Fundamentals of LIMITS, FITS and TOLERANCES

Ability needed to REPRESENT INTERPRET MANUFACTURE MEASURE

Main applications of Dimensioning and tolerances are for Holes & Shafts, Tapers, Threads, Gears, Splines etc.

0.025 M
35,95

59,45

0.125
0,45

0.025 M 0.015 M A
C0.5(BOTH SIDES)

0.125

0.025 A 0.025 M
0 -1.0

0.05 M
R0,5(TYP) R4 4,15 R5 1,5
30

0.6(MAX) x 45

DETAIL AT B
0.0 -0.2 0 -0.2 +0.1

SCALE 5:1 REFER FORGING DRAWING NO RD 040660 03 FOR MATERIAL, HARDNESS & OTHER DETAILS

25.25

38.0

C1.15

73,5

40

95,68

+0.016

0.02 M

NOTE : ALL MACHINED SURFACES TO BE FREE FROM RUST AND DENT MARKS

29.2

-0.350

26,58

CAD REF . : DN NGT_GSL_RD040669-04

PN : TRANSMISSION TOOLS

FOR ENGG. REF. AT BOSS FACE FRONT FACE BORE ALLOWANCE 0.15 0.075 0.15 0.075 0.2

48,3

0.025 0.030 M

DO NOT SCALE : IF IN DOUBT. REFER DESIGN OFFICE MATERIAL UNSPECIFIED APPD. MACHINING DEVIATION AS NOTED DGNR
LINEAR DIMENSION ANGULAR DIMN. Above Upto Devn. Short side of mm Deg. of min 1 0.5 6 0.1 angle 6 30 0.2 Above Upto 30 120 0.3 10 0.1 10 120 315 0.5 10 50 0.2 30 315 1000 0.8 50 120 0.5 20 1000 2000 1.2 120 0.8 10

BY

SIGN DATE

SIZE - C TO BE USED ON
TOOL NO : XXXX/Y

SCALE 1 :1

PART NAME: FIFTH GEAR - LAYSHAFT TOOL NAME: BLANK DRAWING(TURNED)

SHEET 1 OF 1

Different types of tolerances are 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Dimensional Tolerances Form Tolerances Position Tolerances Surface Roughness values Combination Tolerances

Other details shown on drawing are Material specification Special treatments if any Heat treatments Assembly condition Special notes

Tolerance: Tolerance is the total permissible variation from the specified basic size of the part. It is defined as the magnitude of permissible variation of a dimension or measured control criterion from specified value. Basic size: The basic size is the size on which variation permitted. Actual size: The size of a feature obtained by measurement

TOL not specified

Follow general engineering tolerance IS 2102 fine, medium, course & very course Unless otherwise specified, it is medium. Or else it can be IT 14 VALUE, bilateral All drawings need contain conditions on general tolerance.

1. Open tolerances or General Engineering tolerances Standards used are IS 2102 ( Part 1) 1993 / ISO 2768 - 1 : 1989 General Tolerances Part 1: Tolerances for Linear and Angular dimensions without individual tolerance indications Part 2: Geometrical Tolerances for features without individual tolerance indications Ex: 20.0, 20-f, 20-f H

Table 1 Permissible deviations for linear dimensions except for broken edges (external radii and chamfer heights, see table 2) Values in millimeters Tolerance Class 0.5 up to 3 0,05 0,1 0,2 Permissible deviations for basic size range Over 3 up to 6 0,05 0,1 0,3 0,5 Over 6 up to 30 0,1 0,2 0,5 1 Over 30 up to 120 0,15 0,3 0,8 1,5 Over 120 up to 120 0,2 0,5 1,2 2,5 Over 400 up to 400 0,3 0,8 2 4 Over 1000 up to 2000 0,5 1,2 3 6 Over 2000 up to 4000 2 4 8

Desig Descripti nation on f m c v fine medium coarse very coarse

1) For nominal sizes below 0,5 mm, the deviations shall be indicated adjacent to the relevant nominal size (s).

Table 2 Permissible deviations for broken edges ( external radii and chamfer heights) Values in millimeters Permissible deviations for basic size range 0.5 up to 3 0,2 Over 3 up over 6 to6 0,5 1

Tolerance Class Designation Descriptio n f m c v fine medium coarse very coarse

0,4

0,1

1) For nominal sizes below 0.5 mm, the deviations shall be indicated adjacent to the relevant nominal size(s).

Table 3 Permissible deviations of angular dimensions Permissible deviations for ranges of lengths, in millimeters, of the shorter side of the angle concerned over 10 up to 50 00 30 10 20 over 50 up to 120 00 20 00 30 10 over 120 up to 400 00 10 00 15 00 30 over 400 00 5 00 10 00 20

Tolerance Class

Desig Descript up to 10 nation ion F m c v fine medium coarse very coarse 10 30 30 10

Table 1 General tolerances on straightness and flatness

Values in millimeters

Straightness and flatness tolerances for ranges of nominal lengths

Tolerance Class up to 10 over 10 up to 30 over 30 up to 100 over 100 up to 300 over 300 up to 1000 Over 1000 up to 3000

0,02

0,05

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

K L

0,05 0,1

0,1 0,2

0,2 0,4

0,4 0,8

0,6 1,2

0,8 1,6

Table-2 General tolerances on perpendicularity

Values in millimeters

Perpendicularity tolerances for ranges of nominal lengths of the shorter side Tolerance Class up to 100 over 100 up to 300 over 300 up to 1000 over 1000 up to 3000

