Ncert Solution Maths 12th (Part - 2) by Ajay Mohil

Preface To The First Edition
W e take an opportunity to present the standard treatise entitled

as A SOLUTIONS OF MATHEMATICS NCERT 12TH CLASS The entire solution
(PART-1 and PART-2) has a self-contained, flexible organization that
can be tailored to individual needs. Due to increasing demand by the
readers of my previous edition for 11th class entitled as A SOLUTION OF
MATHEMATICS NCERT 11TH CLASS. Although every care has been taken
to check mistakes and misprints, yet it is difficult to claim perfection.
© Copyright 2012 by www.mohilaj@ymail.com
AJAY MOHIL
1
INTEGRAL
EXERCISE-7.1
Question 1:
sin 2x
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The anti derivative of sin 2x is a function of x whose derivative is sin

2x.
It is known that,
Therefore, the anti derivative of
Question 2:
Cos 3x
2
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The anti derivative of cos 3x is a function of x whose derivative is cos

3x.
It is known that,
Therefore, the anti derivative of .
Question 3:
e2x
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The anti derivative of e2x is the function of x whose derivative is e2x.
It is known that,
3
Question 4:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The anti derivative of is the function of x whose derivative

is .
It is known that,
Question 5:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The anti derivative of is the function of x whose

derivative is .
It is known that,
4
Therefore, the anti derivative of is .
Question 6:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 7:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
5
Question 8:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 9:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 10:
6
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 11:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 12:
7
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 13:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
On dividing, we obtain
Question 14:
8
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 15:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
9
Question 16:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 17:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 18:
10
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 19:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 20:
11
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 21:
The anti derivative of equals
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Hence, the correct answer is C.
12
Question 22:
If such that f(2) = 0, then f(x) is
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that,
∴Anti derivative of
Also,
13
Hence, the correct answer is A.
14
EXERCISE-7.2
Question 1:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let =t
∴2x dx = dt
Question 2:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let log |x| = t
15
Question 3:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let 1 + log x = t
Question 4:
sin x ⋅ sin (cos x)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
sin x ⋅ sin (cos x)
16
Let cos x = t
∴ −sin x dx = dt
Question 5:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
∴ 2adx = dt
Question 6:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
17
Let ax + b = t
⇒ adx = dt
Question 7:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
∴ dx = dt
18
Question 8:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let 1 + 2x2 = t
∴ 4xdx = dt
Question 9:
19
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
∴ (2x + 1)dx = dt
Question 10:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
20
Question 11:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
∴ dx = dt
21
Question 12:
 Answer
 Discussion
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Let
Question 13:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
∴ 9x2 dx = dt
22
Question 14:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let log x = t
Question 15:
 Answer
23
 Discussion
 Share
Let
∴ −8x dx = dt
Question 16:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
∴ 2dx = dt
Question 17:
 Answer
 Discussion
24
 Share
Let
∴ 2xdx = dt
Question 18:
 Answer
 Discussion
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Let
Question 19:
25
 Answer
 Discussion
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Dividing numerator and denominator by ex, we obtain
Let
Question 20:
 Answer
 Discussion
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Let
26
∴
Question 21:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let 2x − 3 = t
∴ 2dx = dt
Question 22:
27
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let 7 − 4x = t
∴ −4dx = dt
Question 23:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
28
Question 24:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Question 25:
 Answer
 Discussion
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Let
29
Question 26:
 Answer
 Discussion
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Let
Question 27:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let sin 2x = t
30
Question 28:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
∴ cos x dx = dt
Question 29:
cot x log sin x
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
31
Let log sin x = t
Question 30:
 Answer
 Discussion
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Let 1 + cos x = t
Question 31:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
32
Let 1 + cos x = t
Question 32:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let sin x + cos x = t ⇒ (cos x − sin x) dx = dt
33
Question 33:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Put cos x − sin x = t ⇒ (−sin x − cos x) dx = dt
34
Question 34:
 Answer
 Discussion
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Question 35:
 Answer
 Discussion
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Let 1 + log x = t
35
Question 36:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Question 37:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
36
Let x4 = t
∴ 4x3 dx = dt
Let
From (1), we obtain
Question 38:
equals
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
37
Hence, the correct answer is D.
Question 39:
equals
A.
B.
C.
D.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Hence, the correct answer is B.
38
EXERCISE-7.3
Question 1:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 2:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is known that,
39
Question 3:
cos 2x cos 4x cos 6x
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is known that,
Question 4:
40
sin3 (2x + 1)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Question 5:
sin3 x cos3 x
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
41
Question 6:
sin x sin 2x sin 3x
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is known that,
42
Question 7:
sin 4x sin 8x
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is known that,
43
Question 8:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 9:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
44
Question 10:
sin4 x
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
45
Question 11:
cos4 2x
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 12:
46
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 13:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
47
Question 14:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
48
Question 15:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
49
Question 16:
tan4x
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
50
From equation (1), we obtain
Question 17:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
51
Question 18:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 19:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
52
Question 20:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
53
Question 21:
sin−1 (cos x)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
54
It is known that,
Substituting in equation (1), we obtain
55
Question 22:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
56
Question 23:
is equal to
A. tan x + cot x + C
B. tan x + cosec x + C
C. − tan x + cot x + C
D. tan x + sec x + C
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 24:
equals
A. − cot (exx) + C
B. tan (xex) + C
C. tan (ex) + C
D. cot (ex) + C
 Answer
57
 Discussion
 Share
Let exx = t
58
EXERCISE-7.4
Question 1:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let x3 = t
∴ 3x2 dx = dt
Question 2:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let 2x = t
∴ 2dx = dt
59
Question 3:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let 2 − x = t
⇒ −dx = dt
Question 4:
 Answer
 Discussion
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Let 5x = t
60
∴ 5dx = dt
Question 5:
 Answer
 Discussion
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Question 6:
 Answer
 Discussion
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61
Let x3 = t
∴ 3x2 dx = dt
Question 7:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
From (1), we obtain
62
Question 8:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let x3 = t
⇒ 3x2 dx = dt
Question 9:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let tan x = t
∴ sec2x dx = dt
63
Question 10:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 11:
 Answer
 Discussion
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64
Question 12:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
65
Question 13:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 14:
66
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 15:
 Answer
 Discussion
67
 Share
Question 16:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
68
Equating the coefficients of x and constant term on both sides, we
obtain
4A = 4 ⇒ A = 1
A+B=1⇒B=0
Let 2x2 + x − 3 = t
∴ (4x + 1) dx = dt
Question 17:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share

obtain
From (1), we obtain
69
Question 18:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Equating the coefficient of x and constant term on both sides, we

obtain
70
71
Substituting equations (2) and (3) in equation (1), we obtain
Question 19:
72
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Equating the coefficients of x and constant term, we obtain
2A = 6 ⇒ A = 3
−9A + B = 7 ⇒ B = 34
∴ 6x + 7 = 3 (2x − 9) + 34
73
Substituting equations (2) and (3) in (1), we obtain
74
Question 20:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share

obtain
75
Using equations (2) and (3) in (1), we obtain
Question 21:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
76
Let x2 + 2x +3 = t
⇒ (2x + 2) dx =dt
Question 22:
77
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share

obtain
78
Substituting (2) and (3) in (1), we obtain
Question 23:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
79
Question 24:
80
equals
A. x tan−1 (x + 1) + C
B. tan− 1 (x + 1) + C
C. (x + 1) tan−1 x + C
D. tan−1 x + C
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 25:
equals
A.
B.
C.
D.
81
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
82
EXERCISE-7.5
Question 1:
x sin x
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let I =
Taking x as first function and sin x as second function and integrating

by parts, we obtain
Question 2:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let I =
Taking x as first function and sin 3x as second function and

integrating by parts, we obtain
83
Question 3:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Taking x2 as first function and ex as second function and integrating

by parts, we obtain
Again integrating by parts, we obtain
84
Question 4:
x logx
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Taking log x as first function and x as second function and integrating

by parts, we obtain
Question 5:
x log 2x
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Taking log 2x as first function and x as second function and

85
Question 6:
x2 log x
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Taking log x as first function and x2 as second function and

Question 7:
86
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Taking as first function and x as second function and integrating

by parts, we obtain
Question 8:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
87
Taking as first function and x as second function and
Question 9:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Taking cos−1 x as first function and x as second function and

88
Question 10:
89
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Taking as first function and 1 as second function and

Question 11:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
90
Taking as first function and as second function and
Question 12:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Taking x as first function and sec2x as second function and integrating

by parts, we obtain
Question 13:
91
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let

Question 14:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share

92
Question 15:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Let I = I1 + I2 … (1)
Where, and
Taking log x as first function and x2 as second function and integrating

by parts, we obtain
93
Taking log x as first function and 1 as second function and integrating
by parts, we obtain
Question 16:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
94
Let
Let
It is known that,
Question 17:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Let ⇒
It is known that,
95
Question 18:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let ⇒
96
It is known that,
Question 19:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Also, let ⇒
It is known that,
Question 20:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
97
Let ⇒
It is known that,
Question 21:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Integrating by parts, we obtain
98
Question 22:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let ⇒
= 2θ
99
Question 23:
equals
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Also, let ⇒
100
Question 24:
equals
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Also, let ⇒
It is known that,
101
EXERCISE-7.6
Question 1:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 2:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
102
Question 3:
 Answer
 Discussion
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103
Question 4:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 5:
 Answer
 Discussion
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104
Question 6:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 7:
 Answer
 Discussion
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105
Question 8:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
106
Question 9:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 10:
is equal to
A.
B.
107
C.
D.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 11:
is equal to
A.
B.
C.
D.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
108
109
EXERCISE-7.7
Question 1:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is known that,
110
Question 2:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
111
It is known that,
Question 3:
 Answer
 Discussion
112
 Share
It is known that,
Question 4:
113
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is known that,
114
From equations (2) and (3), we obtain
115
Question 5:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is known that,
116
Question 6:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is known that,
117
118
EXERCISE-7.8
Question 1:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
By second fundamental theorem of calculus, we obtain
Question 2:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
119
Question 3:
 Answer
 Discussion
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Question 4:
120
 Answer
 Discussion
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Question 5:
 Answer
 Discussion
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121
Question 6:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 7:
 Answer
 Discussion
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122
Question 8:
 Answer
 Discussion
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123
Question 9:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 10:
 Answer
 Discussion
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124
Question 11:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 12:
 Answer
 Discussion
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125
Question 13:
 Answer
 Discussion
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126
Question 14:
 Answer
 Discussion
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Question 15:
 Answer
127
 Discussion
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Question 16:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
128
A = 10 and B = −25
129
Substituting the value of I1 in (1), we obtain
Question 17:
 Answer
 Discussion
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130
Question 18:
 Answer
 Discussion
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Question 19:
 Answer
 Discussion
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131
Question 20:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
132
Question 21:
equals
A.
B.
C.
D.
 Answer
133
 Discussion
 Share
Question 22:
equals
A.
B.
C.
D.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
134
135
EXERCISE-7.9
Question 1:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
When x = 0, t = 1 and when x = 1, t = 2
136
Question 2:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Also, let
Question 3:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
137
Also, let x = tanθ ⇒ dx = sec2θ dθ
When x = 0, θ = 0 and when x = 1,
Takingθas first function and sec2θ as second function and integrating

by parts, we obtain
Question 4:
138
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let x + 2 = t2 ⇒ dx = 2tdt
When x = 0, and when x = 2, t = 2
Question 5:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
139
Let cos x = t ⇒ −sinx dx = dt
When x = 0, t = 1 and when
Question 6:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
140
Let ⇒ dx = dt
141
Question 7:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let x + 1 = t ⇒ dx = dt
When x = −1, t = 0 and when x = 1, t = 2
Question 8:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let 2x = t ⇒ 2dx = dt
142
When x = 1, t = 2 and when x = 2, t = 4
Question 9:
The value of the integral is
A. 6
B. 0
C. 3
D. 4
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
143
Let cotθ = t ⇒ −cosec2θ dθ= dt
144
Question 10:
If
A. cos x + x sin x
B. x sin x
C. x cos x
D. sin x + x cos x
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
145
146
EXERCISE-7.10
Question 1:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Adding (1) and (2), we obtain
Question 2:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
147
Question 3:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
148
Question 4:
 Answer
 Discussion
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149
Question 5:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It can be seen that (x + 2) ≤ 0 on [−5, −2] and (x + 2) ≥ 0 on [−2, 5].
150
Question 6:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It can be seen that (x − 5) ≤ 0 on [2, 5] and (x − 5) ≥ 0 on [5, 8].
Question 7:
 Answer
151
 Discussion
 Share
Question 8:
 Answer
 Discussion
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152
Question 9:
 Answer
 Discussion
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153
Question 10:
 Answer
 Discussion
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154
Question 11:
 Answer
 Discussion
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155
As sin2 (−x) = (sin (−x))2 = (−sin x)2 = sin2x, therefore, sin2x is an even
function.
It is known that if f(x) is an even function, then
Question 12:
 Answer
 Discussion
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156
Question 13:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
As sin7 (−x) = (sin (−x))7 = (−sin x)7 = −sin 7x, therefore, sin2x is an
odd function.
It is known that, if f(x) is an odd function, then
Question 14:
 Answer
 Discussion
157
 Share
It is known that,
Question 15:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
158
Question 16:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
sin (π − x) = sin x
159
Let 2x = t ⇒ 2dx = dt
When x = 0, t = 0 and when
Question 17:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is known that,
160
Question 18:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It can be seen that, (x − 1) ≤ 0 when 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and (x − 1) ≥ 0 when 1

≤x≤4
Question 19:
161
Show that if f and g are defined
as and
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 20:
The value of is
A. 0
B. 2
C. π
D. 1
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
162
and
if f(x) is an odd function, then
Question 21:
The value of is
A. 2
B.
C. 0
D.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
163
164
EXERCISE-7.11
Question 1:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Equating the coefficients of x2, x, and constant term, we obtain
−A + B − C = 0
B+C=0
A=1
On solving these equations, we obtain
165
Question 2:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
166
Question 3:
[Hint: Put ]
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
167
Question 4:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
168
Question 5:
169
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
On dividing, we obtain
Question 6:
170
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
A+B=0
B+C=5
9A + C = 0
Question 7:
171
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let x − a = t ⇒ dx = dt
Question 8:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
172
Question 9:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let sin x = t ⇒ cos x dx = dt
Question 10:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
173
Question 11:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
174
Question 12:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let x4 = t ⇒ 4x3 dx = dt
175
Question 13:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let ex = t ⇒ ex dx = dt
Question 14:
 Answer
176
 Discussion
 Share
Equating the coefficients of x3, x2, x, and constant term, we obtain
A+C=0
B+D=0
4A + C = 0
4B + D = 1
Question 15:
 Answer
 Discussion
177
 Share
= cos3 x × sin x
Let cos x = t ⇒ −sin x dx = dt
Question 16:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 17:
178
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 18:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
179
Question 19:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
180
181
Question 20:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
182
Question 21:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
183
Question 22:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Equating the coefficients of x2, x,and constant term, we obtain
A+C=1
3A + B + 2C = 1
2A + 2B + C = 1
184
A = −2, B = 1, and C = 3
Question 23:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
185
Question 24:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
186
187
Question 25:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 26:
188
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
When x = 0, t = 0 and
Question 27:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
189
When and when
Question 28:
190
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
When and when
As , therefore, is an even function.
191
Question 29:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 30:
192
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 31:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
193
Question 32:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
194
Question 33:
 Answer
195
 Discussion
 Share
196
From equations (1), (2), (3), and (4), we obtain
Question 34:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
A+C=0
A+B=0
197
B=1
A = −1, C = 1, and B = 1
Hence, the given result is proved.
Question 35:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
198
Question 36:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Therefore, f (x) is an odd function.
It is known that if f(x) is an odd function, then
Question 37:
 Answer
199
 Discussion
 Share
Question 38:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
200
Question 39:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let 1 − x2 = t ⇒ −2x dx = dt
201
Question 40:
Evaluate as a limit of a sum.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is known that,
202
Question 41:
is equal to
A.
B.
203
C.
D.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 42:
is equal to
A.
B.
C.
D.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
204
Question 43:
If then is equal to
A.
B.
C.
D.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
205
Question 44:
The value of is
A. 1
B. 0
C. − 1
D.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
206
AREA BY INTEGRATION
EXERCISE-8.1
Question 1:
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y2 = x and the
lines x = 1, x = 4 and the x-axis.
 Answer
207
 Discussion
 Share
The area of the region bounded by the curve, y2 = x, the lines, x = 1

and x = 4, and the x-axis is the area ABCD.
Question 2:
Find the area of the region bounded by y2 = 9x, x = 2, x = 4 and the x-
axis in the first quadrant.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
208
The area of the region bounded by the curve, y2 = 9x, x = 2, and x = 4,
and the x-axis is the area ABCD.
Question 3:
Find the area of the region bounded by x2 = 4y, y = 2, y = 4 and the y-

axis in the first quadrant.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
209
The area of the region bounded by the curve, x2 = 4y, y = 2, and y = 4,
and the y-axis is the area ABCD.
Question 4:
Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
210
The given equation of the ellipse, , can be represented as
It can be observed that the ellipse is symmetrical about x-axis and y-

axis.
∴ Area bounded by ellipse = 4 × Area of OAB
Therefore, area bounded by the ellipse = 4 × 3π = 12π units
Question 5:
211
Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given equation of the ellipse can be represented as
It can be observed that the ellipse is symmetrical about x-axis and y-

axis.
∴ Area bounded by ellipse = 4 × Area OAB
212
Therefore, area bounded by the ellipse =
Question 6:
Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by x-axis,
line and the circle
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The area of the region bounded by the circle, , and

the x-axis is the area OAB.
213
The point of intersection of the line and the circle in the first quadrant
is .
Area OAB = Area ΔOCA + Area ACB
Area of OAC
Area of ABC
Therefore, area enclosed by x-axis, the line , and the
circle in the first quadrant =
Question 7:
Find the area of the smaller part of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 cut off by the
line
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
214
The area of the smaller part of the circle, x2 + y2 = a2, cut off by the
line, , is the area ABCDA.
It can be observed that the area ABCD is symmetrical about x-axis.
∴ Area ABCD = 2 × Area ABC
215
Therefore, the area of smaller part of the circle, x2 + y2 = a2, cut off by
the line, , is units.
Question 8:
The area between x = y2 and x = 4 is divided into two equal parts by
the line x = a, find the value of a.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The line, x = a, divides the area bounded by the parabola and x = 4

into two equal parts.
∴ Area OAD = Area ABCD
It can be observed that the given area is symmetrical about x-axis.
⇒ Area OED = Area EFCD
216
From (1) and (2), we obtain
Therefore, the value of a is .
Question 9:
Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y = x2 and
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The area bounded by the parabola, x2 = y,and the line, , can be

represented as
217
The given area is symmetrical about y-axis.
∴ Area OACO = Area ODBO
The point of intersection of parabola, x2 = y, and line, y = x, is A (1,

