1

1.


.
S -
3 2 .
S = { M(x, y, z) : x = f1 (u, v), y = f 2 (u, v), z = f 3 (u, v), u, v }

x = f1 (u, v), y = f 2 (u, v), z = f3 (u, v) (1.1)

S.
(1.1) u,v, S

f (x, y, z) = 0 z = (x, y), x = (y, z) y = (x, z)

3 .
, -
, .

, -
.
, , . ..
,
18

. , -
.

) , ,
.
.

f (x, y, z) = 0, g(x, y, z) = 0 (1.2)

C,
(x, y) = 0 (1.3)

z (1.2).
(1.3) 3 C
xy. (1.3) xy C -
.
(y, z) = 0
(x, z) = 0 , (1.2) x y -
.

)
,
( ).
, .
f (x, y, z) = 0 , f (*)
x,y,z, (0,0,0).
(x 0 , y 0 , z 0 )
f (x x 0 , y y 0 , z z 0 ) = 0

f = x x 0 , = y y 0 , = z z 0 .

(*)
4.
 1 19

, (x, y, z) 3
xyz

Ax 2 + By 2 + Cz 2 + Dxy + Eyz + Fxz + Gx + Hy + Iz + J = 0 (1.4)

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J .
.. , -
.
, B, C, D, E, F
. , -
(1.4)
Gx + Hy + Iz + J = 0

3 .
(1.4) ,

. ..
x 2 + y2 = 1

( ), -
z
x 2 + y2 = 1
xy.
xyz ,
(1.4) , -
.
.
, -
. -
x, y, z, .
S , -
, S .
20

2.
(1.4)
:
)

(x x 0 ) 2 + (y y 0 )2 + (z z 0 ) 2 = 2 , > 0 , (2.1)
(x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) ( 2.1).

P(x0,y0,z0)

O
y

2.1

)
( 2.2),
x2 y2 z2
+ + =1 (2.2)
a2 b2 c2
a, b, c > 0 ,
(2.2).
 1 21

(0,0,c) (-a,0,0)

(0,-b,0) (0,b,0) y

(a,0,0)
(0,0,-c)
x

2.2

,
. a = b = c,
(0,0,0) = a,
x 2 + y2 + z2 = a 2

,
(0,0,0)
.
x,
(2.2) y = 0 z = 0,
x2
=1
a2
(a,0,0) (a,0,0) .
, (2.2) y
(0,b,0) (0,b,0) z z = c z = c.
xy
(2.2) z = 0,
x2 y2
+ =1
a2 b2
22

.
, (2.2) z = z0, -
xy-,
x2 y2 z 02 x2 y2 z 02
+ + =1 + = 1 (2.3)
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
z0
< 1 (2.3)
c
x2 y2
+ =1

2 z 02
2 z 02
a 1 2 b 1 2
c c

a = b, (2.3)
x2 y2 z 02 2 2

2 z 02
+ = 1 x + y = a 1
a2 a2 c2 c2

z 02
= a 1 .
c2

z.
-
Oyz, Oxz, (2.2) x = x0 y = y0
.
2.1. S : 3x 2 + 5y 2 + 4z 2 = 2
y = 0.
. S
x2 y2 z2
2
+ 2
+ 2
=1 (1)
2 2 2

3 5 2

(1) (0,0,0)
2 2 2
a = , b= c = .
3 5 2
 1 23

S y = 0
x2 0 z2 x2 z2
2
+ 2
+ 2
=1 2
+ 2
=1
2 2 2 2 2

3 5 2 3 2

)

x2 y2 x2 z2 y2 z2
z= + y= + x= + (2.4)
a2 b2 a2 c2 b2 c2
a, b, c > 0 .

z
x2 y2
+ = 1 ,
a 2 z0 b2 z0 y=y0
z=z0
(0,0,z0)
x2 y02
z= +
,
a 2 b2
y=y0
x2 y2
z= +
a 2
b2
(0,y0,0) y

2.3

(2.4) ( 2.3) xz,

yz z .
.
z = z0 > 0
x2 y2 x2 y2
z0 = + + =1 (2.5)
a2 b2 a 2 z0 b2 z0

a = b, (2.5) -
24

, .
-
, -
.
.. x = x0 ( x-
)
x2 y2
z = 20 + 2
a b
, (2.4) y = y0,
y ( 2.3), -

x2 y2
z = 2 + 20
a b
2.2. S : z = x 2 + 3y 2
x = 2 z = 1.
y2
. S z = x 2 + 2
, -
3

