Works Cited "Andrew Jackson's Seventh Annual Message to Congress." Memo. N.d. Digital History. Web. 18 Nov. 2012.

In this memo by Andrew Jackson, his message to congress is further defending the Indian removal act of 1830, although it is five year later. Jackson claims that the native Americans are not civil enough to live on United States land, but states that arrangements have been made to make an easy transition and they will flourish where they live. Although Jackson tries to make himself sound better, the things he says in the speech ultimately cause him to show his hatred towards the Native American tribes. I have used this speech to show some long term effects of the Indian Removal.

Beethoven - Piano Sonata No. 14 "Moonlight" Sonata (First Movement) (HQ). Youtube. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2013.
This piece by Beethoven was used in my project as background audio to a video clip for my thesis. I chose this as the music because of its sad tone, which contributes to the Indian Removal Act because the act caused terror in many Native Americans.

Boudinot, Elias. "An Address to the Whites." Letter. 1826. Digital History. Web. 12 Jan. 2013.
This address was issued by a Cherokee leader in 1826 named Elias Boudinot. Prior to Jackson's Removal Policy, President James Monroe has tried to persuade the Indians to move west, and this was Boudinot's response. I have used this in my project to show how life was prior to Jackson's presidency, and how they still faced the same issues, just not as forceful as they would in years to come.

"Cherokee Removal." New Georgia Encyclopedia. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Print.
This encyclopedia entry shows an overview of a specific tribe, the Cherokees, and their lives throughout the removal policy. Overall, the Cherokees were outraged that they had to desert the land they had resided in for hundreds of years to move west of the Mississippi River. The information from this encyclopedia entry has been used as historical background.

"Elias Boudinot." North Georgia. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2013.

This illustration was of Elias Boudinot, a Cherokee member and leader in the early nineteenth century. I have used this image in my website to show Boudinot, with a quote of his reaction to President James Monroe's Removal Policy.

History. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2012.

One article in this web page, title Indian removal, describes how Andrew Jackson ignored how the act said to carry out the relocation. Jackson was supposed to give the Native American tribes good conditions to be under, however he had no sympathy for the people he was taking land away from. I ave used this information as historical information for my project.

History. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2013.

The History Channel provides readers with several informative sources on President Andrew Jackson. I have used this website as background information on Jackson, as well as historical information for the Indian Removal Act. I have also used this website for images and have taken clips of a documentary to show different effects the removal Act had on the Native American tribes.

Jackson, Andrew. "Jackson's Rationale for Removal." Memo. 1829. TS.

This memo, written by President Andrew Jackson, was written to inform people of the United States the reasons for the removal of the Indian tribes. Jackson's reasoning for sending the Indian tribes westward was that the wandering Indians were taking up space that the United States government could purchase instead. Overall, president Jackson states that he is not forcing any tribe to be moved, but he is implying that he advises the tribes to do so. I have used this source to further explain Jackson's reasoning for exchanging land with the Native American tribes.

"Jackson Defends the Removal Policy." Memo. N.d. Digital History. Web. 18 Nov. 2012.
President Andrew Jackson issued this speech after the Indian Removal Act of 1830 to defend his reasoning of having the Native American tribes either relocate to new land or become a citizen of the United States. Jackson states that two tribes agreed with his policy, and that he believes that this will change how the other tribes think about this relocation. Jackson also claims that although the Indians are leaving their hurried ancestors, life will be much better for them on their new land. This speech was used to show some short term effects of the Indian Removal Act of 1830.

Kidwell, Clara Sue. "The affects of removal on the American Indian tribes." Native Americans and their Land. National Humanities Center, Sept. 2010. Web. 8 Nov. 2012.
This website shown was written by a woman from the university of South Carolina and the National Humanities Center, shows how the lives of the different tribes started out and how the Indians were affected from the removal act. The tribes mainly in the southeast had trouble with this policy because unlike other tribes who followed prey to hunt, they had settled to grow crops and that territory had become their homeland. This information was used as historical background for my project. I have also taken quotes as well as images to use in my project.

Magliocca, Gerard N. "The Cherokee Removal and the Fourteenth Amendment." Duke Law Journal 53.3 (2003): 875-965. JSTOR. Web. 14 Nov. 2012.
This section of a the Duke Law Journal written by Gerard N. Magliocca called The Cherokee Removal and the Fourteenth Amendment shows from the beginning of the removal of the Cherokees and why they were removed, to the aftermath of what happened to the Indians, their rights, and how the Fourteenth Amendment was derived from these events. The information I got from this journal was used for historical background.

A Member of Congress Speaks Out Against the Removal Policy. Digital History. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2012.
Documented in this speech by a member of congress by the name of Edward Everett, this man attacks the choices of president Andrew Jackson on the Removal of the Native American tribes. Everett backs up his belief by stating that Jackson has no real reason for forcing the relocation of the tribes, and that he is discriminating the tribes. He also notes that this mistake by Jackson will continue to be looked back upon throughout the future. I have used this speech to show how someone that is not closely affiliated with Jackson or an Indian tribe feels about Jackson's choices.

