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AJAY MOHIL
1
INTEGRAL
EXERCISE-7.1
Question 1:
sin 2x
Answer
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It is known that,
Question 2:
Cos 3x
2
Answer
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It is known that,
Question 3:
e2x
Answer
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It is known that,
3
Question 4:
Answer
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It is known that,
Question 5:
Answer
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It is known that,
4
Therefore, the anti derivative of is .
Question 6:
Answer
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Question 7:
Answer
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5
Question 8:
Answer
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Question 9:
Answer
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Question 10:
6
Answer
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Question 11:
Answer
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Question 12:
7
Answer
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Question 13:
Answer
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On dividing, we obtain
Question 14:
8
Answer
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Question 15:
Answer
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9
Question 16:
Answer
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Question 17:
Answer
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Question 18:
10
Answer
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Question 19:
Answer
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Question 20:
11
Answer
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Question 21:
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Answer
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12
Question 22:
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Answer
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It is given that,
∴Anti derivative of
Also,
13
Hence, the correct answer is A.
14
EXERCISE-7.2
Question 1:
Answer
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Let =t
∴2x dx = dt
Question 2:
Answer
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15
Question 3:
Answer
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Let 1 + log x = t
Question 4:
Answer
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16
Let cos x = t
∴ −sin x dx = dt
Question 5:
Answer
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Let
∴ 2adx = dt
Question 6:
Answer
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17
Let ax + b = t
⇒ adx = dt
Question 7:
Answer
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Let
∴ dx = dt
18
Question 8:
Answer
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Let 1 + 2x2 = t
∴ 4xdx = dt
Question 9:
19
Answer
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Let
∴ (2x + 1)dx = dt
Question 10:
Answer
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Let
20
Question 11:
Answer
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Let
∴ dx = dt
21
Question 12:
Answer
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Let
Question 13:
Answer
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Let
∴ 9x2 dx = dt
22
Question 14:
Answer
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Let log x = t
Question 15:
Answer
23
Discussion
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Let
∴ −8x dx = dt
Question 16:
Answer
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Let
∴ 2dx = dt
Question 17:
Answer
Discussion
24
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Let
∴ 2xdx = dt
Question 18:
Answer
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Let
Question 19:
25
Answer
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Let
Question 20:
Answer
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Let
26
∴
Question 21:
Answer
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Let 2x − 3 = t
∴ 2dx = dt
Question 22:
27
Answer
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Let 7 − 4x = t
∴ −4dx = dt
Question 23:
Answer
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Let
28
Question 24:
Answer
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Let
Question 25:
Answer
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Let
29
Question 26:
Answer
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Let
Question 27:
Answer
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Let sin 2x = t
30
Question 28:
Answer
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Let
∴ cos x dx = dt
Question 29:
Answer
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31
Let log sin x = t
Question 30:
Answer
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Let 1 + cos x = t
∴ −sin x dx = dt
Question 31:
Answer
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32
Let 1 + cos x = t
∴ −sin x dx = dt
Question 32:
Answer
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33
Question 33:
Answer
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34
Question 34:
Answer
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Question 35:
Answer
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Let 1 + log x = t
35
Question 36:
Answer
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Let
Question 37:
Answer
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36
Let x4 = t
∴ 4x3 dx = dt
Let
Question 38:
equals
Answer
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Let
37
Hence, the correct answer is D.
Question 39:
equals
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer
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38
EXERCISE-7.3
Question 1:
Answer
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Question 2:
Answer
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It is known that,
39
Question 3:
Answer
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It is known that,
Question 4:
40
sin3 (2x + 1)
Answer
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Let
Question 5:
sin3 x cos3 x
Answer
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41
Question 6:
Answer
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It is known that,
42
Question 7:
sin 4x sin 8x
Answer
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It is known that,
43
Question 8:
Answer
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Question 9:
Answer
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44
Question 10:
sin4 x
Answer
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45
Question 11:
cos4 2x
Answer
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Question 12:
46
Answer
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Question 13:
Answer
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47
Question 14:
Answer
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48
Question 15:
Answer
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49
Question 16:
tan4x
Answer
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50
From equation (1), we obtain
Question 17:
Answer
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51
Question 18:
Answer
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Question 19:
Answer
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52
Question 20:
Answer
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53
Question 21:
sin−1 (cos x)
Answer
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54
It is known that,
55
Question 22:
Answer
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56
Question 23:
is equal to
A. tan x + cot x + C
B. tan x + cosec x + C
C. − tan x + cot x + C
D. tan x + sec x + C
Answer
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Question 24:
equals
A. − cot (exx) + C
B. tan (xex) + C
C. tan (ex) + C
D. cot (ex) + C
Answer
57
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Let exx = t
58
EXERCISE-7.4
Question 1:
Answer
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Let x3 = t
∴ 3x2 dx = dt
Question 2:
Answer
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Let 2x = t
∴ 2dx = dt
59
Question 3:
Answer
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Let 2 − x = t
⇒ −dx = dt
Question 4:
Answer
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Let 5x = t
60
∴ 5dx = dt
Question 5:
Answer
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Question 6:
Answer
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61
Let x3 = t
∴ 3x2 dx = dt
Question 7:
Answer
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62
Question 8:
Answer
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Let x3 = t
⇒ 3x2 dx = dt
Question 9:
Answer
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Let tan x = t
∴ sec2x dx = dt
63
Question 10:
Answer
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Question 11:
Answer
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64
Question 12:
Answer
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65
Question 13:
Answer
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Question 14:
66
Answer
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Question 15:
Answer
Discussion
67
Share
Question 16:
Answer
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68
Equating the coefficients of x and constant term on both sides, we
obtain
4A = 4 ⇒ A = 1
A+B=1⇒B=0
Let 2x2 + x − 3 = t
∴ (4x + 1) dx = dt
Question 17:
Answer
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69
From equation (2), we obtain
Question 18:
Answer
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70
71
Substituting equations (2) and (3) in equation (1), we obtain
Question 19:
72
Answer
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2A = 6 ⇒ A = 3
−9A + B = 7 ⇒ B = 34
∴ 6x + 7 = 3 (2x − 9) + 34
73
Substituting equations (2) and (3) in (1), we obtain
74
Question 20:
Answer
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75
Using equations (2) and (3) in (1), we obtain
Question 21:
Answer
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76
Let x2 + 2x +3 = t
⇒ (2x + 2) dx =dt
Question 22:
77
Answer
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78
Substituting (2) and (3) in (1), we obtain
Question 23:
Answer
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79
Using equations (2) and (3) in (1), we obtain
Question 24:
80
equals
A. x tan−1 (x + 1) + C
B. tan− 1 (x + 1) + C
C. (x + 1) tan−1 x + C
D. tan−1 x + C
Answer
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Question 25:
equals
A.
B.
C.
D.
81
Answer
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82
EXERCISE-7.5
Question 1:
x sin x
Answer
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Let I =
Question 2:
Answer
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Let I =
83
Question 3:
Answer
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Let
84
Question 4:
x logx
Answer
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Let
Question 5:
x log 2x
Answer
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Let
85
Question 6:
x2 log x
Answer
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Let
Question 7:
86
Answer
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Let
Question 8:
Answer
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Let
87
Taking as first function and x as second function and
integrating by parts, we obtain
Question 9:
Answer
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Let
88
Question 10:
89
Answer
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Let
Question 11:
Answer
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Let
90
Taking as first function and as second function and
integrating by parts, we obtain
Question 12:
Answer
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Let
Question 13:
91
Answer
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Let
Question 14:
Answer
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92
Again integrating by parts, we obtain
Question 15:
Answer
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Let
Let I = I1 + I2 … (1)
Where, and
93
Taking log x as first function and 1 as second function and integrating
by parts, we obtain
Question 16:
Answer
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94
Let
Let
It is known that,
Question 17:
Answer
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Let
Let ⇒
It is known that,
95
Question 18:
Answer
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Let ⇒
96
It is known that,
Question 19:
Answer
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Also, let ⇒
It is known that,
Question 20:
Answer
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97
Let ⇒
It is known that,
Question 21:
Answer
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Let
98
Question 22:
Answer
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Let ⇒
= 2θ
99
Question 23:
equals
Answer
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Let
Also, let ⇒
100
Question 24:
equals
Answer
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Let
Also, let ⇒
It is known that,
101
EXERCISE-7.6
Question 1:
Answer
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Question 2:
Answer
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102
Question 3:
Answer
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103
Question 4:
Answer
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Question 5:
Answer
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104
Question 6:
Answer
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Question 7:
Answer
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105
Question 8:
Answer
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106
Question 9:
Answer
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Question 10:
is equal to
A.
B.
107
C.
D.
Answer
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Question 11:
is equal to
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer
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108
Hence, the correct answer is D.
109
EXERCISE-7.7
Question 1:
Answer
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It is known that,
110
Question 2:
Answer
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111
It is known that,
Question 3:
Answer
Discussion
112
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It is known that,
Question 4:
113
Answer
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It is known that,
114
From equations (2) and (3), we obtain
115
Question 5:
Answer
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It is known that,
116
Question 6:
Answer
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It is known that,
117
118
EXERCISE-7.8
Question 1:
Answer
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Question 2:
Answer
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119
Question 3:
Answer
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Question 4:
120
Answer
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Question 5:
Answer
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121
Question 6:
Answer
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Question 7:
Answer
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122
By second fundamental theorem of calculus, we obtain
Question 8:
Answer
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123
Question 9:
Answer
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Question 10:
Answer
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124
Question 11:
Answer
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Question 12:
Answer
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125
By second fundamental theorem of calculus, we obtain
Question 13:
Answer
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126
Question 14:
Answer
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Question 15:
Answer
127
Discussion
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Question 16:
Answer
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Let
128
Equating the coefficients of x and constant term, we obtain
A = 10 and B = −25
129
Substituting the value of I1 in (1), we obtain
Question 17:
Answer
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130
Question 18:
Answer
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Question 19:
Answer
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131
By second fundamental theorem of calculus, we obtain
Question 20:
Answer
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132
By second fundamental theorem of calculus, we obtain
Question 21:
equals
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer
133
Discussion
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Question 22:
equals
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer
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134
By second fundamental theorem of calculus, we obtain
135
EXERCISE-7.9
Question 1:
Answer
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136
Question 2:
Answer
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Also, let
Question 3:
Answer
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137
Also, let x = tanθ ⇒ dx = sec2θ dθ
Question 4:
138
Answer
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Let x + 2 = t2 ⇒ dx = 2tdt
Question 5:
Answer
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139
Let cos x = t ⇒ −sinx dx = dt
Question 6:
Answer
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140
Let ⇒ dx = dt
141
Question 7:
Answer
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Let x + 1 = t ⇒ dx = dt
Question 8:
Answer
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Let 2x = t ⇒ 2dx = dt
142
When x = 1, t = 2 and when x = 2, t = 4
Question 9:
A. 6
B. 0
C. 3
D. 4
Answer
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143
Let cotθ = t ⇒ −cosec2θ dθ= dt
144
Hence, the correct answer is A.
Question 10:
If
A. cos x + x sin x
B. x sin x
C. x cos x
D. sin x + x cos x
Answer
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145
Integrating by parts, we obtain
146
EXERCISE-7.10
Question 1:
Answer
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Question 2:
Answer
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147
Adding (1) and (2), we obtain
Question 3:
Answer
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148
Adding (1) and (2), we obtain
Question 4:
Answer
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149
Adding (1) and (2), we obtain
Question 5:
Answer
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150
Question 6:
Answer
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Question 7:
Answer
151
Discussion
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Question 8:
Answer
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152
Question 9:
Answer
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153
Question 10:
Answer
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154
Adding (1) and (2), we obtain
Question 11:
Answer
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155
As sin2 (−x) = (sin (−x))2 = (−sin x)2 = sin2x, therefore, sin2x is an even
function.
Question 12:
Answer
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156
Question 13:
Answer
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As sin7 (−x) = (sin (−x))7 = (−sin x)7 = −sin 7x, therefore, sin2x is an
odd function.
