1

SECTION

5
5.1

,
( , )
,
.
xOy . 5-1. P1 x1
y1, .

y2

P1P2

d = ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2

y1
O

P1
x2

x1

. 5-1

(x1, y1) = P1
(x2, y2) = P2

P2

A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3)
,

1
1 x
2 1
y1

1
x2
y2

1
x3 = 1 [ x1 ( y2 y3 ) + x2 ( y3 y1 ) + x3 ( y1 y2 )]
2
y3

x
. 5-2

P1(x1, y1) P2(x2, y2),
y y1 y2 y1
=
x x1 x2 x1

SECTION

m=

y2 y1
= tan u
x2 x1

y
b = y1 mx1 =

x2 y1 x1 y2
x2 x1

y y1 = m(x x1)
y = mx + b
x + y =1
a b

a x.

xcos + ysin = c
c O

x.

. 5-3

Ax + By + C = 0

Ax1 + By1 + C
A2 + B 2
(x1, y1) =

m1 m2 ,

m m1
tan c = 2
m1m2 + 1
, m1 = m2.
, m2 = 1/m1.

SECTION

y'

x = x + x0

y = y + y0

O'

x = x x0

y = y y0

x'

(x, y) = xOy
(x', y') = x'O'y'
(x0, y0) = O' xOy

. 5-4

y'
x = x cos f y sin f

y = x sin f + y cos f

x'

x = x cos f + y sin f

y = y cos f x sin f

x
. 5-5

x = x cos f y sin f + x0

y = x sin f + y cos f + y0

x = ( x x0 ) cos f + ( y y0 )sin f

y = ( y y0 ) cos f ( x x0 )sin f

y'

x'

O'
f

(x0, y0) = O' xOy

x = r cos f

y = r sin f

. 5-6
y

r = x 2 + y 2

f = tan 1 ( y / x)

r
f

(x, y) =
(, ) =

x
. 5-7

SECTION

, f (x, y) = 0 xy.
x = x(t), y = y(t), t . ,
f(x, y) x y. f(x, y)
, (, , ).

(x x0)2 + (y y0)2 = R2

(x0, y0) =
R =

r0

PO

e =
PK
AA'.
, = .,

r=

. 5-8

ed
1 e cos u

r
d

, < 1,

, = 1,
A'

, > 1.
.

2a
2b,
Ox Oy ,

( x x0 ) ( y y0 )
+
=1
a2
b2
2

(x0, y0)
. . 5-10

. 5-9

F'

C
x

. 5-10

SECTION

AB = 2a
CD = 2b
KF = KF = a 2 b 2
PF + PF' = 2a

( )
y

2
2
= = a b
a
F , . 5-11,

r=

p
,
1 e cos u

r
u

P
x

p = a(1 2)
. 5-11

2a
2b,
Ox Oy ,
y

( x x0 ) 2 ( y y0 ) 2

=1
a2
b2

(x0, y0)
. . 5-12

F
F'
A K B

= 2
KF = KF = a 2 + b 2

| PF PF'| = 2a
( )

. 5-12
y

a 2 + b2
= =
a

tan f = b
a
F O, . 5-13,

p
r=
, p = (2 1)
1 e cos u

u
O

F'

. 5-13

SECTION

Ox
(. 5-14)

A F
a

(y y0)2 = 4a(x x0),

(x0, y0) A AF = a.
F O (. 5-15),

r=

O
. 5-14
y

2a
1 cosu

y = ax + bx + c, a > 0,
2

(. 5-16)

y
xm = b ,
2a
2
ym = 4ac b
4a

. 5-15

xm
ym

a O

. 5-16

x2 + y 2 = 1
a 2 b2

x2 y 2 = 1
a 2 b2

y2 = 4px

e = 1 b2 < 1
a

(a, 0)
x = a/

r2 =

(a, 0)
x = a/

e = 1 + b2 > 1
a
(a, 0)
x = a/

2b2/a
b2
1 e 2 cos 2 u

=1

(a, 0)
x = a/

(p, 0)
x = p

2b2/a
r2 =

b 2
1 e 2 cos 2 u

4p
r=

4 p cos u
1 cos 2 u

SECTION

(. 5-17)

y = x2(x a)
(. 5-18)
x

y = ax2/3
(. 5-19)

. 5-17

Q QQ'
(
Ox) OP =
RQ. P .

