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ΤΥΠΟΛΟΓΙΟ ΦΥΣΙΚΗΣ ΛΥΚΕΙΟΥ
ΤΥΠΟΛΟΓΙΟ ΦΥΣΙΚΗΣ ΛΥΚΕΙΟΥ
(S.I.)
L
m
t
meter
Kilogram
second
m
Kg
sec
Amperes
Kelvin
mole
Candela
radian
steredian
K
mole
cd
rad
sr
deka
da = 101
hecto
h = 102
Kilo
K = 103
Mega
M = 106
Giga
G = 109
Terra
T = 1012
Peta
P = 1015
Exa
E = 1018
deci
d = 10-1
centi
c = 10-2
milli
m = 10-3
micro
= 10-6
nano
n = 10-9
pico
p = 10-12
femto
f = 10-15
atto
a = 10-18
:
12 cm = 12 10-2 m = 0,12 m
220 m = 22010-6 m
15 KW = 15103 W
200 nF = 20010-9 F
m2 m3. :
cm = 10-2 m (cm)2 = (10-2 m)2 cm2 = 10-4 m2
mm = 10-3 m (mm)3 = (10-2 m)3 mm3 = 10-6 m3
:
1 L = 10-3 m3, 1 m3 = 103 L
1 L = 103 mL, 1 mL = 10-3 L
.
x ,
. x(t)
. x=x(t) .
-
(x)
.
x y
o x y .
x y ,
.
(x(t), y(t))
t.
A
yA
A(xA, yA)
xA
.
x y z
o
x y z .
r
r(t) =(x(t),y(t),z(t))
t.
z
zA
A(xA,yA,zA
xA
yA
A
.
uur ur ur
r = r2 r1
r1 r2 .
x = x2-x1
. .
u (Velocity)
uur
r r
. u =
r . (
t
11)
4
uur
r x
x x
x
u =
u = 2 1 u =
t 2 -t 1
t
t
2
m/sec
uur
uuur
r
r
: u =
r(t)
t 0 t
S
: u = u =
t
: .
u =
x = xo + u(t to)
x = xo + ut
x = ut ( xo=0)
xo ( to=0 sec)
(
)
(m/sec)
(m)
20
10
0
t (sec)
t (sec)
x-t ... .
u
uur
uur
r u
r
u
u u -u
=
: =
= = 2 1
t
t t 2 -t 1
t 0 t
2
m/sec
uur
u , :
()
Uo
U
+x
()
Uo
U
+x
r
a .
16
8
8
0
-2
.... (uo 0)
6
(>0)
(<0)
=
u =uo + t
=
u =uo - t
1
1
x = uot - t2
2
2
.... (uo = 0)
(>0)
(<0)
x = uot + t2
=
u =t
( !)
1
x = t2
2
5
8
0
-2
16
8
u u1
= 2
t 2 t1
(m)
x x
. u= 2 1
t 2 t1
10
0
t (sec)
(Force) .
Newton = Kgm/sec2
F1
F2
F1
F=F2+F1
F=F2-F1
F1
F2
F1
F1
F2
F2
F1
F = F12 + F22
=
F1
F2
F1
F2 + F1
Fy = F
()
.
Fx = F
Hooke
.
F=Kx,
K : ,
x : .
Newton
.
8
uuur r
F = 0
. . .
Newton
uuur
r F
uuur
r
=
F = m
m
uur
uuur p
: F =
( = )
t
x y :
Fx=max
Fy=may
: F = m
:
....
...
Newton
FAB ,
FBA. :
r
r
FAB =-FBA
Newton:
m 1m 2
r2
G :
G = 6,67310-11 m2Kgr-2
r :
F=G
m1
m2
r
F1
F2
0 ,max T,max=Fk
:
:
Fk : .
9 ()
< ,max
9
T = Fk
()
9 = Fk
(Momentum)
r
r
p=mu
10
( )
.
F=0 p=p
( . 43)
-
Newton ( ) :
ur uuur
uur uuur
uur ur
p = Ft = F t p =
r
ur r
p + = p
( )
.
(, )
.
.
: (photon)
<10-15
: (gluon)
10
, . <10-18
: W+, W-, Z
. .
: (Graviton) (
)
11
:
f : sec f =
N
= , Hz=s-1
t
1
T
u
- : f=
: u=
u=
S
t
2R
u =2Rf
T
: m/sec
: =
2
= 2f
T
: rad/sec
u
u
.
!
.
.
- : u = R
:
. u, , .
u2
=
R
. :
mu 2
F=m F=
R
Newton :
mu 2
R
FR=F =
r xy,
( ) r:
uur
r dr
u=
dt
11
12
, . :
(//u)
( u)
ro
x
O
u2
R ( R
)
=
F = m
12
13
-
ur r
W=FS ( W=F S )
:
F:
S:
: F S.
F
S
Joule ( J = Newtonm)
F=(x)
F=(x) x.
W = F=(x) .
F1
=90
W=TS180 W=-TS
( x1 x2) :
1
1
x12 - x22
2
2
T x1, x2 . (...)
