TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

Diagram 1 shows part of the steps in scientific method.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan sebahagian langkah-langkah dalam kaedah saintifik.

Identifying problem
Mengenal pasti masalah

Identifying variables
Mengenal pasti pemboleh ubah

Diagram 1
Rajah 1

What is step X ?
Apakah langkah X ?

A Making hypothesis
Membuat hipotesis

B Collecting data
Mengumpul data

C Controlling variables
Mengawal pemboleh ubah

D Planning an experiment
Merancang eksperimen

Which of the following is the first step in scientific method ? A B C D Collecting data Making inference Making observation Controlling variables

The number of protons, electrons and neutrons for atoms P and Q are shown in the table below. Bilangan ptoton, bilangan elektron dan neutron bagi atom P dan Q ditunjukkan dalam jadual di bawah. Atom Number of protons Number of electrons Number of neutrons Atom Nombor proton Bilangan electron Bilangan neutron P 6 6 12 Q 6 6 14

Which statement is true ? Both atoms P and Q .. Pernyataan manakah yang benar? Kedua-dua atom P dan Q.. A are isotopes adalah isotop B have the same relative mass mempunyai jisim relatif yang sama C have similar physical properties mempunyai sifat fizik yang sama D can react with each other to form a compound boleh bertindak balas antara satu sama lain untuk membentuk sebatian 4 The diagram shows the cooling curve of a molten substance. Diagram menunjukkan lengkung penyejukan bagi suatu bahan leburan.

Temperature / o C Suhu 105 P

Q 80

30

10

12

Time / min Masa / min

Which statements are true? Pernyataan manakah yang benar? I II III IV It is a solid at 40 o C Bahan ini adalah pepejal pada 40 o C Its freezing point is 80 o C Takat beku bahan ini ialah 80 o C At point R, it starts to change to the solid state Pada titik Q , bahan ini mula bertukar kepada keadaan pepejal At the sixth minute,the substance is a mixture of the liquid and solid states Pada minit keenam, bahan ini merupakan campuran cecair dan pepejal

A I and III I dan III B II and IV II dan IV C I, II and IV I, II dan IV D II, III and IV II, III dan IV 5 The diagram shows the standard representation for chromium. Gambarajah menunjukkan perwakilan piawai bagi kromium. 52

Cr
24

Which combination is true? Gabungan yang manakah benar? Proton number A B C D 6. 24 24 28 52 Nucleon number 28 52 52 24 Number of electrons 24 24 28 52

Which of the following isotopes is used in archaeology? Yang manakah antara isotop berikut digunakan dalam arkeologi? A B C D Phosphorus-32 Fosforus -32 Iodine-131 Iodin-131 Carbon-14 Karbon-14 Cobalt-60 Kobalt-60

Diagram 2 shows the electron arrangement of oxygen atom.

Rajah 2 menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi atom oksigen.

Diagram 2
Rajah 2

What is the number of valence electron of oxygen atom?

Berapakah bilangan elektron valens bagi atom oksigen?

A 2 B 4 C 6 D 8 Table 3 shows the information about two types of particle. Jadual 3 menunjukkan maklumat bagi dua jenis zarah . Particle Zarah S T Proton number Nombor proton 8 17 Table 3 Jadual 3 Based on the information in the table , both particles S and T are Berdasarkan maklumat dalam jadual , zarah S dan zarah T adalah A B C D noble gas gas adi negative ions ion negatif positive ions ion positif metal atoms atom-atom logam. Electron arrangement Susunan elektron 2.8 2.8.8

9 Which is true about relative atomic mass of an element? Manakah benar tentang jisim atom relatif suatu unsur? A
The average mass of one atom of an element 1 X the mass of an atom of carbon - 12 12
Jisim purata satu atom unsur 1 X jisimsatu atom karbon - 12 12

The average mass of one atom of an element The mass of an atom of carbon - 12
Jisim purata satu atom unsur Jisim satu atom karbon - 12

The average mass of one atom of an element 12 X the mass of an atom of carbon - 12
Jisim purata satu atom unsur 12 X jisimsatu atom karbon - 12

1 carbon - 12 12 X The average mass of one atom of an element

1 karbon - 12 12 X jisimpurata satu atom unsur

10

Which of the following substances exists as atoms? Antara bahan berikut, yang manakah wujud sebagai atom? A B C D Carbon Oxygen Water Chlorine

11

Diagram 2 shows the set-up of apparatus used to investigate diffusion in a solid. Rajah 2 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menyiasat resapan dalam pepejal.