. 5-18

y2 = x
dx

r = dsintan
x

(. 5-20)

x3 + x(a2 + y2) = 2a(x2 + y2)

Descartes (. 5-21)

Q'
. 5-19

. 5-20

x3 + y3 = 3axy

x = 3at3 ,
1+ t

y = 3at 3
1+ t
x+y+a=0

E = (3/2)a

(. 5-22)

x 2 (3a + x)
y =
ax
2

. 5-21

. 5-22

SECTION

Agnesi (. 5-23)

To A y = d. To

(0, d/2) d. To

.

y=

d3
2
x + d2

x = d cot f

2
y = d sin f

B P

O
. 5-23
y P

 a
()
y P

AOx .
f = n

 a

Cassini (. 5-24)

()
. 5-24

P b2.

(x2 + y2 + a2)2 4a2x2 = b4

a < b, . 5-24. a > b,
. 5-24.

45

45

. 5-25

Bernoulli (. 5-25)

(x2 + y2)2 = a2(x2 y2)

()

r2 = a2cos2.
a

E = a2

(. 5-26)

(x2 + y2)(x a)2 = b2x2

r=

a +b
cosu

. 5-26

Pascal (. 5-27)
To A
d. A
P
P' PA = P'A = b < 2d.
.

y
A

P'

P' u

()

()
. 5-27

SECTION

r = b + dcos

d < b, . 5-27. b < d,

. 5-27.
(. 5-28

P
u

(B, a)
(A, a). P
.

(x2 + y2 2ax)2 = 4a2(x2 + y2)

B
x

. 5-28
y

r = 2a(1 + cos)
a

() = 8a

E = (3/2)a2

(. 5-29)
a/4
a. P
.

x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3

. 5-29
y

x = a cos3 f

3
y = a sin f

() = 6a

E = 1a2

(. 5-30)

r = acos3

. 5-30
y

, n r = acosn n .
(. 5-31)

r = acos2
, n r = acosn 2n .

. 5-31

10

SECTION

(. 5-32)

. P
, c
.

b
a

(
(

)
)

x = (a + b) cos f c cos a + b f
b
y = (a + b)sin f c sin a + b f
b

f
x

. 5-32

. 5-32 b = c.
y

o (. 5-33)

. P
, c
.

(
(

)
)

. 5-33

x = (a b) cos f + c cos a b f
b
y = (a b)sin f c sin a b f
b
. 5-33 b = c.
(. 5-34)

(, a) Ox. P
.

x = a( sin),

y = a(1 cos)

A = 2
OA = 8a

E = 3a2

. 5-34

11

SECTION

(. 5-35)

a
Ox. P
, b
.

b
a

. 5-35

x = a bsin,

y = a bcos

b
a

b < a . 5-35. b > , .

5-35. b = a,
. 5-34.

. 5-35

(. 5-36)
( )

r = 4p

r = a

r = aeb

. 5-36

. 5-36

. 5-36

(. 5-37)

a.
P .

x = a(cos + sin)

y = a(sin cos)

s = !a2

. 5-37

A x

12

SECTION

(. 5-38)

.
a

y = a (e x / a + e x / a )
2
-x x

. 5-38

s = 2asinh(x/a)

(. 5-39)
A(0, a).
P
Ox B. PB
a.

x = a cos f + ln tan

f
2

y
A
P

a
f

y = a sin f

. 5-39

5.2



.
x, y, z ,

Ox,
Oy, Oz. P0
(x0, y0, z0),
x = x0, y = y0, z = z0.

z0

P0
y0

x0
x

. 5-40

Ox, Oy, Oz
i, j, k.

13

SECTION

r = xi + yj +zk
r |r| r
r = | r | = x2 + y 2 + z 2
,
x1, x2, x3, x, y, z
(
x1 = ., x2 = .,
x3 = .).
.
( )
.
z

x = r cos f

y = r sin f
z = z

r = x2 + y 2

1
f = tan ( y / x)
z = z

(, , z) =

. 5-41

x = r sin u cos f

y = r sin u sin f

z = r cos u

(x, y, z) =
(r, , ) =

2
2
2
r = x + y + z

1 y
f = tan x

z
u = cos 1

x2 + y 2 + z 2

(x, y, z) =

f
x
. 5-42

14

SECTION

(. 5-43)

d = | r2 r1 |

P1

= ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2 + ( z2 z1 ) 2

(xi, yi, zi) =

Pi (i = 1, 2, 3).

x1

d0 =

P2

z1
y1

. 5-43

Ax0 + By0 + Cz0 + D

A2 + B 2 + C 2

P(x0, y0, z0) Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 .