W =
. .
( )
x1
x2
(Energy)
, . .
, , .
Joule, J = Newtonm
13
14
(Potential Energy)
UAB
U = - W
UB = mg(hh) UB = mgh
1 2
x
2
To x .
UE=
q1 q2 r
qq
U=K 1 2
r
(Kinetic Energy)
1
= mu2
2
(Conservative)
,
:
, (Coulomb), ,
:
, , ,
=+U
( ) ,
= 1 + U1 = K2 + U2
E=WF- (= Q)
( , ....)
14
15
= WF
= WF1+WF2+
(To .... , )
:
W
P=
=
t
t
P = E/t
() F : P = Fu()
:
u
F u
: Watt, W=Joule/sec HP =750 W (Horse Power = )
:
,
15
16
q Q (Electric Charge)
( ). :
(+)
(-)
:
, .
, () e = 1,6 10-19 C
e. Q=Ne
:
. .
:
Coulomb C ( = Amperesec)
Coulomb
( ) q1 q2 :
qq
F=K 1 2 2
r
: K=9109 m2/C2
r :
1
=
4
: (permittivity of free space)
= 8,8510-12 C2N-1m-2
: ( )
(Electric Field)
.
.
(Electric Intensity)
q , q
ur
ur F
()
E=
+q
/C V/m.
Q
E = K 2
r
:
Q :
r : -
16
-q
F
+q
17
V (Potential)
V ,
q , q.
W
V = A ()
+q
U
V=
+q
Q
(o o Q o )
VA = K
rA
UA :
+q
+
WA
W
V = VA - VB = A B ()
+q
U AB
V = VA - VB =
+q
1 1
VAB = K Q
rA rB
( )
(Field Lines)
-q
.
:
- .
( )
.
.
17
18
. .
.
(Capacitor)
. :
C
C (Capacitance)
Q
V
Coulomb C
Farad, F =
=
Volt
V
:
S
C =
l
:
:
:
S :
:
C=
1
1 Q2
U= QV U =
2
2 C
1
U = CV 2
2
(permittivity)
() Co C>Co =Co/C.
( ).
18
19
(Direct Current)
,
.
(Electric Current)
: = q/t i = q/t
Ampere, ()
(Electric Cell)
, .
()
(Electromotive Force)
P
W
= E=
I
q
(E W) . Volt,
V=J/C
(Resistance)
:
V
R=
I
Ohm, = Volt/Ampere
S (
) :
l
R=
S
=(1+)
:
:
: 0
:
:
R=R(1+)
, Ohm
i V
R,
V
=
R
: .
Joule
R i t :
Q=i2Rt
19
20
E = iVt
E = i2Rt
V2
E=
t
R
P = iV
P = i2R
V2
P=
R
V1
R1
V2
R2
R1
i1
V3
R2
i2
R3
R3
i3
i
i
V
:
i
i1=i2=i3
V1+V2+V3=V
R=R1+R2+R3
V
V1=V2=V3=V
i1 + i2 + i3 = i
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
R R 1 R 2 R 3
Kirchhoff
(+) (-)
. i = 0
( )
Kirchhoff
.
V = 0
( )
Ohm
, r, R :
E
i=
E=i(R+r)
R+r
P = i
P = Vi
( = i2R )
P = i2r
20
21
.
r
V = E iR
()
V
i
- ( .. V
)
i
i
.
.
i=/r
. .
() . .
21
22
(Magnetism)
, Fe3O4
(Magnetic Field)
.
ur
B .
(Magnetic Induction) : Tesla, T=N/Am
B . :
( )
(North N) (South S)
Biot-Savart
i r
=
:
il
4 r 2
: ( )
=1,2610-6 mKgC-2
r
i
2i
4 r
B = 2i
r
B=
:
: 10-7 Wb/Am
K =
4
22
i
(
)
23
i :
2i
4 r
B = 2i
r
B=
():
i
.
:
.
(Solenoid)
:
= 4nI
B = nI
= N I
l
B
i
:
:
( )
:
:
(
!)
(Permeability of medium)
.
=/
:
(Ferromagnetic)
Fe, Ni, Co
>>1
(Paramagnetic)
Al , U,
>1
(Diamagnetic)
Cu, Bi, Hg, ,
<1
23
24
Laplace
,
Laplace
FL
FL=Bi
B
Laplace
FL=Bi
Laplace
- ,
Laplace
.
FL :
B
.
Laplace.
Lorentz
q u ,
FL = Buq
:
ur r
FL = q(B u)
( )
:
ur ur r
FL = q(E + B u)
24
FL
u
T
(B) u .
Laplace.
i
u.
i u , .
25
(Electromagnetic Induction)
.
(Magnetic Flux)
S
,
ur r
= BS = B S
n
S
:
:
S : ( )
n
: S.
.
: Weber, Wb = Teslam.
(Faraday)
=t
d
==-
dt
t 0 t
Lenz
Lenz
.
Faraday.