H K L

0,2 0,4 0,6

0,3 0,6 1

0,4 0,8 1,5

0,5 1 2

Table-3 General tolerances on symmetry Values in millimeters

Symmetry tolerances for ranges of nominal lengths Tolerance Class up to 100 over 100 up to 300 over 300 up to 1000 over 1000 up to 3000

H K L 0,6 0,6 1

0,5 0,8 1,5 1 2

Table 4 General tolerances on circular run-out Values in mm

Tolerance class H K L

Circular run-out tolerances 0,1 0,2 0,5

IS 2102 PART 2
VALUES FOR Straightness / perpendicularity / symmetry / Run out specified Circularity - limited to diameter tolerance or run out value Cylindricity Limited to combined effect of CIRCULARITY& PARALLELISM. Parallelism Limited to Dimensional Tolerance & flatness tolerance. Coaxiality - Limited to run out tolerance.

ISO 2768 - m General Engg. Tole Tolerance class medium

IS 2102 f General Engg. Tole class fine

ISO 2768 mK
General Engg. Tole for dimensions Tolerance class. m General Engg. Tole for form / position tolerance class. K

IS 2102 mK - E
General Engg. Tole for Dimension as per m General Engg Tole for Form / position as per K Enveloping dia limits -E

ISO 2768 - K
General tol. as dim not considered. Form/position as per tol. Class K.

SPECIFIED TOLERANCE
VALUE GIVEN VALUE AND POSISTIONAL STATUS GIVEN STD.SYMBOLS USED.

2. Specificied tolerances Standards used IS 919 (Part 1) 1993 / ISO 286 1 : 1988 ISO System of Limits and Fits Part 1: Bases of tolerances, Deviations and Fits Part 2: Tables of standard tolerance Grades and limit Deviations for Holes and shaft. Example : 20H7, 20g6, 30 + 0.02 Specific tolerance should be less than open tolerance

STANDARD SPECIFICATION Need contain

HOW MUCH IS THE VALUE OF TOL. WHERE IT IS DISPOSED.

HOW MUCH IS THE VALUE

IS 919 / SP46 OR STD CHARTS SPECIFY. 18 GRADES ARE SPECIFIED. VALUE IS ATTACHED TO A GRADE IT=INTERNATIONALTOLERANCE GRADE. AND 18 REPRESENT THE ROUGHFEST Mfg process EVERY MANUFACTURING PROCESS IS ATTRIBUTED WITH A RANGE OF ACCURACY GRADE

HOW MUCH IS THE VALUE

FOR EX; TURNING IT7, 8 OR 9 GRINDING IT 5, OR 7 MILLING IT 6, 7, OR 8 LAPPING IT 1, 2, 3, OR 4 SAND CASTING IT 16, 17, 18 PRESS WORKING IT 10, 11 OR 12 INJ. MOULDING IT 12. 123 OR 14

Grades of tolerances obtainable manufacturing processes

by

various

According to IS 18 grades of tolerances or accuracy grades of manufacturing IT1, IT2, IT3.IT18

IT GRADE is generally indicated by numbers from 1 to 18

Manufacturing Processes

IT grades

Lapping Honing Laser beam machining

1, 2, 3, 4 35 5, 6, 7

Super finishing Grinding

46 48

Electric Discharge machining Boring Reaming Broaching Turning (Diamond tools) Turning Milling Shaping

67 59 58 59 47 7 12 8 10 10 14

Drilling Extrusion Blanking Drawing Die Casting Sand casting

11 14 9 12 12 18 10 14 12 15 14 16

HOW MUCH IS THE VALUE.

EVERY DIM. ALONG WITH A GRADE RECEIVE A TOL. VALUE. FOR EX. DIM 40 & GRADE 8, TOL= ? STD. FORMULA APPLIES TO THIS VALUE FOR CONVENIENCE, DIMES. ARE GROUPED. 0 TO 3; 3 TO 6; 6 TO 10 etc. SAME VALUE OF TOL. VALID FOR A DIA GROUP WITH ONE GRADE.

Table 1 Numerical values of standard tolerance grades IT for basic sizes up to 3 150 mm
Basic size mm
Above Up to and including

Standard tolerance grades

IT12) IT22) IT32) IT42) IT52) IT6 IT7 IT8 IT9 IT10 IT11 IT12 IT13 IT143) IT153) IT163) IT173) IT183)

Tolerances m mm

3 6 10 18 30 50 80 120 180 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500

33 6 10 18 30 50 80 120 180 250 315 400 500 6302 8002 10002 12502 16002 20002 2500 3150
2 2

0,8 1 1 1,2 1,5 1,5 2 2,5 3,5 4,5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 15 18 22 26

1,2 1,5 1,5 2 2,5 2,5 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 13 15 18 21 25 30 36

2 2,5 2,5 3 4 4 5 6 8 10 12 13 15 16 18 21 24 29 35 41 50

3 4 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28 33 39 46 55 68

4 5 6 8 9 11 13 15 18 20 23 25 27 32 36 40 47 55 65 78 96

6 8 9 11 13 16 19 22 25 29 32 36 40 44 50 56 66 78 92 110 135

10 12 15 18 21 25 30 35 40 46 52 57 63 70 80 90 105 125 150 175 210

14 18 22 27 33 39 46 54 63 72 81 89 97 110 125 140 165 195 230 280 330

25 30 36 43 52 62 74 87 100 115 130 140 155 175 200 230 260 310 370 440 540

40 48 58 70 84 100 120 140 160 185 210 230 250 180 320 360 420 500 600 700 860

60 75 90 110 130 160 190 220 250 290 320 360 400 440 500 560 660 780 920 1100 1350

