount a surface, axis, or centerplane is permitted to vary from being perpendicular to the datum.
Perpendicularity Applications
1. Perpendicularity applied to a surface. 2. Perpendicularity applied to a planar FOS. 3. Perpendicularity applied to a cylindrical FOS.
Interpretations
Tolerance zone two parallel planes that are perpendicular to the datum plane. Distance between tolerance plane specified tolerance value. Important criteria all elements of the surface must be within the tolerance zone. Perpendicularity tolerance zone limits the flatness of toleranced feature.
Inspection of perpendicularity
Interpretations
Tolerance zone two parallel planes that are perpendicular to the datum plane. Distance between tolerance plane specified tolerance value. Important criteria all elements of the surface must be within the tolerance zone. Perpendicularity tolerance zone limits the flatness of toleranced feature
Interpretations
Tolerance zone two parallel planes that are perpendicular to the datum plane. Distance between tolerance plane specified tolerance value. The center plane of the Actual Mating Envelope must be within the tolerance zone. A bonus tolerance is permissible. A fixed gauge may be used to verify the perpendicularity control.
Interpretations
Tolerance zone a cylinder that is perpendicular to the datum plane. Diameter of the tolerance zone specified tolerance value. The axis of the diameter must be within the tolerance zone. A bonus tolerance is permissible. A fixed gauge may be used to verify the perpendicularity control.
Angularity Control
Angularity is the condition of a surface, center plane, or axis being exactly at the specified angle. An angularity control is a geometric tolerance that limits the amount a surface, center plane, or axis is permitted to vary from its specified angle.
ANGULARITY
SYMBOL :-
Angularity applications
1. Angularity applied to a surface. 2. Angularity applied to a cylindrical FOS.
Interpretations
Tolerance zone two parallel planes that are perpendicular to the datum plane. Distance between tolerance plane specified tolerance value. Important criteria all elements of the surface must be within the tolerance zone. Tolerance zone is oriented relative to the datum plane by a basic angle. Angularity tolerance zone limits the flatness of toleranced feature
Inspection of Angularity
Interpretations
Tolerance zone a cylinder. Diameter of the tolerance zone specified tolerance value. The axis of the toleranced feature must be within the tolerance zone. Tolerance zone is oriented relative to the datum plane by a basic angle. An implied 90 deg basic angle exists in other direction
Parallelism Control
Parallelism is the condition of a surface, center plane, or axis being exactly parallel to the datum. An parallelism control is a geometric tolerance that limits the amount a surface, center plane, or axis is permitted to vary from being parallel to the datum.
Parallelism Applications
Parallelism applied to a surface. Parallelism applied to a cylindrical FOS.
PARALLELISM
SYMBOL :-
Interpretations
Tolerance zone two parallel planes that are parallel to the datum plane. Tolerance zone is located within the limits of size dimension. Distance between tolerance plane specified tolerance value. Important criteria all elements of the surface must be within the tolerance zone. Parallelism tolerance zone limits the flatness of toleranced feature.
Inspection
Interpretation
Tolerance zone a cylinder that is parallel to the datum plane. Diameter of the tolerance zone specified tolerance value. The axis of the diameter must be within the tolerance zone. A bonus tolerance is permissible. A fixed gauge may be used to verify the parallelism control. Parallelism tolerance zone limits flatness of the toleranced feature.