( Von Neumann)
Q=R
(Self-Induction)
.
:
i
=-L
t
L = Henry ()
( = VsecA-1)
:
L = 2/
: ( )
:
:
:
25
26
i ( )
1
U B = Li 2
2
(Mutual Inductance)
( (1)
(2)) (2) i
(1) :
i
=-
t
M :
U
r
( ( l, u) ) :
= U
Laplace (Lorenz)
.
:
1
E =
2
26
27
(Alternating Current)
V=Vot
Vo :
R i i=Iot
V
: = o
R
(Effective value)
I
= o
2
=0,707
.
V
V = o
2
V=0,707 V
Ohm
, :
V
V
V
i= , Io= o , I=
R
R
R
Z () (Impedance)
Z=
Vo V
=
.
(Capacitance)
ZC=
1
C
(Inductance)
L = L
(Resistance)
R = R
VC /2 i
VL /2 i
VR i
27
28
RLC (, , )
:
V = ( VL VC )2 + VR2
2
V = 2 L
+ ( R )
C
2
= L
+R
C
-:
R
=
Z
i=t v=V(t+) V
.
VL
V
VL-VC
VR
VC
RLC
(Power)
P=iv
(Effective Power)
P=V
: - .
RLC
f=
28
29
(Periodic Motions)
(Simple harmonic motion)
..
x=At x=0 t=0
:
u = umaxt umax=
= -maxt max=2
...
F = - Dx
:
D :
x : ..
(angular frequency)
D = m2
D
=
m
(Period)
=2
m
D
= - 2x
-
u = A 2 x 2
= u 2max u 2
UT =
1 2
Dx
2
1
mu 2
2
()
1
1
DA 2 = mu 2max
2
2
29
30
+ UT = E
( F=-bu) .
:
b:
= e-t
:
: t=0
: b
t : t=NT
A o A1 A 2
=
=
=
A1 A 2 A 3
(). f fo .
(Resonance)
:
f = fo.
fo
fo
LC :
T= 2 LC
30
31
Q
+
+
+
q=0
-
t=0
T/4
+
+
+
T/2
i=0
i=I
i=0
Q
q=0
3T/4
+
+
+
i=I
i=0
. q0 i0 t=0:
q = Q(t+)
i = - I(t+)
(Capacitor)
UE =
1 q2
2 C
(Inductance)
UB =
1 2
Li
2
E = UE+UB
1 Q2
1
E=
= LI 2
2 C
2
i = Q 2 q 2
VL = VC
31
32
1/C
i/t
UE
UB
.
x=x1+x2
. 1=2=
. 1=2= 1 2
x1=A1t, x2=A2t
2 1 + 2
t
t
x = 2A 1
x1=A1t,
2
2
x =A (t + )
2
B1. 1=2= 1 2
x = A(t+)
A=
32
A12 + A 22 + 2A 1A 2
2
1 + 2
x = A t
:
+ 2
2
= 2A 1
t = 1
2
2
(beats)
:
1
=
f = |f1 - f2|
f1 f2
33
(Waves)
( ) .
:
()
()
:
() :
( )
. .
() :
.
.
() :
, .
(Wave length)
. : . :
2
u =
t x
y = A 2
T
x
t x
y = A 2 +
T
x
() (Interference)
r r
t r +r
y = 2A 2 1 2 2 1 2
2
: |r1-r2|=
: |r1-r2|=(2+1)/2
(Stationary Wave)
. .
y = y1+y2
x
t
y = 2 2 2
: x = , =0, 1, 2, ...
: x=(2+1) , =0, 1, 2, ...
2
4
Doppler
(Doppler effect)
(Observer O) (Source S)
:
33
34
fo=fs u u o
u m us
:
fo :
fs :
u :
uo :
us :
( )
.
.
,
,
,
c.
.
= max 2 t x
T
B = Bmax 2 t x
T
:
E
c=
B
34
c
E
c
.
c c=3108 m/s
35
(Reflection)
.
.
.
.
(Refraction)
n1
n1 n2 . .
n2
n (Refractive Index)
n=
co
c
:
n > 1 c<co
n = 1 ()
n ()
c =
co
n
n
, = o , 1 = 2
n 2 n1
:
n.
n.
n c
: n=
35
36
() .
.
n1 n2.
n1
n1
n2
n2
, n1>n2
, n1<n2
Snell
n
=
n
( n n)
(Total internal reflection)
.
90 .
n1
90
n2
90
n1
n2
n1
n2
n n1=1 =
1
n
(Dispersion)
n . .
36
37
n
1,54
1,51
400 nm
700 nm
n
()
:
c
.
()
37
38
(Center of Mass)
Oxyz
( mi xi, yi, zi)
:
m i x i
m i y i
m i z i
x cm =
, y cm =
, zcm =
m i
m i
m i
r
r
m i r i
: r cm =
m i
( )
() . : rad/sec2
ur
r d
=
dt
d
().