P1(x1, y1, z1) P2(x2, y2, z2)

x x1
y y1
z z1
=
=
x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1

l = cos a =

x2 x1
,
d

m = cos b =

y2 y1
,
d

n = cos g =

z2 z1
d

, , P1P2 x, y, z d
P1P2.
cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 1

l2 + m2 + n2 = 1

x x1 y y1 z z1
=
=
l
m
n
t .

x = x1 + lt, y = y1 + mt, z = z1 + nt

r = r1 + (r2 r1)
.

r = r1 + a

a =

r2 r1
| r2 r1| |

15

SECTION

x x0 y y0 z z0

r = r0 + vt
=
=
X
Y
Z
r0 = (x0, y0, z0) v = (X, Y, Z) .

x x0 y y0 z z0
x = x0 + At, y = y0 + Bt, z = z0 + Ct
=
=
A
B
C
(x0, y0, z0) Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 .

l1, m1, n1 l2,
m2, n2
cos = l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2
r = r1 + 1a1, r = r2 + 2a2,
(ab )
a a
cos c = 1 2
|a1||a 2|

d 0 = {| r0 r1 |2 [(r0 r1 ) v 0 ]2 }

1/ 2

r0 , r1 v0
.

Ax + By + Cz + D = 0

A r + D = 0,

A = (A, B, C ) .

x x1
x2 x1
x3 x1

y y1
y2 y1
y3 y1

z z1
z2 z1 = 0
z3 z1

[(r r1)(r r2)(r r3)] = 0

(xi, yi, zi), i = 1, 2, 3, [abc]

.

16

SECTION

x + y + z =1
a b c

xcos + ycos + zcos = d
d
, ,
Ox, Oy, Oz.

P
b

O
a

x
. 5-44

.
, n x, y, z
n x', y', z' .
z
z'

x = x + x0

y = y + y0
z = z + z

x = x x0

y = y y0
z = z z

(x, y, z) =
(x', y', z') = '
(x0, y0, z0) = '

O'
y'

O
x

. 5-45

z
x = l1 x + l2 y + l3 z

y = m1 x + m2 y + m3 z
z = n x + n y + n z

1
2
3

x'

x = l1 x + m1 y + n1 z

y = l2 x + m2 y + n2 z
z = l x + m y + n z

3
3
3

z'
y'
O
x

x'
. 5-46

(l1, m1, n1), (l2, m2, n2), (l3, m3, n3)

Ox', Oy', Oz' .

17

SECTION

x = l1 x + l2 y + l3 z + x0

y = m1 x + m2 y + m3 z + y0
z = n x + n y + n z + z

1
2
3
0

x = l1 ( x x0 ) + m1 ( y y0 ) + n1 ( z z0 )

y = l2 ( x x0 ) + m2 ( y y0 ) + n2 ( z z0 )
z = l ( x x ) + m ( y y ) + n ( z z )

3
0
3
0
3
0

z'
y'
O'
y

O
x'
x
. 5-47

(x0, y0, z0) = ' .

(, ) .

(. 5-48)

(x x0)2 + (y y0)2 + (z z0)2 = R2

(x0, y0, z0) =

R =

. 5-48

R .

(. 5-49)

( x x0 ) 2 ( y y0 ) 2 ( z z0 ) 2
+
+
=1
a2
b2
c2
(x0, y0, z0) =
a, b, c =

. 5-49

,
( ).

18

SECTION

(. 5-50)

Oz

x2 + y 2 = 1
a 2 b2
a, b .

. 5-50

z (
).

z
b

(. 5-51)

Oz

x + y2 z2 = 0
a 2 b2 c2

x
. 5-51

(
), ( )
( ).

(. 5-52)

a
2

x + y z =1
a 2 b2 c2
2

. ( Ax + By + C
= 0) .

. 5-52
z

(. 5-53)

z 2 x2 y 2

=1
c2 a 2 b2
|z | > c .
( Ax +
By + C = 0) .

c
y
x
. 5-53

19

SECTION

(. 5-54)

x2 y 2 z
+
=0
a 2 b2 c
y

( z > 0
) .
( Ax + By + C = 0)
.

x
. 5-54

(. 5-55)

x2 y 2 z

=0
a 2 b2 c
,
(.. z
= .) , (..
x = . y = .)..

x
. 5-55