3

.
y2
S x = 2 z = 22 + 2
3

3
y2
z = 1 x 2 + 2
=1.
3

3

)

x2 y2 x2 z2 y2 z2
z= y= x= ........ (2.6)
a2 b2 a2 c2 b2 c2
( 6 )
 1 25

a, b, c > 0 . (2.6) ( 2.4)

xz, yz
z , -
.

x2 y2
=1
a 2 z0 b2 z0 z
z=z0

O
x2
z= ,
a2
y=0
y

x y2
z= ,
b2
x=0

2.4

z- -
, x, y
. , z = z0 (2.6) -

x2 y2 x2 y2
z0 = =1
a2 b2 a 2z0 b2 z0

x = x0 ,

x2 y2
z = 20 2
a b
y2
x 0 = 0 , z = .
b
26

x2 y02
y = y0 z =
a2 b2
x2
y 0 = 0 , z = .
a2
(2.6).
2.3. S : 4z x 2 + 2y 2 = 0
x = 0 z = 2.
. S
x2 y2
z= 2
(1)
22
( 2 )
(1) .
(1) :
i) x = 0
y2
z =
2
ii) z = 2
x2 y2 x2 y2
2= 2
2
=1
22 22
( 2 ) (2 2 )
)

x2 y2 y2 z2 x2 z2
z2 = + x2 = + y2 = + (2.7)
a2 b2 b2 c2 a2 c2
a ,b, c > 0 .
(2.7) ( 2.5) ( -
(2.7)):
a = b, , -
.
,

(0,0,0).
 1 27

(0,0,z0)

x (0,0,-z0)

2.5

z = z0, z0 > 0 z0 < 0

x2 y2 x2 y2
z 20 = 2 + 2 + =1
a b a 2 z 02 b 2 z 20

(2.7) .. xz, y = 0,
x2 x x
z 2 = 2 , z = , z = .
a a a
y y
x = 0 z = z = ,
b b
(2.7) 0yz.
, (2.7) x = x0 y = y0 ( x0,
y0 0), ,

x 02 y2 y2 x 02
z2 = + z2 =
a2 b2 b2 a2

x2 y 20 x2 y 20
z2 = + z2 =
a2 b2 a2 b2
28

x = x0, y = y0 -
( 2.6).

y=y0

(0,y0,0) y

2.6
2.4. S : x 2 + y 2 4z 2 = 0
1
x = 2, z = .
2
x2 y2
. S 4z 2 = x 2 + y 2 z 2 = + , -
22 22
.
S x = 2
22 y2 y2
z2 = + z 2
=1
22 22 22
1
z =
2
2
1
4 = x 2 + y 2 x 2 + y 2 = 1
2

)

 1 29

x2 y2 z2 y2 z2 x2 x2 z2 y2
+ =1 + =1 + =1 (2.8)
a2 b2 c2 b2 c2 a2 a2 c2 b2
a, b, c > 0 .
-
.
z

(0,-y0,0)

y

(0,y0,0)

2.7

(2.8) ( (2.7)) ( -
) :
a = b,
z.
z = z0,
x2 y2 z 02 x2 y2 z 02
+ =1 + = 1 +
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
a = b -
z 02
= a 1 + .
c2
30

x = x0,
x 02 y2 z2 y2 z2 x 02
+ =1 = 1 (2.9)
a2 b2 c2 b2 c2 a2
y = y0
x2 y 20 z2 x2 z2 y02
+ =1 = 1 (2.10)
a2 b2 c2 a2 c2 b2
x = x0 y = y0
(2.9) (2.10) .
2.5. S : 2x 2 + y 2 6z 2 = 6
y = 0, z = 1.
. S
x2 y2
2
+ 2
z2 = 1 (1)
( 3 ) ( 6 )
(1) .
S (1) :
i) y = 0
x2 0 x2
2
+ 2
z2 = 1 2
z2 = 1
( 3 ) ( 6 ) ( 3 )
ii) z = 1
x2 y2 2 x2 y2
2
+ 2
1 = 1 2
+ 2
=2
( 3 ) ( 6 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 )
)

2
x y2 z2 y2 z2 x2 x2 z2 y2
+ = 1 + = 1 + = 1 (2.11)
a2 b2 c2 b2 c2 a2 a2 c2 b2
a, b, c > 0 .
 1 31

(2.11) ( 2.8) (-
).
z c z c ,
Oz z = c z = c
.
a = b, .
z -
x, y .

x2 y2 z02
z + = 1 +
,
a 2 b2 c2
z= z0
(0,0,z0)

x2 z2
= 1 ,
a 2 c2 (0,0,c)
y=0 (0,0,-c) y
x

(0,0,-z0)