"Memorial of the Cherokees, Written in Both English and Cherokee." Docs Teach. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Jan. 2013.
This document, written and translated into English by a Cherokee tribe, explains their feelings towards the treatment they have gotten from President Andrew Jackson. The Cherokees explain that the land has been

in their families for years, and has been passed down to them. They state that they have not done anything to go against the laws of the United States, and they deserve the rights that everyone else gets. This article is complete with signatures of many Cherokee Indians, which I have used in my project along with quotes from the petition to explain the turning point of my topic.

Monroe, James. "President Monroe Justifies the Removal Policy." Letter. 1825. Digital History. Web. 12 Jan. 2013.
This speech by President James Monroe explains his reasoning for the Indian Removal. This was prior to when it was enforced by Andrew Jackson, and he believes it will help the United Sates in may ways, such as civilizing the Native American tribes and making new land for settlement. I have used this source in my project to show history of the tribes before the Indian Removal Act took place in 1830.

Monterey Institute. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2012.

This Interactive map, made for students by the Monterey Institute, was constructed to show the land of the Indian tribes starting out, to the land they all ended up residing in from the Indian Removal Act of 1830. As someone would check off each box, it shows the path each tribe took to the assigned land in the West, as well as specifically showing the Trail of Tears that the Cherokee tribes took to the same land. I have used these images to create a slideshow to show the migration of Indian Tribes, known as the Trail of Tears, as a result of the Indian Removal Act.

Oklahoma Historical Society. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2013.

This secondary source is historical background on the several times Indians were persuaded to leave the land, as well as the Indian Removal Act. It explains the Louisiana Purchase, and how the land became land that other presidents had wanted the Indians to relocate to. The first President to enforce the relocation, however, had been President Andrew Jackson, who signed the Indian Removal Act. This information has been used as historical background to describe what happened before Andrew Jackson came to presidency and the Indian Removal Act was signed.

PBS. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2012.

This PBS article, was published to show people what happened because if the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The Act was originally instituted because the president at the time, Andrew Jackson, was greedy for land

and had a certain hatred for the Native American tribes. The act that was passed in 1830 have Jackson permission to negotiate treaties with the American tribes, which eventually stayed that the native Americans could either relocate or become a citizen of the United States. The information in this source has been used as historical background in my project.

"Resistance in the Courts." Memo. N.d. Digital History. Web. 7 Dec. 2012.
This memo was the Cherokees addressing the eviction Andrew Jackson wanted them to make. They claim they have an unquestionable right to their land, so it is unfair and not right that they are being forced to move. I have used this source to show how the Cherokee tribe felt about their removal.

Ross, John. "Responses to Removal." Memo. 1834. TS. Digital History.

This memo by John Ross, a principal Cherokee chief in the 1830's, was written to show how the Indian tribes were treated because of the Indian Removal Act. At the time, the several tribes such as the Cherokees were no longer independent communities and no longer felt wanted, as the whites have treated them poorly since their arrival. In response to the respect these tribe were given, many of them started moving west towards the Mississippi river. I have used pieces of this response to show how Indian tribes felt about the discrimination and their forced removal.

"Tribal Self-Government and the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934." Michigan Law Review: n. pag. Print.
This journal, published by the Michigan Law Review Association, was written and published to show how the American Indians retaliated to the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The Native American tribes had the Indian self-organization act of 1834 to self govern themselves. The reason they wanted to do so was because many of their rights were unofficially taken away, and the Native American tribes wanted to practice self governance on their own, not because the congress instructed them to do so. I am using this source in my project for historical background.

United States. Cong. House. The Indian Removal Act of 1830. H. 1. Civics Online. Web. 18 Nov. 2012.
The Indian Removal Act of 1830, signed by President Andrew Jackson, was a bill passed to exchange the land the native Americans resided in such as Georgia with land west of the Mississippi River. This act was

written and signed to help the Native American tribes with their relocation and to secure their safety, although in the end what Jackson said to happen did not remain true. Some things that were promised were that the Unites States could exchange land or districts with any tribe when they wanted, give aid and assistance to the tribes as they relocated, and protection for one tribe against any other tribe. This act was used in its entirety to show what the Indian Removal was enforcing and what it did to the Native American tribes.

- - -. - - -. House. H. Res. 1. Digital Library. Web. 13 Jan. 2013.

The Treaty of New Echota was a treaty signed and ratified by the United States government that sent the Cherokee tribes to relocate to the western territory. This was signed because unlike other tribes, the Cherokees decided to fight for their right to stay on their land in Georgia, rather than move due to the Indian Removal Act of 1830. This document was used in my project to show what happened after the Indian Removal act, and how different tribes reacted to this.

- - -. The Library of Congress. Web. 16 Dec. 2012.

The various US Documents and Debates from The Library of Congress show various land successions of Native American tribes from 1774 to 1875. Specifically, the Chickasaw tribe in October of 1832, whom stated the preferred to move west, mainly because they would then have the right to govern themselves. They also state that they give all of their eastern land to the United States, and it goes on to describe the conditions of the new locations in the western land. I have used these documents to show the short term affects of the tribes from the Removal Act.