Diagram 2 After a few days, the colourless solid gel turned blue. What can we deduce from the above investigation? Selepas beberapa hari, pepejal gel tanpa warna bertukar ke biru.

Apakah yang dapat disimpulkan daripada penyiasatan di atas? A B C D Copper(II) sulphate dissolves in the gel Kuprum(II) sulfat larut dalam gel Copper(II) sulphate is less dense than the gel Kuprum(II) sulfat kurang tumpat daripada gel Copper(II) sulphate reacts with the gel to produce blue colour Kuprum(II) sulfat bertindak balas dengan gel menghasilkan warna biru Copper(II) sulphate particles diffuse through spaces between the gel particles Zarah-zarah kuprum(II) sulfat meresap melalui ruang di antara zarah-zarah gel

Trial kedah 2009 Which of the following represents the electron arrangement of a noble gas? 12 Antara berikut, yang manakah mewakili susunan elektron gas adi?

13

23 The symbol of sodium atom is 11 Na The nucleus of this atom contains 23 Simbol atom natrium adalah 11 Na Nukleus atom ini mengandungi

A B C D 16

10protons and 12 neutrons 11 neutrons and 12 protons 10 rotons and 12 electrons 9 neutrons and 11 electrons

What is the process in which a liquid changes to a solid? Apakah proses di mana suatu cecair bertukar kepada pepejal? A Condensation Kondensasi B Sublimation Pemejalwapan C Evaporation Pemeluapan D Freezing Pembekuan

18

Flourine has a proton number of 9 and nucleon number of 19. What is the electron arrangement of the fluorine atom? Flourin mempunyai nombor proton 9 dan nombor nukleon 19. Apakah susunan elektron bagi atom flourin? A B C D 2.8.8.1 2.8.1 2.8 2.7

20 Table 1 shows the melting points and boiling points for substances R, S, T and U.
Jadual 1 menunjukkan takat lebur dan takat didih bahan R, S, T dan U.

Substance
Bahan

Melting point(C)
Takat lebur(C)

Boiling point(C)
Takat didih(C)

R S T U

114 - 11 20 - 65 Table 1 Jadual 1

443 24 98 -8

Which substance exists as solid at 30 C ?

Bahan manakah merupakan pepejal pada suhu 30 C ?

A B C D

R S T U

15 Diagram 9 shows the change in the arrangement of particles when a substance undergoes process T.
Rajah 9 menunjukkan perubahan susunan zarah-zarah suatu bahan apabila menjalani proses T.

Process T
Proses T

Diagram 9
Rajah 9

What is process T?
Apakah proses T?

A B C D

Melting
Peleburan

Boiling
Pendidihan

Sublimation
Pemejalwapan

Condensation
Kondensasi

17

The figure shows the model of an atom. Gambarajah menunjukkan sebuah model atom.

Nucleus that contains protons and neutrons Nukleus yang mengandungi proton dan neutron

Which scientist proposed this atomic model? Siapakah saintis yang mencadangkan model ini? A B C D Neils Bohr J.J Thomson James Chadwick Earnest Rutherford

19

Diagram 4 shows symbol of atom W . Rajah 4 menunjukkan simbol bagi atom W.

19
9

Diagram 4 Rajah 4 Which of the following represents the electron arrangements for the atom? Antara berikut, yang manakah mewakili susunan elektron bagi atom tesebut? A B

21 Diagram 10 shows the symbol for a lithium atom.

Rajah 10 menunjukkan simbol bagi atom litium.

7 3

Li

Diagram 10
Rajah 10

Which of the following is true?

Antara berikut, yang manakah benar?

Proton number
Nombor proton

Nucleon number
Nombor nukleon

Number of electrons
Bilangan elektron

A B C D

3 3 4 7

4 7 7 3

3 3 4 7

22 Which of the following is true when liquid acetamide is cooled to room temperature and becomes solid?
Antara berikut, yang manakah benar apabila cecair asetamida disejukkan pada suhu bilik dan menjadi pepejal?