1).
Area of OACO = Area ΔOAB – Area OBACO
⇒ Area of OACO = Area of ΔOAB – Area of OBACO
Therefore, required area = units
Question 10:
Find the area bounded by the curve x2 = 4y and the line x = 4y – 2
 Answer
 Discussion
218
 Share
The area bounded by the curve, x2 = 4y, and line, x = 4y – 2, is

represented by the shaded area OBAO.
Let A and B be the points of intersection of the line and parabola.
Coordinates of point .
Coordinates of point B are (2, 1).
We draw AL and BM perpendicular to x-axis.
It can be observed that,
Area OBAO = Area OBCO + Area OACO … (1)
Then, Area OBCO = Area OMBC – Area OMBO
219
Similarly, Area OACO = Area OLAC – Area OLAO
Therefore, required area =
Question 11:
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y2 = 4x and the
line x = 3
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
220
The region bounded by the parabola, y2 = 4x, and the line, x = 3, is the
area OACO.
The area OACO is symmetrical about x-axis.
∴ Area of OACO = 2 (Area of OAB)
Therefore, the required area is units.
Question 12:
Area lying in the first quadrant and bounded by the circle x2 + y2 = 4
and the lines x = 0 and x = 2 is
A. π
B.
221
C.
D.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The area bounded by the circle and the lines, x = 0 and x = 2, in the
first quadrant is represented as
Thus, the correct answer is A.
Question 13:
Area of the region bounded by the curve y2 = 4x, y-axis and the
line y = 3 is
A. 2
222
B.
C.
D.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The area bounded by the curve, y2 = 4x, y-axis, and y = 3 is

represented as
Thus, the correct answer is B.
223
EXERCISE-8.2
Question 1:
Find the area of the circle 4x2 + 4y2 = 9 which is interior to the
parabola x2 = 4y
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The required area is represented by the shaded area OBCDO.
Solving the given equation of circle, 4x2 + 4y2 = 9, and parabola, x2 =
4y, we obtain the point of intersection as .
It can be observed that the required area is symmetrical about y-axis.
∴ Area OBCDO = 2 × Area OBCO
We draw BM perpendicular to OA.
Therefore, the coordinates of M are .
224
Therefore, Area OBCO = Area OMBCO – Area OMBO
Therefore, the required area OBCDO
is units
Question 2:
Find the area bounded by curves (x – 1)2 + y2 = 1 and x2 + y 2 = 1
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The area bounded by the curves, (x – 1)2 + y2 = 1 and x2 + y 2 = 1, is

represented by the shaded area as
225
On solving the equations, (x – 1)2 + y2 = 1 and x2 + y 2 = 1, we obtain
the point of intersection as A and B .
It can be observed that the required area is symmetrical about x-axis.
∴ Area OBCAO = 2 × Area OCAO
We join AB, which intersects OC at M, such that AM is perpendicular

to OC.
The coordinates of M are .
226
Therefore, required area OBCAO = units
Question 3:
Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = x2 + 2, y = x, x =
0 and x = 3
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The area bounded by the curves, y = x2 + 2, y = x, x = 0, and x = 3, is

represented by the shaded area OCBAO as
227
Then, Area OCBAO = Area ODBAO – Area ODCO
Question 4:
Using integration finds the area of the region bounded by the triangle
whose vertices are (–1, 0), (1, 3) and (3, 2).
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
BL and CM are drawn perpendicular to x-axis.
It can be observed in the following figure that,
Area (ΔACB) = Area (ALBA) + Area (BLMCB) – Area (AMCA) …

(1)
228
Equation of line segment AB is
Equation of line segment BC is
Equation of line segment AC is
Therefore, from equation (1), we obtain
Area (ΔABC) = (3 + 5 – 4) = 4 units
229
Question 5:
Using integration find the area of the triangular region whose sides
have the equations y = 2x +1, y = 3x + 1 and x = 4.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The equations of sides of the triangle are y = 2x +1, y = 3x + 1,

and x = 4.
On solving these equations, we obtain the vertices of triangle as A(0,

1), B(4, 13), and C (4, 9).
Area (ΔACB) = Area (OLBAO) –Area (OLCAO)
Question 6:
Smaller area enclosed by the circle x2 + y2 = 4 and the line x + y = 2 is
230
A. 2 (π – 2)
B. π – 2
C. 2π – 1
D. 2 (π + 2)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The smaller area enclosed by the circle, x2 + y2 = 4, and the

line, x + y = 2, is represented by the shaded area ACBA as
Area ACBA = Area OACBO – Area (ΔOAB)
Question 7:
231
Area lying between the curve y2 = 4x and y = 2x is
A.
B.
C.
D.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The area lying between the curve, y2 = 4x and y = 2x, is represented

by the shaded area OBAO as
The points of intersection of these curves are O (0, 0) and A (1, 2).
We draw AC perpendicular to x-axis such that the coordinates of C

are (1, 0).
∴ Area OBAO = Area (ΔOCA) – Area (OCABO)
232
233
EXERCISE-8.3
Question 1:
Find the area under the given curves and given lines:
(i) y = x2, x = 1, x = 2 and x-axis
(ii) y = x4, x = 1, x = 5 and x –axis
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
i. The required area is represented by the shaded area ADCBA as
ii. The required area is represented by the shaded area ADCBA as
234
Question 2:
Find the area between the curves y = x and y = x2
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The required area is represented by the shaded area OBAO as
235
The points of intersection of the curves, y = x and y = x2, is A (1, 1).
We draw AC perpendicular to x-axis.
∴ Area (OBAO) = Area (ΔOCA) – Area (OCABO) … (1)
Question 3:
Find the area of the region lying in the first quadrant and bounded
by y = 4x2, x = 0, y = 1 and y = 4
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The area in the first quadrant bounded by y = 4x2, x = 0, y = 1, and y =

4 is represented by the shaded area ABCDA as
236
Question 4:
Sketch the graph of and evaluate
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given equation is
The corresponding values of x and y are given in the following table.
x –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
237
y 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
On plotting these points, we obtain the graph of as follows.
It is known that,
Question 5:
Find the area bounded by the curve y = sin x between x = 0 and x = 2π
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The graph of y = sin x can be drawn as
238
∴ Required area = Area OABO + Area BCDB
Question 6:
Find the area enclosed between the parabola y2 = 4ax and the
line y = mx
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The area enclosed between the parabola, y2 = 4ax, and the

line, y = mx, is represented by the shaded area OABO as
239
The points of intersection of both the curves are (0, 0) and .
We draw AC perpendicular to x-axis.
∴ Area OABO = Area OCABO – Area (ΔOCA)
Question 7:
Find the area enclosed by the parabola 4y = 3x2 and the line 2y = 3x +
12
 Answer
 Discussion
240
 Share
The area enclosed between the parabola, 4y = 3x2, and the line, 2y =
3x + 12, is represented by the shaded area OBAO as
The points of intersection of the given curves are A (–2, 3) and (4,
12).
We draw AC and BD perpendicular to x-axis.
∴ Area OBAO = Area CDBA – (Area ODBO + Area OACO)
Question 8:
241
Find the area of the smaller region bounded by the ellipse
and the line
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The area of the smaller region bounded by the ellipse, , and
the line, , is represented by the shaded region BCAB as
∴ Area BCAB = Area (OBCAO) – Area (OBAO)
242
Question 9:
Find the area of the smaller region bounded by the ellipse
and the line
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The area of the smaller region bounded by the ellipse, , and
the line, , is represented by the shaded region BCAB as
243
∴ Area BCAB = Area (OBCAO) – Area (OBAO)
Question 10:
Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabola x2 = y, the
line y = x + 2 and x-axis
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
244
The area of the region enclosed by the parabola, x2 = y, the
line, y = x + 2, and x-axis is represented by the shaded region OABCO
as
The point of intersection of the parabola, x2 = y, and the line, y = x +

2, is A (–1, 1).
∴ Area OABCO = Area (BCA) + Area COAC
Question 11:
Using the method of integration find the area bounded by the
curve
[Hint: the required region is bounded by lines x + y = 1, x – y = 1, –

x + y = 1 and – x – y = 11]
245
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The area bounded by the curve, , is represented by the shaded

region ADCB as
The curve intersects the axes at points A (0, 1), B (1, 0), C (0, –1),
and D (–1, 0).
It can be observed that the given curve is symmetrical about x-axis

and y-axis.
∴ Area ADCB = 4 × Area OBAO
Question 12:
Find the area bounded by curves
246
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The area bounded by the curves, , is represented

by the shaded region as
It can be observed that the required area is symmetrical about y-axis.
Question 13:
Using the method of integration find the area of the triangle ABC,
coordinates of whose vertices are A (2, 0), B (4, 5) and C (6, 3)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
247
The vertices of ΔABC are A (2, 0), B (4, 5), and C (6, 3).
Equation of line segment AB is
Equation of line segment BC is
Equation of line segment CA is
Area (ΔABC) = Area (ABLA) + Area (BLMCB) – Area (ACMA)
248
Question 14:
Using the method of integration find the area of the region bounded
by lines:
2x + y = 4, 3x – 2y = 6 and x – 3y + 5 = 0
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given equations of lines are
2x + y = 4 … (1)
3x – 2y = 6 … (2)
And, x – 3y + 5 = 0 … (3)
249
The area of the region bounded by the lines is the area of ΔABC. AL
and CM are the perpendiculars on x-axis.
Area (ΔABC) = Area (ALMCA) – Area (ALB) – Area (CMB)
Question 15:
Find the area of the region
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The area bounded by the curves, , is

represented as
250
The points of intersection of both the curves are .
The required area is given by OABCO.
It can be observed that area OABCO is symmetrical about x-axis.
∴ Area OABCO = 2 × Area OBC
Area OBCO = Area OMC + Area MBC
251
Therefore, the required area
is units
Question 16:
Area bounded by the curve y = x3, the x-axis and the ordinates x = –2
and x = 1 is
A. – 9
B.
C.
252
D.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 17:
The area bounded by the curve , x-axis and the ordinates x = –1

and x = 1 is given by
[Hint: y = x2 if x > 0 and y = –x2 if x < 0]
A. 0
253
B.
C.
D.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Thus, the correct answer is C.
Question 18:
254
The area of the circle x2 + y2 = 16 exterior to the parabola y2 = 6x is
A.
B.
C.
D.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given equations are
x2 + y2 = 16 … (1)
y2 = 6x … (2)
Area bounded by the circle and parabola
255
Area of circle = π (r)2
= π (4)2
= 16π units
Question 19:
The area bounded by the y-axis, y = cos x and y = sin x when
A.
256
B.
C.
D.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given equations are
y = cos x … (1)
And, y = sin x … (2)
Required area = Area (ABLA) + area (OBLO)
257
258
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
EXERCISE-9.1
Question 1:
Determine order and degree(if defined) of differential
equation
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is .

Therefore, its order is four.
The given differential equation is not a polynomial equation in its

derivatives. Hence, its degree is not defined.
Question 2:
equation
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given differential equation is:
259
Therefore, its order is one.
It is a polynomial equation in . The highest power raised to is 1.

Hence, its degree is one.
Question 3:
equation
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The highest order derivative present in the given differential equation
is . Therefore, its order is two.
It is a polynomial equation in and . The power raised to is 1.
Question 4:
equation
 Answer
 Discussion
260
 Share
is . Therefore, its order is 2.

derivatives. Hence, its degree is not defined.
Question 5:
equation
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share

Therefore, its order is two.
It is a polynomial equation in and the power raised to is 1.
Question 6:
261
equation
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share

Therefore, its order is three.
The given differential equation is a polynomial equation in .
The highest power raised to is 2. Hence, its degree is 2.
Question 7:
equation
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share

Therefore, its order is three.
It is a polynomial equation in . The highest power raised to

is 1. Hence, its degree is 1.
Question 8:

equation
262
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share

Therefore, its order is one.
The given differential equation is a polynomial equation in and the

highest power raised to is one. Hence, its degree is one.
Question 9:

equation
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share

The given differential equation is a polynomial equation in and

and the highest power raised to is one.
Question 10:
equation
 Answer
263
 Discussion
 Share

This is a polynomial equation in and and the highest power raised

to is one. Hence, its degree is one.
Question 11:
The degree of the differential equation
is
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) not defined
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share

derivatives. Therefore, its degree is not defined.
Question 12:
The order of the differential equation
is
264
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) not defined
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
is . Therefore, its order is two.
265
EXERCISE-9.2
Question 1:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Differentiating both sides of this equation with respect to x, we get:
Now, differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we get:
Substituting the values of in the given differential equation, we

get the L.H.S. as:
Thus, the given function is the solution of the corresponding

differential equation.
Question 2:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
266
Substituting the value of in the given differential equation, we get:
L.H.S. = = R.H.S.
Hence, the given function is the solution of the corresponding

Question 3:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
L.H.S. = = R.H.S.

Question 4:
267
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to x, we get:
L.H.S. = R.H.S.

Question 5:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
268
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get:

Question 6:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
269
Question 7:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
270
Question 8:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to x, we get:
Substituting the value of in equation (1), we get:

Question 9:
 Answer
271
 Discussion
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272
EXERCISE-9.3
Question 1:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given differential equation i.e., (x2 + xy) dy = (x2 + y2) dx can be
written as:
This shows that equation (1) is a homogeneous equation.
To solve it, we make the substitution as:
y = vx
Substituting the values of v and in equation (1), we get:
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Integrating both sides, we get:
This is the required solution of the given differential equation.
Question 2:
274
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Thus, the given equation is a homogeneous equation.
y = vx
Substituting the values of y and in equation (1), we get:
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Question 3:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Thus, the given differential equation is a homogeneous equation.
y = vx
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Question 4:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
277
Therefore, the given differential equation is a homogeneous equation.
y = vx
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Question 5:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
y = vx
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This is the required solution for the given differential equation.
Question 6:
 Answer
 Discussion
280
 Share
y = vx
Substituting the values of v and in equation (1), we get:
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Question 7:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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y = vx
283
Question 8:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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y = vx
Question 9:
285
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
y = vx
286
Therefore, equation (1) becomes:
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Question 10:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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x = vy
Substituting the values of x and in equation (1), we get:
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Question 11:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
y = vx
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Now, y = 1 at x = 1.
Substituting the value of 2k in equation (2), we get:
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Question 12:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
y = vx
292
Now, y = 1 at x = 1.
Substituting in equation (2), we get:
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Question 13:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
To solve this differential equation, we make the substitution as:
y = vx
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Now, .
Substituting C = e in equation (2), we get:
Question 14:
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 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
y = vx
296
Now, y = 0 at x = 1.
Substituting C = e in equation (2), we get:
Question 15:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
y = vx
297
Substituting the value of y and in equation (1), we get:
Now, y = 2 at x = 1.
Substituting C = –1 in equation (2), we get:
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Question 16:
A homogeneous differential equation of the form can be

solved by making the substitution
A. y = vx
B. v = yx
C. x = vy
D. x = v
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
For solving the homogeneous equation of the form , we need

to make the substitution as x = vy.
Question 17:
Which of the following is a homogeneous differential equation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
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 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Function F(x, y) is said to be the homogenous function of degree n, if
F(λx, λy) = λn F(x, y) for any non-zero constant (λ).
Consider the equation given in alternativeD:
Hence, the differential equation given in alternative D is a

homogenous equation.
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EXERCISE-9.4
Question 1:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given differential equation is
This is in the form of
The solution of the given differential equation is given by the relation,
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This is the required general solution of the given differential equation.
Question 2:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Question 3:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Question 4:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The general solution of the given differential equation is given by the

relation,
Question 5:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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This equation is in the form of:

relation,
Question 6:
305
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
This equation is in the form of a linear differential equation as:

relation,
Question 7:
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 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
This equation is the form of a linear differential equation as:

relation,
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Substituting the value of in equation (1), we get:
Question 8:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
This equation is a linear differential equation of the form:

relation,
Question 9:
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 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
This equation is a linear differential equation of the form:

relation,
Question 10:
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 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
This is a linear differential equation of the form:

relation,
Question 11:
 Answer
310
 Discussion
 Share

relation,
Question 12:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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relation,
Question 13:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
This is a linear equation of the form:
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relation,
Now,
Therefore,
Hence, the required solution of the given differential equation

is
Question 14:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
313

relation,
Now, y = 0 at x = 1.
Therefore,
Question 15:
314
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share

relation,
Now,
Therefore, we get:
Substituting C = 4 in equation (1), we get:
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This is the required particular solution of the given differential
equation.
Question 16:
Find the equation of a curve passing through the origin given that the
slope of the tangent to the curve at any point (x, y) is equal to the sum
of the coordinates of the point.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let F (x, y) be the curve passing through the origin.
At point (x, y), the slope of the curve will be
According to the given information:

relation,
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The curve passes through the origin.
1=C
⇒C=1
Hence, the required equation of curve passing through the origin is
Question 17:
Find the equation of a curve passing through the point (0, 2) given
that the sum of the coordinates of any point on the curve exceeds the
magnitude of the slope of the tangent to the curve at that point by 5.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
317
Let F (x, y) be the curve and let (x, y) be a point on the curve. The
slope of the tangent to the curve at (x, y) is
According to the given information:
The general equation of the curve is given by the relation,
The curve passes through point (0, 2).
0 + 2 – 4 = Ce0
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⇒–2=C
⇒C=–2
This is the required equation of the curve.
Question 18:
The integrating factor of the differential equation is
A. e–x
B. e–y
C.
D. x
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
319
The integrating factor (I.F) is given by the relation,
Question 19:
The integrating factor of the differential equation.
is
A.
B.
C.
D.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
320
The integrating factor (I.F) is given by the relation,
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EXERCISE-9.5
Question 1:
For each of the differential equations given below, indicate its order
and degree (if defined).
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) The differential equation is given as:
Question 3:
Form the differential equation representing the family of curves given

by where a is an arbitrary constant.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Differentiating with respect to x, we get:
From equation (1), we get:
On substituting this value in equation (3), we get:
Hence, the differential equation of the family of curves is given
as
Question 4:
Prove that is the general solution of differential

equation , where c is a parameter.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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This is a homogeneous equation. To simplify it, we need to make the
substitution as:
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Substituting the values of I1 and I2 in equation (3), we get:
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Question 5:
Form the differential equation of the family of circles in the first

quadrant which touch the coordinate axes.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The equation of a circle in the first quadrant with centre (a, a) and
radius (a) which touches the coordinate axes is:
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Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we get:
Substituting the value of a in equation (1), we get:
Hence, the required differential equation of the family of circles

is
Question 6:
Find the general solution of the differential equation
 Answer
327
 Discussion
 Share
Question 7:
Show that the general solution of the differential
equation is given by (x + y + 1) = A (1 – x – y – 2xy),

where A is parameter
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Question 8:
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Find the equation of the curve passing through the point whose
differential equation is,
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The differential equation of the given curve is:
The curve passes through point
On substituting in equation (1), we get:
Hence, the required equation of the curve is
Question 9:
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Find the particular solution of the differential equation
, given that y = 1 when x = 0
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Substituting these values in equation (1), we get:
Now, y = 1 at x = 0.
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equation.
Question 10:
Solve the differential equation
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Differentiating it with respect to y, we get:
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From equation (1) and equation (2), we get:
Question 11:
Find a particular solution of the differential equation
, given that y = – 1, when x = 0 (Hint: put x –
y = t)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Substituting the values of x – y and in equation (1), we get:
Now, y = –1 at x = 0.
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log 1 = 0 – 1 + C
⇒C=1
Substituting C = 1 in equation (3) we get:

equation.
Question 12:
Solve the differential equation
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
This equation is a linear differential equation of the form
The general solution of the given differential equation is given by,
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Question 13:
Find a particular solution of the differential
equation , given that y = 0 when
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
This equation is a linear differential equation of the form
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Now,

equation.
Question 14:
Find a particular solution of the differential equation ,

given that y = 0 when x = 0
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Substituting this value in equation (1), we get:
Now, at x = 0 and y = 0, equation (2) becomes:

equation.
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Question 15:
The population of a village increases continuously at the rate

proportional to the number of its inhabitants present at any time. If the
population of the village was 20000 in 1999 and 25000 in the year
2004, what will be the population of the village in 2009?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let the population at any instant (t) be y.
It is given that the rate of increase of population is proportional to the

number of inhabitants at any instant.
log y = kt + C … (1)
In the year 1999, t = 0 and y = 20000.
Therefore, we get:
log 20000 = C … (2)
In the year 2004, t = 5 and y = 25000.
Therefore, we get:
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In the year 2009, t = 10 years.
Now, on substituting the values of t, k, and C in equation (1), we get:
Hence, the population of the village in 2009 will be 31250.
Question 16:
The general solution of the differential equation is
A. xy = C
B. x = Cy2
C. y = Cx
D. y = Cx2
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
340
Question 17:
The general solution of a differential equation of the type is
A.
B.
C.
D.
 Answer
 Discussion
341
 Share
The integrating factor of the given differential equation
The general solution of the differential equation is given by,
Question 18:
The general solution of the differential equation is
A. xey + x2 = C
B. xey + y2 = C
C. yex + x2 = C
D. yey + x2 = C
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
This is a linear differential equation of the form
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VECTOR
EXERCISE-10.1
Question 1:
Represent graphically a displacement of 40 km, 30° east of north.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Here, vector represents the displacement of 40 km, 30° East of