.
ur
ur
F
cm =
:
F :
:
CM :
P ( ) ()
r
ur
dp
F =
dt
F = 0 dP/dt = 0 P =
(Moment of Force)
ur
= r F =Fd
=Fd
:
d : F
38
39
F
d r
:
F d .
= Fd
F
F
:
Fx = 0
ur r
F = 0 Fy = 0
F = 0
z
:
r
=0
uCM
(Moment of Inertia)
:
I = m1r12 + m2r22 + + miri2
I = miri2
r1
r2
:
= r 2 dm
r3
ri
m1
m2
m3
mi
39
40
mR2
1
ML2
12
1
M( 2 + 2 )
12
R2
1
MR 2
2
1
MR 2
2
1
MR 2
2
2
MR 2
5
2
MR 2
3
Steiner-Huygens
( )
= CM + Md2
:
:
CM :
:
d :
L (Angular Momentum)
L m
u r
ur urr r r
L =Lr = pr p
L=mur
:
p : p=mu
40
L
r
p
.
.
ur r r
L = rp
L = mur L = mud
:
d : ()
41
L
d
I
ur ur
L = I (1)
L = I
ur ur ur
L = L 1 + L 2 + ...
(1) . L ( !). -
ur
ur
L z = I , z Lz z.
Newton .
:
uur ur
= =
:
ur
ur
uur dL
uur
dL
=
=
dt
dt
:
ur
uur
ur
ur
dL
= 0 L = L I1=2 ( =)
=
dt
11=22
1
= 2
2
:
1
1
2
= 2 + u cm
2
2
41
42
dS
F
W = dW = FRd = d
d .
:
W=
1
1
W = 22 - I 12
2
2
.
R uCM
uCM = u = R
:
CM = R
:
CM :
:
R
ucm
:
=
= + t
:
=
= + t
= + t + t2
42
43
(Collisions)
.
() .
, ,
(scattering)
(central) (non central), (elastic) (inelastic), ( ) , , .
r
r
p = p
.
.
p=p
m2u2 m1u1 = (m1+m2)u
m1
u2
u1
m2
u
m1+m2
...
m2
m1
u2
u1
. :
r
r
r ' (m m 2 )u1 + 2m 2 u 2
u1 = 1
+
m1 + m 2
r
r
u1
u2
r ' (m 2 m 1 )u 2 + 2m 1 u1
u2 =
m1 + m 2
+
( ) ,
.
:
r
r ' (m 1 m 2 )u1
u1 =
m1 + m 2
r
r'
2m 1 u1
u2 =
m1 + m 2
. .
... .
( ).
( ).
43
44
(Perfect Gases)
( Gay-Lussac)
( Charles)
P
V
= .
= .
T
T
( Boyle-Marriote)
( Poisson)
PV=.
PV =.
PV = nRT
:
n : mole, n=m/MB, n=N/N
: Avogadro 6,0231023 mol
R : 8,3144 Jmol-1K-1
PV
= .
T
( P, V, T)
, .
, , , , ,
:
i.
ii. ( , )
iii.
iv.
v. , .
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
:
1
1N
P = du 2 =
mu 2
3
3V
2
u :
d :
:
m :
45
k : Boltzmann,
k = R/NA 1,3810-23 JK-1
=kT.
f (degree of freedom)
f=3
f=5
f=7
f>6
:
f
K = kT
2
Cp=CV + R
Cp :
CV :
:
= Cp/Cv
CV = R/(-1)
CP = R/(-1)
CV = fR/2
CP = (f/2+1)R
(Internal Energy)
1
kT
2
U = n CVT
U = Nf
45
46
Q=U+W
Q : (>0) (<0)
U :
W : (>0) (<0)
(Reversible change)
()
.
P-V .
P
P
2>1
2
1
V
:
U = 0, W = Q,
P2V2=P1V1
B V1
V2
V2
V1
V2
2
1
A
1
Q = nCVT, U = nCVT, W = 0
:
P2/T2=P1/T1
46
V1
V1<V2
47
P
P1
P2
P1
P2
B
2
1
P2
P1
P1<P2
Q = nCPT, U = nCVT, W = PV
:
V2/T2=V1/T1
. Poisson
PV = P1V1 = P2V2
( Poisson)
:
P
P1
V
V1
P2
P2
B
1
2
V
P1
V2
:
Q = 0, U = nCVT U = - W, W =
P2 V2 P1 V1
1
Poisson:
T1V1-1 = 2V2-1
T1P11-/ = 2P21-/
. . :
9
U = nCV = 0.
=0
9 : Q = W ( )
9 P-V
.
47
48
P
P1
W>0
P1
P2
W<0
P2
B
V1
V2
V1
V2
() . P-V.
,
, ( ), . ,
.
P
() ,
.
Q1 1, , Q2
2<1, ( ). W=Q1 - |Q2|
Q1
W
Q2
2
n=
Q Q2
Q
W
= 1
= 1- 2
Q1
Q1
Q1
n>1
P
Carnot
:
: 1 Q1
:
:
Q2 (<0)
48
Q1
Q2
2
V
49
:
nc Carnot
1 2.