Question 14:
Answer
Discussion
157
Share
It is known that,
Question 15:
Answer
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158
Question 16:
Answer
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sin (π − x) = sin x
159
Let 2x = t ⇒ 2dx = dt
Question 17:
Answer
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It is known that,
160
Question 18:
Answer
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Question 19:
161
Show that if f and g are defined
as and
Answer
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Question 20:
The value of is
A. 0
B. 2
C. π
D. 1
Answer
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162
It is known that if f(x) is an even function, then
and
Question 21:
The value of is
A. 2
B.
C. 0
D.
Answer
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163
Adding (1) and (2), we obtain
164
EXERCISE-7.11
Question 1:
Answer
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−A + B − C = 0
B+C=0
A=1
165
Question 2:
Answer
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166
Question 3:
[Hint: Put ]
Answer
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167
Question 4:
Answer
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168
Question 5:
169
Answer
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On dividing, we obtain
Question 6:
170
Answer
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A+B=0
B+C=5
9A + C = 0
Question 7:
171
Answer
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Let x − a = t ⇒ dx = dt
Question 8:
Answer
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172
Question 9:
Answer
Discussion
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Question 10:
Answer
Discussion
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173
Question 11:
Answer
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174
Question 12:
Answer
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Let x4 = t ⇒ 4x3 dx = dt
175
Question 13:
Answer
Discussion
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Let ex = t ⇒ ex dx = dt
Question 14:
Answer
176
Discussion
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A+C=0
B+D=0
4A + C = 0
4B + D = 1
Question 15:
Answer
Discussion
177
Share
= cos3 x × sin x
Question 16:
Answer
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Question 17:
178
Answer
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Question 18:
Answer
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179
Question 19:
Answer
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180
From equation (1), we obtain
181
Question 20:
Answer
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182
Question 21:
Answer
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183
Question 22:
Answer
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A+C=1
3A + B + 2C = 1
2A + 2B + C = 1
184
A = −2, B = 1, and C = 3
Question 23:
Answer
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185
Question 24:
Answer
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186
Integrating by parts, we obtain
187
Question 25:
Answer
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Question 26:
188
Answer
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When x = 0, t = 0 and
Question 27:
Answer
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189
When and when
Question 28:
190
Answer
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191
Question 29:
Answer
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Question 30:
192
Answer
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Question 31:
Answer
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193
From equation (1), we obtain
Question 32:
Answer
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194
Adding (1) and (2), we obtain
Question 33:
Answer
195
Discussion
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196
From equations (1), (2), (3), and (4), we obtain
Question 34:
Answer
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A+C=0
A+B=0
197
B=1
A = −1, C = 1, and B = 1
Question 35:
Answer
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198
Hence, the given result is proved.
Question 36:
Answer
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Question 37:
Answer
199
Discussion
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Question 38:
Answer
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200
Hence, the given result is proved.
Question 39:
Answer
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Let 1 − x2 = t ⇒ −2x dx = dt
201
Hence, the given result is proved.
Question 40:
Answer
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It is known that,
202
Question 41:
is equal to
A.
B.
203
C.
D.
Answer
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Question 42:
is equal to
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer
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204
Hence, the correct answer is B.
Question 43:
If then is equal to
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer
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205
Hence, the correct answer is D.
Question 44:
The value of is
A. 1
B. 0
C. − 1
D.
Answer
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206
Adding (1) and (2), we obtain
AREA BY INTEGRATION
EXERCISE-8.1
Question 1:
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y2 = x and the
lines x = 1, x = 4 and the x-axis.
Answer
207
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Question 2:
Find the area of the region bounded by y2 = 9x, x = 2, x = 4 and the x-
axis in the first quadrant.
Answer
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208
The area of the region bounded by the curve, y2 = 9x, x = 2, and x = 4,
and the x-axis is the area ABCD.
Question 3:
Answer
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209
The area of the region bounded by the curve, x2 = 4y, y = 2, and y = 4,
and the y-axis is the area ABCD.
Question 4:
Answer
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210
The given equation of the ellipse, , can be represented as
Question 5:
211
Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse
Answer
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212
Therefore, area bounded by the ellipse =
Question 6:
Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by x-axis,
line and the circle
Answer
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213
The point of intersection of the line and the circle in the first quadrant
is .
Area of OAC
Area of ABC
Question 7:
Find the area of the smaller part of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 cut off by the
line
Answer
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214
The area of the smaller part of the circle, x2 + y2 = a2, cut off by the
215
Therefore, the area of smaller part of the circle, x2 + y2 = a2, cut off by
Question 8:
The area between x = y2 and x = 4 is divided into two equal parts by
the line x = a, find the value of a.
Answer
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216
From (1) and (2), we obtain
Question 9:
Answer
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217
The given area is symmetrical about y-axis.
Question 10:
Find the area bounded by the curve x2 = 4y and the line x = 4y – 2
Answer
Discussion
218
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Coordinates of point .
219
Similarly, Area OACO = Area OLAC – Area OLAO
Question 11:
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y2 = 4x and the
line x = 3
Answer
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220
The region bounded by the parabola, y2 = 4x, and the line, x = 3, is the
area OACO.
Question 12:
Area lying in the first quadrant and bounded by the circle x2 + y2 = 4
and the lines x = 0 and x = 2 is
A. π
B.
221
C.
D.
Answer
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The area bounded by the circle and the lines, x = 0 and x = 2, in the
first quadrant is represented as
Question 13:
Area of the region bounded by the curve y2 = 4x, y-axis and the
line y = 3 is
A. 2
222
B.
C.
D.
Answer
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223
EXERCISE-8.2
Question 1:
Find the area of the circle 4x2 + 4y2 = 9 which is interior to the
parabola x2 = 4y
Answer
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224
Therefore, Area OBCO = Area OMBCO – Area OMBO
is units
Question 2:
Answer
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225
On solving the equations, (x – 1)2 + y2 = 1 and x2 + y 2 = 1, we obtain
226
Therefore, required area OBCAO = units
Question 3:
Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = x2 + 2, y = x, x =
0 and x = 3
Answer
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227
Then, Area OCBAO = Area ODBAO – Area ODCO
Question 4:
Using integration finds the area of the region bounded by the triangle
whose vertices are (–1, 0), (1, 3) and (3, 2).
Answer
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228
Equation of line segment AB is
229
Question 5:
Using integration find the area of the triangular region whose sides
have the equations y = 2x +1, y = 3x + 1 and x = 4.
Answer
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Question 6:
230
A. 2 (π – 2)
B. π – 2
C. 2π – 1
D. 2 (π + 2)
Answer
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Question 7:
231
Area lying between the curve y2 = 4x and y = 2x is
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer
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The points of intersection of these curves are O (0, 0) and A (1, 2).
232
Thus, the correct answer is B.
233
EXERCISE-8.3
Question 1:
Find the area under the given curves and given lines:
Answer
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234
Question 2:
Answer
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235
The points of intersection of the curves, y = x and y = x2, is A (1, 1).
Question 3:
Find the area of the region lying in the first quadrant and bounded
by y = 4x2, x = 0, y = 1 and y = 4
Answer
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236
Question 4:
Answer
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x –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
237
y 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
It is known that,
Question 5:
Find the area bounded by the curve y = sin x between x = 0 and x = 2π
Answer
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238
∴ Required area = Area OABO + Area BCDB
Question 6:
Find the area enclosed between the parabola y2 = 4ax and the
line y = mx
Answer
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239
The points of intersection of both the curves are (0, 0) and .
Question 7:
Find the area enclosed by the parabola 4y = 3x2 and the line 2y = 3x +
12
Answer
Discussion
240
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The area enclosed between the parabola, 4y = 3x2, and the line, 2y =
3x + 12, is represented by the shaded area OBAO as
The points of intersection of the given curves are A (–2, 3) and (4,
12).
Question 8:
241
Find the area of the smaller region bounded by the ellipse
Answer
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242
Question 9:
Answer
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243
∴ Area BCAB = Area (OBCAO) – Area (OBAO)
Question 10:
Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabola x2 = y, the
line y = x + 2 and x-axis
Answer
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244
The area of the region enclosed by the parabola, x2 = y, the
line, y = x + 2, and x-axis is represented by the shaded region OABCO
as
Question 11:
Using the method of integration find the area bounded by the
curve
245
Answer
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The curve intersects the axes at points A (0, 1), B (1, 0), C (0, –1),
and D (–1, 0).
Question 12:
246
Answer
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Question 13:
Using the method of integration find the area of the triangle ABC,
coordinates of whose vertices are A (2, 0), B (4, 5) and C (6, 3)
Answer
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247
The vertices of ΔABC are A (2, 0), B (4, 5), and C (6, 3).
248
Question 14:
Using the method of integration find the area of the region bounded
by lines:
2x + y = 4, 3x – 2y = 6 and x – 3y + 5 = 0
Answer
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2x + y = 4 … (1)
3x – 2y = 6 … (2)
And, x – 3y + 5 = 0 … (3)
249
The area of the region bounded by the lines is the area of ΔABC. AL
and CM are the perpendiculars on x-axis.
Question 15:
Answer
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250
The points of intersection of both the curves are .
251
Therefore, the required area
is units
Question 16:
Area bounded by the curve y = x3, the x-axis and the ordinates x = –2
and x = 1 is
A. – 9
B.
C.
252
D.
Answer
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Question 17:
A. 0
253
B.
C.
D.
Answer
Discussion
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Question 18:
254
The area of the circle x2 + y2 = 16 exterior to the parabola y2 = 6x is
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer
Discussion
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x2 + y2 = 16 … (1)
y2 = 6x … (2)
255
Area of circle = π (r)2
= π (4)2
= 16π units
Question 19:
A.
256
B.
C.
D.
Answer
Discussion
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y = cos x … (1)
257
Thus, the correct answer is B.
258
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
EXERCISE-9.1
Question 1:
Determine order and degree(if defined) of differential
equation
Answer
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Question 2:
Determine order and degree(if defined) of differential
equation
Answer
Discussion
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259
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is .
Therefore, its order is one.
Question 3:
Determine order and degree(if defined) of differential
equation
Answer
Discussion
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Question 4:
Determine order and degree(if defined) of differential
equation
Answer
Discussion
260
Share
Question 5:
equation
Answer
Discussion
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Question 6:
261
Determine order and degree(if defined) of differential
equation
Answer
Discussion
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Question 7:
Determine order and degree(if defined) of differential
equation
Answer
Discussion
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Question 8:
262
Answer
Discussion
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Question 9:
Answer
Discussion
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Question 10:
Determine order and degree(if defined) of differential
equation
Answer
263
Discussion
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Question 11:
is
Answer
Discussion
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Question 12:
is
264
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) not defined
Answer
Discussion
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265
EXERCISE-9.2
Question 1:
Answer
Discussion
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Question 2:
Answer
Discussion
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266
Differentiating both sides of this equation with respect to x, we get:
L.H.S. = = R.H.S.
Question 3:
Answer
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L.H.S. = = R.H.S.
Question 4:
267
Answer
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L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Question 5:
Answer
Discussion
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268
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get:
Question 6:
Answer
Discussion
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269
Hence, the given function is the solution of the corresponding
differential equation.
Question 7:
Answer
Discussion
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L.H.S. = R.H.S.
270
Hence, the given function is the solution of the corresponding
differential equation.
Question 8:
Answer
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Question 9:
Answer
271
Discussion
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272
EXERCISE-9.3
Question 1:
Answer
Discussion
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The given differential equation i.e., (x2 + xy) dy = (x2 + y2) dx can be
written as:
y = vx
273
Integrating both sides, we get:
Question 2:
274
Answer
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y = vx
275
This is the required solution of the given differential equation.
Question 3:
Answer
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y = vx
276
Integrating both sides, we get:
Question 4:
Answer
Discussion
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277
Therefore, the given differential equation is a homogeneous equation.
y = vx
278
This is the required solution of the given differential equation.
Question 5:
Answer
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y = vx
279
Substituting the values of y and in equation (1), we get:
Question 6:
Answer
Discussion
280
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y = vx
281
This is the required solution of the given differential equation.
Question 7:
Answer
Discussion
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282
Therefore, the given differential equation is a homogeneous equation.
y = vx
283
This is the required solution of the given differential equation.
Question 8:
Answer
Discussion
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284
Therefore, the given differential equation is a homogeneous equation.
y = vx
Question 9:
285
Answer
Discussion
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y = vx
286
Integrating both sides, we get:
287
This is the required solution of the given differential equation.