North.
Question 2:
Classify the following measures as scalars and vectors.
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(i) 10 kg (ii) 2 metres north-west (iii) 40°
(iv) 40 watt (v) 10–19 coulomb (vi) 20 m/s2
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) 10 kg is a scalar quantity because it involves only magnitude.
(ii) 2 meters north-west is a vector quantity as it involves both

magnitude and direction.
(iii) 40° is a scalar quantity as it involves only magnitude.
(iv) 40 watts is a scalar quantity as it involves only magnitude.
(v) 10–19 coulomb is a scalar quantity as it involves only magnitude.
(vi) 20 m/s2 is a vector quantity as it involves magnitude as well as

direction.
Question 3:
Classify the following as scalar and vector quantities.
(i) time period (ii) distance (iii) force
(iv) velocity (v) work done
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) Time period is a scalar quantity as it involves only magnitude.
(ii) Distance is a scalar quantity as it involves only magnitude.
(iii) Force is a vector quantity as it involves both magnitude and

direction.
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(iv) Velocity is a vector quantity as it involves both magnitude as well
as direction.
(v) Work done is a scalar quantity as it involves only magnitude.
Question 4:
In Figure, identify the following vectors.
(i) Coinitial (ii) Equal (iii) Collinear but not equal
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) Vectors and are coinitial because they have the same initial
point.
(ii) Vectors and are equal because they have the same magnitude
and direction.
(iii) Vectors and are collinear but not equal. This is because
although they are parallel, their directions are not the same.
Question 5:
Answer the following as true or false.
(i) and are collinear.
(ii) Two collinear vectors are always equal in magnitude.
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(iii) Two vectors having same magnitude are collinear.
(iv) Two collinear vectors having the same magnitude are equal.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) True.
Vectors and are parallel to the same line.
(ii) False.
Collinear vectors are those vectors that are parallel to the same line.
(iii) False.
It is not necessary for two vectors having the same magnitude to be

parallel to the same line.
(iv) False.
Two vectors are said to be equal if they have the same magnitude and
direction, regardless of the positions of their initial points.
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EXERCISE-10.2
Question 1:
Compute the magnitude of the following vectors:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given vectors are:
Question 2:
Write two different vectors having same magnitude.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Hence, are two different vectors having the same magnitude.
The vectors are different because they have different directions.
Question 3:
Write two different vectors having same direction.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The direction cosines of are the same. Hence, the two vectors
have the same direction.
Question 4:
Find the values of x and y so that the vectors are equal
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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The two vectors will be equal if their corresponding
components are equal.
Hence, the required values of x and y are 2 and 3 respectively.
Question 5:
Find the scalar and vector components of the vector with initial point
(2, 1) and terminal point (–5, 7).
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The vector with the initial point P (2, 1) and terminal point Q (–5, 7)
can be given by,
Hence, the required scalar components are –7 and 6 while the vector
components are
Question 6:
Find the sum of the vectors .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given vectors are .
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Question 7:
Find the unit vector in the direction of the vector .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The unit vector in the direction of vector is given by

.
Question 8:
Find the unit vector in the direction of vector , where P and Q are
the points
(1, 2, 3) and (4, 5, 6), respectively.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given points are P (1, 2, 3) and Q (4, 5, 6).
Hence, the unit vector in the direction of is
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Question 9:
For given vectors, and , find the unit vector in

the direction of the vector
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given vectors are and .
Hence, the unit vector in the direction of is
Question 10:
Find a vector in the direction of vector which has magnitude

8 units.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Hence, the vector in the direction of vector which has
magnitude 8 units is given by,
Question 11:
Show that the vectors are collinear.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Hence, the given vectors are collinear.
Question 12:
Find the direction cosines of the vector
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Hence, the direction cosines of
Question 13:
Find the direction cosines of the vector joining the points A (1, 2, –3)
and
B (–1, –2, 1) directed from A to B.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given points are A (1, 2, –3) and B (–1, –2, 1).
Hence, the direction cosines of are
Question 14:
Show that the vector is equally inclined to the axes OX, OY,
and OZ.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
354
Therefore, the direction cosines of
Now, let α, β, and γ be the angles formed by with the positive

directions of x, y, and z axes.
Then, we have
Hence, the given vector is equally inclined to axes OX, OY, and OZ.
Question 15:
Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining
two points P and Q whose position vectors are
respectively, in the ration 2:1
(i) internally
(ii) externally
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The position vector of point R dividing the line segment joining two
points
P and Q in the ratio m: n is given by:
i. Internally:
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ii. Externally:
Position vectors of P and Q are given as:
(i) The position vector of point R which divides the line joining two
points P and Q internally in the ratio 2:1 is given by,
(ii) The position vector of point R which divides the line joining two
points P and Q externally in the ratio 2:1 is given by,
Question 16:
Find the position vector of the mid point of the vector joining the
points P (2, 3, 4) and Q (4, 1, – 2).
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The position vector of mid-point R of the vector joining points P (2, 3,

4) and Q (4, 1, – 2) is given by,
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Question 17:
Show that the points A, B and C with position vectors,

, respectively form the vertices of a right
angled triangle.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Position vectors of points A, B, and C are respectively given

as:
Hence, ABC is a right-angled triangle.
Question 18:
In triangle ABC which of the following is not true:
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A.
B.
C.
D.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
On applying the triangle law of addition in the given triangle, we

have:
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From equations (1) and (3), we have:
Hence, the equation given in alternative C is incorrect.
The correct answer is C.
Question 19:
If are two collinear vectors, then which of the following

are incorrect:
A. , for some scalar λ
B.
C. the respective components of are proportional
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D. both the vectors have same direction, but different
magnitudes
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
If are two collinear vectors, then they are parallel.
Therefore, we have:
(For some scalar λ)
If λ = ±1, then .
Thus, the respective components of are proportional.
However, vectors can have different directions.
Hence, the statement given in D is incorrect.
The correct answer is D.
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EXERCISE-10.3
Question 1:
Find the angle between two vectors and with magnitudes and 2,
respectively having .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that,
Now, we know that .
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Hence, the angle between the given vectors and is .
Question 2:
Find the angle between the vectors
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given vectors are .
Also, we know that .
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Question 3:
Find the projection of the vector on the vector .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let and .
Now, projection of vector on is given by,
Hence, the projection of vector on is 0.
Question 4:
Find the projection of the vector on the vector .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let and .
Now, projection of vector on is given by,
Question 5:
Show that each of the given three vectors is a unit vector:
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Also, show that they are mutually perpendicular to each other.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Thus, each of the given three vectors is a unit vector.
Hence, the given three vectors are mutually perpendicular to each

other.
Question 6:
Find and , if .
 Answer
 Discussion
364
 Share
Question 7:
Evaluate the product .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 8:
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Find the magnitude of two vectors , having the same magnitude
and such that the angle between them is 60° and their scalar product is
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let θ be the angle between the vectors
It is given that
We know that .
Question 9:
Find , if for a unit vector .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Question 10:
If are such that is

perpendicular to , then find the value of λ.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Hence, the required value of λ is 8.
Question 11:
Show that is perpendicular to , for any two nonzero

vectors
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Hence, and are perpendicular to each other.
Question 12:
If , then what can be concluded about the vector ?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that .
Hence, vector satisfying can be any vector.
Question 13:
If are unit vectors such that , find the value

of .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that .
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From (1), (2) and (3),
Question 14:
If either vector , then . But the converse need not be

true. Justify your answer with an example.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We now observe that:
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Hence, the converse of the given statement need not be true.
Question 15:
If the vertices A, B, C of a triangle ABC are (1, 2, 3), (–1, 0, 0), (0, 1,
2), respectively, then find ∠ABC. [∠ABC is the angle between the
vectors and ]
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The vertices of ΔABC are given as A (1, 2, 3), B (–1, 0, 0), and C (0,
1, 2).
Also, it is given that ∠ABC is the angle between the vectors and
.
Now, it is known that:
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Question 16:
Show that the points A (1, 2, 7), B (2, 6, 3) and C (3, 10, –1) are
collinear.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given points are A (1, 2, 7), B (2, 6, 3), and C (3, 10, –1).
Hence, the given points A, B, and C are collinear.
Question 17:
Show that the vectors form the vertices

of a right angled triangle.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Let vectors be position vectors of points
A, B, and C respectively.
Now, vectors represent the sides of ΔABC.
Hence, ΔABC is a right-angled triangle.
Question 18:
If is a nonzero vector of magnitude ‘a’ and λ a nonzero scalar, then λ

is unit vector if
(A) λ = 1 (B) λ = –1 (C)
(D)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Vector is a unit vector if .
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Hence, vector is a unit vector if .
EXERCISE-10.4
Question 1:
Find , if and .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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We have,
and
Question 2:
Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vector and ,

where and .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We have,
and
Hence, the unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors and

is given by the relation,
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Question 3:
If a unit vector makes an angles with with and an acute

angle θ with , then find θ and hence, the compounds of .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let unit vector have (a1, a2, a3) components.
Since is a unit vector, .
Also, it is given that makes angles with with , and an acute

angle θ with
Then, we have:
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Hence, and the components of are .
Question 4:
Show that
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 5:
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Find λ and μ if .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
On comparing the corresponding components, we have:
Hence,
Question 6:
Given that and . What can you conclude about the

vectors ?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Then,
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(i) Either or , or
(ii) Either or , or
But, and cannot be perpendicular and parallel simultaneously.
Hence, or .
Question 7:
Let the vectors given as .

Then show that
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We have,
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On adding (2) and (3), we get:
Now, from (1) and (4), we have:
Question 8:
If either or , then . Is the converse true? Justify your

answer with an example.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Take any parallel non-zero vectors so that .
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It can now be observed that:
Hence, the converse of the given statement need not be true.
Question 9:
Find the area of the triangle with vertices A (1, 1, 2), B (2, 3, 5) and
C (1, 5, 5).
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The vertices of triangle ABC are given as A (1, 1, 2), B (2, 3, 5), and
C (1, 5, 5).
The adjacent sides and of ΔABC are given as:
Area of ΔABC
380
Hence, the area of ΔABC
Question 10:
Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are
determined by the vector .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are is .
Adjacent sides are given as:
Hence, the area of the given parallelogram is .
Question 11:
Let the vectors and be such that and , then is a

unit vector, if the angle between and is
381
(A) (B) (C) (D)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that .
We know that , where is a unit vector perpendicular

to both and and θ is the angle between and .
Now, is a unit vector if .
Hence, is a unit vector if the angle between and is .
The correct answer is B.
Question 12:
Area of a rectangle having vertices A, B, C, and D with position
vectors and respectively is
382
(A) (B) 1
(C) 2 (D)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The position vectors of vertices A, B, C, and D of rectangle ABCD

are given as:
The adjacent sides and of the given rectangle are given as:
Now, it is known that the area of a parallelogram whose adjacent

sides are is .
Hence, the area of the given rectangle is
EXERCISE-10.5
383
Question 1:
Write down a unit vector in XY-plane, making an angle of 30° with
the positive direction of x-axis.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
If is a unit vector in the XY-plane, then
Here, θ is the angle made by the unit vector with the positive direction
of the x-axis.
Therefore, for θ = 30°:
Hence, the required unit vector is .
Question 2:
Find the scalar components and magnitude of the vector joining the
points
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The vector joining the points can be obtained

by,
384
Hence, the scalar components and the magnitude of the vector joining
the given points are respectively and
.
Question 3:
A girl walks 4 km towards west, then she walks 3 km in a direction

30° east of north and stops. Determine the girl’s displacement from
her initial point of departure.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let O and B be the initial and final positions of the girl respectively.
Then, the girl’s position can be shown as:
Now, we have:
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By the triangle law of vector addition, we have:
Hence, the girl’s displacement from her initial point of departure is
Question 4:
If , then is it true that ? Justify your answer.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
386
Now, by the triangle law of vector addition, we have .
It is clearly known that represent the sides of ΔABC.
Also, it is known that the sum of the lengths of any two sides of a
triangle is greater than the third side.
Hence, it is not true that .
Question 5:
Find the value of x for which is a unit vector.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
is a unit vector if .
387
Hence, the required value of x is .
Question 6:
Find a vector of magnitude 5 units, and parallel to the resultant of the
vectors
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We have,
Let be the resultant of .
Hence, the vector of magnitude 5 units and parallel to the resultant of

vectors is
Question 7:
If , find a unit vector parallel to the

vector .
388
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We have,
Hence, the unit vector along is
Question 8:
Show that the points A (1, –2, –8), B (5, 0, –2) and C (11, 3, 7) are
collinear, and find the ratio in which B divides AC.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given points are A (1, –2, –8), B (5, 0, –2), and C (11, 3, 7).
389
Thus, the given points A, B, and C are collinear.
Now, let point B divide AC in the ratio . Then, we have:
On equating the corresponding components, we get:
Hence, point B divides AC in the ratio
Question 9:
Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining
two points P and Q whose position vectors are
externally in the ratio 1: 2. Also, show that P is the mid point of the
line segment RQ.
390
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that .
It is given that point R divides a line segment joining two points P and
Q externally in the ratio 1: 2. Then, on using the section formula, we
get:
Therefore, the position vector of point R is .
Position vector of the mid-point of RQ =
Hence, P is the mid-point of the line segment RQ.
Question 10:
The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are and .
Find the unit vector parallel to its diagonal. Also, find its area.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Adjacent sides of a parallelogram are given as: and
391
Then, the diagonal of a parallelogram is given by .
Thus, the unit vector parallel to the diagonal is
Area of parallelogram ABCD =
Hence, the area of the parallelogram is square units.
Question 11:
Show that the direction cosines of a vector equally inclined to the
axes OX, OY and OZ are .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let a vector be equally inclined to axes OX, OY, and OZ at angle α.
Then, the direction cosines of the vector are cos α, cos α, and cos α.
392
Hence, the direction cosines of the vector which are equally inclined
to the axes are .
Question 12:
Let and . Find a vector which is

perpendicular to both and , and .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let .
Since is perpendicular to both and , we have:
Also, it is given that:
On solving (i), (ii), and (iii), we get:
393
Hence, the required vector is .
Question 13:
The scalar product of the vector with a unit vector along the
sum of vectors and is equal to one. Find the value
of .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Therefore, unit vector along is given as:
Scalar product of with this unit vector is 1.
394
Hence, the value of λ is 1.
Question 14:
If are mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitudes, show

that the vector is equally inclined to and .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Since are mutually perpendicular vectors, we have
It is given that:
Let vector be inclined to at angles

respectively.
Then, we have:
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Now, as , .
Hence, the vector is equally inclined to .
Question 15:
Prove that , if and only if are perpendicular,

given .
 Answer
 Discussion
396
 Share
Question 16:
If θ is the angle between two vectors and , then only when
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let θ be the angle between two vectors and .
Then, without loss of generality, and are non-zero vectors so that

.
It is known that .
397
Hence, when .
Question 17:
Let and be two unit vectors andθ is the angle between them.
Then is a unit vector if
(A) (B) (C) (D)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let and be two unit vectors andθ be the angle between them.
Then, .
Now, is a unit vector if .
398
Hence, is a unit vector if .
Question 18:
The value of is
(A) 0 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) 3
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 19:
If θ is the angle between any two vectors and , then

when θisequal to
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D) π
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let θ be the angle between two vectors and .
399
Then, without loss of generality, and are non-zero vectors, so that
.
Hence, when θisequal to .
400
THREE DIMENSIONAL
GEOMETRY
EXERCISE-11.1
Question 1:
If a line makes angles 90°, 135°, 45° with x, y and z-axes respectively,
find its direction cosines.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let direction cosines of the line be l, m, and n.
Therefore, the direction cosines of the line are
Question 2:
Find the direction cosines of a line which makes equal angles with the
coordinate axes.
 Answer
401
 Discussion
 Share
Let the direction cosines of the line make an angle α with each of the
coordinate axes.
∴ l = cos α, m = cos α, n = cos α
Thus, the direction cosines of the line, which is equally inclined to the
coordinate axes, are
Question 3:
If a line has the direction ratios −18, 12, −4, then what are its direction
cosines?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
If a line has direction ratios of −18, 12, and −4, then its direction
cosines are
402
Thus, the direction cosines are .
Question 4:
Show that the points (2, 3, 4), (−1, −2, 1), (5, 8, 7) are collinear.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given points are A (2, 3, 4), B (− 1, − 2, 1), and C (5, 8, 7).
It is known that the direction ratios of line joining the points,

(x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2), are given by, x2 − x1, y2 − y1, and z2 − z1.
The direction ratios of AB are (−1 − 2), (−2 − 3), and (1 − 4) i.e., −3,
−5, and −3.
The direction ratios of BC are (5 − (− 1)), (8 − (− 2)), and (7 − 1) i.e.,

6, 10, and 6.
It can be seen that the direction ratios of BC are −2 times that of AB

i.e., they are proportional.
Therefore, AB is parallel to BC. Since point B is common to both AB

and BC, points A, B, and C are collinear.
Question 5:
Find the direction cosines of the sides of the triangle whose vertices
are (3, 5, − 4), (− 1, 1, 2) and (− 5, − 5, − 2)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The vertices of ΔABC are A (3, 5, −4), B (−1, 1, 2), and C (−5, −5,
−2).
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The direction ratios of side AB are (−1 − 3), (1 − 5), and (2 − (−4))
i.e., −4, −4, and 6.
Therefore, the direction cosines of AB are
The direction ratios of BC are (−5 − (−1)), (−5 − 1), and (−2 − 2) i.e.,
−4, −6, and −4.
Therefore, the direction cosines of BC are
The direction ratios of CA are (−5 − 3), (−5 − 5), and (−2 − (−4)) i.e.,
−8, −10, and 2.
Therefore, the direction cosines of AC are
404
405
EXERCISE-11.2
Question 1:
Show that the three lines with direction cosines
are mutually perpendicular.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Two lines with direction cosines, l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2, are
perpendicular to each other, if l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0
(i) For the lines with direction cosines, and , we

obtain
Therefore, the lines are perpendicular.
(ii) For the lines with direction cosines, and , we

obtain
406
(iii) For the lines with direction cosines, and , we
obtain
Thus, all the lines are mutually perpendicular.
407
EXERCISE-11.3
Question 1:
Show that the three lines with direction cosines
are mutually perpendicular.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Two lines with direction cosines, l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2, are
perpendicular to each other, if l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0
(i) For the lines with direction cosines, and , we

obtain
(ii) For the lines with direction cosines, and , we

obtain
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(iii) For the lines with direction cosines, and , we
obtain
Thus, all the lines are mutually perpendicular.
Question 3:
Show that the line through the points (4, 7, 8) (2, 3, 4) is parallel to
the line through the points (−1, −2, 1), (1, 2, 5).
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let AB be the line through the points, (4, 7, 8) and (2, 3, 4), and CD
be the line through the points, (−1, −2, 1) and (1, 2, 5).
The directions ratios, a1, b1, c1, of AB are (2 − 4), (3 − 7), and (4 − 8)
i.e., −2, −4, and −4.
The direction ratios, a2, b2, c2, of CD are (1 − (−1)), (2 − (−2)), and (5
− 1) i.e., 2, 4, and 4.
AB will be parallel to CD, if
409
Thus, AB is parallel to CD.
Question 4:
Find the equation of the line which passes through the point (1, 2, 3)
and is parallel to the vector .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that the line passes through the point A (1, 2, 3). Therefore,
the position vector through A is
It is known that the line which passes through point A and parallel
to is given by is a constant.
This is the required equation of the line.
Question 5:
Find the equation of the line in vector and in Cartesian form that
passes through the point with position vector and is in the
direction .
410
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that the line passes through the point with position vector
It is known that a line through a point with position vector and

parallel to is given by the equation,
This is the required equation of the line in vector form.
Eliminating λ, we obtain the Cartesian form equation as
This is the required equation of the given line in Cartesian form.
Question 6:
Find the Cartesian equation of the line which passes through the point
(−2, 4, −5) and parallel to the line given by
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
411
It is given that the line passes through the point (−2, 4, −5) and is
parallel to
The direction ratios of the line, , are 3, 5, and 6.
The required line is parallel to
Therefore, its direction ratios are 3k, 5k, and 6k, where k ≠ 0
It is known that the equation of the line through the point (x1, y1, z1)
and with direction ratios, a, b, c, is given by
Therefore the equation of the required line is
Question 7:
The Cartesian equation of a line is . Write its vector

form.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The Cartesian equation of the line is
The given line passes through the point (5, −4, 6). The position vector
of this point is
412
Also, the direction ratios of the given line are 3, 7, and 2.
This means that the line is in the direction of vector,
It is known that the line through position vector and in the direction
of the vector is given by the equation,
This is the required equation of the given line in vector form.
Question 9:
Find the vector and the Cartesian equations of the line that passes
through the points (3, −2, −5), (3, −2, 6).
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let the line passing through the points, P (3, −2, −5) and Q (3, −2, 6),
be PQ.
Since PQ passes through P (3, −2, −5), its position vector is given by,
The direction ratios of PQ are given by,
(3 − 3) = 0, (−2 + 2) = 0, (6 + 5) = 11
The equation of the vector in the direction of PQ is
The equation of PQ in vector form is given by,
413
The equation of PQ in Cartesian form is
i.e.,
Question 9:
Find the vector and the Cartesian equations of the line that passes
through the points (3, −2, −5), (3, −2, 6).
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let the line passing through the points, P (3, −2, −5) and Q (3, −2, 6),
be PQ.
Since PQ passes through P (3, −2, −5), its position vector is given by,
The direction ratios of PQ are given by,
(3 − 3) = 0, (−2 + 2) = 0, (6 + 5) = 11
The equation of the vector in the direction of PQ is
The equation of PQ in vector form is given by,
The equation of PQ in Cartesian form is
i.e.,
414
Question 10:
Find the angle between the following pairs of lines:
(i)
(ii) and
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) Let Q be the angle between the given lines.
The angle between the given pairs of lines is given by,
The given lines are parallel to the vectors,