0,1 0,12 0,15 0,18 0,21 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,46 0,52 0,57 0,63 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,05 1,25 1,5 1,75 2,1

0,14 0,18 0,22 0,27 0,33 0,39 0,46 0,54 0,63 0,72 0,81 0,89 0,97 1,1 1,25 1,4 1,65 1,95 2,3 2,8 3,3

0,25 0,3 0,36 0,43 0,52 0,62 0,74 0,87 1 1,15 1,3 1,4 1,55 1,75 2 2,3 2,6 3,1 3,7 4,4 5,4

0,4 0,48 0,58 0,7 0,84 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,85 2,1 2,3 2,5 2,8 3,2 3,6 4,2 5 6 7 8,6

0,6 0,75 0,9 1,1 1,3 1,6 1,9 2,2 2,5 2,9 3,2 3,6 4 4,4 5 5,6 6,6 7,8 9,2 11 13,5

1 1,2 1,5 1,8 2,1 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,6 5,2 5,7 6,3 7 8 9 10,5 12,5 15 17,5 21

1,4 1,8 2,2 2,7 3,3 3,9 4,6 5,4 6,3 7,2 8,1 8,9 9,7 11 12,5 14 16,5 19,5 23 28 33

1) Values for standard tolerance grades IT01 and IT0 for basic sizes less than or equal to 500 mm are given in ISO 286 1, annex A, table 5. 2) Values for standard tolerance grades IT1 to IT5 (incl.) for basic sizes over 500 mm are included for experimental use. 3) Standard tolerance grades IT14 to IT18 (incl.) shall not be used for basic sizes less than or equal to 1 mm.

Table 1 Numerical values of standard tolerance grades IT for basic sizes up to 3 150 mm
Basic size mm
Above Up to and including

Standard tolerance grades

IT12) IT22) IT32) IT42) IT52) IT6 Tolerances m IT7 IT8 IT9 IT10 IT11

3 6 10 18 30 50 80 120 180 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500

33 6 10 18 30 50 80 120 180 250 315 400 500 6302 8002 10002 12502 16002 20002 25002 31502

0,8 1 1 1,2 1,5 1,5 2 2,5 3,5 4,5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 15 18 22 26

1,2 1,5 1,5 2 2,5 2,5 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 13 15 18 21 25 30 36

2 2,5 2,5 3 4 4 5 6 8 10 12 13 15 16 18 21 24 29 35 41 50

3 4 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28 33 39 46 55 68

4 5 6 8 9 11 13 15 18 20 23 25 27 32 36 40 47 55 65 78 96

6 8 9 11 13 16 19 22 25 29 32 36 40 44 50 56 66 78 92 110 135

10 12 15 18 21 25 30 35 40 46 52 57 63 70 80 90 105 125 150 175 210

14 18 22 27 33 39 46 54 63 72 81 89 97 110 125 140 165 195 230 280 330

25 30 36 43 52 62 74 87 100 115 130 140 155 175 200 230 260 310 370 440 540

40 48 58 70 84 100 120 140 160 185 210 230 250 180 320 360 420 500 600 700 860

60 75 90 110 130 160 190 220 250 290 320 360 400 440 500 560 660 780 920 1100 1350

1) Values for standard tolerance grades IT01 and IT0 for basic sizes less than or equal to 500 mm are given in ISO 286 1, annex A, table 5. 2) Values for standard tolerance grades IT1 to IT5 (incl.) for basic sizes over 500 mm are included for experimental use. 3) Standard tolerance grades IT14 to IT18 (incl.) shall not be used for basic sizes less than or equal to 1 mm.

Table 1 Numerical values of standard tolerance grades IT for basic sizes up to 3 150 mm
Basic size mm
Above Up to and including

Standard tolerance grades

IT12 IT13 IT143) IT153) Tolerances mm IT163) IT173) IT183)

3 6 10 18 30 50 80 120 180 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500

33 6 10 18 30 50 80 120 180 250 315 400 500 6302 800

2 2

0,1 0,12 0,15 0,18 0,21 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,46 0,52 0,57 0,63 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,05 1,25 1,5 1,75 2,1

0,14 0,18 0,22 0,27 0,33 0,39 0,46 0,54 0,63 0,72 0,81 0,89 0,97 1,1 1,25 1,4 1,65 1,95 2,3 2,8 3,3

0,25 0,3 0,36 0,43 0,52 0,62 0,74 0,87 1 1,15 1,3 1,4 1,55 1,75 2 2,3 2,6 3,1 3,7 4,4 5,4

0,4 0,48 0,58 0,7 0,84 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,85 2,1 2,3 2,5 2,8 3,2 3,6 4,2 5 6 7 8,6

0,6 0,75 0,9 1,1 1,3 1,6 1,9 2,2 2,5 2,9 3,2 3,6 4 4,4 5 5,6 6,6 7,8 9,2 11 13,5

1 1,2 1,5 1,8 2,1 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,6 5,2 5,7 6,3 7 8 9 10,5 12,5 15 17,5 21

1,4 1,8 2,2 2,7 3,3 3,9 4,6 5,4 6,3 7,2 8,1 8,9 9,7 11 12,5 14 16,5 19,5 23 28 33

1000

12502 16002 20002 25002 3150

2

1) Values for standard tolerance grades IT01 and IT0 for basic sizes less than or equal to 500 mm are given in ISO 286 1, annex A, table 5. 2) Values for standard tolerance grades IT1 to IT5 (incl.) for basic sizes over 500 mm are included for experimental use. 3) Standard tolerance grades IT14 to IT18 (incl.) shall not be used for basic sizes less than or equal to 1 mm.