Question 10:
Answer
Discussion
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288
Therefore, the given differential equation is a homogeneous equation.
x = vy
289
This is the required solution of the given differential equation.
Question 11:
Answer
Discussion
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y = vx
290
Integrating both sides, we get:
Now, y = 1 at x = 1.
291
Question 12:
Answer
Discussion
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y = vx
292
Integrating both sides, we get:
Now, y = 1 at x = 1.
293
This is the required solution of the given differential equation.
Question 13:
Answer
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y = vx
294
Integrating both sides, we get:
Now, .
Question 14:
295
Answer
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y = vx
296
This is the required solution of the given differential equation.
Now, y = 0 at x = 1.
Question 15:
Answer
Discussion
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y = vx
297
Substituting the value of y and in equation (1), we get:
Now, y = 2 at x = 1.
298
This is the required solution of the given differential equation.
Question 16:
A. y = vx
B. v = yx
C. x = vy
D. x = v
Answer
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Question 17:
A.
B.
C.
D.
299
Answer
Discussion
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300
EXERCISE-9.4
Question 1:
Answer
Discussion
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301
Therefore, equation (1) becomes:
Question 2:
Answer
Discussion
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302
The given differential equation is
Question 3:
Answer
Discussion
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303
This is the required general solution of the given differential equation.
Question 4:
Answer
Discussion
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Question 5:
Answer
Discussion
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304
This equation is in the form of:
Question 6:
305
Answer
Discussion
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Question 7:
306
Answer
Discussion
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307
Substituting the value of in equation (1), we get:
Question 8:
Answer
Discussion
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Question 9:
308
Answer
Discussion
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Question 10:
309
Answer
Discussion
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Question 11:
Answer
310
Discussion
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Question 12:
Answer
Discussion
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311
This is a linear differential equation of the form:
Question 13:
Answer
Discussion
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312
The general solution of the given differential equation is given by the
relation,
Now,
Therefore,
Question 14:
Answer
Discussion
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313
This is a linear differential equation of the form:
Now, y = 0 at x = 1.
Therefore,
Question 15:
314
Answer
Discussion
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Now,
Therefore, we get:
315
This is the required particular solution of the given differential
equation.
Question 16:
Find the equation of a curve passing through the origin given that the
slope of the tangent to the curve at any point (x, y) is equal to the sum
of the coordinates of the point.
Answer
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316
Substituting in equation (1), we get:
1=C
⇒C=1
Question 17:
Find the equation of a curve passing through the point (0, 2) given
that the sum of the coordinates of any point on the curve exceeds the
magnitude of the slope of the tangent to the curve at that point by 5.
Answer
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317
Let F (x, y) be the curve and let (x, y) be a point on the curve. The
0 + 2 – 4 = Ce0
318
⇒–2=C
⇒C=–2
Question 18:
A. e–x
B. e–y
C.
D. x
Answer
Discussion
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319
The integrating factor (I.F) is given by the relation,
Question 19:
The integrating factor of the differential equation.
is
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer
Discussion
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320
The integrating factor (I.F) is given by the relation,
321
EXERCISE-9.5
Question 1:
For each of the differential equations given below, indicate its order
and degree (if defined).
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Answer
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Question 3:
Answer
Discussion
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322
Differentiating with respect to x, we get:
as
Question 4:
Answer
Discussion
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323
This is a homogeneous equation. To simplify it, we need to make the
substitution as:
324
Substituting the values of I1 and I2 in equation (3), we get:
325
Hence, the given result is proved.
Question 5:
Answer
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The equation of a circle in the first quadrant with centre (a, a) and
radius (a) which touches the coordinate axes is:
326
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we get:
Question 6:
Answer
327
Discussion
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Question 7:
Show that the general solution of the differential
Answer
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328
Hence, the given result is proved.
Question 8:
329
Find the equation of the curve passing through the point whose
differential equation is,
Answer
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Question 9:
330
Find the particular solution of the differential equation
Answer
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Now, y = 1 at x = 0.
331
Substituting in equation (2), we get:
Question 10:
Answer
Discussion
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332
From equation (1) and equation (2), we get:
Question 11:
Find a particular solution of the differential equation
, given that y = – 1, when x = 0 (Hint: put x –
y = t)
Answer
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333
Substituting the values of x – y and in equation (1), we get:
Now, y = –1 at x = 0.
334
log 1 = 0 – 1 + C
⇒C=1
Question 12:
Answer
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335
Question 13:
Find a particular solution of the differential
Answer
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336
Now,
Question 14:
Answer
Discussion
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337
Substituting this value in equation (1), we get:
338
Question 15:
Answer
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log y = kt + C … (1)
Therefore, we get:
Therefore, we get:
339
In the year 2009, t = 10 years.
Question 16:
A. xy = C
B. x = Cy2
C. y = Cx
D. y = Cx2
Answer
Discussion
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340
Integrating both sides, we get:
Question 17:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer
Discussion
341
Share
Question 18:
A. xey + x2 = C
B. xey + y2 = C
C. yex + x2 = C
D. yey + x2 = C
Answer
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342
The general solution of the given differential equation is given by,
343
VECTOR
EXERCISE-10.1
Question 1:
Answer
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Question 2:
Classify the following measures as scalars and vectors.
344
(i) 10 kg (ii) 2 metres north-west (iii) 40°
Answer
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Question 3:
Answer
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345
(iv) Velocity is a vector quantity as it involves both magnitude as well
as direction.
Question 4:
Answer
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(i) Vectors and are coinitial because they have the same initial
point.
(ii) Vectors and are equal because they have the same magnitude
and direction.
(iii) Vectors and are collinear but not equal. This is because
although they are parallel, their directions are not the same.
Question 5:
346
(iii) Two vectors having same magnitude are collinear.
(iv) Two collinear vectors having the same magnitude are equal.
Answer
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(i) True.
(ii) False.
Collinear vectors are those vectors that are parallel to the same line.
(iii) False.
(iv) False.
Two vectors are said to be equal if they have the same magnitude and
direction, regardless of the positions of their initial points.
347
EXERCISE-10.2
Question 1:
Answer
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Question 2:
Write two different vectors having same magnitude.
Answer
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348
Hence, are two different vectors having the same magnitude.
The vectors are different because they have different directions.
Question 3:
Write two different vectors having same direction.
Answer
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The direction cosines of are the same. Hence, the two vectors
have the same direction.
Question 4:
Answer
Discussion
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349
The two vectors will be equal if their corresponding
components are equal.
Question 5:
Find the scalar and vector components of the vector with initial point
(2, 1) and terminal point (–5, 7).
Answer
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The vector with the initial point P (2, 1) and terminal point Q (–5, 7)
can be given by,
Hence, the required scalar components are –7 and 6 while the vector
components are
Question 6:
Answer
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350
Question 7:
Answer
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Question 8:
Find the unit vector in the direction of vector , where P and Q are
the points
Answer
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351
Question 9:
Answer
Discussion
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Question 10:
Answer
Discussion
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352
Hence, the vector in the direction of vector which has
magnitude 8 units is given by,
Question 11:
Answer
Discussion
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Question 12:
Answer
Discussion
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353
Hence, the direction cosines of
Question 13:
Find the direction cosines of the vector joining the points A (1, 2, –3)
and
Answer
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The given points are A (1, 2, –3) and B (–1, –2, 1).
Question 14:
Show that the vector is equally inclined to the axes OX, OY,
and OZ.
Answer
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354
Therefore, the direction cosines of
Then, we have
Hence, the given vector is equally inclined to axes OX, OY, and OZ.
Question 15:
Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining
two points P and Q whose position vectors are
respectively, in the ration 2:1
(i) internally
(ii) externally
Answer
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The position vector of point R dividing the line segment joining two
points
i. Internally:
355
ii. Externally:
(i) The position vector of point R which divides the line joining two
points P and Q internally in the ratio 2:1 is given by,
(ii) The position vector of point R which divides the line joining two
points P and Q externally in the ratio 2:1 is given by,
Question 16:
Find the position vector of the mid point of the vector joining the
points P (2, 3, 4) and Q (4, 1, – 2).
Answer
Discussion
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356
Question 17:
Answer
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Question 18:
357
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer
Discussion
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358
From equations (1) and (3), we have:
Question 19:
B.
359
D. both the vectors have same direction, but different
magnitudes
Answer
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Therefore, we have:
If λ = ±1, then .
360
EXERCISE-10.3
Question 1:
Find the angle between two vectors and with magnitudes and 2,
respectively having .
Answer
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It is given that,
361
Hence, the angle between the given vectors and is .
Question 2:
Answer
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362
Question 3:
Answer
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Let and .
Question 4:
Answer
Discussion
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Let and .
Question 5:
363
Also, show that they are mutually perpendicular to each other.
Answer
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Question 6:
Find and , if .
Answer
Discussion
364
Share
Question 7:
Answer
Discussion
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Question 8:
365
Find the magnitude of two vectors , having the same magnitude
and such that the angle between them is 60° and their scalar product is
Answer
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It is given that
We know that .
Question 9:
Answer
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366
Question 10:
Answer
Discussion
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Question 11:
Answer
Discussion
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367
Hence, and are perpendicular to each other.
Question 12:
Answer
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It is given that .
Question 13:
Answer
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It is given that .
368
From (1), (2) and (3),
Question 14:
Answer
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369
Hence, the converse of the given statement need not be true.
Question 15:
If the vertices A, B, C of a triangle ABC are (1, 2, 3), (–1, 0, 0), (0, 1,
2), respectively, then find ∠ABC. [∠ABC is the angle between the
vectors and ]
Answer
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The vertices of ΔABC are given as A (1, 2, 3), B (–1, 0, 0), and C (0,
1, 2).
Also, it is given that ∠ABC is the angle between the vectors and
.
370
Question 16:
Show that the points A (1, 2, 7), B (2, 6, 3) and C (3, 10, –1) are
collinear.
Answer
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The given points are A (1, 2, 7), B (2, 6, 3), and C (3, 10, –1).
Question 17:
Answer
Discussion
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371
Let vectors be position vectors of points
A, B, and C respectively.
Question 18:
(D)
Answer
Discussion
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372
Hence, vector is a unit vector if .
EXERCISE-10.4
Question 1:
Find , if and .
Answer
Discussion
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373
We have,
and
Question 2:
Answer
Discussion
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We have,
and
374
Question 3:
Answer
Discussion
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Then, we have:
375
Hence, and the components of are .
Question 4:
Show that
Answer
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Question 5:
376
Find λ and μ if .
Answer
Discussion
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Hence,
Question 6:
Answer
Discussion
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Then,
377
(i) Either or , or
(ii) Either or , or
Hence, or .
Question 7:
Answer
Discussion
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We have,
378
On adding (2) and (3), we get:
Question 8:
Answer
Discussion
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379
It can now be observed that:
Question 9:
Find the area of the triangle with vertices A (1, 1, 2), B (2, 3, 5) and
C (1, 5, 5).
Answer
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The vertices of triangle ABC are given as A (1, 1, 2), B (2, 3, 5), and
C (1, 5, 5).
Area of ΔABC
380
Hence, the area of ΔABC
Question 10:
Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are
determined by the vector .
Answer
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Question 11:
381
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Answer
Discussion
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It is given that .
Question 12:
382
(A) (B) 1
(C) 2 (D)
Answer
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The adjacent sides and of the given rectangle are given as:
EXERCISE-10.5
383
Question 1:
Write down a unit vector in XY-plane, making an angle of 30° with
the positive direction of x-axis.
Answer
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Here, θ is the angle made by the unit vector with the positive direction
of the x-axis.
Question 2:
Find the scalar components and magnitude of the vector joining the
points
Answer
Discussion
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384
Hence, the scalar components and the magnitude of the vector joining
the given points are respectively and
.
Question 3:
Answer
Discussion
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Let O and B be the initial and final positions of the girl respectively.
Now, we have:
385
By the triangle law of vector addition, we have:
Question 4:
Answer
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386
Now, by the triangle law of vector addition, we have .
Also, it is known that the sum of the lengths of any two sides of a
triangle is greater than the third side.
Question 5:
Answer
Discussion
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is a unit vector if .
387
Hence, the required value of x is .