and , respectively.
415
(ii) The given lines are parallel to the vectors,
and , respectively.
Question 11:
Find the angle between the following pairs of lines:
(i)
(ii)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
416
i. Let and be the vectors parallel to the pair of
lines, , respectively.
and
The angle, Q, between the given pair of lines is given by the relation,
(ii) Let be the vectors parallel to the given pair of lines,
and , respectively.
417
If Q is the angle between the given pair of lines, then
Question 12:
Find the values of p so the line and
are at right angles.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given equations can be written in the standard form as
and
The direction ratios of the lines are −3, , 2 and

respectively.
Two lines with direction ratios, a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2, are
perpendicular to each other, if a1a2 + b1 b2 + c1c2 = 0
418
Thus, the value of p is .
Question 13:
Show that the lines and are perpendicular to

each other.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The equations of the given lines are and
The direction ratios of the given lines are 7, −5, 1 and 1, 2, 3

respectively.
Two lines with direction ratios, a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2, are
perpendicular to each other, if a1a2 + b1 b2 + c1c2 = 0
∴ 7 × 1 + (−5) × 2 + 1 × 3
= 7 − 10 + 3
=0
Therefore, the given lines are perpendicular to each other.
Question 14:
Find the shortest distance between the lines
 Answer
419
 Discussion
 Share
The equations of the given lines are
It is known that the shortest distance between the lines,

and , is given by,
Comparing the given equations, we obtain
Substituting all the values in equation (1), we obtain
420
Therefore, the shortest distance between the two lines is units.
Question 15:
Find the shortest distance between the lines
and
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given lines are and
It is known that the shortest distance between the two
lines, , is given by,
Comparing the given equations, we obtain
421
Since distance is always non-negative, the distance between the given

lines is units.
Question 16:
Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations
are
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
422
The given lines are
and

and , is given by,
Comparing the given equations with and , we
obtain
Therefore, the shortest distance between the two given lines is

units.
423
Question 17:
Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations
are
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given lines are

and , is given by,
For the given equations,
424
Therefore, the shortest distance between the lines is units.
425
EXERCISE-11.4
Question 1:
In each of the following cases, determine the direction cosines of the

normal to the plane and the distance from the origin.
(a)z = 2 (b)
(c) (d)5y + 8 = 0
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(a) The equation of the plane is z = 2 or 0x + 0y + z = 2 … (1)
The direction ratios of normal are 0, 0, and 1.
Dividing both sides of equation (1) by 1, we obtain
This is of the form lx + my + nz = d, where l, m, n are the direction

cosines of normal to the plane and d is the distance of the
perpendicular drawn from the origin.
Therefore, the direction cosines are 0, 0, and 1 and the distance of the
plane from the origin is 2 units.
(b) x + y + z = 1 … (1)
Dividing both sides of equation (1) by , we obtain
426
This equation is of the form lx + my + nz = d, where l, m, n are the
direction cosines of normal to the plane and d is the distance of
normal from the origin.
Therefore, the direction cosines of the normal are and
the distance of normal from the origin is units.
(c) 2x + 3y − z = 5 … (1)
The direction ratios of normal are 2, 3, and −1.

Therefore, the direction cosines of the normal to the plane
are and the distance of normal from the origin
is units.
(d) 5y + 8 = 0
⇒ 0x − 5y + 0z = 8 … (1)
The direction ratios of normal are 0, −5, and 0.
427

Therefore, the direction cosines of the normal to the plane are 0, −1,
and 0 and the distance of normal from the origin is units.
Question 2:
Find the vector equation of a plane which is at a distance of 7 units
from the origin and normal to the vector .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The normal vector is,
It is known that the equation of the plane with position vector is

given by,
This is the vector equation of the required plane.
Question 3:
Find the Cartesian equation of the following planes:
428
(a) (b)
(c)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(a) It is given that equation of the plane is
For any arbitrary point P (x, y, z) on the plane, position vector is

given by,
Substituting the value of in equation (1), we obtain
This is the Cartesian equation of the plane.
(b)

given by,
This is the Cartesian equation of the plane.
(c)
429
given by,
This is the Cartesian equation of the given plane.
Question 4:
In the following cases, find the coordinates of the foot of the

perpendicular drawn from the origin.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(a) Let the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular P from the origin
to the plane be (x1, y1, z1).
2x + 3y + 4z − 12 = 0
⇒ 2x + 3y + 4z = 12 … (1)
430
The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are given by
(ld, md, nd).
Therefore, the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular
are
(b) Let the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular P from the origin
⇒ … (1)
The direction ratios of the normal are 0, 3, and 4.

(ld, md, nd).
Therefore, the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are
431
(c) Let the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular P from the origin
… (1)
The direction ratios of the normal are 1, 1, and 1.

(ld, md, nd).
(d) Let the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular P from the origin
⇒ 0x − 5y + 0z = 8 … (1)
The direction ratios of the normal are 0, −5, and 0.
432
(ld, md, nd).
Question 5:
Find the vector and Cartesian equation of the planes
(a) that passes through the point (1, 0, −2) and the normal to the plane
is .
(b) that passes through the point (1, 4, 6) and the normal vector to the
plane is .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(a) The position vector of point (1, 0, −2) is
The normal vector perpendicular to the plane is
The vector equation of the plane is given by,
is the position vector of any point P (x, y, z) in the plane.
433
Therefore, equation (1) becomes
This is the Cartesian equation of the required plane.
(b) The position vector of the point (1, 4, 6) is
The normal vector perpendicular to the plane is
The vector equation of the plane is given by,
is the position vector of any point P (x, y, z) in the plane.
Question 6:
Find the equations of the planes that passes through three points.
434
(a) (1, 1, −1), (6, 4, −5), (−4, −2, 3)
(b) (1, 1, 0), (1, 2, 1), (−2, 2, −1)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(a) The given points are A (1, 1, −1), B (6, 4, −5), and C (−4, −2, 3).
Since A, B, C are collinear points, there will be infinite number of

planes passing through the given points.
(b) The given points are A (1, 1, 0), B (1, 2, 1), and C (−2, 2, −1).
Therefore, a plane will pass through the points A, B, and C.
It is known that the equation of the plane through the points,

, and , is
435
Question 7:
Find the intercepts cut off by the plane
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is known that the equation of a plane in intercept form is

, where a, b, c are the intercepts cut off by the plane at x, y, and zaxes
respectively.
Therefore, for the given equation,
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Thus, the intercepts cut off by the plane are .
Question 8:
Find the equation of the plane with intercept 3 on the y-axis and
parallel to ZOX plane.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The equation of the plane ZOX is
y=0
Any plane parallel to it is of the form, y = a
Since the y-intercept of the plane is 3,
∴a=3
Thus, the equation of the required plane is y = 3
Question 9:
Find the equation of the plane through the intersection of the

planes and and the point (2, 2, 1)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The equation of any plane through the intersection of the planes,
3x − y + 2z − 4 = 0 and x + y + z − 2 = 0, is
437
The plane passes through the point (2, 2, 1). Therefore, this point will
satisfy equation (1).
This is the required equation of the plane.
Question 10:
Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the intersection
of the planes and through the point (2,
1, 3)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The equations of the planes are
The equation of any plane through the intersection of the planes given
in equations (1) and (2) is given by,
438
, where
The plane passes through the point (2, 1, 3). Therefore, its position
vector is given by,
Question 11:
Find the equation of the plane through the line of intersection of the
planes and which is perpendicular to the
plane
 Answer
 Discussion
439
 Share
The equation of the plane through the intersection of the

planes, and , is
The direction ratios, a1, b1, c1, of this plane are (2λ + 1), (3λ + 1), and
(4λ + 1).
The plane in equation (1) is perpendicular to
Its direction ratios, a2, b2, c2, are 1, −1, and 1.
Since the planes are perpendicular,
Question 12:
Find the angle between the planes whose vector equations are
and .
 Answer
 Discussion
440
 Share
The equations of the given planes are

and
It is known that if and are normal to the planes,

and , then the angle between them, Q, is given by,
Here,
Substituting the value of , in equation (1), we obtain
Question 13:
In the following cases, determine whether the given planes are
parallel or perpendicular, and in case they are neither, find the angles
between them.
(a)
(b)
441
(c)
(d)
(e)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The direction ratios of normal to the plane, ,

are a1, b1, c1 and .
The angle between L1 and L2 is given by,
(a) The equations of the planes are 7x + 5y + 6z + 30 = 0 and
3x − y − 10z + 4 = 0
Here, a1 = 7, b1 =5, c1 = 6
Therefore, the given planes are not perpendicular.
It can be seen that,
442
Therefore, the given planes are not parallel.
The angle between them is given by,
(b) The equations of the planes are and
Here, and
Thus, the given planes are perpendicular to each other.
(c) The equations of the given planes are

and
Here, and
Thus, the given planes are not perpendicular to each other.
Thus, the given planes are parallel to each other.
(d) The equations of the planes are and
443
Here, and
Thus, the given lines are parallel to each other.
(e) The equations of the given planes are and
Here, and
Therefore, the given lines are not perpendicular to each other.
Therefore, the given lines are not parallel to each other.
The angle between the planes is given by,
Question 14:
In the following cases, find the distance of each of the given points
from the corresponding given plane.
Point Plane
(a) (0, 0, 0)
444
(b) (3, −2, 1)
(c) (2, 3, −5)
(d) (−6, 0, 0)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is known that the distance between a point, p(x1, y1, z1), and a
plane, Ax + By + Cz = D, is given by,
(a) The given point is (0, 0, 0) and the plane is
(b) The given point is (3, − 2, 1) and the plane is
(c) The given point is (2, 3, −5) and the plane is
(d) The given point is (−6, 0, 0) and the plane is
445
EXERCISE-11.5
Question 1:
Show that the line joining the origin to the point (2, 1, 1) is
perpendicular to the line determined by the points (3, 5, −1), (4, 3,
−1).
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let OA be the line joining the origin, O (0, 0, 0), and the point, A (2,
1, 1).
Also, let BC be the line joining the points, B (3, 5, −1) and C (4, 3,
−1).
The direction ratios of OA are 2, 1, and 1 and of BC are (4 − 3) = 1,

(3 − 5) = −2, and (−1 + 1) = 0
OA is perpendicular to BC, if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
∴ a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 2 × 1 + 1 (−2) + 1 ×0 = 2 − 2 = 0
Thus, OA is perpendicular to BC.
Question 2:
If l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 are the direction cosines of two mutually
perpendicular lines, show that the direction cosines of the line
perpendicular to both of these are m1n2 − m2n1, n1l2 − n2l1, l1m2 − l2m1.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
446
It is given that l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 are the direction cosines of two
mutually perpendicular lines. Therefore,
Let l, m, n be the direction cosines of the line which is perpendicular

to the line with direction cosines l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2.
l, m, n are the direction cosines of the line.
∴l2 + m2 + n2 = 1 … (5)
It is known that,
Substituting the values from equations (5) and (6) in equation (4), we
obtain
447
Thus, the direction cosines of the required line
are
Question 3:
Find the angle between the lines whose direction ratios
are a, b, c and b − c,
c − a, a − b.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The angle Q between the lines with direction

cosines, a, b, c and b − c, c − a,
a − b, is given by,
Thus, the angle between the lines is 90°.
Question 4:
Find the equation of a line parallel to x-axis and passing through the
origin.
 Answer
448
 Discussion
 Share
The line parallel to x-axis and passing through the origin is x-axis
itself.
Let A be a point on x-axis. Therefore, the coordinates of A are given

by (a, 0, 0), where a ∈ R.
Direction ratios of OA are (a − 0) = a, 0, 0
The equation of OA is given by,
Thus, the equation of line parallel to x-axis and passing through origin
is
Question 5:
If the coordinates of the points A, B, C, D be (1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 7), (−4, 3,

−6) and (2, 9, 2) respectively, then find the angle between the lines
AB and CD.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The coordinates of A, B, C, and D are (1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 7), (−4, 3, −6),
and
(2, 9, 2) respectively.
The direction ratios of AB are (4 − 1) = 3, (5 − 2) = 3, and (7 − 3) = 4
449
The direction ratios of CD are (2 −(− 4)) = 6, (9 − 3) = 6, and (2
−(−6)) = 8
Therefore, AB is parallel to CD.
Thus, the angle between AB and CD is either 0° or 180°.
Question 6:
If the lines and are perpendicular, find

the value of k.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The direction of ratios of the lines,
and , are −3, 2 k, 2 and 3k, 1, −5 respectively.
It is known that two lines with direction ratios, a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2,
are perpendicular, if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
Therefore, for , the given lines are perpendicular to each other.
Question 7:
450
Find the vector equation of the plane passing through (1, 2, 3) and
perpendicular to the plane
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The position vector of the point (1, 2, 3) is
The direction ratios of the normal to the plane, , are

1, 2, and −5 and the normal vector is
The equation of a line passing through a point and perpendicular to

the given plane is given by,
Question 8:
Find the equation of the plane passing through (a, b, c) and parallel to
the plane
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Any plane parallel to the plane, , is of the

form
The plane passes through the point (a, b, c). Therefore, the position
vector of this point is
451
Question 9:
Find the shortest distance between lines
and .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given lines are
It is known that the shortest distance between two lines,

and , is given by
452
Comparing to equations (1) and (2), we obtain
Therefore, the shortest distance between the two given lines is 9 units.
Question 10:
Find the coordinates of the point where the line through (5, 1, 6) and
(3, 4, 1) crosses the YZ-plane
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is known that the equation of the line passing through the points,
(x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2), is
453
The line passing through the points, (5, 1, 6) and (3, 4, 1), is given by,
Any point on the line is of the form (5 − 2 k, 3k + 1, 6 −5k).
The equation of YZ-plane is x = 0
Since the line passes through YZ-plane,
5 − 2k = 0
Therefore, the required point is .
Question 11:
Find the coordinates of the point where the line through (5, 1, 6) and
(3, 4, 1) crosses the ZX − plane.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is known that the equation of the line passing through the points,
(x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2), is
454
The line passing through the points, (5, 1, 6) and (3, 4, 1), is given by,
Any point on the line is of the form (5 − 2 k, 3k + 1, 6 −5k).
Since the line passes through ZX-plane,
Therefore, the required point is .
Question 12:
Find the coordinates of the point where the line through (3, −4, −5)
and (2, − 3, 1) crosses the plane 2x + y + z = 7).
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is known that the equation of the line through the points, (x1, y1, z1)
and (x2, y2, z2), is
Since the line passes through the points, (3, −4, −5) and (2, −3, 1), its
equation is given by,
455
Therefore, any point on the line is of the form (3 − k, k − 4, 6k − 5).
This point lies on the plane, 2x + y + z = 7
∴ 2 (3 − k) + (k − 4) + (6k − 5) = 7
Hence, the coordinates of the required point are (3 − 2, 2 − 4, 6 × 2 −

5) i.e.,
(1, −2, 7).
Question 13:
Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (−1, 3, 2) and
perpendicular to each of the planes x + 2y + 3z = 5 and 3x + 3y + z =
0.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The equation of the plane passing through the point (−1, 3, 2) is
a (x + 1) + b (y − 3) + c (z − 2) = 0 … (1)
where, a, b, c are the direction ratios of normal to the plane.
It is known that two planes, and ,

are perpendicular, if
Plane (1) is perpendicular to the plane, x + 2y + 3z = 5
456
Also, plane (1) is perpendicular to the plane, 3x + 3y + z = 0
Substituting the values of a, b, and c in equation (1), we obtain
Question 14:
If the points (1, 1, p) and (−3, 0, 1) be equidistant from the

plane , then find the value of p.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The position vector through the point (1, 1, p) is
Similarly, the position vector through the point (−3, 0, 1) is
457
The equation of the given plane is
It is known that the perpendicular distance between a point whose
position vector is and the plane, is given by,
Here, and d
Therefore, the distance between the point (1, 1, p) and the given plane
is
Similarly, the distance between the point (−3, 0, 1) and the given
plane is
It is given that the distance between the required plane and the points,
(1, 1, p) and (−3, 0, 1), is equal.
∴ D1 = D2
458
Question 15:
Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection
of the planes and and parallel tox-axis.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given planes are
The equation of any plane passing through the line of intersection of

these planes is
Its direction ratios are (2λ + 1), (3λ + 1), and (1 − λ).
The required plane is parallel to x-axis. Therefore, its normal is

perpendicular to x-axis.
The direction ratios of x-axis are 1, 0, and 0.
459
Therefore, its Cartesian equation is y − 3z + 6 = 0
This is the equation of the required plane.
Question 16:
If O be the origin and the coordinates of P be (1, 2, −3), then find the
equation of the plane passing through P and perpendicular to OP.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The coordinates of the points, O and P, are (0, 0, 0) and (1, 2, −3)
respectively.
Therefore, the direction ratios of OP are (1 − 0) = 1, (2 − 0) = 2, and

(−3 − 0) = −3
It is known that the equation of the plane passing through the point
(x1, y1 z1) is
where, a, b, and c are the direction ratios

of normal.
Here, the direction ratios of normal are 1, 2, and −3 and the point P is
(1, 2, −3).
Thus, the equation of the required plane is
460
Question 17:
Find the equation of the plane which contains the line of intersection
of the planes , and which is
perpendicular to the plane .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The equation of the plane passing through the line intersection of the
plane given in equation (1) and equation (2) is
The plane in equation (3) is perpendicular to the

plane,
461
The Cartesian equation of this plane can be obtained by

substituting in equation (3).
Question 18:
Find the distance of the point (−1, −5, −10) from the point of
intersection of the line and the plane
.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The equation of the given line is
The equation of the given plane is
Substituting the value of from equation (1) in equation (2), we

obtain
Substituting this value in equation (1), we obtain the equation of the

line as
462
This means that the position vector of the point of intersection of the
line and the plane is
This shows that the point of intersection of the given line and plane is
given by the coordinates, (2, −1, 2). The point is (−1, −5, −10).
The distance d between the points, (2, −1, 2) and (−1, −5, −10), is
Question 19:
Find the vector equation of the line passing through (1, 2, 3) and
parallel to the planes and .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let the required line be parallel to vector given by,
The position vector of the point (1, 2, 3) is
The equation of line passing through (1, 2, 3) and parallel to is

given by,
463
The line in equation (1) and plane in equation (2) are parallel.
Therefore, the normal to the plane of equation (2) and the given line
are perpendicular.
Therefore, the direction ratios of are −3, 5, and 4.
This is the equation of the required line.
Question 20:
Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point (1, 2, −
4) and perpendicular to the two lines:
 Answer
 Discussion
464
 Share
Let the required line be parallel to the vector given

by,
The position vector of the point (1, 2, − 4) is
The equation of the line passing through (1, 2, −4) and parallel to
vector is
The equations of the lines are
Line (1) and line (2) are perpendicular to each other.
Also, line (1) and line (3) are perpendicular to each other.
∴Direction ratios of are 2, 3, and 6.
465
This is the equation of the required line.
Question 21:
Prove that if a plane has the intercepts a, b, c and is at a distance
of P units from the origin, then
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The equation of a plane having intercepts a, b, c with x, y, and z axes

respectively is given by,
The distance (p) of the plane from the origin is given by,
Question 22:
466
Distance between the two planes: and is
(A)2 units (B)4 units (C)8 units
(D)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It can be seen that the given planes are parallel.
It is known that the distance between two parallel

planes, ax + by + cz = d1 and ax + by + cz = d2, is given by,
Thus, the distance between the lines is units.
Question 23:
The planes: 2x − y + 4z = 5 and 5x − 2.5y + 10z = 6 are
467
(A) Perpendicular (B) Parallel (C) intersect y-axis
(C) passes through
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
2x − y + 4z = 5 … (1)
5x − 2.5y + 10z = 6 … (2)
Therefore, the given planes are parallel.
468
LINEAR
PROGRAMMING
EXERCISE-12.1
Question 1:
Maximise Z = 3x + 4y
Subject to the constraints:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The feasible region determined by the constraints, x + y ≤ 4, x ≥ 0, y ≥