HOW MUCH IS THE VALUE

60% INCREASE IN TOL. VALUE FOR EVERY GRADE UP FOR A DIA GROUP EVERY 6TH GRADE GETS 100% MORE TOL VALUE

WHERE TO DISPOSE TOLE.

TOL. CAN BE DISPOSED ABOVE BASIC DIM. BELOW BASIC DIM DISTRIBUTED ON EITHER SIDE

WHERE TO POSITION
POSITIONING IS REPRESENTED BY CAPITAL LETTERS FOR HOLES A,B,H BY SMALL LETTERS FOR SHAFTS a,b,h STD DISTANCES ARE KEPT EACH LETTER & FOR EACH DIA GROUP FROM BASIC DIM. THE DISTANCE TO THE BASIC DIM WITH LEAST VALUE IS TERMED AS FUNDEMENTAL DEVIASION; FD IS FIXED FOR A DIA-DIM COMBINATION.

Schematic representation of the positions of fundamental deviations

FITS When two parts to be assembled, the relation resulting from the difference between the size before assembly is called a fit. A fit is represented by 30 H 7 / g6, 30 H 7 / p6, 40 H7k6, 40 H7p6, 40 H7/h6,

Example of general tolerances on a drawing

INTERPRETATION

FORM TOLERANCES

STRAIGHTNESS

SYMBOL :

ZONE OF TOLERANCE : CYLINDER -

5 Tolerance frame
5.1 The tolerance requirements are shown in a rectangular frame which is divided into two or more compartments. These compartments contain, from left to right ,in the following order (see figures 3,4 and 5) : _ The symbol for the characteristic to be toleranced: _ The tolerance value in the unit used for linear dimensions. This value is preceded by the sign if the tolerance zone is circular or cylindrical: _ if appropriate, the letter or letters identifying the datum feature (see figures 4 and 5)
Figures 3

Figures 4

Figures 5

5 Tolerance frame(contd)
5.2 Remarks related to the tolerance, for example 6 holes, 4 surfaces or 6x shall be written above the frame (see figures 6 and 7) 5.3 Indications qualifying the form of the feature within the tolerance zone shall be within near the tolerance frame and may be connected by a leader line (see figures 8 and 9)

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

5 Tolerance frame(contd)
5.4 If it is necessary to specify more than one tolerance characteristic for a feature, the tolerance specifications are given in tolerance frames one under the other (see figure 10)

Figure 10

6 Toleranced features
The tolerance frame is connected to the toleranced feature by a leader line terminating with an arrow in the following way: _ on the outline of the feature or an extention of the outline ( but clearly separated from the dimension line) when the tolerance refers to the line surface itself (see figures 11 and 12)

Figure11

Figure12

6 Toleranced features (contd)

_ as an extension of a dimension line when the tolerance refers to the axis or median plane defined by the feature so dimensioned (see figures 13 to 15)

Figure13

Figure14

Figure15

6 Toleranced features(contd)
_ on the axis when the tolerance refers to the axis or median plane of all features common to that axis or median plane(see figures 16,17 and 18) Figure16

Figure17

Figure18

7 Tolerance zones
7.1 The width of the tolerance zone is in the direction of the arrow of the leader line joining the tolerance frame to the feature which is tolerance, unless the tolerance value is preceded by the sign (see figures 19&20).

Figure 19

Figure 20

7 Tolerance zones (contd)

7.2 In general, the direction of the width of the tolerance zone is normal to the specified geometry of the part (see figures 21&22)

Figure 21

Figure 22

7 Tolerance zones (contd)

7.3 The direction of the tolerance zone shall be indicated when desired not normal to the specified geometry of the part (see figures 23&24)

Figure 23

Figure 24

7 Tolerance zones (contd)

7.4 Individual tolerance zones of the same value applied to several separate features can be specified as shown in figures 25&26.

Figure 25

Figure 26

7 Tolerance zones (contd)

7.5 Where a common tolerance zone is applied to several separate features, the requirement is indicated by the words common zone above the tolerance frame (see figures 27&28).

COMMON ZONE

3XA COMMON ZONE

Figure 27

Figure 28

8 Datums
8.1 When a tolerance feature is related to a datum, this is generally shown by datum latter which defines the datum is repeated in the tolerance frame. To identify the datum, a capital letter enclosed in a frame is connected to a solid or blank datum triangle (see figures 29&30).

Figure 29

Figure 30

8.2

The Datum triangle with the datum letter is placed: -On the outline of the feature or an extension of the out line (but clearly separated from the dimension line), when the datum feature is the line or surface itself (see figures 31)

Figure 31

- as an extension of the dimension line when the datum feature is the axis or median plane (see figures 32 to 34). NOTE - If there is insufficient space for two arrows, one of them may be replaced by the datum triangle (see figures 33 and 34).

on the axis or median plane when the datum is : a) the axis or median plane of a single feature (for example a cylinder); b) the common axis or plane formed by two features (see figure 35).