Question 6:
Find a vector of magnitude 5 units, and parallel to the resultant of the
vectors
Answer
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We have,
Question 7:
388
Answer
Discussion
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We have,
Question 8:
Show that the points A (1, –2, –8), B (5, 0, –2) and C (11, 3, 7) are
collinear, and find the ratio in which B divides AC.
Answer
Discussion
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The given points are A (1, –2, –8), B (5, 0, –2), and C (11, 3, 7).
389
Thus, the given points A, B, and C are collinear.
Question 9:
Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining
two points P and Q whose position vectors are
externally in the ratio 1: 2. Also, show that P is the mid point of the
line segment RQ.
390
Answer
Discussion
Share
It is given that .
It is given that point R divides a line segment joining two points P and
Q externally in the ratio 1: 2. Then, on using the section formula, we
get:
Question 10:
Find the unit vector parallel to its diagonal. Also, find its area.
Answer
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391
Then, the diagonal of a parallelogram is given by .
Question 11:
Show that the direction cosines of a vector equally inclined to the
Answer
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Then, the direction cosines of the vector are cos α, cos α, and cos α.
392
Hence, the direction cosines of the vector which are equally inclined
Question 12:
Answer
Discussion
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Let .
393
Hence, the required vector is .
Question 13:
The scalar product of the vector with a unit vector along the
sum of vectors and is equal to one. Find the value
of .
Answer
Discussion
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394
Hence, the value of λ is 1.
Question 14:
Answer
Discussion
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It is given that:
Then, we have:
395
Now, as , .
Question 15:
Answer
Discussion
396
Share
Question 16:
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Answer
Discussion
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It is known that .
397
Hence, when .
Question 17:
Let and be two unit vectors andθ is the angle between them.
Then is a unit vector if
Answer
Discussion
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Let and be two unit vectors andθ be the angle between them.
Then, .
398
Hence, is a unit vector if .
Question 18:
The value of is
Answer
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Question 19:
Answer
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399
Then, without loss of generality, and are non-zero vectors, so that
.
400
THREE DIMENSIONAL
GEOMETRY
EXERCISE-11.1
Question 1:
If a line makes angles 90°, 135°, 45° with x, y and z-axes respectively,
find its direction cosines.
Answer
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Question 2:
Find the direction cosines of a line which makes equal angles with the
coordinate axes.
Answer
401
Discussion
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Let the direction cosines of the line make an angle α with each of the
coordinate axes.
Thus, the direction cosines of the line, which is equally inclined to the
Question 3:
If a line has the direction ratios −18, 12, −4, then what are its direction
cosines?
Answer
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If a line has direction ratios of −18, 12, and −4, then its direction
cosines are
402
Thus, the direction cosines are .
Question 4:
Show that the points (2, 3, 4), (−1, −2, 1), (5, 8, 7) are collinear.
Answer
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The given points are A (2, 3, 4), B (− 1, − 2, 1), and C (5, 8, 7).
The direction ratios of AB are (−1 − 2), (−2 − 3), and (1 − 4) i.e., −3,
−5, and −3.
Question 5:
Find the direction cosines of the sides of the triangle whose vertices
are (3, 5, − 4), (− 1, 1, 2) and (− 5, − 5, − 2)
Answer
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The vertices of ΔABC are A (3, 5, −4), B (−1, 1, 2), and C (−5, −5,
−2).
403
The direction ratios of side AB are (−1 − 3), (1 − 5), and (2 − (−4))
i.e., −4, −4, and 6.
The direction ratios of BC are (−5 − (−1)), (−5 − 1), and (−2 − 2) i.e.,
−4, −6, and −4.
The direction ratios of CA are (−5 − 3), (−5 − 5), and (−2 − (−4)) i.e.,
−8, −10, and 2.
404
405
EXERCISE-11.2
Question 1:
Answer
Discussion
Share
Two lines with direction cosines, l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2, are
perpendicular to each other, if l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0
406
(iii) For the lines with direction cosines, and , we
obtain
407
EXERCISE-11.3
Question 1:
Answer
Discussion
Share
Two lines with direction cosines, l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2, are
perpendicular to each other, if l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0
408
(iii) For the lines with direction cosines, and , we
obtain
Question 3:
Show that the line through the points (4, 7, 8) (2, 3, 4) is parallel to
the line through the points (−1, −2, 1), (1, 2, 5).
Answer
Discussion
Share
Let AB be the line through the points, (4, 7, 8) and (2, 3, 4), and CD
be the line through the points, (−1, −2, 1) and (1, 2, 5).
The directions ratios, a1, b1, c1, of AB are (2 − 4), (3 − 7), and (4 − 8)
i.e., −2, −4, and −4.
The direction ratios, a2, b2, c2, of CD are (1 − (−1)), (2 − (−2)), and (5
− 1) i.e., 2, 4, and 4.
409
Thus, AB is parallel to CD.
Question 4:
Find the equation of the line which passes through the point (1, 2, 3)
and is parallel to the vector .
Answer
Discussion
Share
It is given that the line passes through the point A (1, 2, 3). Therefore,
the position vector through A is
It is known that the line which passes through point A and parallel
to is given by is a constant.
Question 5:
Find the equation of the line in vector and in Cartesian form that
passes through the point with position vector and is in the
direction .
410
Answer
Discussion
Share
It is given that the line passes through the point with position vector
Question 6:
Find the Cartesian equation of the line which passes through the point
Answer
Discussion
Share
411
It is given that the line passes through the point (−2, 4, −5) and is
parallel to
Therefore, its direction ratios are 3k, 5k, and 6k, where k ≠ 0
It is known that the equation of the line through the point (x1, y1, z1)
Question 7:
Answer
Discussion
Share
The given line passes through the point (5, −4, 6). The position vector
of this point is
412
Also, the direction ratios of the given line are 3, 7, and 2.
It is known that the line through position vector and in the direction
of the vector is given by the equation,
Question 9:
Find the vector and the Cartesian equations of the line that passes
through the points (3, −2, −5), (3, −2, 6).
Answer
Discussion
Share
Let the line passing through the points, P (3, −2, −5) and Q (3, −2, 6),
be PQ.
Since PQ passes through P (3, −2, −5), its position vector is given by,
(3 − 3) = 0, (−2 + 2) = 0, (6 + 5) = 11
413
The equation of PQ in Cartesian form is
i.e.,
Question 9:
Find the vector and the Cartesian equations of the line that passes
through the points (3, −2, −5), (3, −2, 6).
Answer
Discussion
Share
Let the line passing through the points, P (3, −2, −5) and Q (3, −2, 6),
be PQ.
Since PQ passes through P (3, −2, −5), its position vector is given by,
(3 − 3) = 0, (−2 + 2) = 0, (6 + 5) = 11
i.e.,
414
Question 10:
(i)
(ii) and
Answer
Discussion
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415
(ii) The given lines are parallel to the vectors,
and , respectively.
Question 11:
(i)
(ii)
Answer
Discussion
Share
416
i. Let and be the vectors parallel to the pair of
lines, , respectively.
and
The angle, Q, between the given pair of lines is given by the relation,
and , respectively.
417
If Q is the angle between the given pair of lines, then
Question 12:
Answer
Discussion
Share
and
Two lines with direction ratios, a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2, are
perpendicular to each other, if a1a2 + b1 b2 + c1c2 = 0
418
Thus, the value of p is .
Question 13:
Answer
Discussion
Share
Two lines with direction ratios, a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2, are
perpendicular to each other, if a1a2 + b1 b2 + c1c2 = 0
∴ 7 × 1 + (−5) × 2 + 1 × 3
= 7 − 10 + 3
=0
Question 14:
Answer
419
Discussion
Share
420
Therefore, the shortest distance between the two lines is units.
Question 15:
and
Answer
Discussion
Share
421
Substituting all the values in equation (1), we obtain
Question 16:
Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations
are
Answer
Discussion
Share
422
The given lines are
and
obtain
423
Question 17:
Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations
are
Answer
Discussion
Share
424
Substituting all the values in equation (3), we obtain
425
EXERCISE-11.4
Question 1:
(a)z = 2 (b)
(c) (d)5y + 8 = 0
Answer
Discussion
Share
Therefore, the direction cosines are 0, 0, and 1 and the distance of the
plane from the origin is 2 units.
(b) x + y + z = 1 … (1)
426
This equation is of the form lx + my + nz = d, where l, m, n are the
direction cosines of normal to the plane and d is the distance of
normal from the origin.
(c) 2x + 3y − z = 5 … (1)
is units.
(d) 5y + 8 = 0
⇒ 0x − 5y + 0z = 8 … (1)
427
Dividing both sides of equation (1) by 5, we obtain
Therefore, the direction cosines of the normal to the plane are 0, −1,
Question 2:
Find the vector equation of a plane which is at a distance of 7 units
from the origin and normal to the vector .
Answer
Discussion
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Question 3:
428
(a) (b)
(c)
Answer
Discussion
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(b)
(c)
429
For any arbitrary point P (x, y, z) on the plane, position vector is
given by,
Question 4:
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Answer
Discussion
Share
(a) Let the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular P from the origin
to the plane be (x1, y1, z1).
2x + 3y + 4z − 12 = 0
⇒ 2x + 3y + 4z = 12 … (1)
430
This equation is of the form lx + my + nz = d, where l, m, n are the
direction cosines of normal to the plane and d is the distance of
normal from the origin.
are
(b) Let the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular P from the origin
to the plane be (x1, y1, z1).
⇒ … (1)
431
(c) Let the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular P from the origin
to the plane be (x1, y1, z1).
… (1)
(d) Let the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular P from the origin
to the plane be (x1, y1, z1).
⇒ 0x − 5y + 0z = 8 … (1)
432
This equation is of the form lx + my + nz = d, where l, m, n are the
direction cosines of normal to the plane and d is the distance of
normal from the origin.
Question 5:
(a) that passes through the point (1, 0, −2) and the normal to the plane
is .
(b) that passes through the point (1, 4, 6) and the normal vector to the
plane is .
Answer
Discussion
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433
Therefore, equation (1) becomes
Question 6:
Find the equations of the planes that passes through three points.
434
(a) (1, 1, −1), (6, 4, −5), (−4, −2, 3)
Answer
Discussion
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(a) The given points are A (1, 1, −1), B (6, 4, −5), and C (−4, −2, 3).
(b) The given points are A (1, 1, 0), B (1, 2, 1), and C (−2, 2, −1).
435
This is the Cartesian equation of the required plane.
Question 7:
Answer
Discussion
Share
436
Thus, the intercepts cut off by the plane are .
Question 8:
Find the equation of the plane with intercept 3 on the y-axis and
parallel to ZOX plane.
Answer
Discussion
Share
y=0
∴a=3
Question 9:
Answer
Discussion
Share
3x − y + 2z − 4 = 0 and x + y + z − 2 = 0, is
437
The plane passes through the point (2, 2, 1). Therefore, this point will
satisfy equation (1).
Question 10:
Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the intersection
of the planes and through the point (2,
1, 3)
Answer
Discussion
Share
The equation of any plane through the intersection of the planes given
in equations (1) and (2) is given by,
438
, where
The plane passes through the point (2, 1, 3). Therefore, its position
vector is given by,
Question 11:
Find the equation of the plane through the line of intersection of the
planes and which is perpendicular to the
plane
Answer
Discussion
439
Share
The direction ratios, a1, b1, c1, of this plane are (2λ + 1), (3λ + 1), and
(4λ + 1).
Question 12:
Find the angle between the planes whose vector equations are
and .
Answer
Discussion
440
Share
Here,
Question 13:
In the following cases, determine whether the given planes are
parallel or perpendicular, and in case they are neither, find the angles
between them.
(a)
(b)
441
(c)
(d)
(e)
Answer
Discussion
Share
3x − y − 10z + 4 = 0
Here, a1 = 7, b1 =5, c1 = 6
442
Therefore, the given planes are not parallel.
Here, and
Here, and
443
Here, and
Here, and
Question 14:
In the following cases, find the distance of each of the given points
from the corresponding given plane.
Point Plane
(a) (0, 0, 0)
444
(b) (3, −2, 1)
(d) (−6, 0, 0)
Answer
Discussion
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It is known that the distance between a point, p(x1, y1, z1), and a
plane, Ax + By + Cz = D, is given by,
445
EXERCISE-11.5
Question 1:
Show that the line joining the origin to the point (2, 1, 1) is
perpendicular to the line determined by the points (3, 5, −1), (4, 3,
−1).