Carnot :
Q2
Q1
T2
T1
Carnot
nc= 1 -
T2
T1
Kelvin-Planck:
.
n<1
Clausious:
.
, , . S ( )
S =
SAB= A dQ
B
-
.
S0 .
.
. . :
.
49
50
(Galileo Galilei 1600 ..)
t t t .
uoy uox
x : ux=uox
x=xo + uoxt
uoy
g
uo
y : uy=uoy - gt
y=yo + uoyt -
1
2
uox
gt2
uoy uox
x : ux=uox
x=xo + uoxt
y : uy=uoy + gt
y=yo + uoyt +
1
2
gt2
uox=uo
x : ux=uo
x=xo + uot
ux
x
g
y : uy=gt
y=h - 1 gt2
2
:
g = G M2 , r>R. go = G
r
M
R2
V = - G M
r
m WA=m(VA-VB).
:
:
1=2
1
mu 2 2
G M m = 0 u=
r
2GM
R
, :
u=
50
2GM
R
M R . u = 11,2 Km/sec
51
h
2GM
R + h
u=
uor
. ( h ) : u=
GM
R + h
.
= F = qE = qV
m
ml
+++++++++++++++++++
uoy
uo
+q
+q
E
uox
, V ---------------------------u
u
.
u=uo at
x=xo + uot
1
2
at2
uox=uo
x : ux=uo
x=xo + uot
++++++++++++++++++++
uo
E
----------------------------
y : uy=t
1
2
y=yo + t2
(+)
(-) uoy
uox
x : ux=uox
++++++++++++++++++++
uo
+q
----------------------------
51
52
x=xo + uoxt
y : uy=uoy gt
y=yo + uoyt
1
2
gt2
q :
WA=q(VA-VB).
.
Lorentz
u
.
FL=F Buq=mu2/R
-Q1
FL
R= mu ( )
Bq
u1
T= 2m ( )
q
u2
R2
+Q2
:
e ( !)
.
, u , u||
.
R= mu
Bq
( xx ) x= u||t
.
u
+q
u||
xz
... y
(
).
52
53
x= u||t t=T
53
54
,
. (Plank)
Quantum: (. quanta).
f =hf p=
(Planck 1900)
m u =
:
h = 6.6310-34 Js Planck
hf h
=
c
h
( de Broglie)
mu
. () ().
.
( , )
.
Bohr
1. , ,
. L
h
2
h
L = n , L = n,
2
n=1,2,3
h
=
( h bar)
2
2.
:
hf = E -
: n
: n < n
:
n = 54
o,
2
n
n=1,2,3,
55
m ee4
: , = 2 2
8 h
me, e :
:
h
: Planck
:
rn = ron2, n=1,2,3,
:
r : , r=
h 2
m e e 2
me, e :
:
: =3,14
h
: Planck
(Radioactivity)
.
( decay)
A
Z
A 4
Z 2 Y
+
=
..
238
234
4
92 U 90Th + 2 He
4
2
He
+ (+ decay)
p n +e+ + e ( , )
A
A
+
Z X Z 1Y + e + e
e+ : (positron)
: (neutrino)
..
11
11
+
6 C 5 B + e + e
- (- decay)
n p + e- + e ( , )
A
A
Z X Z +1Y + e + e
e- :
e :
..
234
234
90Th 91 Pa + e + e
( decay)
A
Z
A
Z
X * AZ X +
: ,
X :
*
55
56
=
t
= e-t
:
N : t
: 0,
:
: t -0
,
bequerel
.
t
(half time)
.
ln 2
1/2=
.
= mp + Nmn - M
= mp + Nmn (M me)
: mp, mn, me , ,
EB
EB=c2.
, .
/, ,
. .
56Fe
9
7
4He
235U
1
50
56
100
150
250
200
57
(Nuclear reaction) + +
m = + - - Q=c2
Q>0 .
Q<0 .
(Nuclear fission)
,
>56.
..
235
1
93
140
1
92 U + 0 n 38 Sr + 54 Xe +3 0 n +198,3 MeV
235
92
92
1
U + 01 n 141
56 Ba + 36 Kr +3 0 n +208 MeV
(Nuclear fusion)
<56.
..
3
2
4
1
1 H + 1 H 2 He + 0 n +17,6 MeV
.
- :
1
1
2
+
1 H + 1 H 1 H + e + e
1
2
3
1 H + 1 H 2 He +
1
3
4
+
1 H + 2 He 2 He + e + e
, .
( ).
(proton) (neutron)
(electron), .
( anti-matter).
: , parity, , .
, . p : , p , e-: , e+ :
(). : .. ,
, c=c c , .
[ (bosons): , Bose - Einstein.
(fermions): , Fermi Dirac.
( Pauli),
]
, .
( ).
57
58
(hadron) (lepton) .
(hadrons)
, . : (baryons) 3 quarks, p=uud, (mesons)
quark, antiquark, . +=u d
(leptons)
, ,
.