8.3 If the tolerance frame can be directly connected with the datum feature by a leader line, the datum letter may be omitted (see figures 36 and 37).

8.4 A single datum is identified by a capital letter (see figure 38). A common datum formed by two features is identified by two datum letter separated by a hyphen (see figure 39). If the sequence of two or more datum features is important the datum letters are placed in different compartments (see figure 40), where the sequence from left to right shows the order of priority.

If the sequence of two or more datum features is not important the datum letters are indicated in the same compartment (see figure 41).

9 Restrictive specifications 9.1 If the tolerance is applied to a restricted length, lying anywhere, the value of this length shall be added after the tolerance value and separated from it by an oblique stroke. In the case of a surface, the same indication is used. This means that the tolerance applies to all lines of the restricted length in any position and any direction (see figure 42).

9.2 If a smaller tolerance of the same type is added to the tolerance on the whole feature, but restricted over a limited length, the restrictive tolerance shall be indicated in the lower compartment (see figure 43). 9.3 If the tolerance is applied to a restricted part of the feature only, this shall be dimensioned as shown in figure 44.

9.4 If the datum is applied to a restricted part of the datum feature only, this shall be dimensioned as shown in figure 45. 9.5 Restrictions to the form of the feature within the tolerance zone are shown in 5.3.

Theoretically exact dimensions If tolerances of position or of profile or of angularity are prescribed for a feature, the dimensions determining the theoretically exact position, profile or angle respectively, shall not be toleranced. These dimensions are enclosed, for example The corresponding actual dimensions of the part are subject only to the position tolerance, profile tolerance or angularity tolerance specified within the tolerance frame (see figures 46 and 47). Figure 46 Figure 47
.

 Projected tolerance zone In some causes the tolerances of orientation and location shall apply not to the feature itself but to the external projection of it. Such projected tolerance zones are to be indicated by the symbol (see figure 48). Maximum material condition The indication that the tolerance value applies at the maximum material condition is shown by the symbol placed after: The tolerance value (see figure 49); The datum letter (see figure 50); Or both (see figure 51);According to whether the maximum material principle is to be applied respectively to the toleranced feature. the datum feature or both.
Figure 50 Figure 51 Figure 48

Figure 49

Definitions of tolerances The various geometrical tolerances are defined with their tolerance zones in the following pages. In all the illustrations of the definitions only those deviations are shown with which the definitions deal. Where required for functional reasons, one or more characteristics will be toleranced to define the geometrical accuracy of a feature. When the geometrical accuracy of a feature is defined by a certain type of tolerance, other deviations of this feature in some cases will be controlled by this tolerance (for example, straightness deviation is limited by parallelism tolerance). Thus it would rarely be necessary to symbolize all of these characteristics, since the other deviations are included on the zone of tolerance defined by the symbol specified.

FLATNESS

SYMBOL :

ZONE OF TOLERANCE : TWO PARALLEL PLANES -

CIRCULARITY

SYMBOL :

ZONE OF TOLERANCE : TWO COPLANAR CONCENTRIC CIRCLES

Circularity
The permissible deviation of the diameter is indicated directly on the drawing; the general tolerance on circularity is equal to the numerical value of the diameter tolerance.

EXAMPLE 1

Circularity
The general tolerance in accordance with the indication ISO 2768-mK apply. The permissible deviations for the diameter of 25mm are 0.2mm. These deviations lead to the numerical value of 0.4mm which is greater than the value of 0.2mm given in table 4; the value of 0.2mm therefore, applies for the circularity tolerance.

EXAMPLE 2

CYLINDRICITY

SYMBOL :

ZONE OF TOLERANCE : TWO COAXIAL CYLINDERS -

PROFILE OF ANY LINE

SYMBOL :

ZONE OF TOLERANCE : TWO PROFILE LINES -

PROFILE OF ANY SURFACE

SYMBOL :

ZONE OF TOLERANCE : TWO PROFILED PLANES -

POSITION TOLERANCES

Other symbols

PARALLELISM

SYMBOL :

ZONE OF TOLERANCE : CYLINDER -

Parallelism
Depending on the shapes of the deviations of the features, the parallelism deviation is limited by the numerical value of the size tolerance (see figure B.3) or by the numerical value of the straightness or flatness tolerance (see figure B.4)

PARALLELISM TOLERANCE
PARALLELISM TOLERANCE OF A LINE WITH REFERENCE TO A DATUM SURFACE Definition of the tolerance zone The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes a distance t apart and parallel to the datum surface Indication and Interpretation The axis of the hole shall be contained between two planes 0.01 apart and parallel to the datum surface B

PARALLELISM TOLERANCE OF A SURFACE WITH REFERENCE TO A DATUM LINE Definition of the tolerance zone The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel a distance t apart and parallel to the datum line. Indication and Interpretation The tolerance surface shall be contained between two planes 0.1 apart and parallel to the datum axis of the hole

PARALLELISM TOLERANCE OF A SURFACE WITH REFERENCE TO A DATUM SURFACE Definition of the tolerance zone Indication and Interpretation

The tolerance zone is limited by The tolerance surface shall be contained two parallel planes a distance t between two parallel planes 0.01 apart and apart and parallel to the datum parallel to the datum surface D surface All the points on tolerance surface in a length of 100, placed anywhere on this surface, shall be contained between two parallel planes 0.01 apart and parallel to the datum surface A.