Answer
Discussion
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Let OA be the line joining the origin, O (0, 0, 0), and the point, A (2,
1, 1).
Also, let BC be the line joining the points, B (3, 5, −1) and C (4, 3,
−1).
Question 2:
If l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 are the direction cosines of two mutually
perpendicular lines, show that the direction cosines of the line
perpendicular to both of these are m1n2 − m2n1, n1l2 − n2l1, l1m2 − l2m1.
Answer
Discussion
Share
446
It is given that l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 are the direction cosines of two
mutually perpendicular lines. Therefore,
∴l2 + m2 + n2 = 1 … (5)
It is known that,
Substituting the values from equations (5) and (6) in equation (4), we
obtain
447
Thus, the direction cosines of the required line
are
Question 3:
Find the angle between the lines whose direction ratios
are a, b, c and b − c,
c − a, a − b.
Answer
Discussion
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a − b, is given by,
Question 4:
Find the equation of a line parallel to x-axis and passing through the
origin.
Answer
448
Discussion
Share
The line parallel to x-axis and passing through the origin is x-axis
itself.
Thus, the equation of line parallel to x-axis and passing through origin
is
Question 5:
Answer
Discussion
Share
The coordinates of A, B, C, and D are (1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 7), (−4, 3, −6),
and
(2, 9, 2) respectively.
449
The direction ratios of CD are (2 −(− 4)) = 6, (9 − 3) = 6, and (2
−(−6)) = 8
Question 6:
Answer
Discussion
Share
It is known that two lines with direction ratios, a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2,
are perpendicular, if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
Question 7:
450
Find the vector equation of the plane passing through (1, 2, 3) and
perpendicular to the plane
Answer
Discussion
Share
Question 8:
Find the equation of the plane passing through (a, b, c) and parallel to
the plane
Answer
Discussion
Share
The plane passes through the point (a, b, c). Therefore, the position
vector of this point is
451
Substituting in equation (1), we obtain
Question 9:
and .
Answer
Discussion
Share
452
Comparing to equations (1) and (2), we obtain
Therefore, the shortest distance between the two given lines is 9 units.
Question 10:
Find the coordinates of the point where the line through (5, 1, 6) and
Answer
Discussion
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It is known that the equation of the line passing through the points,
453
The line passing through the points, (5, 1, 6) and (3, 4, 1), is given by,
5 − 2k = 0
Question 11:
Find the coordinates of the point where the line through (5, 1, 6) and
Answer
Discussion
Share
It is known that the equation of the line passing through the points,
454
The line passing through the points, (5, 1, 6) and (3, 4, 1), is given by,
Question 12:
Find the coordinates of the point where the line through (3, −4, −5)
and (2, − 3, 1) crosses the plane 2x + y + z = 7).
Answer
Discussion
Share
It is known that the equation of the line through the points, (x1, y1, z1)
Since the line passes through the points, (3, −4, −5) and (2, −3, 1), its
equation is given by,
455
Therefore, any point on the line is of the form (3 − k, k − 4, 6k − 5).
∴ 2 (3 − k) + (k − 4) + (6k − 5) = 7
Question 13:
Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (−1, 3, 2) and
perpendicular to each of the planes x + 2y + 3z = 5 and 3x + 3y + z =
0.
Answer
Discussion
Share
a (x + 1) + b (y − 3) + c (z − 2) = 0 … (1)
456
Also, plane (1) is perpendicular to the plane, 3x + 3y + z = 0
Question 14:
Answer
Discussion
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457
The equation of the given plane is
Here, and d
Therefore, the distance between the point (1, 1, p) and the given plane
is
Similarly, the distance between the point (−3, 0, 1) and the given
plane is
It is given that the distance between the required plane and the points,
(1, 1, p) and (−3, 0, 1), is equal.
∴ D1 = D2
458
Question 15:
Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection
of the planes and and parallel tox-axis.
Answer
Discussion
Share
Its direction ratios are (2λ + 1), (3λ + 1), and (1 − λ).
459
Substituting in equation (1), we obtain
Question 16:
If O be the origin and the coordinates of P be (1, 2, −3), then find the
equation of the plane passing through P and perpendicular to OP.
Answer
Discussion
Share
The coordinates of the points, O and P, are (0, 0, 0) and (1, 2, −3)
respectively.
It is known that the equation of the plane passing through the point
(x1, y1 z1) is
Here, the direction ratios of normal are 1, 2, and −3 and the point P is
(1, 2, −3).
460
Question 17:
Find the equation of the plane which contains the line of intersection
of the planes , and which is
perpendicular to the plane .
Answer
Discussion
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The equation of the plane passing through the line intersection of the
plane given in equation (1) and equation (2) is
461
This is the vector equation of the required plane.
Question 18:
Find the distance of the point (−1, −5, −10) from the point of
intersection of the line and the plane
.
Answer
Discussion
Share
462
This means that the position vector of the point of intersection of the
line and the plane is
This shows that the point of intersection of the given line and plane is
given by the coordinates, (2, −1, 2). The point is (−1, −5, −10).
The distance d between the points, (2, −1, 2) and (−1, −5, −10), is
Question 19:
Find the vector equation of the line passing through (1, 2, 3) and
parallel to the planes and .
Answer
Discussion
Share
463
The line in equation (1) and plane in equation (2) are parallel.
Therefore, the normal to the plane of equation (2) and the given line
are perpendicular.
Question 20:
Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point (1, 2, −
4) and perpendicular to the two lines:
Answer
Discussion
464
Share
The equation of the line passing through (1, 2, −4) and parallel to
vector is
Also, line (1) and line (3) are perpendicular to each other.
465
Substituting in equation (1), we obtain
Question 21:
Answer
Discussion
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The distance (p) of the plane from the origin is given by,
Question 22:
466
Distance between the two planes: and is
(D)
Answer
Discussion
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Question 23:
The planes: 2x − y + 4z = 5 and 5x − 2.5y + 10z = 6 are
467
(A) Perpendicular (B) Parallel (C) intersect y-axis
Answer
Discussion
Share
2x − y + 4z = 5 … (1)
468
LINEAR
PROGRAMMING
EXERCISE-12.1
Question 1:
Maximise Z = 3x + 4y
Answer
Discussion
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The corner points of the feasible region are O (0, 0), A (4, 0), and B
(0, 4). The values of Z at these points are as follows.
469
Corner point Z = 3x + 4y
O(0, 0) 0
A(4, 0) 12
B(0, 4) 16 → Maximum
Question 2:
Minimise Z = −3x + 4y
subject to .
Answer
Discussion
Share
The corner points of the feasible region are O (0, 0), A (4, 0), B (2, 3),
and C (0, 4).
470
Corner point Z = −3 x + 4y
0(0, 0) 0
A(4, 0) −12 → Minimum
B(2, 3) 6
C(0, 4) 16
Question 3:
Maximise Z = 5x + 3y
subject to .
Answer
Discussion
Share
471
The corner points of the feasible region are O (0, 0), A (2, 0), B (0, 3),
and .
Corner point Z = 5x + 3y
0(0, 0) 0
A(2, 0) 10
B(0, 3) 9
→ Maximum
Question 4:
Minimise Z = 3x + 5y
such that .
Answer
Discussion
Share
472
It can be seen that the feasible region is unbounded.
The corner points of the feasible region are A (3, 0), , and C
(0, 2).
Corner point Z = 3x + 5y
A(3, 0) 9
7 → Smallest
C(0, 2) 10
For this, we draw the graph of the inequality, 3x + 5y < 7, and check
whether the resulting half plane has points in common with the
feasible region or not.
It can be seen that the feasible region has no common point with 3x +
473
Question 5:
Maximise Z = 3x + 2y
subject to .
Answer
Discussion
Share
The corner points of the feasible region are A (5, 0), B (4, 3), and C
(0, 5).
Corner point Z = 3x + 2y
A(5, 0) 15
B(4, 3) 18 → Maximum
C(0, 5) 10
474
Therefore, the maximum value of Z is 18 at the point (4, 3).
Question 6:
Minimise Z = x + 2y
subject to .
Answer
Discussion
Share
The corner points of the feasible region are A (6, 0) and B (0, 3).
Corner point Z = x + 2y
A(6, 0) 6
B(0, 3) 6
475
Therefore, the value of Z is minimum at every point on the line, x +
2y = 6
Question 7:
Minimise and Maximise Z = 5x + 10y
subject to .
Answer
Discussion
Share
The corner points of the feasible region are A (60, 0), B (120, 0), C
(60, 30), and D (40, 20).
476
D(40, 20) 400
Question 8:
subject to .
Answer
Discussion
Share
The corner points of the feasible region are A(0, 50), B(20, 40), C(50,
100), and D(0, 200).
477
Corner point Z = x + 2y
A(0, 50) 100 → Minimum
B(20, 40) 100 → Minimum
C(50, 100) 250
D(0, 200) 400 → Maximum
The maximum value of Z is 400 at (0, 200) and the minimum value of
Z is 100 at all the points on the line segment joining the points (0, 50)
and (20, 40).
Question 9:
Maximise Z = − x + 2y, subject to the constraints:
Answer
Discussion
Share
478
It can be seen that the feasible region is unbounded.
The values of Z at corner points A (6, 0), B (4, 1), and C (3, 2) are as
follows.
Corner point Z = − x + 2y
A(6, 0) Z=−6
B(4, 1) Z=−2
C(3, 2) Z=1
For this, we graph the inequality, −x + 2y > 1, and check whether the
resulting half plane has points in common with the feasible region or
not.
The resulting feasible region has points in common with the feasible
region.
Question 10:
Maximise Z = x + y, subject to .
Answer
Discussion
Share
479
There is no feasible region and thus, Z has no maximum value.
480
EXERCISE-12.2
Question 1:
Reshma wishes to mix two types of food P and Q in such a way that
the vitamin contents of the mixture contain at least 8 units of vitamin
A and 11 units of vitamin B. Food P costs Rs 60/kg and Food Q costs
Rs 80/kg. Food P contains 3 units /kg of vitamin A and 5 units /kg of
vitamin B while food Q contains 4 units /kg of vitamin A and 2 units
/kg of vitamin B. Determine the minimum cost of the mixture?
Answer
Discussion
Share
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
3x + 4y ≥ 8
5x + 2y ≥ 11
481
Total cost, Z, of purchasing food is, Z = 60x + 80y
3x + 4y ≥ 8 … (2)
5x + 2y ≥ 11 … (3)
x, y ≥ 0 … (4)
482
160
440
For this, we graph the inequality, 60x + 80y < 160 or 3x + 4y < 8, and
check whether the resulting half plane has points in common with the
feasible region or not.
It can be seen that the feasible region has no common point with 3x +
4y < 8
Therefore, the minimum cost of the mixture will be Rs 160 at the line
Question 2:
One kind of cake requires 200g flour and 25g of fat, and another kind
of cake requires 100g of flour and 50g of fat. Find the maximum
number of cakes which can be made from 5 kg of flour and 1 kg of fat
assuming that there is no shortage of the other ingredients used in
making the cakes?
Answer
Discussion
Share
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
483
Flour (g) Fat (g)
Cakes of first kind, x 200 25
Cakes of second kind, y 100 50
Availability 5000 1000
Maximize Z = x + y … (1)
The corner points are A (25, 0), B (20, 10), O (0, 0), and C (0, 20).
484
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows.
Corner point Z = x + y
A(25, 0) 25
B(20, 10) 30 → Maximum
C(0, 20) 20
O(0, 0) 0
Thus, the maximum numbers of cakes that can be made are 30 (20 of
one kind and 10 of the other kind).
Question 3:
A factory makes tennis rackets and cricket bats. A tennis racket takes
1.5 hours of machine time and 3 hours of craftsman’s time in its
making while a cricket bat takes 3 hour of machine time and 1 hour of
craftsman’s time. In a day, the factory has the availability of not more
than 42 hours of machine time and 24 hours of craftsman’s time.
(ii) What number of rackets and bats must be made if the factory is to
work at full capacity?
Answer
Discussion
Share
(i) Let the number of rackets and the number of bats to be made
be x and y respectively.
485
The craftsman’s time is not available for more than 24 hours.