(force carriers)
4 . ( :
10)
(quark)
. e . ( )
e.
Gell-Mann James Joyce Finnegans wake !
(Quarks) spin=1/2
flavor
GeV/c
u up
d down
0.003
0.006
2/3
-1/3
c charm
s strange
t top
b bottom
1.3
0.1
2/3
-1/3
175
4.3
2/3
-1/3
(Leptons) spin=1/2
flavor
GeV/c
ve
0
<110-8
-1
5,110-4
e
v
0
<210-4
0,106
-1
ve
0
<210-2
1,7771
-1
quark : , , , , ,
quark color ( )
. quark (gluons). , W Z (vector bosons) .
(spin 1)
(gravity)
(electromagnetic)
GeV/c
(weak)
(graviton)
(strong)
(electroweak)
W+
WZ0
GeV/c
80,4
80,4
91,18
+1
-1
0
(photon)
(gluon)
0,
0
quark 3 . : 18 . 6 . 24 .
48 . , standard
model.
58
59
. 4 ,
4 .
, (Grand Unified
Theories) . . (string
superstring theories)
59
60
,
=
-1
-1
(2k+)=
(-)=
(2k+)=
(-)=-
(k+)=
(-)=-
(k+)=
(-)=-
/2 /2
( -)=
( +)=
2
2
( -)=
( +)=-
2
2
( -)=
( +)=-
2
2
( -)=
( +)=-
2
2
2+2 = 1
60
=1
(+)=-
(+)=-
(+)=
(+)=
(-)=-
(-)=
(-)=-
(-)=-
61
0
0
30
6
1
2
3
2
3
3
45
4
2
2
2
2
60
3
3
2
1
2
90
180
270
3
2
360
-1
-1
3
3
x=2k+
x=
x=2k+- x= x=k+
x=
x= x=k+
x=2k
()=
()= m
()=
1 m
m 1
()=
.
3=3-43
3=43-3
3 - 3
3=
1 3 2
3-3
3=
3 2 -1
2
1- 2
2=2
2=
2=2-2
=22-1
=1-22
2 -1
2=
2
2=
1 2
2
2=
1-2
1+2
1 + 2
2
2=
1+2
1-2
2=
-1 x 1, -1 x 1, - x , - x ,
61
62
+
-
+
-
+=2
+=2
2
2
2
2
+ -
+ -
-=2
-=2
2
2
2
2
( + )
( + )
+=
+=
( )
( )
-=
-=
( Werner)
(/2)
2
1
2
= [(-)-(+)]
=
2
1+ 2
1
2
= [(+)+(-)]
2
1- 2
1
2
=
= [(+)+(-)]
2
1+ 2
2
=
=
=2R
, , , , R
2=2+2-2
2=2+2-2
2= 2+ 2-2
x
3
2
-1
-
62
63
3
2
-1
()2=22+
()=3+3
()=4+64+
:
. Pascal
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
. . . . . . . .
:
n
0
n
1
n
2
n
n-1 n n
+
n 1
n
n
n!
( ) n!=123(n-1)n ( )
=
k k !(n k )!
-=(-)(+)
( )
-=(-)(++)
-=(-)(+++)
-=(-)(++++)
-=(-)(-1+-2+-3++-2+-1)
-=(+)(-)
-=(+)(-+-)
2-2=(+)(2-1-2-2+2-32-+2-2-2-1)
+=(+)(-+)
+=(+)(-+-+)
2+1+2+1=(+)(2-2-1+2-22--2-1+2)
( 2+2)
63
64
= 14
24
...3
()=
=+
-
=
-=
( )
: x= x= ,
= ,
= +
1
=
2
=
=
=
x= :
>0
<0
()
+ -
- ()
( )
1
log( )=log-log
log = log log=
log a
log
a =
=1+(-1), =+1-
S=
1+
=1-1, = +1
x+x+=0 =-4
>0
=0
<0
x=
x1,2=
2
2
x + x + = 0 x1 x2
S=
P=
S P
1 2 1 2 :
64
65
x - Sx + P = 0
x+x+
>0
x1 x2
=0
x
<0
x=0
x1
x2
x1
65
66
(Scalar product)
r
r
=(1, 2, 3) =(1, 2, 3) r r
( )
r r
=, 0
r r
r r
= 0
r r
=11+22+33
r r
r r
= ||
(Vector product)
r
r
=(1, 2, 3) =(1, 2, 3) r r
:
r r
r
= n
r
n (n=1)
r
r
r r
r
n
, n
r
(
r
r
n
)
:
r r
i
j
r r
= 1 2
1 2
r r
r r
= -
66
r
k
3
3
r r
r
r
r
= (23-32) i +(13-31) j +( 12-21) k
r r r
r r
= 0 ||
r r
r
r r
= n
67
u (a.m.u.)