0, is as follows.
The corner points of the feasible region are O (0, 0), A (4, 0), and B
(0, 4). The values of Z at these points are as follows.
469
Corner point Z = 3x + 4y
O(0, 0) 0
A(4, 0) 12
B(0, 4) 16 → Maximum
Therefore, the maximum value of Z is 16 at the point B (0, 4).
Question 2:
Minimise Z = −3x + 4y
subject to .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints,

x ≥ 0, and y ≥ 0, is as follows.
The corner points of the feasible region are O (0, 0), A (4, 0), B (2, 3),
and C (0, 4).
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows.
470
Corner point Z = −3 x + 4y
0(0, 0) 0
A(4, 0) −12 → Minimum
B(2, 3) 6
C(0, 4) 16
Therefore, the minimum value of Z is −12 at the point (4, 0).
Question 3:
subject to .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints, 3x + 5y ≤

15,
5x + 2y ≤ 10, x ≥ 0, and y ≥ 0, are as follows.
471
The corner points of the feasible region are O (0, 0), A (2, 0), B (0, 3),
and .
0(0, 0) 0
A(2, 0) 10
B(0, 3) 9
→ Maximum
Therefore, the maximum value of Z is
Question 4:
Minimise Z = 3x + 5y
such that .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The feasible region determined by the system of

constraints, , and x, y ≥ 0, is as follows.
472
It can be seen that the feasible region is unbounded.
The corner points of the feasible region are A (3, 0), , and C
(0, 2).
A(3, 0) 9
7 → Smallest
C(0, 2) 10
As the feasible region is unbounded, therefore, 7 may or may not be

the minimum value of Z.
For this, we draw the graph of the inequality, 3x + 5y < 7, and check
whether the resulting half plane has points in common with the
feasible region or not.
It can be seen that the feasible region has no common point with 3x +
5y < 7 Therefore, the minimum value of Z is 7 at .
473
Question 5:
subject to .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The feasible region determined by the constraints, x + 2y ≤ 10,

3x + y ≤ 15, x ≥ 0, and y ≥ 0, is as follows.
The corner points of the feasible region are A (5, 0), B (4, 3), and C
(0, 5).
A(5, 0) 15
C(0, 5) 10
474
Therefore, the maximum value of Z is 18 at the point (4, 3).
Question 6:
Minimise Z = x + 2y
subject to .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The feasible region determined by the constraints, 2x + y ≥ 3, x + 2y ≥

6, x ≥ 0, and y ≥ 0, is as follows.
The corner points of the feasible region are A (6, 0) and B (0, 3).
Corner point Z = x + 2y
A(6, 0) 6
B(0, 3) 6
It can be seen that the value of Z at points A and B is same. If we take

any other point such as (2, 2) on line x + 2y = 6, then Z = 6
Thus, the minimum value of Z occurs for more than 2 points.
475
Therefore, the value of Z is minimum at every point on the line, x +
2y = 6
Question 7:
Minimise and Maximise Z = 5x + 10y
subject to .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The feasible region determined by the constraints, x + 2y ≤

120, x + y ≥ 60, x − 2y ≥ 0, x ≥ 0, and y ≥ 0, is as follows.
The corner points of the feasible region are A (60, 0), B (120, 0), C
(60, 30), and D (40, 20).

A(60, 0) 300 → Minimum
B(120, 0) 600 → Maximum
C(60, 30) 600 → Maximum
476
D(40, 20) 400
The minimum value of Z is 300 at (60, 0) and the maximum value of

Z is 600 at all the points on the line segment joining (120, 0) and (60,
30).
Question 8:
Minimise and Maximise Z = x + 2y
subject to .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The feasible region determined by the constraints, x + 2y ≥ 100,

2x − y ≤ 0, 2x + y ≤ 200, x ≥ 0, and y ≥ 0, is as follows.
The corner points of the feasible region are A(0, 50), B(20, 40), C(50,
100), and D(0, 200).
477
Corner point Z = x + 2y
A(0, 50) 100 → Minimum
B(20, 40) 100 → Minimum
C(50, 100) 250
D(0, 200) 400 → Maximum
The maximum value of Z is 400 at (0, 200) and the minimum value of
Z is 100 at all the points on the line segment joining the points (0, 50)
and (20, 40).
Question 9:
Maximise Z = − x + 2y, subject to the constraints:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The feasible region determined by the

constraints, is as follows.
478
The values of Z at corner points A (6, 0), B (4, 1), and C (3, 2) are as
follows.
Corner point Z = − x + 2y
A(6, 0) Z=−6
B(4, 1) Z=−2
C(3, 2) Z=1
As the feasible region is unbounded, therefore, Z = 1 may or may not

be the maximum value.
For this, we graph the inequality, −x + 2y > 1, and check whether the
resulting half plane has points in common with the feasible region or
not.
The resulting feasible region has points in common with the feasible
region.
Therefore, Z = 1 is not the maximum value. Z has no maximum value.
Question 10:
Maximise Z = x + y, subject to .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The region determined by the constraints, is

as follows.
479
There is no feasible region and thus, Z has no maximum value.
480
EXERCISE-12.2
Question 1:
Reshma wishes to mix two types of food P and Q in such a way that
the vitamin contents of the mixture contain at least 8 units of vitamin
A and 11 units of vitamin B. Food P costs Rs 60/kg and Food Q costs
Rs 80/kg. Food P contains 3 units /kg of vitamin A and 5 units /kg of
vitamin B while food Q contains 4 units /kg of vitamin A and 2 units
/kg of vitamin B. Determine the minimum cost of the mixture?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let the mixture contain x kg of food P and y kg of food Q. Therefore,
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
The given information can be compiled in a table as follows.1
Vitamin A Vitamin B Cost

(units/kg) (units/kg) (Rs/kg)
Food P 3 5 60
Food Q 4 2 80
Requirement 8 11
(units/kg)
The mixture must contain at least 8 units of vitamin A and 11 units of

vitamin B. Therefore, the constraints are
3x + 4y ≥ 8
5x + 2y ≥ 11
481
Total cost, Z, of purchasing food is, Z = 60x + 80y
The mathematical formulation of the given problem is
Minimise Z = 60x + 80y … (1)
subject to the constraints,
3x + 4y ≥ 8 … (2)
5x + 2y ≥ 11 … (3)
x, y ≥ 0 … (4)
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints is as

follows.
The corner points of the feasible region are .

160
482
160
440
As the feasible region is unbounded, therefore, 160 may or may not

be the minimum value of Z.
For this, we graph the inequality, 60x + 80y < 160 or 3x + 4y < 8, and
check whether the resulting half plane has points in common with the
4y < 8
Therefore, the minimum cost of the mixture will be Rs 160 at the line
segment joining the points .
Question 2:
One kind of cake requires 200g flour and 25g of fat, and another kind
of cake requires 100g of flour and 50g of fat. Find the maximum
number of cakes which can be made from 5 kg of flour and 1 kg of fat
assuming that there is no shortage of the other ingredients used in
making the cakes?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let there be x cakes of first kind and y cakes of second kind.

Therefore,
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
The given information can be complied in a table as follows.
483
Flour (g) Fat (g)
Cakes of first kind, x 200 25
Cakes of second kind, y 100 50
Availability 5000 1000
Total numbers of cakes, Z, that can be made are, Z = x + y
Maximize Z = x + y … (1)

follows.
The corner points are A (25, 0), B (20, 10), O (0, 0), and C (0, 20).
484
Corner point Z = x + y
A(25, 0) 25
B(20, 10) 30 → Maximum
C(0, 20) 20
O(0, 0) 0
Thus, the maximum numbers of cakes that can be made are 30 (20 of
one kind and 10 of the other kind).
Question 3:
A factory makes tennis rackets and cricket bats. A tennis racket takes
1.5 hours of machine time and 3 hours of craftsman’s time in its
making while a cricket bat takes 3 hour of machine time and 1 hour of
craftsman’s time. In a day, the factory has the availability of not more
than 42 hours of machine time and 24 hours of craftsman’s time.
(ii) What number of rackets and bats must be made if the factory is to
work at full capacity?
(ii) If the profit on a racket and on a bat is Rs 20 and Rs 10

respectively, find the maximum profit of the factory when it works at
full capacity.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) Let the number of rackets and the number of bats to be made
be x and y respectively.
The machine time is not available for more than 42 hours.
485
The craftsman’s time is not available for more than 24 hours.
The factory is to work at full capacity. Therefore,
1.5x + 3y = 42
3x + y = 24
x = 4 and y = 12
Thus, 4 rackets and 12 bats must be made.
(i) The given information can be complied in a table as follows.
Tennis Cricket Availability

Racket Bat
Machine Time (h) 1.5 3 42
Craftsman’s Time 3 1 24
(h)
∴ 1.5x + 3y ≤ 42
3x + y ≤ 24
x, y ≥ 0
The profit on a racket is Rs 20 and on a bat is Rs 10.
Maximize … (1)
486
1.5x + 3y ≤ 42 … (2)
3x + y ≤ 24 … (3)
x, y ≥ 0 … (4)

follows.
The corner points are A (8, 0), B (4, 12), C (0, 14), and O (0, 0).

A(8, 0) 160
B(4, 12) 200 → Maximum
C(0, 14) 140
O(0, 0) 0
487
Thus, the maximum profit of the factory when it works to its full
capacity is Rs 200.
Question 4:
A manufacturer produces nuts and bolts. It takes 1 hour of work on
machine A and 3 hours on machine B to produce a package of nuts. It
takes 3 hours on machine A and 1 hour on machine B to produce a
package of bolts. He earns a profit, of Rs 17.50 per package on nuts
and Rs. 7.00 per package on bolts. How many packages of each
should be produced each day so as to maximize his profit, if he
operates his machines for at the most 12 hours a day?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let the manufacturer produce x packages of nuts and y packages of

bolts. Therefore,
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
The given information can be compiled in a table as follows.
Nuts Bolts Availability

Machine A (h) 1 3 12
Machine B (h) 3 1 12
The profit on a package of nuts is Rs 17.50 and on a package of bolts

is Rs 7. Therefore, the constraints are
Total profit, Z = 17.5x + 7y
488
Maximise Z = 17.5x + 7y … (1)
x + 3y ≤ 12 … (2)
3x + y ≤ 12 … (3)
x, y ≥ 0 … (4)

follows.
The corner points are A (4, 0), B (3, 3), and C (0, 4).
Corner point Z = 17.5x + 7y

O(0, 0) 0
A(4, 0) 70
B(3, 3) 73.5 → Maximum
489
C(0, 4) 28
The maximum value of Z is Rs 73.50 at (3, 3).
Thus, 3 packages of nuts and 3 packages of bolts should be produced

each day to get the maximum profit of Rs 73.50.
Question 5:
A factory manufactures two types of screws, A and B. Each type of
screw requires the use of two machines, an automatic and a hand
operated. It takes 4 minutes on the automatic and 6 minutes on hand
operated machines to manufacture a package of screws A, while it
takes 6 minutes on automatic and 3 minutes on the hand operated
machines to manufacture a package of screws B. Each machine is
available for at the most 4 hours on any day. The manufacturer can
sell a package of screws A at a profit of Rs 7 and screws B at a profit
of Rs10. Assuming that he can sell all the screws he manufactures,
how many packages of each type should the factory owner produce in
a day in order to maximize his profit? Determine the maximum profit.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let the factory manufacture x screws of type A and y screws of type B

on each day. Therefore,
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
Screw A Screw B Availability

Automatic Machine (min) 4 6 4 × 60 =120
Hand Operated Machine (min) 6 3 4 × 60 =120
490
The profit on a package of screws A is Rs 7 and on the package of
screws B is Rs 10. Therefore, the constraints are
Total profit, Z = 7x + 10y
Maximize Z = 7x + 10y … (1)
… (2)
… (3)
x, y ≥ 0 … (4)
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints is
491
A(40, 0) 280
B(30, 20) 410 → Maximum
C(0, 40) 400
The maximum value of Z is 410 at (30, 20).
Thus, the factory should produce 30 packages of screws A and 20

packages of screws B to get the maximum profit of Rs 410.
Question 6:
A cottage industry manufactures pedestal lamps and wooden shades,
each requiring the use of a grinding/cutting machine and a sprayer. It
takes 2 hours on grinding/cutting machine and 3 hours on the sprayer
to manufacture a pedestal lamp. It takes 1 hour on the grinding/cutting
machine and 2 hours on the sprayer to manufacture a shade. On any
day, the sprayer is available for at the most 20 hours and the
grinding/cutting machine for at the most 12 hours. The profit from the
sale of a lamp is Rs 5 and that from a shade is Rs 3. Assuming that the
manufacturer can sell all the lamps and shades that he produces, how
should he schedule his daily production in order to maximize his
profit?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let the cottage industry manufacture x pedestal lamps and y wooden

shades. Therefore,
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
492
Lamps Shades Availability
Grinding/Cutting Machine (h) 2 1 12
Sprayer (h) 3 2 20
The profit on a lamp is Rs 5 and on the shades is Rs 3. Therefore, the

constraints are
… (2)
… (3)
x, y ≥ 0 … (4)

follows.
493
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows
A(6, 0) 30
C(0, 10) 30
Thus, the manufacturer should produce 4 pedestal lamps and 4

wooden shades to maximize his profits.
Question 7:
494
A company manufactures two types of novelty souvenirs made of
plywood. Souvenirs of type A require 5 minutes each for cutting and
10 minutes each for assembling. Souvenirs of type B require 8
minutes each for cutting and 8 minutes each for assembling. There are
3 hours 20 minutes available for cutting and 4 hours of assembling.
The profit is Rs 5 each for type A and Rs 6 each for type B souvenirs.
How many souvenirs of each type should the company manufacture
in order to maximize the profit?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let the company manufacture x souvenirs of type A and y souvenirs

of type B. Therefore,
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
Type A Type B Availability

Cutting (min) 5 8 3 × 60 + 20 =200
Assembling (min) 10 8 4 × 60 = 240
The profit on type A souvenirs is Rs 5 and on type B souvenirs is Rs

6. Therefore, the constraints are
i.e.,
495
… (2)
… (3)
x, y ≥ 0 … (4)

follows.
A(24, 0) 120
B(8, 20) 160 → Maximum
C(0, 25) 150
Thus, 8 souvenirs of type A and 20 souvenirs of type B should be

produced each day to get the maximum profit of Rs 160.
Question 8:
496
A merchant plans to sell two types of personal computers − a desktop
model and a portable model that will cost Rs 25000 and Rs 40000
respectively. He estimates that the total monthly demand of
computers will not exceed 250 units. Determine the number of units
of each type of computers which the merchant should stock to get
maximum profit if he does not want to invest more than Rs 70 lakhs
and if his profit on the desktop model is Rs 4500 and on portable
model is Rs 5000.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let the merchant stock x desktop models and y portable models.

Therefore,
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
The cost of a desktop model is Rs 25000 and of a portable model is

Rs 4000. However, the merchant can invest a maximum of Rs 70
lakhs.
The monthly demand of computers will not exceed 250 units.
The profit on a desktop model is Rs 4500 and the profit on a portable

model is Rs 5000.
Thus, the mathematical formulation of the given problem is
497
follows.

A(250, 0) 1125000
B(200, 50) 1150000 → Maximum
C(0, 175) 875000
Thus, the merchant should stock 200 desktop models and 50 portable
models to get the maximum profit of Rs 1150000.
Question 9:
498
A diet is to contain at least 80 units of vitamin A and 100 units of
minerals. Two foods F1and F2 are available. Food F1 costs Rs 4 per
unit food and F2 costs Rs 6 per unit. One unit of food F1 contains 3
units of vitamin A and 4 units of minerals. One unit of food
F2 contains 6 units of vitamin A and 3 units of minerals. Formulate
this as a linear programming problem. Find the minimum cost for diet
that consists of mixture of these two foods and also meets the minimal
nutritional requirements?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let the diet contain x units of food F1 and y units of food F2.
Therefore,
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
Vitamin A (units) Mineral (units) Cost per unit
(Rs)
Food F1 (x) 3 4 4
Food F2 (y) 6 3 6
Requirement 80 100
The cost of food F1 is Rs 4 per unit and of Food F2 is Rs 6 per unit.

Therefore, the constraints are
3x + 6y ≥ 80
4x + 3y ≥ 100
x, y ≥ 0
Total cost of the diet, Z = 4x + 6y
499
Minimise Z = 4x + 6y … (1)
3x + 6y ≥ 80 … (2)
4x + 3y ≥ 100 … (3)
x, y ≥ 0 … (4)
The feasible region determined by the constraints is as follows.
The corner points of the feasible region are .
The corner points are .
500
104 → Minimum
200

For this, we draw a graph of the inequality, 4x + 6y < 104 or 2x + 3y <

52, and check whether the resulting half plane has points in common
with the feasible region or not.
3y < 52
Therefore, the minimum cost of the mixture will be Rs 104.
Question 10:
There are two types of fertilizers F1 and F2. F1 consists of 10%
nitrogen and 6% phosphoric acid and F2 consists of 5% nitrogen and
10% phosphoric acid. After testing the soil conditions, a farmer finds
that she needs at least 14 kg of nitrogen and 14 kg of phosphoric acid
for her crop. If F1 cost Rs 6/kg and F2 costs Rs 5/kg, determine how
much of each type of fertilizer should be used so that nutrient
requirements are met at a minimum cost. What is the minimum cost?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let the farmer buy x kg of fertilizer F1 and y kg of fertilizer F2.

Therefore,
501
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
Nitrogen Phosphoric Acid Cost

(%) (%) (Rs/kg)
F1 (x) 10 6 6
F2 (y) 5 10 5
Requirement 14 14
(kg)
F1 consists of 10% nitrogen and F2 consists of 5% nitrogen. However,

the farmer requires at least 14 kg of nitrogen.
∴ 10% of x + 5% of y ≥ 14
F1 consists of 6% phosphoric acid and F2 consists of 10% phosphoric

acid. However, the farmer requires at least 14 kg of phosphoric acid.
∴ 6% of x + 10% of y ≥ 14
Total cost of fertilizers, Z = 6x + 5y
Minimize Z = 6x + 5y … (1)
2x + y ≥ 280 … (2)
502
3x + 5y ≥ 700 … (3)
x, y ≥ 0 … (4)

follows.
The corner points are .
The values of Z at these points are as follows.
1400
B(100, 80) 1000 → Minimum

C(0, 280) 1400
503
For this, we draw a graph of the inequality, 6x + 5y < 1000, and check
whether the resulting half plane has points in common with the
It can be seen that the feasible region has no common point with
6x + 5y < 1000
Therefore, 100 kg of fertiliser F1 and 80 kg of fertilizer F2 should be

used to minimize the cost. The minimum cost is Rs 1000.
Question 11:
The corner points of the feasible region determined by the following
system of linear inequalities:
Let Z = px + qy,
where p, q > 0. Condition on p and q so that the maximum of Z occurs
at both (3, 4) and (0, 5) is
(A) p = q (B) p = 2q (C) p = 3q (D) q = 3p
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The maximum value of Z is unique.
It is given that the maximum value of Z occurs at two points, (3, 4)

and (0, 5).
∴ Value of Z at (3, 4) = Value of Z at (0, 5)
⇒ p(3) + q(4) = p(0) + q(5)
⇒ 3p + 4q = 5q
504
⇒ q = 3p
505
EXERCISE-12.3
Question 1:
Refer to Example 9. How many packets of each food should be used
to maximize the amount of vitamin A in the diet? What is the
maximum amount of vitamin A in the diet?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let the diet contain x and y packets of foods P and Q respectively.