PERPENDICULARITY

SYMBOL :

ZONE OF TOLERANCE : T PARALLEL PLANES - WO PERPENDICULAR TO DATUM SURFACE

PERPENDICULARITY TOLERANCE
PERPENDICULARITY TOLERANCE REFERENCE TO A DATUM LINE Definition of the tolerance zone The tolerance zone when projected in a plane is limited by two parallel straight lines a distance t apart and perpendicular to the datum line OF A LINE WITH

Indication and Interpretation The axis of the inclined hole shall be contained between two parallel planes 0.06 apart and perpendicular to the axis of the horizontal hole A(datum line)

PERPENDICULARITY TOLERANCE OF A LINE WITH REFERENCE TO A DATUM SURFACE The tolerance zone is limited by a parallelepiped of section t1 xt2 and perpendicular to the datum plane if the tolerance is specified in two directions perpendicular to each other The axis of the cylinder shall be contained in a parallelepiped tolerance zone of 0.1x0.2, which is perpendicular to the datum surface

PERPENDICULARITY TOLERANCE OF A LINE WITH REFERENCE TO A DATUM SURFACE The tolerance is limited by a cylinder of diameter t perpendicular to the datum plane if the tolerance value is preceded by the sign The axis of the cylinder to which the tolerance frame is connected shall be contained in a cylindrical zone of diameter 0.01 perpendicular to the datum surface A

PERPENDICULARITY TOLERANCE OF A SURFACE WITH REFERENCE TO A DATUM LINE

DEFINITION OF THE TOLARANCE ZONE INDICATION AND INTERPRETATION

The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes a distance t apart and perpendicular to the datum line.

The tolerance piece of the piece shall be contained between two parallel planes 0.08 apart and perpendicular to the axis A (datum line).

PERPENDICULARITY TOLERANCE OF A SURFACE WITH REFERENCE TO A DATUM SURFACE

DEFINITION OF THE TOLARANCE ZONE INDICATION AND INTERPRETATION

The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes a distance t apart and perpendicular to the datum surface.

The toleranced surface shall be contained between two parallel planes0.08 apart and perpendicular to the horizontal datum surface A.

ANGULARITY

SYMBOL :

ZONE OF TOLERANCE - TWO PARALLEL PLANES : INCLINED 60 DEGREE TO DATUM SURFACE.

PERPENDICULARITY TOLERANCE OF A LINE WITH REFERENCE TO A DATUM SURFACE The tolerance zone when projected in a plane is limited by two parallel straight lines a distance t apart and perpendicular to the datum plane if the tolerance is specified only in one direction

The axis of the cylinder, to which the tolerance frame is connected, shall be contained between two parallel planes 0.1 apart, perpendicular to the datum surface

ANGULARITY TOLERANCE
ANGULARITY TOLERANCE OF A LINE WITH REFERENCE TO A DATUM LINE
DEFINITION OF THE TOLARANCE ZONE INDICATION AND INTERPRETATION

a) Line and datum line in the same plane. The tolerance zone when projected in a plane is limited by two parallel straight lines a distance t apart and inclined at the specified angle to the datum line.

The axis of the hole shall be contained between two parallel straight planes 0.08 apart which are inclined at 60 to the horizontal A-B (datum line).

DEFINITION OF THE TOLARANCE ZONE

INDICATION AND INTERPRETATION

b) Line and datum line in different planes If the considered line and the datum line are not in the same plane, the tolerance zone is applied to the projection of the considered line on the plane containing the datum line and parallel to the considered line.

The axis of the hole projected on a plane containing the datum axis shall be contained between two parallel straight lines

ANGULARUTY TOLERANCE OF A LINE WITH REFERANCE TO A DATUM SURFACE

DEFINITION OF THE TOLERANCE ZONE INDICATION AND INTERPRETATION

The tolerance zone when projected in a plane is limited by two parallel straight lines a distance t apart and inclined at the specified angle to the datum surface.

The axis of the hole shall be contained between two parallel planes 0.08 apart which are inclined at 60 to the surface A (datum surface)

ANGULARITY TOLERANCE OF A SURFACE WITH REFERENCE TO A DATUM LINE

DEFINITION OF THE TOLERANCE ZONE INDICATION AND INTERPRETATION

The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes a distance t apart and inclined at the specified angle to the datum line.

The inclined surface shall be contained between two parallel planes 0.1 apart which are inclined at 75 to the axis A (datum line).

ANGULARITY TOLERANCE OF A SURFACE WITH REFERENCE TO A DATUM SURFACE

DEFINITION OF THE TOLERANCE ZONE INDICATION AND INTERPRETATION

The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes a distance t apart and inclined at the specified angle to the datum surface.

The inclined surface shall be contained between two parallel planes 0.1 apart which are inclined at 40 to the surface A (datum surface).

POSITION

SYMBOL :

ZONE OF TOLERANCE : CYLINDER -

POSITIONAL TOLERANCE
POSITIONAL TOLERANCE OF A POINT
DEFINITION OF THE TOLERANCE ZONE INDICATION AND INTERPRETATION

The tolerance zone is limited by a circle of diameter t, the centre of which is in the theoretically exact position of the considered point.

The actual point of intersection shall lie inside a circle of 0.3 diameter ,the centre of which coincides with the theoretically exact position of the considered point of intersection.

Position tolerance of a line

Definition of the tolerance zone Indication and interpretation

The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel straight lines a distance t apart and disposed symmetrically with respect to the theoretically exact position of the considered line if the tolerance is specified only in one direction.