I The temperature remains constant at its freezing point

Suhu tidak berubah pada takat beku

II Heat energy is released to the surroundings

Tenaga haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran

III Particles move further away from each other

Zarah-zarah bergerak semakin jauh dari satu sama lain

IV Kinetic energy of the particles increases

Tenaga kinetik zarah-zarah bertambah

A I and II only
I dan II sahaja

B I and III only

I dan III sahaja

C III and IV only

III dan IV sahaja

D I, II and III only

I, II dan III sahaja

23

Diagram 3 shows the symbol of atom Q.

24

Q
12
DIAGRAM 3 What is the valence electron of atom Q? A B C D 2 3 4 5

24 Diagram 4 shows the electron arrangement of atom Z. Rajah 4 menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi atom Z.

Diagram 4 Rajah 4 How many protons are there in the nucleus of atom Z? Berapakah bilangan proton yang terdapat dalam nukleus atom Z? A 2 B 3 C 5 D 7
25 Diagram 13 shows symbol of two isotopes of bromine atom.
Rajah 13 menunjukkan simbol dua isotop bagi atom bromin.

79 X

Br Y

81 X
Diagram 13
Rajah 13

Br

Bromine-79 has 44 neutrons. Calculate the number of neutrons in Bromine-81.

Bromin-79 mempunyai 44 neutron. Hitung bilangan neutron dalam Bromin-81.

A B C D

35 37 46 90

26

Diagram 1 shows the atomic symbol of element X Rajah 1 menunjukkan simbol atom bagi unsur X

19 9

Diagram 1 Rajah 1 Which of the following represents 19? Antara berikut, apakah yang diwakili oleh angka 19? A Proton number nombor proton B Nucleon number nombor nukleon C Number of neutrons bilangan neutron D Number of electrons bilangan elektron

27 Atom X mengandungi 19 elektron dan mempunyai nombor nukleon 39. Antara berikut, yang manakah simbol bagi atom X? A 19 X B 19 X C 20 X D 20 X 28 Jadual 1 menunjukkan nombor proton bagi unsur W, X, Y dan Z. Unsur W X Y Z Nombor proton 3 7 11 16 JADUAL 1 Antara pasangan unsur berikut, yang manakah mempunyai sifat kimia yang sama? A B C D W dan X X dan Z W dan Y Y dan Z
39
19 39 20

29 Table 4 shows the number of electrons and neutrons for ions R2- , T- , Y+ and Z2+. These letters are not the actual symbols for the elements. Ion R2TY+ Z2+ Number of electron Number of neutron 10 8 10 10 10 12 10 12 TABLE 4

Which of the following is correct? Ion R2TY+ Z2+ Nucleon number 18 21 21 24

A B C D

30 Substance X exists in liquid state at room temperature. Which of the following is the most probable melting and boiling points for X? Melting point/C Boiling point/C A -200 -15 B -117 78 C -17 20 D 60 100 The graph shows the cooling curve of naphthalene.

31

Graf menunjukkan lengkung penyejukan naftalena

Temperature/C

Suhu/C

P X

Time/s

Masa/s
Why is curve Q obtained in the graph?

Kenapa keluk Q terhasil pada graf?

A Naphtalene is cooled in impurity state

Naftalena disejukkan dalam keadaan tidak tulen

B C D Naphtalene evaporate during cooling process

Naftalena meruap semasa proses penyejukan

Naphtalene is not stirred during cooling process

Naftalena tidak dikacau semasa proses penyejukan

Naphtalene freezes after achieving its freezing point

Naftalena membeku selepas mencapai takat beku

32

The diagram shows the change of the state of matter.

Rajah menunjukkan perubahan keadaan jirim

Process P

Proses P
Which of the following is process P?
Antara berikut, yang manakah proses P?

Boiling

Pendidihan
B Melting

Peleburan
C Freezing

Pembekuan
D Sublimation

Pemejalwapan
33 The diagram shows a model of an atom.

Rajah menunjukkan satu model atom.

Nucleus that contain protons Shell

Petala
Electron

Nukleus mengandun gi proton

Who introduced this model?