Therefore,
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
The mathematical formulation of the given problem is as follows.
Maximize z = 6x + 3y … (1)

follows.
506
The corner points of the feasible region are A (15, 20), B (40, 15), and
C (2, 72).
The values of z at these corner points are as follows.
Corner point z = 6x + 3y
A(15, 20) 150
B(40, 15) 285 → Maximum
C(2, 72) 228
Thus, the maximum value of z is 285 at (40, 15).
Therefore, to maximize the amount of vitamin A in the diet, 40

packets of food P and 15 packets of food Q should be used. The
maximum amount of vitamin A in the diet is 285 units.
Question 2:
A farmer mixes two brands P and Q of cattle feed. Brand P, costing

Rs 250 per bag contains 3 units of nutritional element A, 2.5 units of
element B and 2 units of element C. Brand Q costing Rs 200 per bag
507
contains 1.5 units of nutritional elements A, 11.25 units of element B,
and 3 units of element C. The minimum requirements of nutrients A,
B and C are 18 units, 45 units and 24 units respectively. Determine
the number of bags of each brand which should be mixed in order to
produce a mixture having a minimum cost per bag? What is the
minimum cost of the mixture per bag?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let the farmer mix x bags of brand P and y bags of brand Q.
Vitamin A Vitamin B Cost

(units/kg) (units/kg) (Rs/kg)
Food P 3 5 60
Food Q 4 2 80
Requirement 8 11
(units/kg)
The given problem can be formulated as follows.
Minimize z = 250x + 200y … (1)

follows.
508
The corner points of the feasible region are A (18, 0), B (9, 2), C (3,
6), and D (0, 12).

A (18, 0) 4500
B (9, 2) 2650
C (3, 6) 1950 → Minimum
D (0, 12) 2400

be the minimum value of z.
For this, we draw a graph of the inequality, 250x + 200y < 1950 or
5x + 4y < 39, and check whether the resulting half plane has points in
common with the feasible region or not.
4y < 39
Therefore, the minimum value of z is 2000 at (3, 6).
509
Thus, 3 bags of brand P and 6 bags of brand Q should be used in the
mixture to minimize the cost to Rs 1950.
Question 3:
A dietician wishes to mix together two kinds of food X and Y in such
a way that the mixture contains at least 10 units of vitamin A, 12 units
of vitamin B and 8 units of vitamin C. The vitamin content of one kg
food is given below:
Food Vitamin A Vitamin B Vitamin C

X 1 2 3
Y 2 2 1
One kg of food X costs Rs 16 and one kg of food Y costs Rs 20. Find

the least cost of the mixture which will produce the required diet?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let the mixture contain x kg of food X and y kg of food Y.
Minimize z = 16x + 20y … (1)

follows.
510
The corner points of the feasible region are A (10, 0), B (2, 4), C (1,
5), and D (0, 8).

A (10, 0) 160
B (2, 4) 112 → Minimum
C (1, 5) 116
D (0, 8) 160

be the minimum value of z.
For this, we draw a graph of the inequality, 16x + 20y < 112 or 4x +
5y < 28, and check whether the resulting half plane has points in
common with the feasible region or not.
5y < 28
Therefore, the minimum value of z is 112 at (2, 4).
511
Thus, the mixture should contain 2 kg of food X and 4 kg of food Y.
The minimum cost of the mixture is Rs 112.
Question 4:
A manufacturer makes two types of toys A and B. Three machines are
needed for this purpose and the time (in minutes) required for each
toy on the machines is given below:
Machines
Type of toys
I II III
A 12 18 6
B 6 0 9
Each machine is available for a maximum of 6 hours per day. If the

profit on each toy of type A is Rs 7.50 and that on each toy of type B
is Rs 5, show that 15 toys of type A and 30 of type B should be
manufactured in a day to get maximum profit.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let x and y toys of type A and type B respectively be manufactured in

a day.
Maximize z = 7.5x + 5y … (1)
512
The corner points of the feasible region are A (20, 0), B (20, 20), C
(15, 30), and D (0, 40).
Corner point Z = 7.5x + 5y

A(20, 0) 150
B(20, 20) 250
C(15, 30) 262.5 → Maximum
O(0, 40) 200
The maximum value of z is 262.5 at (15, 30).
Thus, the manufacturer should manufacture 15 toys of type A and 30

toys of type B to maximize the profit.
Question 5:
513
An aeroplane can carry a maximum of 200 passengers. A profit of Rs
1000 is made on each executive class ticket and a profit of Rs 600 is
made on each economy class ticket. The airline reserves at least 20
seats for executive class. However, at least 4 times as many
passengers prefer to travel by economy class than by the executive
class. Determine how many tickets of each type must be sold in order
to maximize the profit for the airline. What is the maximum profit?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let the airline sell x tickets of executive class and y tickets of

economy class.
Maximize z = 1000x + 600y … (1)
514
The corner points of the feasible region are A (20, 80), B (40, 160),
and
C (20, 180).

A (20, 80) 68000
B (40, 160) 136000 → Maximum
C (20, 180) 128000
The maximum value of z is 136000 at (40, 160).
Thus, 40 tickets of executive class and 160 tickets of economy class

should be sold to maximize the profit and the maximum profit is Rs
136000.
515
Question 6:
Two godowns A and B have grain capacity of 100 quintals and 50

quintals respectively. They supply to 3 ration shops, D, E and F
whose requirements are 60, 50 and 40 quintals respectively. The cost
of transportation per quintal from the godowns to the shops are given
in the following table:
Transportation cost per quintal (in Rs)

From/To A B
D 6 4
E 3 2
F 2.50 3
How should the supplies be transported in order that the

transportation cost is minimum? What is the minimum cost?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let godown A supply x and y quintals of grain to the shops D and E

respectively. Then, (100 − x − y) will be supplied to shop F.
The requirement at shop D is 60 quintals since x quintals are

transported from godown A. Therefore, the remaining (60 −x) quintals
will be transported from godown B.
Similarly, (50 − y) quintals and 40 − (100 − x − y) = (x + y − 60)

quintals will be transported from godown B to shop E and F
respectively.
The given problem can be represented diagrammatically as follows.
516
Total transportation cost z is given by,
The given problem can be formulated as
Minimize z = 2.5x + 1.5y + 410 … (1)
517
follows.
The corner points are A (60, 0), B (60, 40), C (50, 50), and D (10, 50).
Corner point z = 2.5x + 1.5y + 410

A (60, 0) 560
B (60, 40) 620
C (50, 50) 610
D (10, 50) 510 → Minimum
The minimum value of z is 510 at (10, 50).
Thus, the amount of grain transported from A to D, E, and F is 10

quintals, 50 quintals, and 40 quintals respectively and from B to D, E,
and F is 50 quintals, 0 quintals, and 0 quintals respectively.
518
The minimum cost is Rs 510.
Question 7:
An oil company has two depots A and B with capacities of 7000 L

and 4000 L respectively. The company is to supply oil to three petrol
pumps, D, E and F whose requirements are 4500L, 3000L and 3500L
respectively. The distance (in km) between the depots and the petrol
pumps is given in the following table:
Distance in (km)
From/To A B
D 7 3
E 6 4
F 3 2
Assuming that the transportation cost of 10 litres of oil is Re 1 per

km, how should the delivery be scheduled in order that the
transportation cost is minimum? What is the minimum cost?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let x and y litres of oil be supplied from A to the petrol pumps, D and
E. Then, (7000 − x − y) will be supplied from A to petrol pump F.
The requirement at petrol pump D is 4500 L. Since x L are

transported from depot A, the remaining (4500 − x) L will be
transported from petrol pump B.
Similarly, (3000 − y) L and 3500 − (7000 − x − y) = (x + y − 3500) L

will be transported from depot B to petrol pump E and F respectively.
The given problem can be represented diagrammatically as follows.
519
Cost of transporting 10 L of petrol = Re 1
Cost of transporting 1 L of petrol =
Therefore, total transportation cost is given by,
The problem can be formulated as follows.
Minimize z = 0.3x + 0.1y + 3950 … (1)
520
The corner points of the feasible region are A (3500, 0), B (4500, 0),
C (4500, 2500), D (4000, 3000), and E (500, 3000).
Corner point z = 0.3x + 0.1y + 3950

A (3500, 0) 5000
B (4500, 0) 5300
C (4500, 2500) 5550
521
D (4000, 3000) 5450
E (500, 3000) 4400 → Minimum
The minimum value of z is 4400 at (500, 3000).
Thus, the oil supplied from depot A is 500 L, 3000 L, and 3500 L and
from depot B is 4000 L, 0 L, and 0 L to petrol pumps D, E, and F
respectively.
The minimum transportation cost is Rs 4400.
Question 8:
A fruit grower can use two types of fertilizer in his garden, brand P
and brand Q. The amounts (in kg) of nitrogen, phosphoric acid,
potash, and chlorine in a bag of each brand are given in the table.
Tests indicate that the garden needs at least 240 kg of phosphoric acid
at least 270 kg of potash and at most 310 kg of chlorine.
If the grower wants to minimize the amount of nitrogen added to the

garden, how many bags of each brand should be used? What is the
minimum amount of nitrogen added in the garden?
kg per bag
Brand P Brand Q
Nitrogen 3 3.5
Phosphoric acid 1 2
Potash 3 1.5
Chlorine 1.5 2
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
522
Let the fruit grower use x bags of brand P and y bags of brand Q.
Minimize z = 3x + 3.5y … (1)

follows.
Corner point z = 3x + 3.5y

A (140, 50) 595
B (20, 140) 550
523
C (40, 100) 470 → Minimum
Thus, 40 bags of brand P and 100 bags of brand Q should be added to

the garden to minimize the amount of nitrogen.
The minimum amount of nitrogen added to the garden is 470 kg.
Question 9:
Refer to question 8. If the grower wants to maximize the amount of

nitrogen added to the garden, how many bags of each brand should be
added? What is the maximum amount of nitrogen added?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let the fruit grower use x bags of brand P and y bags of brand Q.
Maximize z = 3x + 3.5y … (1)

follows.
524
Corner point z = 3x + 3.5y

A (140, 50) 595 → Maximum
B (20, 140) 550
C (40, 100) 470
Thus, 140 bags of brand P and 50 bags of brand Q should be used to

maximize the amount of nitrogen.
The maximum amount of nitrogen added to the garden is 595 kg.
Question 10:
A toy company manufactures two types of dolls, A and B. Market

tests and available resources have indicated that the combined
production level should not exceed 1200 dolls per week and the
demand for dolls of type B is at most half of that for dolls of type A.
525
Further, the production level of dolls of type A can exceed three times
the production of dolls of other type by at most 600 units. If the
company makes profit of Rs 12 and Rs 16 per doll respectively on
dolls A and B, how many of each should be produced weekly in order
to maximize the profit?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let x and y be the number of dolls of type A and B respectively that

are produced per week.
Maximize z = 12x + 16y … (1)

follows.
526

A (600, 0) 7200
B (1050, 150) 15000
C (800, 400) 16000 → Maximum
Thus, 800 and 400 dolls of type A and type B should be produced
respectively to get the maximum profit of Rs 16000.
527
PROBABLITY
EXERCISE-13.1
Question 2:
Compute P(A|B), if P(B) = 0.5 and P (A ∩ B) = 0.32
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that P(B) = 0.5 and P(A ∩ B) = 0.32
Question 3:
If P(A) = 0.8, P(B) = 0.5 and P(B|A) = 0.4, find
(i) P(A ∩ B) (ii) P(A|B) (iii) P(A ∪ B)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that P(A) = 0.8, P(B) = 0.5, and P(B|A) = 0.4
528
(i) P (B|A) = 0.4
(ii)
(iii)
Question 4:
Evaluate P (A ∪ B), if 2P (A) = P (B) = and P(A|B) =
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that,
529
It is known that,
Question 5:
If P(A) , P(B) = and P(A ∪ B) = , find
(i) P(A ∩ B) (ii) P(A|B) (iii) P(B|A)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that
(i)
530
(ii) It is known that,
(iii) It is known that,
Question 6:
A coin is tossed three times, where
(i) E: head on third toss, F: heads on first two tosses
(ii) E: at least two heads, F: at most two heads
(iii) E: at most two tails, F: at least one tail
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
If a coin is tossed three times, then the sample space S is
S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
It can be seen that the sample space has 8 elements.
(i) E = {HHH, HTH, THH, TTH}
F = {HHH, HHT}
E ∩ F = {HHH}
531
(ii) E = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH}
F = {HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
E ∩ F = {HHT, HTH, THH}
Clearly,
(iii) E = {HHH, HHT, HTT, HTH, THH, THT, TTH}
F = {HHT, HTT, HTH, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
Question 7:
Two coins are tossed once, where
(i) E: tail appears on one coin, F: one coin shows head
(ii) E: not tail appears, F: no head appears
 Answer
532
 Discussion
 Share
If two coins are tossed once, then the sample space S is
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
(i) E = {HT, TH}
F = {HT, TH}
(ii) E = {HH}
F = {TT}
∴E∩F=Φ
P (F) = 1 and P (E ∩ F) = 0
∴ P(E|F) =
Question 8:
A die is thrown three times,
E: 4 appears on the third toss, F: 6 and 5 appears respectively on first

two tosses
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
533
If a die is thrown three times, then the number of elements in the
sample space will be 6 × 6 × 6 = 216
Question 9:
Mother, father and son line up at random for a family picture
E: son on one end, F: father in middle
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
If mother (M), father (F), and son (S) line up for the family picture,
then the sample space will be
S = {MFS, MSF, FMS, FSM, SMF, SFM}
⇒ E = {MFS, FMS, SMF, SFM}
F = {MFS, SFM}
∴ E ∩ F = {MFS, SFM}
534
Question 10:
A black and a red dice are rolled.
(a) Find the conditional probability of obtaining a sum greater than 9,

given that the black die resulted in a 5.
(b) Find the conditional probability of obtaining the sum 8, given that
the red die resulted in a number less than 4.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let the first observation be from the black die and second from the
red die.
When two dice (one black and another red) are rolled, the sample
space S has 6 × 6 = 36 number of elements.
1. Let
A: Obtaining a sum greater than 9
= {(4, 6), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
B: Black die results in a 5.
= {(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)}
∴ A ∩ B = {(5, 5), (5, 6)}
535
The conditional probability of obtaining a sum greater than 9, given
that the black die resulted in a 5, is given by P (A|B).
(b) E: Sum of the observations is 8.
= {(2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2)}
F: Red die resulted in a number less than 4.
The conditional probability of obtaining the sum equal to 8, given that

the red die resulted in a number less than 4, is given by P (E|F).
Question 11:
A fair die is rolled. Consider events E = {1, 3, 5}, F = {2, 3} and G =
{2, 3, 4, 5}
Find
(i) P (E|F) and P (F|E) (ii) P (E|G) and P (G|E)
(ii) P ((E ∪ F)|G) and P ((E ∩ G)|G)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
536
When a fair die is rolled, the sample space S will be
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
It is given that E = {1, 3, 5}, F = {2, 3}, and G = {2, 3, 4, 5}
(i) E ∩ F = {3}
(ii) E ∩ G = {3, 5}
(iii) E ∪ F = {1, 2, 3, 5}
(E ∪ F) ∩ G = {1, 2, 3, 5} ∩{2, 3, 4, 5} = {2, 3, 5}
E ∩ F = {3}
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(E ∩ F) ∩ G = {3}∩{2, 3, 4, 5} = {3}
Question 12:
Assume that each born child is equally likely to be a boy or a girl. If a

family has two children, what is the conditional probability that both
are girls given that (i) the youngest is a girl, (ii) at least one is a girl?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let b and g represent the boy and the girl child respectively. If a
family has two children, the sample space will be
S = {(b, b), (b, g), (g, b), (g, g)}
Let A be the event that both children are girls.
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(i) Let B be the event that the youngest child is a girl.
The conditional probability that both are girls, given that the youngest
child is a girl, is given by P (A|B).
Therefore, the required probability is .
(ii) Let C be the event that at least one child is a girl.
The conditional probability that both are girls, given that at least one
child is a girl, is given by P(A|C).
Question 13:
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An instructor has a question bank consisting of 300 easy True/False
questions, 200 difficult True/False questions, 500 easy multiple
choice questions and 400 difficult multiple choice questions. If a
question is selected at random from the question bank, what is the
probability that it will be an easy question given that it is a multiple
choice question?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given data can be tabulated as
True/False Multiple choice Total

Easy 300 500 800
Difficult 200 400 600
Total 500 900 1400
Let us denote E = easy questions, M = multiple choice questions, D =

difficult questions, and T = True/False questions
Total number of questions = 1400
Total number of multiple choice questions = 900
Therefore, probability of selecting an easy multiple choice question is
P (E ∩ M) =
Probability of selecting a multiple choice question, P (M), is
P (E|M) represents the probability that a randomly selected question

will be an easy question, given that it is a multiple choice question.
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∴
Question 14:
Given that the two numbers appearing on throwing the two dice are
different. Find the probability of the event ‘the sum of numbers on the
dice is 4’.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
When dice is thrown, number of observations in the sample space = 6

× 6 = 36
Let A be the event that the sum of the numbers on the dice is 4 and B
be the event that the two numbers appearing on throwing the two dice
are different.
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Let P (A|B) represent the probability that the sum of the numbers on
the dice is 4, given that the two numbers appearing on throwing the
two dice are different.
Question 15:
Consider the experiment of throwing a die, if a multiple of 3 comes

up, throw the die again and if any other number comes, toss a coin.
Find the conditional probability of the event ‘the coin shows a tail’,
given that ‘at least one die shows a 3’.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The outcomes of the given experiment can be represented by the

following tree diagram.
The sample space of the experiment is,
Let A be the event that the coin shows a tail and B be the event that at
least one die shows 3.
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Probability of the event that the coin shows a tail, given that at least
one die shows 3, is given by P(A|B).
Therefore,
Question 16:
If
(A) 0 (B)
(C) not defined (D) 1
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that
Therefore, P (A|B) is not defined.
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Question 17:
If A and B are events such that P (A|B) = P(B|A), then
(A) A ⊂ B but A ≠ B (B) A = B
(C) A ∩ B = Φ (D) P(A) = P(B)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that, P(A|B) = P(B|A)
⇒ P (A) = P (B)
Thus, the correct answer is D.
544
EXERCISE-13.2
Question 1:
If , find P (A ∩ B) if A and B are independent

events.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that
A and B are independent events. Therefore,
Question 2:
Two cards are drawn at random and without replacement from a pack
of 52 playing cards. Find the probability that both the cards are black.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
There are 26 black cards in a deck of 52 cards.
Let P (A) be the probability of getting a black card in the first draw.
Let P (B) be the probability of getting a black card on the second

draw.
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Since the card is not replaced,
Thus, probability of getting both the cards black =
Question 3:
A box of oranges is inspected by examining three randomly selected

oranges drawn without replacement. If all the three oranges are good,
the box is approved for sale, otherwise, it is rejected. Find the
probability that a box containing 15 oranges out of which 12 are good
and 3 are bad ones will be approved for sale.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let A, B, and C be the respective events that the first, second, and
third drawn orange is good.
Therefore, probability that first drawn orange is good, P (A)
The oranges are not replaced.
Therefore, probability of getting second orange good, P (B) =
Similarly, probability of getting third orange good, P(C)
The box is approved for sale, if all the three oranges are good.
Thus, probability of getting all the oranges good
Therefore, the probability that the box is approved for sale is .
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Question 3:
A box of oranges is inspected by examining three randomly selected

oranges drawn without replacement. If all the three oranges are good,
the box is approved for sale, otherwise, it is rejected. Find the
probability that a box containing 15 oranges out of which 12 are good
and 3 are bad ones will be approved for sale.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let A, B, and C be the respective events that the first, second, and
third drawn orange is good.
Therefore, probability that first drawn orange is good, P (A)
The oranges are not replaced.
Therefore, probability of getting second orange good, P (B) =
Similarly, probability of getting third orange good, P(C)
The box is approved for sale, if all the three oranges are good.
Thus, probability of getting all the oranges good
Therefore, the probability that the box is approved for sale is .
Question 5:
A die marked 1, 2, 3 in red and 4, 5, 6 in green is tossed. Let A be the

event, ‘the number is even,’ and B be the event, ‘the number is red’.
Are A and B independent?
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 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
When a die is thrown, the sample space (S) is
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Let A: the number is even = {2, 4, 6}
B: the number is red = {1, 2, 3}
∴ A ∩ B = {2}
Therefore, A and B are not independent.
Question 6:
Let E and F be events with . Are E and

F independent?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
548
It is given that , and
Therefore, E and F are not independent.
Question 7:
Given that the events A and B are such that and P

(B) = p. Find p if they are (i) mutually exclusive (ii) independent.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that
(i) When A and B are mutually exclusive, A ∩ B = Φ
∴ P (A ∩ B) = 0
It is known that,
(ii) When A and B are independent,
It is known that,
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Question 8:
Let A and B be independent events with P (A) = 0.3 and P (B) = 0.4.
Find
(i) P (A ∩ B) (ii) P (A ∪ B)
(iii) P (A|B) (iv) P (B|A)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that P (A) = 0.3 and P (B) = 0.4
(i) If A and B are independent events, then
(ii) It is known that,
(iii) It is known that,
(iv) It is known that,
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Question 9:
If A and B are two events such that ,

find P (not A and not B).
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that,
P(not on A and not on B) =
P(not on A and not on B) =
Question 10:
Events A and B are such that .