Each of the lines shall be contained between two parallel straight lines 0.05 apart which are symmetrically disposed about the theoretically exact position of the considered line, with reference to the surface A (datum plane).

Definition of the tolerance zone

Indication and interpretation

The tolerance zone is limited by a parallelepiped of section t1x t2 the axis of which is in the theoretically exact position of the considered line if the tolerance is specified in two directions perpendicular to each other.

Each of the axes of the eight holes shall be contained within a parallelepipedic zone of width 0.05 in the horizontal and 0.2 in the vertical direction and the axis of which is in the theoretically exact position of the considered hole.

Definition of the tolerance zone

Indication and interpretation

The tolerance zone is limited by a cylinder of diameter t the axis of which is in the theoretically exact position of the considered line if the tolerance value is preceded by the sign

The axis of the hole shall be contained within a cylindrical zone of diameter 0.08 the axis of which is in the theoretically exact position of the considered line, with reference to the surfaces A and B (datum planes).

Definition of the tolerance zone

Indication and interpretation

The tolerance zone is limited by a cylinder of diameter t the axis of which is in the theoretically exact position of the considered line if the tolerance value is preceded by the sign

Each of the axes of the eight holes shall be contained within a cylindrical zone of diameter 0.1 the axis of which is in the theoretically exact position of the considered hole.

Position tolerance of a flat surface or a median plane

Definition of the tolerance zone Indication and interpretation

The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes a distance t apart and disposed symmetrically with respect to the theoretically exact position of the considered surface.

The inclined surface shall be contained between two parallel planes which are 0.05 apart and which are symmetrically disposed with respect to the theoretically exact position of the considered surface with reference to the surface A(datum plane)and the axis of the datum cylinder B (datum line)

COAXIALITY

SYMBOL :

ZONE OF TOLERANCE : CYLINDER -

Concentricity tolerance of a point

Definition of the tolerance zone Indication and interpretation

The tolerance zone is limited by a circle of diameter t the center of which coincides with the datum point

The centre of the circle , to which the tolerance frame is connected, shall be contained in a circle of diameter 0.01 concentric with the centre of the datum circle A.

Coaxiality tolerance of an axis

Definition of the tolerance zone Indication and interpretation

The tolerance zone is limited by a cylinder of diameter I, the axis of which coincides with the datum axis if the tolerance value is preceded by the sign .

The axis of the cylinder, to which the tolerance frame is connected, shall be contained in a cylindrical zone of diameter 0.08 coaxial with the datum axis A-B.

SYMMETRY

SYMBOL :

ZONE OF TOLERANCE : TWO PARALLEL PLANES -

Symmetry tolerance of a median plane

Definition of the tolerance zone Indication and interpretation

The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes a distance t apart and disposed symmetrically to the median plane with respect to the datum axis or datum plane.

The median plane of the slot, shall be contained between two parallel planes, which are 0.08 apart and symmetrically disposed about the median plane with respect to the datum feature A.

Symmetry Examples

For some tolerance zones (for example, for straightness of a line or axis in one direction only) there are two possible methods, of graphical representation: By two parallel planes a distance t apart (see figure 52); By two parallel straight lines a distance t apart (see figure 53); Figure 52 shows a three-dimensional representation, figure 53 its projection in a plane.

Figure 52

There is no difference in the meaning of the two representations (such a tolerance does not restrict the deviation in any direction perpendicular to the arrow). The simpler method as shown in figure 53 is normally used in this International Standard.

Figure 53

CIRCULAR RUNOUT

SYMBOL :

ZONE OF TOLERANCE : TWO COPLANAR CONCENTRIC CIRCLES

TOTAL RUNOUT

SYMBOL :

ZONE OF TOLERANCE : TWO COAXIAL CYLINDERS -

TOTAL RUN-OUT TOLERANCE

TOTAL AXIAL RUN-OUT TOLERANCE INDICATION AND INTERPRETATION

The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes a distance t apart and perpendicular to the datum axis.

The total axial run-out shall not be greater than 0.1 at any point on the surface during several revolutions about the datum axis D and with relative radial movement between the measuring instrument and the part. With relative movement the measuring instrument or the work piece shall be guided along a line having the theoretically perfect form of the contour and being in correct position to the datum axis.

MMC, LMC & RFS

MMC - Dimension corresponding to Maximum Metal Condition (biggest shaft size or smallest hole size) LMC - Dimension corresponding to Least Metal Condition (smallest shaft or biggest hole size) RFS - Regardless of feature size

Actual Dimension vary from MMC limit to LMC limit Worst assembly condition exist when mating parts at MMC Functional assembly requirements can be related to actual dimension by symbol M in the drawing

0.4 M

Tolerance zone

Virtual size

12 -0.2

M12

Tolerance zone

Virtual size

12.4

0.4 12 12
Actual Local Sizes

0.6 11.8 11.8 11.8

12

Actual Local Sizes

Virtual Condition normal to Datum Plane D

0.2 M

D
t

20 -0.1

A1

A2

A3

Datum Plane D A1 to A3 = actual Local sizes =19.9 ...20 (maximum material size = 20) G t = virtual size = 20.2 = orientational tolerance zone = 0.2 ..0.3