1.5x + 3y = 42
3x + y = 24
x = 4 and y = 12
∴ 1.5x + 3y ≤ 42
3x + y ≤ 24
x, y ≥ 0
Maximize … (1)
486
subject to the constraints,
1.5x + 3y ≤ 42 … (2)
3x + y ≤ 24 … (3)
x, y ≥ 0 … (4)
The corner points are A (8, 0), B (4, 12), C (0, 14), and O (0, 0).
487
Thus, the maximum profit of the factory when it works to its full
capacity is Rs 200.
Question 4:
A manufacturer produces nuts and bolts. It takes 1 hour of work on
machine A and 3 hours on machine B to produce a package of nuts. It
takes 3 hours on machine A and 1 hour on machine B to produce a
package of bolts. He earns a profit, of Rs 17.50 per package on nuts
and Rs. 7.00 per package on bolts. How many packages of each
should be produced each day so as to maximize his profit, if he
operates his machines for at the most 12 hours a day?
Answer
Discussion
Share
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
488
The mathematical formulation of the given problem is
x + 3y ≤ 12 … (2)
3x + y ≤ 12 … (3)
x, y ≥ 0 … (4)
The corner points are A (4, 0), B (3, 3), and C (0, 4).
489
C(0, 4) 28
Question 5:
A factory manufactures two types of screws, A and B. Each type of
screw requires the use of two machines, an automatic and a hand
operated. It takes 4 minutes on the automatic and 6 minutes on hand
operated machines to manufacture a package of screws A, while it
takes 6 minutes on automatic and 3 minutes on the hand operated
machines to manufacture a package of screws B. Each machine is
available for at the most 4 hours on any day. The manufacturer can
sell a package of screws A at a profit of Rs 7 and screws B at a profit
of Rs10. Assuming that he can sell all the screws he manufactures,
how many packages of each type should the factory owner produce in
a day in order to maximize his profit? Determine the maximum profit.
Answer
Discussion
Share
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
490
The profit on a package of screws A is Rs 7 and on the package of
screws B is Rs 10. Therefore, the constraints are
… (2)
… (3)
x, y ≥ 0 … (4)
The corner points are A (40, 0), B (30, 20), and C (0, 40).
491
Corner point Z = 7x + 10y
A(40, 0) 280
B(30, 20) 410 → Maximum
C(0, 40) 400
Question 6:
A cottage industry manufactures pedestal lamps and wooden shades,
each requiring the use of a grinding/cutting machine and a sprayer. It
takes 2 hours on grinding/cutting machine and 3 hours on the sprayer
to manufacture a pedestal lamp. It takes 1 hour on the grinding/cutting
machine and 2 hours on the sprayer to manufacture a shade. On any
day, the sprayer is available for at the most 20 hours and the
grinding/cutting machine for at the most 12 hours. The profit from the
sale of a lamp is Rs 5 and that from a shade is Rs 3. Assuming that the
manufacturer can sell all the lamps and shades that he produces, how
should he schedule his daily production in order to maximize his
profit?
Answer
Discussion
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x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
492
Lamps Shades Availability
Grinding/Cutting Machine (h) 2 1 12
Sprayer (h) 3 2 20
Total profit, Z = 5x + 3y
Maximize Z = 5x + 3y … (1)
… (2)
… (3)
x, y ≥ 0 … (4)
493
The corner points are A (6, 0), B (4, 4), and C (0, 10).
Corner point Z = 5x + 3y
A(6, 0) 30
B(4, 4) 32 → Maximum
C(0, 10) 30
Question 7:
494
A company manufactures two types of novelty souvenirs made of
plywood. Souvenirs of type A require 5 minutes each for cutting and
10 minutes each for assembling. Souvenirs of type B require 8
minutes each for cutting and 8 minutes each for assembling. There are
3 hours 20 minutes available for cutting and 4 hours of assembling.
The profit is Rs 5 each for type A and Rs 6 each for type B souvenirs.
How many souvenirs of each type should the company manufacture
in order to maximize the profit?
Answer
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x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
i.e.,
Total profit, Z = 5x + 6y
Maximize Z = 5x + 6y … (1)
495
… (2)
… (3)
x, y ≥ 0 … (4)
The corner points are A (24, 0), B (8, 20), and C (0, 25).
Corner point Z = 5x + 6y
A(24, 0) 120
B(8, 20) 160 → Maximum
C(0, 25) 150
Question 8:
496
A merchant plans to sell two types of personal computers − a desktop
model and a portable model that will cost Rs 25000 and Rs 40000
respectively. He estimates that the total monthly demand of
computers will not exceed 250 units. Determine the number of units
of each type of computers which the merchant should stock to get
maximum profit if he does not want to invest more than Rs 70 lakhs
and if his profit on the desktop model is Rs 4500 and on portable
model is Rs 5000.
Answer
Discussion
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x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
497
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints is as
follows.
The corner points are A (250, 0), B (200, 50), and C (0, 175).
Thus, the merchant should stock 200 desktop models and 50 portable
models to get the maximum profit of Rs 1150000.
Question 9:
498
A diet is to contain at least 80 units of vitamin A and 100 units of
minerals. Two foods F1and F2 are available. Food F1 costs Rs 4 per
unit food and F2 costs Rs 6 per unit. One unit of food F1 contains 3
units of vitamin A and 4 units of minerals. One unit of food
F2 contains 6 units of vitamin A and 3 units of minerals. Formulate
this as a linear programming problem. Find the minimum cost for diet
that consists of mixture of these two foods and also meets the minimal
nutritional requirements?
Answer
Discussion
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Let the diet contain x units of food F1 and y units of food F2.
Therefore,
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
(Rs)
Food F1 (x) 3 4 4
Food F2 (y) 6 3 6
Requirement 80 100
3x + 6y ≥ 80
4x + 3y ≥ 100
x, y ≥ 0
499
The mathematical formulation of the given problem is
Minimise Z = 4x + 6y … (1)
3x + 6y ≥ 80 … (2)
4x + 3y ≥ 100 … (3)
x, y ≥ 0 … (4)
500
Corner point Z = 4x + 6y
104 → Minimum
200
It can be seen that the feasible region has no common point with 2x +
3y < 52
Question 10:
There are two types of fertilizers F1 and F2. F1 consists of 10%
nitrogen and 6% phosphoric acid and F2 consists of 5% nitrogen and
10% phosphoric acid. After testing the soil conditions, a farmer finds
that she needs at least 14 kg of nitrogen and 14 kg of phosphoric acid
for her crop. If F1 cost Rs 6/kg and F2 costs Rs 5/kg, determine how
much of each type of fertilizer should be used so that nutrient
requirements are met at a minimum cost. What is the minimum cost?
Answer
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501
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
∴ 10% of x + 5% of y ≥ 14
∴ 6% of x + 10% of y ≥ 14
Minimize Z = 6x + 5y … (1)
2x + y ≥ 280 … (2)
502
3x + 5y ≥ 700 … (3)
x, y ≥ 0 … (4)
Corner point Z = 6x + 5y
1400
503
As the feasible region is unbounded, therefore, 1000 may or may not
be the minimum value of Z.
For this, we draw a graph of the inequality, 6x + 5y < 1000, and check
whether the resulting half plane has points in common with the
feasible region or not.
It can be seen that the feasible region has no common point with
6x + 5y < 1000
Question 11:
The corner points of the feasible region determined by the following
system of linear inequalities:
Let Z = px + qy,
where p, q > 0. Condition on p and q so that the maximum of Z occurs
at both (3, 4) and (0, 5) is
Answer
Discussion
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⇒ 3p + 4q = 5q
504
⇒ q = 3p
505
EXERCISE-12.3
Question 1:
Refer to Example 9. How many packets of each food should be used
to maximize the amount of vitamin A in the diet? What is the
maximum amount of vitamin A in the diet?
Answer
Discussion
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x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
Maximize z = 6x + 3y … (1)
506
The corner points of the feasible region are A (15, 20), B (40, 15), and
C (2, 72).
Corner point z = 6x + 3y
A(15, 20) 150
B(40, 15) 285 → Maximum
C(2, 72) 228
Question 2:
507
contains 1.5 units of nutritional elements A, 11.25 units of element B,
and 3 units of element C. The minimum requirements of nutrients A,
B and C are 18 units, 45 units and 24 units respectively. Determine
the number of bags of each brand which should be mixed in order to
produce a mixture having a minimum cost per bag? What is the
minimum cost of the mixture per bag?
Answer
Discussion
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508
The corner points of the feasible region are A (18, 0), B (9, 2), C (3,
6), and D (0, 12).
For this, we draw a graph of the inequality, 250x + 200y < 1950 or
5x + 4y < 39, and check whether the resulting half plane has points in
common with the feasible region or not.
It can be seen that the feasible region has no common point with 5x +
4y < 39
509
Thus, 3 bags of brand P and 6 bags of brand Q should be used in the
mixture to minimize the cost to Rs 1950.
Question 3:
A dietician wishes to mix together two kinds of food X and Y in such
a way that the mixture contains at least 10 units of vitamin A, 12 units
of vitamin B and 8 units of vitamin C. The vitamin content of one kg
food is given below:
Answer
Discussion
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510
The corner points of the feasible region are A (10, 0), B (2, 4), C (1,
5), and D (0, 8).
For this, we draw a graph of the inequality, 16x + 20y < 112 or 4x +
5y < 28, and check whether the resulting half plane has points in
common with the feasible region or not.
It can be seen that the feasible region has no common point with 4x +
5y < 28
511
Thus, the mixture should contain 2 kg of food X and 4 kg of food Y.
The minimum cost of the mixture is Rs 112.
Question 4:
A manufacturer makes two types of toys A and B. Three machines are
needed for this purpose and the time (in minutes) required for each
toy on the machines is given below:
Machines
Type of toys
I II III
A 12 18 6
B 6 0 9
Answer
Discussion
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512
The feasible region determined by the constraints is as follows.
The corner points of the feasible region are A (20, 0), B (20, 20), C
(15, 30), and D (0, 40).
Question 5:
513
An aeroplane can carry a maximum of 200 passengers. A profit of Rs
1000 is made on each executive class ticket and a profit of Rs 600 is
made on each economy class ticket. The airline reserves at least 20
seats for executive class. However, at least 4 times as many
passengers prefer to travel by economy class than by the executive
class. Determine how many tickets of each type must be sold in order
to maximize the profit for the airline. What is the maximum profit?
Answer
Discussion
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514
The corner points of the feasible region are A (20, 80), B (40, 160),
and
C (20, 180).
515
Question 6:
E 3 2
F 2.50 3
Answer
Discussion
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516
Total transportation cost z is given by,
517
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints is as
follows.
The corner points are A (60, 0), B (60, 40), C (50, 50), and D (10, 50).
518
The minimum cost is Rs 510.
Question 7:
Distance in (km)
From/To A B
D 7 3
E 6 4
F 3 2
Answer
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Let x and y litres of oil be supplied from A to the petrol pumps, D and
E. Then, (7000 − x − y) will be supplied from A to petrol pump F.
519
Cost of transporting 10 L of petrol = Re 1
520
The feasible region determined by the constraints is as follows.
The corner points of the feasible region are A (3500, 0), B (4500, 0),
C (4500, 2500), D (4000, 3000), and E (500, 3000).
521
D (4000, 3000) 5450
E (500, 3000) 4400 → Minimum
Thus, the oil supplied from depot A is 500 L, 3000 L, and 3500 L and
from depot B is 4000 L, 0 L, and 0 L to petrol pumps D, E, and F
respectively.
Question 8:
A fruit grower can use two types of fertilizer in his garden, brand P
and brand Q. The amounts (in kg) of nitrogen, phosphoric acid,
potash, and chlorine in a bag of each brand are given in the table.
Tests indicate that the garden needs at least 240 kg of phosphoric acid
at least 270 kg of potash and at most 310 kg of chlorine.
kg per bag
Brand P Brand Q
Nitrogen 3 3.5
Phosphoric acid 1 2
Potash 3 1.5
Chlorine 1.5 2
Answer
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522
Let the fruit grower use x bags of brand P and y bags of brand Q.
The corner points are A (240, 0), B (140, 50), and C (20, 140).
523
C (40, 100) 470 → Minimum
Question 9:
Answer
Discussion
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Let the fruit grower use x bags of brand P and y bags of brand Q.