State whether A and B are independent?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
551
It is given that
Therefore, A and B are independent events.
Question 11:
Given two independent events A and B such that P (A) = 0.3, P (B) =
0.6. Find
(i) P (A and B) (ii) P (A and not B)
(iii) P (A or B) (iv) P (neither A nor B)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that P (A) = 0.3 and P (B) = 0.6
Also, A and B are independent events.
(i)
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(ii) P (A and not B) =
(iii) P (A or B) =
(iv) P (neither A nor B) =
Question 12:
A die is tossed thrice. Find the probability of getting an odd number at

least once.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Probability of getting an odd number in a single throw of a die =
Similarly, probability of getting an even number =
Probability of getting an even number three times =
Therefore, probability of getting an odd number at least once
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= 1 − Probability of getting an odd number in none of the throws
= 1 − Probability of getting an even number thrice
Question 13:
Two balls are drawn at random with replacement from a box

containing 10 black and 8 red balls. Find the probability that
(i) both balls are red.
(ii) first ball is black and second is red.
(iii) one of them is black and other is red.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Total number of balls = 18
Number of red balls = 8
Number of black balls = 10
(i) Probability of getting a red ball in the first draw =
The ball is replaced after the first draw.
∴ Probability of getting a red ball in the second draw =
Therefore, probability of getting both the balls red =
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(ii) Probability of getting first ball black =
Probability of getting second ball as red =
Therefore, probability of getting first ball as black and second ball as
red =
(iii) Probability of getting first ball as red =
Probability of getting second ball as black =
Therefore, probability of getting first ball as black and second ball as
red =
Therefore, probability that one of them is black and other is red
= Probability of getting first ball black and second as red +

Probability of getting first ball red and second ball black
Question 14:
Probability of solving specific problem independently by A and B are
respectively. If both try to solve the problem independently,

find the probability that
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(i) the problem is solved (ii) exactly one of them solves the problem.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Probability of solving the problem by A, P (A) =
Probability of solving the problem by B, P (B) =
Since the problem is solved independently by A and B,
i. Probability that the problem is solved = P (A ∪ B)
= P (A) + P (B) − P (AB)
(ii) Probability that exactly one of them solves the problem is given
by,
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Question 15:
One card is drawn at random from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. In

which of the following cases are the events E and F independent?
(i) E: ‘the card drawn is a spade’
F: ‘the card drawn is an ace’
(ii) E: ‘the card drawn is black’
F: ‘the card drawn is a king’
(iii) E: ‘the card drawn is a king or queen’
F: ‘the card drawn is a queen or jack’
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) In a deck of 52 cards, 13 cards are spades and 4 cards are aces.
∴ P(E) = P(the card drawn is a spade) =
∴ P(F) = P(the card drawn is an ace) =
In the deck of cards, only 1 card is an ace of spades.
P(EF) = P(the card drawn is spade and an ace) =
P(E) × P(F) =
⇒ P(E) × P(F) = P(EF)
Therefore, the events E and F are independent.
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(ii) In a deck of 52 cards, 26 cards are black and 4 cards are kings.
∴ P(E) = P(the card drawn is black) =
∴ P(F) = P(the card drawn is a king) =
In the pack of 52 cards, 2 cards are black as well as kings.
∴ P (EF) = P(the card drawn is a black king) =
P(E) × P(F) =
Therefore, the given events E and F are independent.
(iii) In a deck of 52 cards, 4 cards are kings, 4 cards are queens, and 4
cards are jacks.
∴ P(E) = P(the card drawn is a king or a queen) =
∴ P(F) = P(the card drawn is a queen or a jack) =
There are 4 cards which are king or queen and queen or jack.
∴ P(EF) = P(the card drawn is a king or a queen, or queen or a jack)
P(E) × P(F) =
Therefore, the given events E and F are not independent.
558
Question 16:
In a hostel, 60% of the students read Hindi newspaper, 40% read
English newspaper and 20% read both Hindi and English news
papers. A student is selected at random.
(a) Find the probability that she reads neither Hindi nor English news
papers.
(b) If she reads Hindi news paper, find the probability that she reads
English news paper.
(c) If she reads English news paper, find the probability that she reads
Hindi news paper.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let H denote the students who read Hindi newspaper and E denote the
students who read English newspaper.
It is given that,
i. Probability that a student reads Hindi or English newspaper
is,
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(ii) Probability that a randomly chosen student reads English
newspaper, if she reads Hindi news paper, is given by P (E|H).
(iii) Probability that a randomly chosen student reads Hindi

newspaper, if she reads English newspaper, is given by P (H|E).
Question 17:
The probability of obtaining an even prime number on each die, when

a pair of dice is rolled is
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
When two dice are rolled, the number of outcomes is 36.
The only even prime number is 2.
Let E be the event of getting an even prime number on each die.
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∴ E = {(2, 2)}
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
Question 18:
Two events A and B will be independent, if
(A) A and B are mutually exclusive
(B)
(C) P(A) = P(B)
(D) P(A) + P(B) = 1
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Two events A and B are said to be independent, if P(AB) = P(A) ×

P(B)
Consider the result given in alternative B.
This implies that A and B are independent,

if
Distracter Rationale
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A. Let P (A) = m, P (B) = n, 0 < m, n < 1
A and B are mutually exclusive.
C. Let A: Event of getting an odd number on throw of a die = {1, 3,

5}
B: Event of getting an even number on throw of a die = {2, 4, 6}
Here,
D. From the above example, it can be seen that,
However, it cannot be inferred that A and B are independent.
562
EXERCISE-13.3
Question 1:
An urn contains 5 red and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at random, its
colour is noted and is returned to the urn. Moreover, 2 additional balls
of the colour drawn are put in the urn and then a ball is drawn at
random. What is the probability that the second ball is red?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The urn contains 5 red and 5 black balls.
Let a red ball be drawn in the first attempt.
P (drawing a red ball)
If two red balls are added to the urn, then the urn contains 7 red and 5
black balls.
Let a black ball be drawn in the first attempt.
P (drawing a black ball in the first attempt)
If two black balls are added to the urn, then the urn contains 5 red and
7 black balls.
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Therefore, probability of drawing second ball as red
is
Question 4:
In answering a question on a multiple choice test, a student either
knows the answer or guesses. Let be the probability that he knows
the answer and be the probability that he guesses. Assuming that a
student who guesses at the answer will be correct with probability

What is the probability that the student knows the answer given that
he answered it correctly?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let E1 and E2 be the respective events that the student knows the
answer and he guesses the answer.
Let A be the event that the answer is correct.
The probability that the student answered correctly, given that he

knows the answer, is 1.
∴ P (A|E1) = 1
Probability that the student answered correctly, given that he guessed,
is .
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The probability that the student knows the answer, given that he
answered it correctly, is given by .
By using Bayes’ theorem, we obtain
Question 5:
A laboratory blood test is 99% effective in detecting a certain disease

when it is in fact, present. However, the test also yields a false
positive result for 0.5% of the healthy person tested (that is, if a
healthy person is tested, then, with probability 0.005, the test will
imply he has the disease). If 0.1 percent of the population actually has
the disease, what is the probability that a person has the disease given
that his test result is positive?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
565
Let E1 and E2 be the respective events that a person has a disease and
a person has no disease.
Since E1 and E2 are events complimentary to each other,
∴ P (E1) + P (E2) = 1
⇒ P (E2) = 1 − P (E1) = 1 − 0.001 = 0.999
Let A be the event that the blood test result is positive.
Probability that a person has a disease, given that his test result is
positive, is given by
P (E1|A).
Question 6:
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There are three coins. One is two headed coin (having head on both
faces), another is a biased coin that comes up heads 75% of the time
and third is an unbiased coin. One of the three coins is chosen at
random and tossed, it shows heads, what is the probability that it was
the two headed coin?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let E1, E2, and E3 be the respective events of choosing a two headed
coin, a biased coin, and an unbiased coin.
Let A be the event that the coin shows heads.
A two-headed coin will always show heads.
Probability of heads coming up, given that it is a biased coin= 75%
Since the third coin is unbiased, the probability that it shows heads is
always .
The probability that the coin is two-headed, given that it shows heads,
is given by
P (E1|A).
567
Question 7:
An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers

and 6000 truck drivers. The probability of accidents are 0.01, 0.03 and
0.15 respectively. One of the insured persons meets with an accident.
What is the probability that he is a scooter driver?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let E1, E2, and E3 be the respective events that the driver is a scooter
driver, a car driver, and a truck driver.
Let A be the event that the person meets with an accident.
There are 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers, and 6000 truck
drivers.
Total number of drivers = 2000 + 4000 + 6000 = 12000
P (E1) = P (driver is a scooter driver)
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P (E2) = P (driver is a car driver)
P (E3) = P (driver is a truck driver)
The probability that the driver is a scooter driver, given that he met
with an accident, is given by P (E1|A).
Question 8:
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A factory has two machines A and B. Past record shows that machine
A produced 60% of the items of output and machine B produced 40%
of the items. Further, 2% of the items produced by machine A and 1%
produced by machine B were defective. All the items are put into one
stockpile and then one item is chosen at random from this and is
found to be defective. What is the probability that was produced by
machine B?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let E1 and E2 be the respective events of items produced by machines

A and B. Let X be the event that the produced item was found to be
defective.
∴ Probability of items produced by machine A, P (E1)
Probability of items produced by machine B, P (E2)
Probability that machine A produced defective items, P
(X|E1)
Probability that machine B produced defective items, P
(X|E2)
The probability that the randomly selected item was from machine B,
given that it is defective, is given by P (E2|X).
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Question 9:
Two groups are competing for the position on the board of directors
of a corporation. The probabilities that the first and the second groups
will win are 0.6 and 0.4 respectively. Further, if the first group wins,
the probability of introducing a new product is 0.7 and the
corresponding probability is 0.3 if the second group wins. Find the
probability that the new product introduced was by the second group.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let E1 and E2 be the respective events that the first group and the
second group win the competition. Let A be the event of introducing a
new product.
P (E1) = Probability that the first group wins the competition = 0.6
P (E2) = Probability that the second group wins the competition = 0.4
P (A|E1) = Probability of introducing a new product if the first group

wins = 0.7
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P (A|E2) = Probability of introducing a new product if the second
group wins = 0.3
The probability that the new product is introduced by the second

group is given by
P (E2|A).
Question 10:
Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets a 5 or 6, she tosses a coin three
times and notes the number of heads. If she gets 1, 2, 3 or 4, she
tosses a coin once and notes whether a head or tail is obtained. If she
obtained exactly one head, what is the probability that she threw 1, 2,
3 or 4 with the die?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let E1 be the event that the outcome on the die is 5 or 6 and E 2 be the
event that the outcome on the die is 1, 2, 3, or 4.
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Let A be the event of getting exactly one head.
P (A|E1) = Probability of getting exactly one head by tossing the coin
three times if she gets 5 or 6
P (A|E2) = Probability of getting exactly one head in a single throw of
coin if she gets 1, 2, 3, or 4
The probability that the girl threw 1, 2, 3, or 4 with the die, if she
obtained exactly one head, is given by P (E2|A).
Question 11:
A manufacturer has three machine operators A, B and C. The first
operator A produces 1% defective items, where as the other two
operators B and C produce 5% and 7% defective items respectively.
A is on the job for 50% of the time, B is on the job for 30% of the
time and C is on the job for 20% of the time. A defective item is
produced, what is the probability that was produced by A?
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 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let E1, E2, and E3 be the respective events of the time consumed by
machines A, B, and C for the job.
Let X be the event of producing defective items.
The probability that the defective item was produced by A is given by

P (E1|A).
574
Question 12:
A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of

the pack, two cards are drawn and are found to be both diamonds.
Find the probability of the lost card being a diamond.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let E1 and E2 be the respective events of choosing a diamond card and

a card which is not diamond.
Let A denote the lost card.
Out of 52 cards, 13 cards are diamond and 39 cards are not diamond.
When one diamond card is lost, there are 12 diamond cards out of 51
cards.
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Two cards can be drawn out of 12 diamond cards in ways.
Similarly, 2 diamond cards can be drawn out of 51 cards in ways.

The probability of getting two cards, when one diamond card is lost,
is given by P (A|E1).
When the lost card is not a diamond, there are 13 diamond cards out
of 51 cards.
Two cards can be drawn out of 13 diamond cards in ways whereas

2 cards can be drawn out of 51 cards in ways.
The probability of getting two cards, when one card is lost which is
not diamond, is given by P (A|E2).
The probability that the lost card is diamond is given by P (E1|A).
576
Question 13:
Probability that A speaks truth is . A coin is tossed. A reports that a

head appears. The probability that actually there was head is
A.
B.
C.
D.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let E1 and E2 be the events such that
E1: A speaks truth
E2: A speaks false
Let X be the event that a head appears.
If a coin is tossed, then it may result in either head (H) or tail (T).
The probability of getting a head is whether A speaks truth or not.
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The probability that there is actually a head is given by P (E1|X).
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
Question 14:
If A and B are two events such that A ⊂ B and P (B) ≠ 0, then which
of the following is correct?
A.
B.
C.
D. None of these
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
578
If A ⊂ B, then A ∩ B = A
⇒ P (A ∩ B) = P (A)
Also, P (A) < P (B)
Consider … (1)
Consider … (2)
It is known that, P (B) ≤ 1
Thus, from (3), it can be concluded that the relation given in

alternative C is correct.
579
EXERCISE-13.4
Question 1:
State which of the following are not the probability distributions of a
random variable. Give reasons for your answer.
(i)
X 0 1 2
P (X) 0.4 0.4 0.2
(ii)
X 0 1 2 3 4
P (X) 0.1 0.5 0.2 − 0.1 0.3
(iii)
Y −1 0 1
P (Y) 0.6 0.1 0.2
(iv)
Z 3 2 1 0 −1
P (Z) 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.05
 Answer
 Discussion
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 Share
It is known that the sum of all the probabilities in a probability

distribution is one.
(i) Sum of the probabilities = 0.4 + 0.4 + 0.2 = 1
Therefore, the given table is a probability distribution of random

variables.
(ii) It can be seen that for X = 3, P (X) = −0.1
It is known that probability of any observation is not negative.

Therefore, the given table is not a probability distribution of random
variables.
(iii) Sum of the probabilities = 0.6 + 0.1 + 0.2 = 0.9 ≠ 1

variables.
(iv) Sum of the probabilities = 0.3 + 0.2 + 0.4 + 0.1 + 0.05 = 1.05 ≠ 1

variables.
Question 3:
Let X represents the difference between the number of heads and the
number of tails obtained when a coin is tossed 6 times. What are
possible values of X?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
A coin is tossed six times and X represents the difference between the
number of heads and the number of tails.
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∴ X (6 H, 0T)
X (5 H, 1 T)
X (4 H, 2 T)
X (3 H, 3 T)
X (2 H, 4 T)
X (1 H, 5 T)
X (0H, 6 T)
Thus, the possible values of X are 6, 4, 2, and 0.
Question 5:
Find the probability distribution of the number of successes in two
tosses of a die, where a success is defined as
(i) number greater than 4
(ii) six appears on at least one die
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
When a die is tossed two times, we obtain (6 × 6) = 36 number of

observations.
Let X be the random variable, which represents the number of

successes.
i. Here, success refers to the number greater than 4.
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P (X = 0) = P (number less than or equal to 4 on both the tosses)
P (X = 1) = P (number less than or equal to 4 on first toss and greater

than 4 on second toss) + P (number greater than 4 on first toss and
less than or equal to 4 on second toss)
P (X = 2) = P (number greater than 4 on both the tosses)
Thus, the probability distribution is as follows.
X 1 1 2
P (X)
(ii) Here, success means six appears on at least one die.
P (Y = 0) = P (six does not appear on any of the dice)
P (Y = 1) = P (six appears on at least one of the dice) =
Thus, the required probability distribution is as follows.
Y 0 1
P (Y)
Question 6:
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From a lot of 30 bulbs which include 6 defectives, a sample of 4 bulbs
is drawn at random with replacement. Find the probability distribution
of the number of defective bulbs.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that out of 30 bulbs, 6 are defective.
⇒ Number of non-defective bulbs = 30 − 6 = 24
4 bulbs are drawn from the lot with replacement.
Let X be the random variable that denotes the number of defective

bulbs in the selected bulbs.
P (X = 0) = P (4 non-defective and 0 defective)
Therefore, the required probability distribution is as follows.
X 0 1 2 3 4
P (X)
Question 7:
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A coin is biased so that the head is 3 times as likely to occur as tail. If
the coin is tossed twice, find the probability distribution of number of
tails.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let the probability of getting a tail in the biased coin be x.
∴ P (T) = x
⇒ P (H) = 3x
For a biased coin, P (T) + P (H) = 1
When the coin is tossed twice, the sample space is {HH, TT, HT,
TH}.
Let X be the random variable representing the number of tails.
∴ P (X = 0) = P (no tail) = P (H) × P (H)
P (X = 1) = P (one tail) = P (HT) + P (TH)
P (X = 2) = P (two tails) = P (TT)
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X 0 1 2
P (X)
Question 8:
A random variable X has the following probability distribution.
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P (X) 0 k 2k 2k 3k k2 2k2 7k2 + k
Determine
(i) k
(ii) P (X < 3)
(iii) P (X > 6)
(iv) P (0 < X < 3)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) It is known that the sum of probabilities of a probability

distribution of random variables is one.
k = − 1 is not possible as the probability of an event is never negative.
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∴
(ii) P (X < 3) = P (X = 0) + P (X = 1) + P (X = 2)
(iii) P (X > 6) = P (X = 7)
(iv) P (0 < X < 3) = P (X = 1) + P (X = 2)
Question 9:
The random variable X has probability distribution P(X) of the
following form, where k is some number:
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(a) Determine the value of k.
(b) Find P(X < 2), P(X ≥ 2), P(X ≥ 2).
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(a) It is known that the sum of probabilities of a probability

distribution of random variables is one.
∴ k + 2k + 3k + 0 = 1
⇒ 6k = 1
⇒k=
(b) P(X < 2) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1)
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Question 10:
Find the mean number of heads in three tosses of a fair coin.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let X denote the success of getting heads.
Therefore, the sample space is
S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
It can be seen that X can take the value of 0, 1, 2, or 3.
∴ P (X = 1) = P (HHT) + P (HTH) + P (THH)
∴P(X = 2) = P (HHT) + P (HTH) + P (THH)
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X 0 1 2 3
P(X)
Mean of X E(X), µ =
Question 11:
Two dice are thrown simultaneously. If X denotes the number of

sixes, find the expectation of X.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Here, X represents the number of sixes obtained when two dice are
thrown simultaneously. Therefore, X can take the value of 0, 1, or 2.
∴ P (X = 0) = P (not getting six on any of the dice) =
P (X = 1) = P (six on first die and no six on second die) + P (no six on

first die and six on second die)
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P (X = 2) = P (six on both the dice) =
X 0 1 2
P(X)
Then, expectation of X = E(X) =
Question 12:
Two numbers are selected at random (without replacement) from the
first six positive integers. Let X denotes the larger of the two numbers
obtained. Find E(X).
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The two positive integers can be selected from the first six positive
integers without replacement in 6 × 5 = 30 ways
X represents the larger of the two numbers obtained. Therefore, X can