2.8

, z = z 0 (z 0 > c, z 0 < c) , -

x2 y2 z 02 x2 y2 z 02
+ = 1 + = 1 +
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
x2 y2
+ =1
z2 z2
a 1 + 02
2
b 1 + 02
2

c c

z = z0.
32

x = x0 (2.11) (
x = x0)
x 02 y2 z2 z2 y2 x 02
+ = 1 = 1 +
a2 b2 c2 c2 b2 a2
y = y0 ( y = y0)
x2 y 20 z2 z2 x2 y 20
+ = 1 = 1 +
a2 b2 c2 c2 a2 b2
2.6. S : 4x 2 + 9y 2 z 2 + 1 = 0
x = 0, y = 0 z = 5 .
. S
x2 y2
2
+ 2
z 2 = 1 (1)
1 1

2 3

(1) .
S (1) :
i) x = 0
0 y2 y2
2
+ 2
z 2 = 1 z 2 2
=1
1 1 1

2 3 3

ii) y = 0
x2 0 x2
2
+ 2
z 2 = 1 z 2 2
=1
1 1
1
2 3 2

iii) z = 5
x2 y2 2 y2
1
2
+
1
2
5( ) = 1 x 2 +

2
=1
2
2 3 3
 1 33

)

y 2 = 2px z 2 = 2px x 2 = 2py ....... (2.12)

.. y2 = 2px ( 2.9) ()
z- -
xy y 2 = 2px ( )

y2=2px

y2=2px, z=0
x

2.9

2.7. S : 2y 2 + 4x = 0 .

. S y 2 = 2x -
z-

y 2 = 2x, z = 0

)

x2 y2 y2 z2 x2 z2
+ =1 + =1 + =1 (2.13)
a2 b2 b2 c2 a2 c2
34

a, b, c > 0 .

x2 y2
+ =1
a2 b2

x2 y2
+ = 1, z = 0
a2 b2
x

2.10

x 2 y2
.. + = 1 ( 2.10)
a 2 b2
() z
xy
x2 y2
+ = 1 ( )
a2 b2
a = b, .
2.8. S : 4x 2 + 9y 2 = 3 .
x2 y2
. S 2
+ 2
= 1
3 3

2 3
z

x2 y2
2
+ 2
= 1, z = 0
3 3

2 3
 1 35

)

x2 y2 y2 z2 z2 x2
=1 =1 = 1 ..... (2.14)
a2 b2 b2 c2 c2 a2

(-a,0,0)
(a,0,0)
y
x

x2 y2
=1
a2 b2

2.11

x 2 y2
, .. = 1 ( 2.11)
a 2 b2
() z -
xy
x2 y2
= 1 ( )
a2 b2
2.9. S : 16x 2 y 2 = 1 .

. S
36

x2
2
y2 = 1 (1)
1

4

(1)
z-
x2
2
y 2 = 1, z = 0
1

4
 1 37

1
2 y2 z 2
x + + = 1.
4 9 16
x 2 y2 z2
. + + = 1 .
2 2 32 4 2

2
2x 2 + 3y 2 + z 2 = 3 .

x2 y2 z2
. 2x 2 + 3y 2 + z 2 = 3 2
+ + 2
= 1 . -
12
3
( )
3
2

3
9x 2 + 36y 2 + 4z 2 36 = 0 .

x 2 y2 z2
. 9x 2 + 36y 2 + 4z 2 36 = 0 + + = 1 . -
22 12 32
.

4
2 y2
z = x + .
4 9
. Oz.

5
z = 2x 2 + 5y 2 .
38

x2 y2
. z = 2x 2 + 5y 2 z= 2
+ 2
, -
1
1
2 5

Oz.

6
36x 9y 2 16z 2 = 0 .
y2 z2
. 36x 9y 2 16z 2 = 0 x = + . -
22 3 2

2
Ox.

7
2 y2 2
x 2 + 2 z 2 = 1 .
2 3 5
2 2 2
x y z
. 2 2 + 2 = 1 .
2 3 5
Oy.

8
2z 3x 2 + y 2 = 0 .
x2 y2
. 2z 3x 2 + y 2 = 0 z = 2
2
. -

2
( 2)
3
.

9
3y 5z 2 + x 2 = 0 .
z2 x2
. 3y 5z 2 + x 2 = 0 y = 2
2
.
3 ( 3)

5
 1 39

10
y 2 x 2 z 2 = 0 .

. y 2 x 2 z 2 = 0 y 2 = x 2 + z 2 .
Oy .

11
x 2 4y 2 + 16z 2 = 0 .
x2 z2
. x 2 4y 2 + 16z 2 = 0 4y 2 = x 2 + 16z 2 y 2 = + .
22 1 2

2

Oy.

12
y2 z2
x 2 + =1.
22 7 2
. Oz.