524
The corner points are A (140, 50), B (20, 140), and C (40, 100).
Question 10:
525
Further, the production level of dolls of type A can exceed three times
the production of dolls of other type by at most 600 units. If the
company makes profit of Rs 12 and Rs 16 per doll respectively on
dolls A and B, how many of each should be produced weekly in order
to maximize the profit?
Answer
Discussion
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526
The corner points are A (600, 0), B (1050, 150), and C (800, 400).
Thus, 800 and 400 dolls of type A and type B should be produced
respectively to get the maximum profit of Rs 16000.
527
PROBABLITY
EXERCISE-13.1
Question 2:
Answer
Discussion
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Question 3:
Answer
Discussion
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528
(i) P (B|A) = 0.4
(ii)
(iii)
Question 4:
Answer
Discussion
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It is given that,
529
It is known that,
Question 5:
Answer
Discussion
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It is given that
(i)
530
(ii) It is known that,
Question 6:
Answer
Discussion
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F = {HHH, HHT}
E ∩ F = {HHH}
531
(ii) E = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH}
Clearly,
Question 7:
Two coins are tossed once, where
Answer
532
Discussion
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F = {HT, TH}
(ii) E = {HH}
F = {TT}
∴E∩F=Φ
P (F) = 1 and P (E ∩ F) = 0
∴ P(E|F) =
Question 8:
Answer
Discussion
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533
If a die is thrown three times, then the number of elements in the
sample space will be 6 × 6 × 6 = 216
Question 9:
Mother, father and son line up at random for a family picture
Answer
Discussion
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If mother (M), father (F), and son (S) line up for the family picture,
then the sample space will be
F = {MFS, SFM}
∴ E ∩ F = {MFS, SFM}
534
Question 10:
A black and a red dice are rolled.
(b) Find the conditional probability of obtaining the sum 8, given that
the red die resulted in a number less than 4.
Answer
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Let the first observation be from the black die and second from the
red die.
When two dice (one black and another red) are rolled, the sample
space S has 6 × 6 = 36 number of elements.
1. Let
= {(4, 6), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
= {(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)}
535
The conditional probability of obtaining a sum greater than 9, given
that the black die resulted in a 5, is given by P (A|B).
= {(2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2)}
Question 11:
A fair die is rolled. Consider events E = {1, 3, 5}, F = {2, 3} and G =
{2, 3, 4, 5}
Find
Answer
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536
When a fair die is rolled, the sample space S will be
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(i) E ∩ F = {3}
(ii) E ∩ G = {3, 5}
(iii) E ∪ F = {1, 2, 3, 5}
E ∩ F = {3}
537
(E ∩ F) ∩ G = {3}∩{2, 3, 4, 5} = {3}
Question 12:
Answer
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Let b and g represent the boy and the girl child respectively. If a
family has two children, the sample space will be
538
(i) Let B be the event that the youngest child is a girl.
The conditional probability that both are girls, given that the youngest
child is a girl, is given by P (A|B).
The conditional probability that both are girls, given that at least one
child is a girl, is given by P(A|C).
Question 13:
539
An instructor has a question bank consisting of 300 easy True/False
questions, 200 difficult True/False questions, 500 easy multiple
choice questions and 400 difficult multiple choice questions. If a
question is selected at random from the question bank, what is the
probability that it will be an easy question given that it is a multiple
choice question?
Answer
Discussion
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P (E ∩ M) =
540
∴
Question 14:
Given that the two numbers appearing on throwing the two dice are
different. Find the probability of the event ‘the sum of numbers on the
dice is 4’.
Answer
Discussion
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Let A be the event that the sum of the numbers on the dice is 4 and B
be the event that the two numbers appearing on throwing the two dice
are different.
541
Let P (A|B) represent the probability that the sum of the numbers on
the dice is 4, given that the two numbers appearing on throwing the
two dice are different.
Question 15:
Answer
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Let A be the event that the coin shows a tail and B be the event that at
least one die shows 3.
542
Probability of the event that the coin shows a tail, given that at least
one die shows 3, is given by P(A|B).
Therefore,
Question 16:
If
(A) 0 (B)
Answer
Discussion
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It is given that
543
Thus, the correct answer is C.
Question 17:
Answer
Discussion
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⇒ P (A) = P (B)
544
EXERCISE-13.2
Question 1:
Answer
Discussion
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It is given that
Question 2:
Two cards are drawn at random and without replacement from a pack
of 52 playing cards. Find the probability that both the cards are black.
Answer
Discussion
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Let P (A) be the probability of getting a black card in the first draw.
545
Since the card is not replaced,
Question 3:
Answer
Discussion
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Let A, B, and C be the respective events that the first, second, and
third drawn orange is good.
The box is approved for sale, if all the three oranges are good.
546
Question 3:
Answer
Discussion
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Let A, B, and C be the respective events that the first, second, and
third drawn orange is good.
The box is approved for sale, if all the three oranges are good.
Question 5:
547
Answer
Discussion
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S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
∴ A ∩ B = {2}
Question 6:
Answer
Discussion
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548
It is given that , and
Question 7:
Answer
Discussion
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It is given that
∴ P (A ∩ B) = 0
It is known that,
It is known that,
549
Question 8:
Let A and B be independent events with P (A) = 0.3 and P (B) = 0.4.
Find
(i) P (A ∩ B) (ii) P (A ∪ B)
Answer
Discussion
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550
Question 9:
Answer
Discussion
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It is given that,
Question 10:
Answer
Discussion
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551
It is given that
Question 11:
Given two independent events A and B such that P (A) = 0.3, P (B) =
0.6. Find
Answer
Discussion
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(i)
552
(ii) P (A and not B) =
(iii) P (A or B) =
Question 12:
Answer
Discussion
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553
= 1 − Probability of getting an odd number in none of the throws
Question 13:
Answer
Discussion
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554
(ii) Probability of getting first ball black =
red =
red =
Question 14:
Probability of solving specific problem independently by A and B are
555
(i) the problem is solved (ii) exactly one of them solves the problem.
Answer
Discussion
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(ii) Probability that exactly one of them solves the problem is given
by,
556
Question 15:
Answer
Discussion
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(i) In a deck of 52 cards, 13 cards are spades and 4 cards are aces.
P(E) × P(F) =
557
(ii) In a deck of 52 cards, 26 cards are black and 4 cards are kings.
P(E) × P(F) =
(iii) In a deck of 52 cards, 4 cards are kings, 4 cards are queens, and 4
cards are jacks.
There are 4 cards which are king or queen and queen or jack.
P(E) × P(F) =
558
Question 16:
In a hostel, 60% of the students read Hindi newspaper, 40% read
English newspaper and 20% read both Hindi and English news
papers. A student is selected at random.
(a) Find the probability that she reads neither Hindi nor English news
papers.
(b) If she reads Hindi news paper, find the probability that she reads
English news paper.
(c) If she reads English news paper, find the probability that she reads
Hindi news paper.
Answer
Discussion
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Let H denote the students who read Hindi newspaper and E denote the
students who read English newspaper.
It is given that,
is,
559
(ii) Probability that a randomly chosen student reads English
newspaper, if she reads Hindi news paper, is given by P (E|H).
Question 17:
Answer
Discussion
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560
∴ E = {(2, 2)}
Question 18:
(B)
Answer
Discussion
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Distracter Rationale
561
A. Let P (A) = m, P (B) = n, 0 < m, n < 1
Here,
562
EXERCISE-13.3
Question 1:
An urn contains 5 red and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at random, its
colour is noted and is returned to the urn. Moreover, 2 additional balls
of the colour drawn are put in the urn and then a ball is drawn at
random. What is the probability that the second ball is red?
Answer
Discussion
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If two red balls are added to the urn, then the urn contains 7 red and 5
black balls.
If two black balls are added to the urn, then the urn contains 5 red and
7 black balls.
563
Therefore, probability of drawing second ball as red
is
Question 4:
Answer
Discussion
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Let E1 and E2 be the respective events that the student knows the
answer and he guesses the answer.
∴ P (A|E1) = 1
is .
564
The probability that the student knows the answer, given that he
answered it correctly, is given by .
Question 5:
Answer
Discussion
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565
Let E1 and E2 be the respective events that a person has a disease and
a person has no disease.
∴ P (E1) + P (E2) = 1
Probability that a person has a disease, given that his test result is
positive, is given by
P (E1|A).
Question 6:
566
There are three coins. One is two headed coin (having head on both
faces), another is a biased coin that comes up heads 75% of the time
and third is an unbiased coin. One of the three coins is chosen at
random and tossed, it shows heads, what is the probability that it was
the two headed coin?
Answer
Discussion
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Let E1, E2, and E3 be the respective events of choosing a two headed
coin, a biased coin, and an unbiased coin.
Since the third coin is unbiased, the probability that it shows heads is
always .
The probability that the coin is two-headed, given that it shows heads,
is given by
P (E1|A).
567
Question 7:
Answer
Discussion
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Let E1, E2, and E3 be the respective events that the driver is a scooter
driver, a car driver, and a truck driver.
There are 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers, and 6000 truck
drivers.
568
P (E2) = P (driver is a car driver)
The probability that the driver is a scooter driver, given that he met
with an accident, is given by P (E1|A).
Question 8:
569
A factory has two machines A and B. Past record shows that machine
A produced 60% of the items of output and machine B produced 40%
of the items. Further, 2% of the items produced by machine A and 1%
produced by machine B were defective. All the items are put into one
stockpile and then one item is chosen at random from this and is
found to be defective. What is the probability that was produced by
machine B?
Answer
Discussion
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(X|E1)
(X|E2)
The probability that the randomly selected item was from machine B,
given that it is defective, is given by P (E2|X).
570
Question 9:
Two groups are competing for the position on the board of directors
of a corporation. The probabilities that the first and the second groups
will win are 0.6 and 0.4 respectively. Further, if the first group wins,
the probability of introducing a new product is 0.7 and the
corresponding probability is 0.3 if the second group wins. Find the
probability that the new product introduced was by the second group.
Answer
Discussion
Share
Let E1 and E2 be the respective events that the first group and the
second group win the competition. Let A be the event of introducing a
new product.
P (E1) = Probability that the first group wins the competition = 0.6
P (E2) = Probability that the second group wins the competition = 0.4
571
P (A|E2) = Probability of introducing a new product if the second
group wins = 0.3
P (E2|A).
Question 10:
Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets a 5 or 6, she tosses a coin three
times and notes the number of heads. If she gets 1, 2, 3 or 4, she
tosses a coin once and notes whether a head or tail is obtained. If she
obtained exactly one head, what is the probability that she threw 1, 2,
3 or 4 with the die?
Answer
Discussion
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Let E1 be the event that the outcome on the die is 5 or 6 and E 2 be the
event that the outcome on the die is 1, 2, 3, or 4.
572
Let A be the event of getting exactly one head.
The probability that the girl threw 1, 2, 3, or 4 with the die, if she
obtained exactly one head, is given by P (E2|A).
Question 11:
A manufacturer has three machine operators A, B and C. The first
operator A produces 1% defective items, where as the other two
operators B and C produce 5% and 7% defective items respectively.
A is on the job for 50% of the time, B is on the job for 30% of the
time and C is on the job for 20% of the time. A defective item is
produced, what is the probability that was produced by A?
573
Answer
Discussion
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Let E1, E2, and E3 be the respective events of the time consumed by
machines A, B, and C for the job.
574
Question 12:
Answer
Discussion
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Out of 52 cards, 13 cards are diamond and 39 cards are not diamond.
When one diamond card is lost, there are 12 diamond cards out of 51
cards.
575
Two cards can be drawn out of 12 diamond cards in ways.
When the lost card is not a diamond, there are 13 diamond cards out
of 51 cards.
The probability of getting two cards, when one card is lost which is
not diamond, is given by P (A|E2).
576
Question 13:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer
Discussion
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If a coin is tossed, then it may result in either head (H) or tail (T).
577
The probability that there is actually a head is given by P (E1|X).
Question 14:
If A and B are two events such that A ⊂ B and P (B) ≠ 0, then which
of the following is correct?
A.
B.
C.
D. None of these
Answer
Discussion
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578
If A ⊂ B, then A ∩ B = A
⇒ P (A ∩ B) = P (A)
Consider … (1)
Consider … (2)
579
EXERCISE-13.4
Question 1:
State which of the following are not the probability distributions of a
random variable. Give reasons for your answer.