take the value of 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
For X = 2, the possible observations are (1, 2) and (2, 1).
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For X = 3, the possible observations are (1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 1), and (3,
2).
For X = 4, the possible observations are (1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 3), (4,
2), and (4, 1).
4), (5, 3), (5, 2), and (5, 1).
6), (6, 4), (6, 3), (6, 2), and (6, 1).
X 2 3 4 5 6
P(X)
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question 13:
Let X denotes the sum of the numbers obtained when two fair dice are
rolled. Find the variance and standard deviation of X.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
When two fair dice are rolled, 6 × 6 = 36 observations are obtained.
P(X = 2) = P(1, 1) =
P(X = 3) = P (1, 2) + P(2, 1) =
P(X = 4) = P(1, 3) + P(2, 2) + P(3, 1) =
P(X = 5) = P(1, 4) + P(2, 3) + P(3, 2) + P(4, 1) =
P(X = 6) = P(1, 5) + P (2, 4) + P(3, 3) + P(4, 2) + P(5, 1) =
P(X = 7) = P(1, 6) + P(2, 5) + P(3, 4) + P(4, 3) + P(5, 2) + P(6, 1)
P(X = 8) = P(2, 6) + P(3, 5) + P(4, 4) + P(5, 3) + P(6, 2) =
P(X = 9) = P(3, 6) + P(4, 5) + P(5, 4) + P(6, 3) =
P(X = 10) = P(4, 6) + P(5, 5) + P(6, 4) =
P(X = 11) = P(5, 6) + P(6, 5) =
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P(X = 12) = P(6, 6) =
X 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
P(X)
Question 14:
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A class has 15 students whose ages are 14, 17, 15, 14, 21, 17, 19, 20,
16, 18, 20, 17, 16, 19 and 20 years. One student is selected in such a
manner that each has the same chance of being chosen and the age X
of the selected student is recorded. What is the probability distribution
of the random variable X? Find mean, variance and standard deviation
of X.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
There are 15 students in the class. Each student has the same chance
to be chosen. Therefore, the probability of each student to be selected
is .
The given information can be compiled in the frequency table as

follows.
X 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
f 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1
P(X = 14) = , P(X = 15) = , P(X = 16) = , P(X = 16) = ,
P(X = 18) = , P(X = 19) = , P(X = 20) = , P(X = 21) =
Therefore, the probability distribution of random variable X is as

follows.
X 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
f
Then, mean of X = E(X)
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E(X2) =
Question 15:
In a meeting, 70% of the members favour and 30% oppose a certain

proposal. A member is selected at random and we take X = 0 if he
opposed, and X = 1 if he is in favour. Find E(X) and Var(X).
 Answer
 Discussion
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 Share
It is given that P(X = 0) = 30% =
Therefore, the probability distribution is as follows.
X 0 1
P(X) 0.3 0.7
It is known that, Var (X) =
= 0.7 − (0.7) 2
= 0.7 − 0.49
= 0.21
Question 16:
The mean of the numbers obtained on throwing a die having written 1
on three faces, 2 on two faces and 5 on one face is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D)
 Answer
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 Discussion
 Share
Let X be the random variable representing a number on the die.
The total number of observations is six.
Therefore, the probability distribution is as follows.
X 1 2 5
P(X)
Mean = E(X) =
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EXERCISE-13.5
Question 1:
A die is thrown 6 times. If ‘getting an odd number’ is a success, what

is the probability of
(i) 5 successes? (ii) at least 5 successes?
(iii) at most 5 successes?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The repeated tosses of a die are Bernoulli trials. Let X denote the
number of successes of getting odd numbers in an experiment of 6
trials.
Probability of getting an odd number in a single throw of a die
is,
X has a binomial distribution.
Therefore, P (X = x) =
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(i) P (5 successes) = P (X = 5)
(ii) P(at least 5 successes) = P(X ≥ 5)
(iii) P (at most 5 successes) = P(X ≤ 5)
uestion 2:
A pair of dice is thrown 4 times. If getting a doublet is considered a

success, find the probability of two successes.
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 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The repeated tosses of a pair of dice are Bernoulli trials. Let X denote
the number of times of getting doublets in an experiment of throwing
two dice simultaneously four times.
Probability of getting doublets in a single throw of the pair of dice is
Clearly, X has the binomial distribution with n = 4,
∴ P (2 successes) = P (X = 2)
Question 3:
There are 5% defective items in a large bulk of items. What is the

probability that a sample of 10 items will include not more than one
defective item?
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 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let X denote the number of defective items in a sample of 10 items

drawn successively. Since the drawing is done with replacement, the
trials are Bernoulli trials.
X has a binomial distribution with n = 10 and
P(X = x) =
P (not more than 1 defective item) = P (X ≤ 1)
Question 4:
Five cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well-

shuffled deck of 52 cards. What is the probability that
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(i) all the five cards are spades?
(ii) only 3 cards are spades?
(iii) none is a spade?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let X represent the number of spade cards among the five cards
drawn. Since the drawing of card is with replacement, the trials are
Bernoulli trials.
In a well shuffled deck of 52 cards, there are 13 spade cards.
X has a binomial distribution with n = 5 and
(i) P (all five cards are spades) = P(X = 5)
(ii) P (only 3 cards are spades) = P(X = 3)
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(iii) P (none is a spade) = P(X = 0)
Question 5:
The probability that a bulb produced by a factory will fuse after 150
days of use is 0.05. What is the probability that out of 5 such bulbs
(i) none
(ii) not more than one
(iii) more than one
(iv) at least one
will fuse after 150 days of use.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let X represent the number of bulbs that will fuse after 150 days of
use in an experiment of 5 trials. The trials are Bernoulli trials.
It is given that, p = 0.05
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X has a binomial distribution with n = 5 and p = 0.05
(i) P (none) = P(X = 0)
(ii) P (not more than one) = P(X ≤ 1)
(iii) P (more than 1) = P(X > 1)
(iv) P (at least one) = P(X ≥ 1)
Question 5:
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The probability that a bulb produced by a factory will fuse after 150
days of use is 0.05. What is the probability that out of 5 such bulbs
(i) none
(ii) not more than one
(iii) more than one
(iv) at least one
will fuse after 150 days of use.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let X represent the number of bulbs that will fuse after 150 days of
use in an experiment of 5 trials. The trials are Bernoulli trials.
It is given that, p = 0.05
X has a binomial distribution with n = 5 and p = 0.05
(i) P (none) = P(X = 0)
(ii) P (not more than one) = P(X ≤ 1)
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(iii) P (more than 1) = P(X > 1)
(iv) P (at least one) = P(X ≥ 1)
Question 7:
In an examination, 20 questions of true-false type are asked. Suppose
a student tosses a fair coin to determine his answer to each question.
If the coin falls heads, he answers ‘true’; if it falls tails, he answers
‘false’. Find the probability that he answers at least 12 questions
correctly.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let X represent the number of correctly answered questions out of 20

questions.
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The repeated tosses of a coin are Bernoulli trails. Since “head” on a
coin represents the true answer and “tail” represents the false answer,
the correctly answered questions are Bernoulli trials.
∴p=
X has a binomial distribution with n = 20 and p =
P (at least 12 questions answered correctly) = P(X ≥ 12)
Question 8:
Suppose X has a binomial distribution . Show that X = 3 is the

most likely outcome.
(Hint: P(X = 3) is the maximum among all P (xi), xi = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

6)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
608
X is the random variable whose binomial distribution is .
Therefore, n = 6 and
It can be seen that P(X = x) will be maximum, if will be

maximum.
The value of is maximum. Therefore, for x = 3, P(X = x) is

maximum.
Thus, X = 3 is the most likely outcome.
Question 9:
On a multiple choice examination with three possible answers for
each of the five questions, what is the probability that a candidate
would get four or more correct answers just by guessing?
 Answer
 Discussion
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 Share
The repeated guessing of correct answers from multiple choice

questions are Bernoulli trials. Let X represent the number of correct
answers by guessing in the set of 5 multiple choice questions.
Probability of getting a correct answer is, p
Clearly, X has a binomial distribution with n = 5 and p
P (guessing more than 4 correct answers) = P(X ≥ 4)
Question 10:
A person buys a lottery ticket in 50 lotteries, in each of which his
chance of winning a prize is . What is the probability that he will

in a prize (a) at least once (b) exactly once (c) at least twice?
 Answer
 Discussion
610
 Share
Let X represent the number of winning prizes in 50 lotteries. The

trials are Bernoulli trials.
Clearly, X has a binomial distribution with n = 50 and
(a) P (winning at least once) = P (X ≥ 1)
(b) P (winning exactly once) = P(X = 1)
(c) P (at least twice) = P(X ≥ 2)
611
Question 11:
Find the probability of getting 5 exactly twice in 7 throws of a die.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The repeated tossing of a die are Bernoulli trials. Let X represent the
number of times of getting 5 in 7 throws of the die.
Probability of getting 5 in a single throw of the die, p
Clearly, X has the probability distribution with n = 7 and p
P (getting 5 exactly twice) = P(X = 2)
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613
EXERCISE-13.6
Question 1:
A and B are two events such that P (A) ≠ 0. Find P (B|A), if
(i) A is a subset of B (ii) A ∩ B = Φ
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that, P (A) ≠ 0
(i) A is a subset of B.
(ii)
Question 2:
A couple has two children,
(i) Find the probability that both children are males, if it is known that
at least one of the children is male.
(ii) Find the probability that both children are females, if it is known
that the elder child is a female.
 Answer
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 Discussion
 Share
If a couple has two children, then the sample space is
S = {(b, b), (b, g), (g, b), (g, g)}
(i) Let E and F respectively denote the events that both children are
males and at least one of the children is a male.
(ii) Let A and B respectively denote the events that both children are
females and the elder child is a female.
Question 3:
Suppose that 5% of men and 0.25% of women have grey hair. A
haired person is selected at random. What is the probability of this
person being male?
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Assume that there are equal number of males and females.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that 5% of men and 0.25% of women have grey hair.
Therefore, percentage of people with grey hair = (5 + 0.25) % =

5.25%
∴ Probability that the selected haired person is a male
Question 4:
Suppose that 90% of people are right-handed. What is the probability

that at most 6 of a random sample of 10 people are right-handed?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
A person can be either right-handed or left-handed.
It is given that 90% of the people are right-handed.
Using binomial distribution, the probability that more than 6 people

are right-handed is given by,
Therefore, the probability that at most 6 people are right-handed
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= 1 − P (more than 6 are right-handed)
Question 5:
An urn contains 25 balls of which 10 balls bear a mark ‘X’ and the
remaining 15 bear a mark ‘Y’. A ball is drawn at random from the
urn, its mark is noted down and it is replaced. If 6 balls are drawn in
this way, find the probability that
(i) all will bear ‘X’ mark.
(ii) not more than 2 will bear ‘Y’ mark.
(iii) at least one ball will bear ‘Y’ mark
(iv) the number of balls with ‘X’ mark and ‘Y’ mark will be equal.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Total number of balls in the urn = 25
Balls bearing mark ‘X’ = 10
Balls bearing mark ‘Y’ = 15
p = P (ball bearing mark ‘X’) =
q = P (ball bearing mark ‘Y’) =
Six balls are drawn with replacement. Therefore, the number of trials
are Bernoulli trials.
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Let Z be the random variable that represents the number of balls with
‘Y’ mark on them in the trials.
Clearly, Z has a binomial distribution with n = 6 and p = .
∴ P (Z = z) =
(i) P (all will bear ‘X’ mark) = P (Z = 0) =
(ii) P (not more than 2 bear ‘Y’ mark) = P (Z ≤ 2)
= P (Z = 0) + P (Z = 1) + P (Z = 2)
(iii) P (at least one ball bears ‘Y’ mark) = P (Z ≥ 1) = 1 − P (Z = 0)
(iv) P (equal number of balls with ‘X’ mark and ‘Y’ mark) = P (Z = 3)
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Question 6:
In a hurdle race, a player has to cross 10 hurdles. The probability that
he will clear each hurdle is . What is the probability that he will

knock down fewer than 2 hurdles?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let p and q respectively be the probabilities that the player will clear
and knock down the hurdle.
Let X be the random variable that represents the number of times the
player will knock down the hurdle.
Therefore, by binomial distribution, we obtain
P (X = x) =
P (player knocking down less than 2 hurdles) = P (X < 2)
= P (X = 0) + P (X = 1)
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Question 7:
A die is thrown again and again until three sixes are obtained. Find
the probability of obtaining the third six in the sixth throw of the die.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The probability of getting a six in a throw of die is and not getting a
six is .
Let
The probability that the 2 sixes come in the first five throws of the die
is
∴ Probability that third six comes in the sixth throw =
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Question 8:
If a leap year is selected at random, what is the chance that it will
contain 53 Tuesdays?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
In a leap year, there are 366 days i.e., 52 weeks and 2 days.
In 52 weeks, there are 52 Tuesdays.
Therefore, the probability that the leap year will contain 53 Tuesdays
is equal to the probability that the remaining 2 days will be Tuesdays.
The remaining 2 days can be
Monday and Tuesday
Tuesday and Wednesday
Wednesday and Thursday
Thursday and Friday
Friday and Saturday
Saturday and Sunday
Sunday and Monday
Total number of cases = 7
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Favourable cases = 2
∴Probability that a leap year will have 53 Tuesdays =
Question 9:
An experiment succeeds twice as often as it fails. Find the probability
that in the next six trials, there will be at least 4 successes.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The probability of success is twice the probability of failure.
Let the probability of failure be x.
∴ Probability of success = 2x
Let p = and q =
Let X be the random variable that represents the number of successes

in six trials.
By binomial distribution, we obtain
P (X = x) =
Probability of at least 4 successes = P (X ≥ 4)
= P (X = 4) + P (X = 5) + P (X = 6)
622
Question 10:
How many times must a man toss a fair coin so that the probability of
having at least one head is more than 90%?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let the man toss the coin n times. The n tosses are n Bernoulli trials.
Probability (p) of getting a head at the toss of a coin is .
∴p= ⇒q=
It is given that,
P (getting at least one head) >
P (x ≥ 1) > 0.9
⇒ 1 − P ( x = 0) > 0.9
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The minimum value of n that satisfies the given inequality is 4.
Thus, the man should toss the coin 4 or more than 4 times.
Question 11:
In a game, a man wins a rupee for a six and loses a rupee for any
other number when a fair die is thrown. The man decided to throw a
die thrice but to quit as and when he gets a six. Find the expected
value of the amount he wins/loses.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
In a throw of a die, the probability of getting a six is and the
probability of not getting a 6 is .
Three cases can occur.
i. If he gets a six in the first throw, then the required probability is
Amount he will receive = Re 1
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ii. If he does not get a six in the first throw and gets a six in the
second throw, then probability =
Amount he will receive = −Re 1 + Re 1 = 0
iii. If he does not get a six in the first two throws and gets a six in
the third throw, then probability =
Amount he will receive = −Re 1 − Re 1 + Re 1 = −1
Expected value he can win
Question 12:
Suppose we have four boxes. A, B, C and D containing coloured

marbles as given below:
Box Marble colour

Red White Black
A 1 6 3
B 6 2 2
C 8 1 1
D 0 6 4
One of the boxes has been selected at random and a single marble is
drawn from it. If the marble is red, what is the probability that it was
drawn from box A?, box B?, box C?
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 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let R be the event of drawing the red marble.
Let EA, EB, and EC respectively denote the events of selecting the box
A, B, and C.
Total number of marbles = 40
Number of red marbles = 15
Probability of drawing the red marble from box A is given by P

(EA|R).
Probability that the red marble is from box B is P (EB|R).
Probability that the red marble is from box C is P (EC|R).
Question 13:
Assume that the chances of the patient having a heart attack are 40%.
It is also assumed that a meditation and yoga course reduce the risk of
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heart attack by 30% and prescription of certain drug reduces its
chances by 25%. At a time a patient can choose any one of the two
options with equal probabilities. It is given that after going through
one of the two options the patient selected at random suffers a heart
attack. Find the probability that the patient followed a course of
meditation and yoga?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let A, E1, and E2 respectively denote the events that a person has a
heart attack, the selected person followed the course of yoga and
meditation, and the person adopted the drug prescription.
Probability that the patient suffering a heart attack followed a course

of meditation and yoga is given by P (E1|A).
Question 14:
If each element of a second order determinant is either zero or one,

what is the probability that the value of the determinant is positive?
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(Assume that the individual entries of the determinant are chosen
independently, each value being assumed with probability ).
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The total number of determinants of second order with each element

being 0 or 1 is (2)4 = 16
The value of determinant is positive in the following
cases.
∴ Required probability =
Question 15:
An electronic assembly consists of two subsystems, say, A and B.
From previous testing procedures, the following probabilities are
assumed to be known:
P(A fails) = 0.2
P(B fails alone) = 0.15
P(A and B fail) = 0.15
Evaluate the following probabilities
(i) P(A fails| B has failed) (ii) P(A fails alone)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let the event in which A fails and B fails be denoted by EA and EB.
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P (EA) = 0.2
P (EA ∩ EB) = 0.15
P (B fails alone) = P (EB) − P (E A ∩ EB)
⇒ 0.15 = P (EB) − 0.15
⇒ P (EB) = 0.3
(i)
(ii) P (A fails alone) = P (EA) − P (E A ∩ EB)
= 0.2 − 0.15
= 0.05
Question 16:
Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and Bag II contains 4 red and 5
black balls. One ball is transferred from Bag I to Bag II and then a
ball is drawn from Bag II. The ball so drawn is found to be red in
colour. Find the probability that the transferred ball is black.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let E1 and E2 respectively denote the events that a red ball is

transferred from bag I to II and a black ball is transferred from bag I
to II.
Let A be the event that the ball drawn is red.
When a red ball is transferred from bag I to II,
629
When a black ball is transferred from bag I to II,
Question 17:
If A and B are two events such that P (A) ≠ 0 and P(B|A) = 1, then.
(A) A ⊂ B
(B) B ⊂ A
(C) B = Φ
(D) A = Φ
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
P (A) ≠ 0 and
630
Thus, the correct answer is A.
Question 18:
If P (A|B) > P (A), then which of the following is correct:
(A) P (B|A) < P (B) (B) P (A ∩ B) < P (A).P (B)
(C) P (B|A) > P (B) (D) P (B|A) = P (B)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 18:
If P (A|B) > P (A), then which of the following is correct:
(A) P (B|A) < P (B) (B) P (A ∩ B) < P (A).P (B)
(C) P (B|A) > P (B) (D) P (B|A) = P (B)
631
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
632

Ncert Solution Maths 12th (Part - 2) by Ajay Mohil

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Ncert Solution Maths 12th (Part - 2) by Ajay Mohil

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Preface To The First Edition

W e take an opportunity to present the standard treatise entitled

© Copyright 2012 by www.mohilaj@ymail.com

The anti derivative of sin 2x is a function of x whose derivative is sin

Therefore, the anti derivative of

The anti derivative of cos 3x is a function of x whose derivative is cos

Therefore, the anti derivative of .

The anti derivative of e2x is the function of x whose derivative is e2x.

Therefore, the anti derivative of .

The anti derivative of is the function of x whose derivative

Therefore, the anti derivative of .

The anti derivative of is the function of x whose

The anti derivative of equals

Hence, the correct answer is C.

If such that f(2) = 0, then f(x) is

Let log |x| = t

sin x ⋅ sin (cos x)

sin x ⋅ sin (cos x)

Dividing numerator and denominator by ex, we obtain

cot x log sin x

Let sin x + cos x = t ⇒ (cos x − sin x) dx = dt

Put cos x − sin x = t ⇒ (−sin x − cos x) dx = dt

From (1), we obtain

Hence, the correct answer is B.

cos 2x cos 4x cos 6x

sin x sin 2x sin 3x

Substituting in equation (1), we obtain

Hence, the correct answer is A.

Hence, the correct answer is B.

From (1), we obtain

Equating the coefficients of x and constant term on both sides, we

From (1), we obtain

Equating the coefficient of x and constant term on both sides, we

Equating the coefficients of x and constant term, we obtain

Equating the coefficients of x and constant term on both sides, we

Using equations (2) and (3) in (1), we obtain

Equating the coefficients of x and constant term on both sides, we

Equating the coefficients of x and constant term, we obtain

Hence, the correct answer is B.

Hence, the correct answer is B.

Taking x as first function and sin x as second function and integrating

Taking x as first function and sin 3x as second function and

Taking x2 as first function and ex as second function and integrating

Again integrating by parts, we obtain

Taking log x as first function and x as second function and integrating

Taking log 2x as first function and x as second function and

Taking log x as first function and x2 as second function and

Taking as first function and x as second function and integrating

Taking cos−1 x as first function and x as second function and

Taking as first function and 1 as second function and

Taking x as first function and sec2x as second function and integrating

Taking as first function and 1 as second function and

Taking as first function and 1 as second function and

Taking log x as first function and x2 as second function and integrating

Using equations (2) and (3) in (1), we obtain

From equation (1), we obtain

Integrating by parts, we obtain

Again integrating by parts, we obtain

Integrating by parts, we obtain

Hence, the correct answer is A.

Hence, the correct answer is B.

Hence, the correct answer is A.

By second fundamental theorem of calculus, we obtain

By second fundamental theorem of calculus, we obtain

By second fundamental theorem of calculus, we obtain

By second fundamental theorem of calculus, we obtain