13
2
2 y 2
x z + 4 = 0 .
4 25 9
.
2 2 2 2 2
x 2 y z 2 + 4 = 0 x 2 y z 2 = 1 y + z x = 1 . -
2 2 2 2 2 2
4 25 9 4 10 6 10 6 4
Ox.

14
x 2 4y 2 + z 2 8 = 0 .
40

x2 z2 y2
. x 2 4y 2 + z 2 8 = 0 2
+ 2
2
= 1 . -
(2 2 ) (2 2 ) ( 2)
Oy.

15
y2 z2
x 2 = 1.
22 32
y2 z 2 y2 z 2
. x 2 2 2 = 1 + x 2 = 1 . -
2 3 22 32
Ox.

16
2
2 y
z 2 = 1 + x + .
4 9
x 2 y2 x 2 y2
. z 2 = 1 + + + z 2 = 1 . -
4 9 22 32
Oz.

17
x 2 4y 2 2z 2 3 = 0 .
x2 y2 z2
. x 2 4y 2 2z 2 3 = 0 2
2
2
=1
( 3) 3

3

2 2
y2 z2 x2
2
+ 2 2

= 1 .
3 3 ( 3 )

2 2
Ox.

18
x 2 + 4y 2 z 2 + 8 = 0 .

.
 1 41

x2 y2 z2
x 2 +4y 2 z 2 +8=0 z 2 x 2 4y 2 =8 2
+ 2
2
= 1 ,
(2 2 ) ( 2) (2 2 )
Oz.

19
z 2 = 2x .
. y
z 2 = 2x, y = 0 .

20
y 2 + 4z = 0 .

. y 2 + 4z = 0 y 2 = 4z ,
Ox
y 2 = 4z , x = 0.

21
x 2 + z 2 = 4 .
. Oy
x 2 + z 2 = 4, y = 0 .

22
3x 2 + y 2 = 5 .
x2 y2
. 3x 2 + y 2 = 5 + 2 2
= 1 . -
5 ( 5 )

3
Oz -
x2 y2
+ = 1 , z = 0.
( 5)
2 2
5

3
42

23
8y 2 + z 2 = 1 .
y2
. 8y 2 + z 2 = 1 z 2 + 2
= 1 .
1

2 2
Ox
y2
z 2 + 2
= 1 , x = 0.
1

2 2

24
y 2 z 2 = 1 .

. Ox
y 2 z 2 = 1, x = 0 .

25
9y 2 4x 2 = 36 .
y2 x 2
. 9y 2 4x 2 = 36 = 1 .
22 32
Oz
y2 x 2
2 2 = 1, z = 0 .
2 3

26
4x 2 25z 2 = 100 .
x 2 z2
. 4x 2 25z 2 = 100 = 1 . -
52 2 2
Oy -
x 2 z2
2 2 = 1, y = 0 .
5 2
 1 43

1. x 2 + 3y 2 + 2z 2 = 5
y2 z2
x = 2. (. , 2
+ 2
= 1 ).
1 1

3 2
2. x 2 + y 2 2z = 0
z = 2 y = 1. (. ,
x 2 + y 2 = 4 , 2z = x 2 + 1 ).

3. x y 2 5z 2 = 0
z = 0. (. , x = y 2 ).

4. 36x 9y 2 + 4z 2 = 0 -
x = 0 z = 1. (. ,
2 y2 1
y= z, x= ).
3 4 9
5. 3y 2 2x 2 z 2 = 0
y2 z2
x = 1 y = 3. (. , = 1,
( 2)
2 2
2

3
x2 z2
+ = 1 ).
( 27 )
2 2
27

2
6. 2y 2 + z 2 8x 2 = 8
y2 z2
x = 0. (. , + = 1 ).
22 ( 2 2 ) 2

7. 2x 2 z 2 + 9y 2 = 9
y = 0, x = 0. (. ,
44

x2 z2 z2
2
+ 2
= 1 , 2
y 2 = 1 ).
3 3 3

2
x 2 y2
8. + z 2 = 1
9 4
x2
y = 0, x = 3. (. , z 2 =1,
9
y2
z2 = 2 ).
4
9. x 2 4y 2 + z 2 + 8 = 0
y2 x2
z = 0, x = 1. (. , =1,
( 2) (2 2)
2 2

y2 z2
2
= 1 ).
3 32

2
10. y 2 + 6z = 0 . (. -
0x
y 2 + 6z = 0, x = 0 ).

11. y 2 + 4z 2 16 = 0 . (. -
0x
y 2 + 4z 2 16, x = 0 ).

12. 4x 2 z 2 100 = 0 . (.
0y
4x 2 z 2 100 = 0, y = 0 ).