Elektron

Siapakah yang memperkenalkan model ini?

A B C D Neils Bohr John. Dalton J. J.Thomson Ernest Rutherford

PAPER 2 SECTION A
Trial perlis 2007 1 Table 1 shows three substances and their respective formulae.

Substance

Chemical formula

Zinc

Zn

Naphthalene

C10H8

Magnesium oxide

MgO

TABLE 1

Use the information from Table 1 to answer the following questions.

(a)

Which substance contains atom?

[1 mark] (b) Which substance has the lowest melting point?

[1 mark] (c) Which substance can conduct electricity in solid state?

[1 mark]

(d)Graph 1 shows the temperature against time when solid naphthalene is heated. Temperature/oC

T1 To Time/s GRAPH 1 (i) What is meant by melting point?

.. .. [1 mark] (ii) Based on Graph 1, state the melting point of naphthalene.

.. [1 mark] (e)The empirical formula of magnesium oxide can be determined in the laboratory. (i) Draw the set-up of apparatus for the experiment.

[2 marks]

(ii) Can the empirical formula of copper (II) oxide be determined by using the same reaction as in (e)(i)? Explain. .. . [2 marks] 2. Diagram 1 shows the arrangement of particles of substance X at different temperatures.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan zarah bahan X pada suhu yang berbeza.

60 oC

Diagram 1
Rajah 1

90 oC

(a) What is the physical state of substance X at

Apakah keadaan fizikal bahan X pada

(i) (ii)

60 oC : ......................................................................... 90 oC : ......................................................................... [2 marks]

(b)

State the movement of particles of substance X at 60 oC.

Nyatakan pergerakan zarah bahan X pada 60 C.
o

............ [1 mark] (b) Graph 1 shows the graph of temperature against time when substance X is heated from 60 oC to 90 oC.
o

Graf 1 menunjukkan graf suhu melawan masa bila bahanX dipanaskan dari 60 C kepada 90 C. .

Temperature/oC o Suhu/ C 90 78 60 t0 t1 t2 Graph 1

Graf 1

t3

Time/s
Masa/s

(i)

What is meant by melting point?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan takat lebur?

.. .. [1 mark] (ii) Based on Graph 1, state the melting point of substance X.

Berdasarkan Graf 1, nyatakan takat lebur bahan X.

.. [1 mark] (iii) Explain why the temperature remains constant from t1 to t2.
Terangkan mengapa suhu tidak berubah dari t1 hingga t2.

...................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................... [2 marks] (d) (i) Substance X cannot conduct electricity in any state. State the type of particles of substance X.
Bahan X tidak mengkonduksikan elektrik dalam semua keadaan. Nyatakan jenis zarah bagi bahan X.

................................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (ii) Table 1 shows two substances.

Jadual 1 menunjukkan dua bahan.

Magnesium oxide Carbon dioxide Table 1

Jadual 1

Which substance has the same type of particles as substance X? Tick ( ) the correct answer.
Bahan manakah mempunyai jenis zarah yang sama dengan bahan X? Tanda ( ) jawapan yang betul.

[1 mark]

3.

Diagram 1 shows the symbols which represent four elements W, Q, R and S.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan simbol yang mewakili empat unsur W, Q, R dan S.

Diagram 1
Rajah 1

(a)

(i)

What is the nucleon number for W?

Apakah nombor nukleon bagi W?

..... [1 mark]

(ii)

Write the electron arrangement of atom W.

Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom W.

..... [1 mark]

(iii) State the position of element R in Periodic Table of Elements. Explain your
answer.
Nyatakan kedudukan unsur R dalam Jadual Berkala Berkala. Jelaskan jawapan anda.

.. .. .. [3 marks]

(b)

(i)

State the atoms that are isotopes.

Nyatakan atom atom yang merupakan isotop.

......................
[1 mark]

(ii)

State the reason for your answer in (b)(i).

Nyatakan sebab bagi jawapan anda di (b)(i).

... [1 mark]

(c)Which elements in Diagram 1 is a monoatomic gas? Explain your answer.

Antara unsurunsur dalam Rajah 1, yang manakah gas monoatom? Terangkan jawapan anda.