(i)
X 0 1 2
P (X) 0.4 0.4 0.2
(ii)
X 0 1 2 3 4
P (X) 0.1 0.5 0.2 − 0.1 0.3
(iii)
Y −1 0 1
P (Y) 0.6 0.1 0.2
(iv)
Z 3 2 1 0 −1
P (Z) 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.05
Answer
Discussion
580
Share
(iv) Sum of the probabilities = 0.3 + 0.2 + 0.4 + 0.1 + 0.05 = 1.05 ≠ 1
Question 3:
Let X represents the difference between the number of heads and the
number of tails obtained when a coin is tossed 6 times. What are
possible values of X?
Answer
Discussion
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A coin is tossed six times and X represents the difference between the
number of heads and the number of tails.
581
∴ X (6 H, 0T)
X (5 H, 1 T)
X (4 H, 2 T)
X (3 H, 3 T)
X (2 H, 4 T)
X (1 H, 5 T)
X (0H, 6 T)
Question 5:
Find the probability distribution of the number of successes in two
tosses of a die, where a success is defined as
Answer
Discussion
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582
P (X = 0) = P (number less than or equal to 4 on both the tosses)
X 1 1 2
P (X)
Y 0 1
P (Y)
Question 6:
583
From a lot of 30 bulbs which include 6 defectives, a sample of 4 bulbs
is drawn at random with replacement. Find the probability distribution
of the number of defective bulbs.
Answer
Discussion
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X 0 1 2 3 4
P (X)
Question 7:
584
A coin is biased so that the head is 3 times as likely to occur as tail. If
the coin is tossed twice, find the probability distribution of number of
tails.
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∴ P (T) = x
⇒ P (H) = 3x
When the coin is tossed twice, the sample space is {HH, TT, HT,
TH}.
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Therefore, the required probability distribution is as follows.
X 0 1 2
P (X)
Question 8:
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P (X) 0 k 2k 2k 3k k2 2k2 7k2 + k
Determine
(i) k
(ii) P (X < 3)
(iii) P (X > 6)
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586
∴
(ii) P (X < 3) = P (X = 0) + P (X = 1) + P (X = 2)
(iii) P (X > 6) = P (X = 7)
Question 9:
The random variable X has probability distribution P(X) of the
following form, where k is some number:
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(a) Determine the value of k.
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∴ k + 2k + 3k + 0 = 1
⇒ 6k = 1
⇒k=
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Question 10:
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589
Therefore, the required probability distribution is as follows.
X 0 1 2 3
P(X)
Mean of X E(X), µ =
Question 11:
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Here, X represents the number of sixes obtained when two dice are
thrown simultaneously. Therefore, X can take the value of 0, 1, or 2.
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P (X = 2) = P (six on both the dice) =
X 0 1 2
P(X)
Question 12:
Two numbers are selected at random (without replacement) from the
first six positive integers. Let X denotes the larger of the two numbers
obtained. Find E(X).
Answer
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The two positive integers can be selected from the first six positive
integers without replacement in 6 × 5 = 30 ways
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For X = 3, the possible observations are (1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 1), and (3,
2).
For X = 4, the possible observations are (1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 3), (4,
2), and (4, 1).
For X = 5, the possible observations are (1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5,
4), (5, 3), (5, 2), and (5, 1).
For X = 6, the possible observations are (1, 6), (2, 6), (3, 6), (4, 6), (5,
6), (6, 4), (6, 3), (6, 2), and (6, 1).
X 2 3 4 5 6
P(X)
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question 13:
Let X denotes the sum of the numbers obtained when two fair dice are
rolled. Find the variance and standard deviation of X.
Answer
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P(X = 2) = P(1, 1) =
593
P(X = 12) = P(6, 6) =
X 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
P(X)
Question 14:
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A class has 15 students whose ages are 14, 17, 15, 14, 21, 17, 19, 20,
16, 18, 20, 17, 16, 19 and 20 years. One student is selected in such a
manner that each has the same chance of being chosen and the age X
of the selected student is recorded. What is the probability distribution
of the random variable X? Find mean, variance and standard deviation
of X.
Answer
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There are 15 students in the class. Each student has the same chance
to be chosen. Therefore, the probability of each student to be selected
is .
X 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
f 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1
X 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
f
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E(X2) =
Question 15:
Answer
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596
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X 0 1
P(X) 0.3 0.7
= 0.7 − (0.7) 2
= 0.7 − 0.49
= 0.21
Question 16:
The mean of the numbers obtained on throwing a die having written 1
on three faces, 2 on two faces and 5 on one face is
Answer
597
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X 1 2 5
P(X)
Mean = E(X) =
598
EXERCISE-13.5
Question 1:
Answer
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The repeated tosses of a die are Bernoulli trials. Let X denote the
number of successes of getting odd numbers in an experiment of 6
trials.
is,
Therefore, P (X = x) =
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(i) P (5 successes) = P (X = 5)
uestion 2:
600
Answer
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The repeated tosses of a pair of dice are Bernoulli trials. Let X denote
the number of times of getting doublets in an experiment of throwing
two dice simultaneously four times.
∴ P (2 successes) = P (X = 2)
Question 3:
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Answer
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P(X = x) =
Question 4:
602
(i) all the five cards are spades?
Answer
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Let X represent the number of spade cards among the five cards
drawn. Since the drawing of card is with replacement, the trials are
Bernoulli trials.
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(iii) P (none is a spade) = P(X = 0)
Question 5:
The probability that a bulb produced by a factory will fuse after 150
days of use is 0.05. What is the probability that out of 5 such bulbs
(i) none
Answer
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Let X represent the number of bulbs that will fuse after 150 days of
use in an experiment of 5 trials. The trials are Bernoulli trials.
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X has a binomial distribution with n = 5 and p = 0.05
Question 5:
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The probability that a bulb produced by a factory will fuse after 150
days of use is 0.05. What is the probability that out of 5 such bulbs
(i) none
Answer
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Let X represent the number of bulbs that will fuse after 150 days of
use in an experiment of 5 trials. The trials are Bernoulli trials.
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(iii) P (more than 1) = P(X > 1)
Question 7:
In an examination, 20 questions of true-false type are asked. Suppose
a student tosses a fair coin to determine his answer to each question.
If the coin falls heads, he answers ‘true’; if it falls tails, he answers
‘false’. Find the probability that he answers at least 12 questions
correctly.
Answer
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607
The repeated tosses of a coin are Bernoulli trails. Since “head” on a
coin represents the true answer and “tail” represents the false answer,
the correctly answered questions are Bernoulli trials.
∴p=
Question 8:
Answer
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608
X is the random variable whose binomial distribution is .
Therefore, n = 6 and
Question 9:
On a multiple choice examination with three possible answers for
each of the five questions, what is the probability that a candidate
would get four or more correct answers just by guessing?
Answer
Discussion
609
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Question 10:
Answer
Discussion
610
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611
Question 11:
Answer
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The repeated tossing of a die are Bernoulli trials. Let X represent the
number of times of getting 5 in 7 throws of the die.
612
613
EXERCISE-13.6
Question 1:
Answer
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(i) A is a subset of B.
(ii)
Question 2:
A couple has two children,
(i) Find the probability that both children are males, if it is known that
at least one of the children is male.
(ii) Find the probability that both children are females, if it is known
that the elder child is a female.
Answer
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(i) Let E and F respectively denote the events that both children are
males and at least one of the children is a male.
(ii) Let A and B respectively denote the events that both children are
females and the elder child is a female.
Question 3:
Suppose that 5% of men and 0.25% of women have grey hair. A
haired person is selected at random. What is the probability of this
person being male?
615
Assume that there are equal number of males and females.
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Question 4:
Answer
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616
= 1 − P (more than 6 are right-handed)
Question 5:
An urn contains 25 balls of which 10 balls bear a mark ‘X’ and the
remaining 15 bear a mark ‘Y’. A ball is drawn at random from the
urn, its mark is noted down and it is replaced. If 6 balls are drawn in
this way, find the probability that
(iv) the number of balls with ‘X’ mark and ‘Y’ mark will be equal.
Answer
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Six balls are drawn with replacement. Therefore, the number of trials
are Bernoulli trials.
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Let Z be the random variable that represents the number of balls with
‘Y’ mark on them in the trials.
∴ P (Z = z) =
= P (Z = 0) + P (Z = 1) + P (Z = 2)
(iv) P (equal number of balls with ‘X’ mark and ‘Y’ mark) = P (Z = 3)
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Question 6:
Answer
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Let p and q respectively be the probabilities that the player will clear
and knock down the hurdle.
Let X be the random variable that represents the number of times the
player will knock down the hurdle.
P (X = x) =
= P (X = 0) + P (X = 1)
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Question 7:
A die is thrown again and again until three sixes are obtained. Find
the probability of obtaining the third six in the sixth throw of the die.
Answer
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six is .
Let
The probability that the 2 sixes come in the first five throws of the die
is
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Question 8:
If a leap year is selected at random, what is the chance that it will
contain 53 Tuesdays?
Answer
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In a leap year, there are 366 days i.e., 52 weeks and 2 days.
Therefore, the probability that the leap year will contain 53 Tuesdays
is equal to the probability that the remaining 2 days will be Tuesdays.
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Favourable cases = 2
Question 9:
An experiment succeeds twice as often as it fails. Find the probability
that in the next six trials, there will be at least 4 successes.
Answer
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∴ Probability of success = 2x
Let p = and q =
P (X = x) =
= P (X = 4) + P (X = 5) + P (X = 6)
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Question 10:
How many times must a man toss a fair coin so that the probability of
having at least one head is more than 90%?
Answer
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Let the man toss the coin n times. The n tosses are n Bernoulli trials.
∴p= ⇒q=
It is given that,
P (x ≥ 1) > 0.9
⇒ 1 − P ( x = 0) > 0.9
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The minimum value of n that satisfies the given inequality is 4.
Thus, the man should toss the coin 4 or more than 4 times.
Question 11:
In a game, a man wins a rupee for a six and loses a rupee for any
other number when a fair die is thrown. The man decided to throw a
die thrice but to quit as and when he gets a six. Find the expected
value of the amount he wins/loses.
Answer
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624
ii. If he does not get a six in the first throw and gets a six in the
iii. If he does not get a six in the first two throws and gets a six in
Question 12:
One of the boxes has been selected at random and a single marble is
drawn from it. If the marble is red, what is the probability that it was
drawn from box A?, box B?, box C?
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Answer
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Let EA, EB, and EC respectively denote the events of selecting the box
A, B, and C.
Question 13:
Assume that the chances of the patient having a heart attack are 40%.
It is also assumed that a meditation and yoga course reduce the risk of
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heart attack by 30% and prescription of certain drug reduces its
chances by 25%. At a time a patient can choose any one of the two
options with equal probabilities. It is given that after going through
one of the two options the patient selected at random suffers a heart
attack. Find the probability that the patient followed a course of
meditation and yoga?
Answer
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Let A, E1, and E2 respectively denote the events that a person has a
heart attack, the selected person followed the course of yoga and
meditation, and the person adopted the drug prescription.
Question 14:
627
(Assume that the individual entries of the determinant are chosen
Answer
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cases.
∴ Required probability =
Question 15:
An electronic assembly consists of two subsystems, say, A and B.
From previous testing procedures, the following probabilities are
assumed to be known:
Answer
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Let the event in which A fails and B fails be denoted by EA and EB.
628
P (EA) = 0.2
⇒ P (EB) = 0.3
(i)
= 0.2 − 0.15
= 0.05
Question 16:
Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and Bag II contains 4 red and 5
black balls. One ball is transferred from Bag I to Bag II and then a
ball is drawn from Bag II. The ball so drawn is found to be red in
colour. Find the probability that the transferred ball is black.
Answer
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629
When a black ball is transferred from bag I to II,
Question 17:
If A and B are two events such that P (A) ≠ 0 and P(B|A) = 1, then.
(A) A ⊂ B
(B) B ⊂ A
(C) B = Φ
(D) A = Φ
Answer
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P (A) ≠ 0 and
630
Thus, the correct answer is A.
Question 18:
Answer
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Question 18:
631
Answer
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632