Avogadro
NA
Bohr
1.6605410-27 Kg
931.434 MeV/c2
6.0221361023(g mol)-1
Boltzmann
h2
m ee2k
k=R/NA
me
eV
e
1.380710-23 J/K
9.1093910-31 Kg
5.48579910-4 u
0.51099906 MeV/c2
1.60217710-19 J
1.60217710-19 C
8.314510 J/Kmol
6.6725910-11 Nm/Kg
m ee4
= 2 2
8 h
13,605698 eV
mn
1.67492810-27 Kg
1.008664904 u
939.56563 MeV/c2
410-7 /
1
c2
h
Planck
h=
h
2
0,5291810-10 m
8,8518781710-12 C/Nm
6.62607510-34 Js
1.0545726610-34 Js
mp
1.67262310-27 Kg
1.007276470 u
938.2723 MeV/c2
2.99792458108 m/s
67
68
68
69
A , 46
Kirchhoff, 20
, 47
, 26
, 21
, 35
, 32
, 8
, 37
, 57
, 57
, 19
, 19
, 46
Carnot, 49
Avogadro, 44
, 15
, 14
, 43
, 41
, 50
, 25
, 49
Kirchhoff, 20
, 38
, 45
, 50
, 51
, 21
, 54
, 29
, 36
, 38
, 35
, 35
, 23
, 37
, 55
-, 55
+, 55
, 56
, 4
, 38
, 3
, 18
, 51
, 8
Laplace, 24
Lorentz, 24
, 29
, 17, 22
, 45
, 43
, 43
, 52
, 56
, 27
, 27
, 27
, 27
, 27
, 13
, 26
, 15
, 14
, 14
, 29
, 14
, 18
, 45
, 14
, 20
, 14
, 29
, 31
, 14
, 29
, 26
, 56
, 56
, 20
, 44
, 27
, 27
, 19
, 49
, 30
de Broglie, 54
, 33
, 26
, 6
, 12
, 12
, 54
, 13
, 13
, 13
, 13
, 42
, 15
, 13
, 6
- , 6
- , 6
- , 6
, 5
- , 5
- , 5
, 19
, 19
, 31
- , 31
- , 31
69
70
, 17
, 17
, 17
, 16
, 18
, 19
, 20
, 19
, 20
, 19
, 33
, 34
, 33
, 41
, 48
, 46
Steiner-Huygens, 40
, 14
, 42
, 45
, 40
, 44
, 47
, 46
, 39
, 46
, 15
, 28
, 20
, 28
, 11
Lenz, 25
, 23
, 23
, 44
, 54
, 38
, 50
, 52
, 43
, 44
, 41
, 44
, 43
, 11
, 11
, 11
, 11
Newton , 11
, 11
, 11
, 11
, 47
, 29
Carnot, 48
- , 57
RLC, 28
, 42
, 33
70
, 33
, 33
, 54
, 23
, 22
(), 25
, 25
, 22
, 22
, 23
, 23
, 22
, 22
, 4
, 38
, 48
, 3
, 33
, 33
, 14
, 14
, 14
, 3
Bohr, 54
, 44
, 44
, 44
, 44
, 44
, 44
Biot-Savart, 22
Coulomb, 16
Hooke, 8
Von Neumann, 25
(Faraday), 25
, 26
Newton, 9
, 56
Joule, 19
Ohm
, 27
, 20
Snell, 36
, 19
Newton, 9
Newton, 9
Newton, 9
, 36
, 50
, 9
, 10
, 10
, 23
, 4
, 4
, 4
, 4
, 29
, 42
, 43
, 21
, 3
, 18
, 18
, 18
, 57
, 55
, 21
, 40
, 39
, 38
, 39
, 23
Boltzmann, 45
Planck, 54
, 33
, 38
, 38
, 40
, 41
, 33
, 20
, 20
, 20
, 32
, 27
, 8
, 48
71
, 25
, 14
, 30
RLC , 28
- , 29
, 29
, 30
- , 29
, 29
, 30
, 30
, 30
, 5
, 11
, 11
, 50
, 44
, 35
, 9
, 9
, 3
Doppler, 33
, 16
, 16
, 22
, 21
, 56
, 18
71
72
.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
(S.I.) .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
............................................................................................................................................................... 3
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
. ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
x ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
S ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
u (Velocity) .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
............................................................................................................................................................................ 5
................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
............................................................................................................................................ 6
................................................................................................................................................... 7
: ................................................................................................................................................... 8
Hooke .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Newton ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 8
Newton ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Newton ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Newton: ............................................................................................................................................................. 9
: ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
:.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
(Momentum) ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
...............................................................................................................................................................10
........................................................................................................................................................................................................11
: ...............................................................................................................................................................................11
:.......................................................................................................................................................................................11
Newton : ............................................................................................................................................11
....................................................................................................................................................................11
- ........................................................................................................................................................................................................13
................................................................................................................................................................................13
F=(x) ...............................................................................................................................................................13
:...........................................................................................................................................................................................................13
( x1 x2) :................................................................................................................................................................13
(Energy) ................................................................................................................................................................................................13
...................................................................................................................................................................13
(Potential Energy) ......................................................................................................................................................14
.....................................................................................................................................................................14
.......................................................................................................................................................................14
........................................................................................................................................................................14
(Kinetic Energy) ..............................................................................................................................................................14
(Conservative) ....................................................................................................................................................14
..............................................................................................................................................................................................14
................................................................................................................................................14
.........................................................................................................................................................14
........................................................................................................................................................................14
.........................................................................................................................................................................15
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................15
: .............................................................................................................................................................15
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................16
q Q (Electric Charge) ..................................................................................................................................................................16
: ...............................................................................................................................................................................................16
Coulomb ..................................................................................................................................................................................................16
(Electric Field) .....................................................................................................................................................................16
(Capacitor) .....................................................................................................................................................................................18
(Direct Current) ...................................................................................................................................................................19
...................................................................................................................................................................................................19
(Electric Current) ................................................................................................................................19
(Electric Cell) .......................................................................................................................................................................19
() ....................................................................................................................................................19
(Resistance) ................................................................................................................................................................19
, Ohm..........................................................................................................................................................................................19
72
73
Joule ..................................................................................................................................................................................................19
..........................................................................................................................................................................20
.......................................................................................................................................................................20
Kirchhoff ........................................................................................................................................................................................20
Kirchhoff .........................................................................................................................................................................................20
Ohm ....................................................................................................................................................20
....................................................................................................................................................................20
............................................................................................................................................................................................................21
.......................................................................................................................................................21
....................................................................................................................................................................................21
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................21
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................21
(Magnetism) ..................................................................................................................................................................................22
............................................................................................................................................................................................22
(Magnetic Field) .............................................................................................................................................................22
..................................................................................................................................................22
Biot-Savart ...............................................................................................................................................................................................22
................................................................................................................................................22