.... ..... ..... [2 marks]

Diagram 1.1 shows the inter-conversion of the two states of matter of substance Q.

Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan perubahan dua keadaan jirim bagi bahan Q.

Process X

Solid Q
Pepejal Q

Proses X
Process Y

Gas Q
Gas Q

Proses Y
Diagram 1.1

Rajah 1.1
(a) Name process X.

Namakan proses X.
. [1 mark] (b) When substance Q changes from gas to solid, state the change in term of :

Apabila bahan Q berubah daripada keadaan gas kepada pepejal, nyatakan perubahan dari segi :
(i) The energy of the particles

Tenaga kinetik zarah-zarah

... [1 mark] (ii) The forces of attraction between the particles

Daya tarikan antara zarah-zarah

... [1 mark]

(c)

Draw the arrangement of particles of substance Q in solid state.

Lukiskan susunan zarah-zarah bahan Q dalam keadaan pepejal.

[1 mark] (d) Diagram 1.2 and Diagram 1.3 shows the apparatus set up of two experiments.

Rajah 1.2 dan Rajah 1.3 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi dua eksperimen. blue colour of copper(II) water sulphate crystal spreads air after 1 hour throughout the water selepas 1 jam copper(II) sulphate warna biru hablur crystal kuprum(II) sulfat hablur kuprum(II) sulfat merebak ke seluruh air
Diagram 1.2

Rajah 1.2

gel agaragar copper(II) sulphate crystal kristal kuprum(II) sulfat

after 3 days

selepas 3 hari

blue colour of copper(II) sulphate crystal spreads throughout the gel warna biru hablur kuprum(II) sulfat merebak ke seluruh agar-agar

Diagram 1.3

Rajah 1.3
(i) State the name of the process involved in both experiments.

Nyatakan nama proses yang terlibat dalam kedua-dua eksperimen.

. [1 mark] (ii) State the type of particles in copper(II) sulphate crystal.

Nyatakan jenis zarah yang terdapat dalam hablur kuprum(II) sulfat.

.

[1 mark]

(iii)

Based on Diagram 1.2 and Diagram 1.3, explain the differences in the observation by using kinetic theory of matter.

Berdasarkan Rajah 1.2 dan Rajah 1.3, terangkan perbezaan dalam pemerhatian dengan menggunakan teori kinetik jirim.
. . . . [3 marks]

SECTION B AND C
1. Diagram 7, shows 3 state of matter that is P, Q and R. Rajah 7 menunjukkan 3 keadaan jirim, iaitu P, Q dan R. P Q R

Diagram 7 Rajah 7 (a) Based on Diagram 7, what is state of matter for P, Q and R.? Berdasarkan rajah 7, apakah keadaan jirim bagi P, Q dan R? [3 marks] [3 markah] (b) By using the kinetic theory of matter, explain how the following occurs. Dengan menggunakan teori kinetik jirim, huraikan bagaimana perubahan di bawah berlaku. P change to Q P berubah ke Q ii. P change to R P berubah ke R iii. Q change to P Q berubah ke P In your explanation include the process occurs, the energy contents and the movement of the particles. Huraian anda mestilah meliputi proses yang telibat, kandungan tenaga dan pergerakan jirim. [9 marks] [9 markah] (c) When 31.0g copper carbonate, CuCO3 is heated, copper oxide, CuO and carbon dioxide gas, CO2 was formed in room temperature. Apabila 31.0g kuprum karbonat, CuCO3 dipanaskan kuprum oksida, CuO dan gas karbon dioksida, CO2 dihasilkan pada keadaan bilik. [ Relative atomic mass: O, 16; C, 12; Cu, 64; 1 mole of gas occupies a volume of 24.0dm3 in room condition ] [ Jisim atom relative: O, 16; Cu, 64; 1 mol gas menempati isipadu 24.0dm3 pada keadaan bilik] i. Write the chemical equation for the above reaction. i.

Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas di atas. [2 marks] [2 markah] ii. Calculate the mass of copper oxide produced. Kira jisim kuprum oksida yang dihasilkan. [3 marks] [3 markah] iii. Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced in cm3. Kira isipadu gas karbon dioksida yang dihasilkan dalam unit cm3. [ 3 marks] [3 markah