...........................................................................................................................................................23
(Solenoid) ...........................................................................................................................................23
(Permeability of medium) .......................................................................................23
Laplace ..................................................................................................................................................................................................24
Lorentz ....................................................................................................................................................................................................24
(Electromagnetic Induction).................................................................................................................................25
(Magnetic Flux) .............................................................................................................................................................25
(Faraday) .........................................................................................................................................................................25
Lenz ...............................................................................................................................................................................................25
( Von Neumann) ..........................................................................................................................................25
(Self-Induction) ........................................................................................................................................................................25
.............................................................................................................................................................................26
(Mutual Inductance) .............................................................................................................................26
...................................................................................................................................................26
.........................................................................................................................................................................................26
(Alternating Current) ...........................................................................................................................................27
(Effective value) ..................................................................................................................................................27
............................................................................................................................................................................................27
Ohm ..................................................................................................................................27
Z () (Impedance) ................................................................................................................................27
(Capacitance).........................................................................................................................................................27
(Inductance) ..................................................................................................................................................................27
(Resistance) ..............................................................................................................................................................27
........................................................................................................................................................................................27
...............................................................................................................................................................................................27
......................................................................................................................................................................................27
RLC (, , ) .......................................................................................................................................28
(Power) .................................................................................................................................................................28
(Effective Power) .......................................................................................................................................................................28
RLC ...................................................................................................................................................................28
(Periodic Motions) ......................................................................................................................................................................29
(Simple harmonic motion) .........................................................................................................29
.......................................................................................................................................................................................29
(angular frequency) ...........................................................................................................................................29
(Period).............................................................................................................................................................................................29
- ........................................................................................................................................................29
- .............................................................................................................................................................29
...................................................................................................................................................................29
..................................................................................................................................................................29
......................................................................................................................................................................29
() ..................................................................................................................................................29
.....................................................................................................................................30
......................................................................................................................................................................................30
..........................................................................................................................................................................30
........................................................................................................................................................................................30
.....................................................................................................................................................................................32
(Waves) ........................................................................................................................................................................................................33
73
74
75
...........................................................................................................................................................50
...........................................................................................................................................................51
......................................................................................................................................................52
..........................................................................................................................................................................54
........................................................................................................................................................................................................54
.................................................................................................................................................54
....................................................................................................................................................................54
.............................................................................................................................................................................................54
Bohr ................................................................................................................................54
: ......................................................................................................................................................................54
: ..........................................................................................................................................................................55
(Radioactivity) ..........................................................................................................................................................................55
( decay) ....................................................................................................................................................................................55
+ (+ decay) .................................................................................................................................................................................55
- (- decay) ...................................................................................................................................................................................55
( decay)......................................................................................................................................................................................55
.............................................................................................................................................................56
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................56
.............................................................................................................................................................................................56
..........................................................................................................................................................56
.....................................................................................................................................................................................57
...............................................................................................................................................................................................57
................................................................................................................................................................................................................60
.......................................................................................................................................................................................60
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................63
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................64
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................64
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................64
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................64
..................................................................................................................................................................................64
................................................................................................................................................................................................................66
.............................................................................................................................................................66
..............................................................................................................................................................66
................................................................................................................................................................................................................67
.................................................................................................................................................................67
...............................................................................................................................! .
: X. http://users.altecnet.gr/martheo/
75