12.4

0.2

20

20
Actual Local Sizes Datum Plane D

20

G=20.2

0.3

19.9

19.9
Actual Local Sizes Datum Plane D

19.9

G=20.2

Dimensioning of profiles

70

25

FOLLWER

0 50

20 52.5

40 57

60 63..5

80 70

100 74.5

120210 76

230 75

260 70

280 65

300 59.5

320 55

340 52

0.1

0 12

12

12

12 0

0 8

R8

R8

120

120

a) Indication on the drawing

b) Interpretation

0.1 A-B

14

14

14

21

28

35

14

14

14

21

28

35 21

.1 0

19.5

17

13

10

A) Indication on the drawing

230 270 500

A) Indication on the drawing

180

R5

SR 80

80 SR

R5

10

B) Interpretation

0.1

13

17

19.5

21

270

230 500

B) Interpretation

Packing ring of a pump

0.01/5 NOT CONVEX

0.03

22H7 44H7

180

R5

80 SR

80 SR

R5

Friction wheel
0.02 A 0.01 A 0.04 A

36 H8

0.01 A

Arbor for milling cutter

15 -0 20

+0,18 0.05 A 0.01 A 0.01 A

8.2H11

0.1 B

A B

0.005 0.008

0.01

0.02 AB 0.01 AB

0.005 0.008 B 11H7 80 B A 11H7 FIG. 5 B

A 0.025 A 39

Ball bearing inner ring

Roller

Bearing housing
25

0.02 A A

58 57

X
0.1 A

0.03 0.03

A A

SECTION XX

35 34

30 25

47M6(

CAM

0.03 A

18

6H7

5E9 0.02 A

Cam shaft
0.02 AB 0.02
CL OF CAM LOBE

0.02 C 0.08 AB 0.02 AB R4 R15.75

1130"

R4
C

R25.75

R16
A

9,015 9
B

0.01

DISC
0.05
400.1

A B

+0.06 8 HOLES EQUISPACED 11 -0

3x452

10
X

0.01

A B
11 25,5 108

A B

+0.02 0

142

0.02

A B 0.05 A 0.02
9
X

160

70

0 -0.05

8 HOLES EQUISPACED M8 8 HOLES EQUISPACED .M8

3
19 10 mi n

2210'

0.2 A B

SECTION XX

Drilling Jig
0.1

120

120

30

12 HOLES H7

0.02 A

f A

PART NO: 1 2 3 4

DIM ENSIONS b 15 20 30 50 c 7 8 10 12 d 8h8 10h 8 15h 9 25h 9 e 47 58 70 112

TOLERANCES f 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.05 G 0.005 0.008 0.01 0.015

Drawing in which dimensions are shown in tabular form

Tolerance Analysis

d
A

Dimension based on functional Importance

Dimension ( Series, parallel or progressive ) is done on the basis of functional importance.
Process Planning ( for the component shown ) depends on the way of dimensioning.

PROCESS PLANNING
Oper. No. Operation Sketch 1000 Facing to 55 mm length

1005

Turning to 20 whole length

1010

Turning to 8 till 35mm

Same component can be machined another way also

IMPORTANCE OF FUNCTIONAL DIMENTIONS

Do not give ending dimension in the drawing Ending dimension gets cumulative tolerance, whether add or subtract Way of dimensioning will make the manufacturing process

Examples
350.1 and 200.05

So 55 will be 550.15 T total = Some of individual Tolerances 350.1 Tolerance = 0.2 200.05 Tolerance = 0.1 550.15 Tolerance = 0.3 So T 55 = T 35 + T 20 i.e 0.3 = 02 + 0.1

Tolerance analysis
c1 c2

C C

a1 a2

b1 b2

A A

B B

Tolerance analysis
8

Example
+0.2 +0.1

and 3

C+c2 = ( A+a2 ) + (B+b2) So c2 = a2 + b2 Rule :- C = (A+B)

C2 C1

-0.1 -0.3

So 11 Now

( +0.2 ) + ( -0.1 ) ( +0.1) + ( -0.3 )

= 11 +0.1

- 0.2

Tol8 = 0.1

( a2 + b2 ) ( a1 + b1 )

Tol3 = 0.2 , Tol11 = 0.3

Tol11 = Tol8 + Tol3

12 +0.1+ 4 0.1 + 3 -0.1

-0.2

-0.05 +0.3 -0.35

19

( +0.1) + (+0.1) + (+0.1) ( -0.2 ) + (- 0.1) + (+ 0.05)

= 19

Tol 12 = 0.3

Tol 4 = 0.2 Tol 19 = 0.65

Tol 3 = 0.15 ,

A a1 A

a2

EXAMPLE 1
C c2 C

c1

B b1 B

b2

12 - 0.3 - 8 0.1 = 4
(i.e. 4 0.3) (+0.1) Tol 12 = 0.2 Tol 8 = 0.2 Tol 4 = 0.4 (- 0.1) (- 0.1 )

- 0.1

0.00 - 0.40

C 12
+ 0.2 + 0.1

( a2 b1 ) ( a1 b2 )

= Aa - B b
1

a2

b2
1

+4

0.1

+3

- 0.05 + 0.1

-5

0.1

+4

+ 0.2 + 0.1

2 T12 + T4 + T3 + T4 T5 = T18
i.e.

18

+ 0.2 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.2 + 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.1 + 0.1

= 18

+ 0.70 - 0.05

0.1 + 0.2 + 0.15 + 0.1 0.2 = 0.75

Series dimensioning not preferred

Parallel dimensions are most preferred , since Tolerance get added in series dimensioning

Theory of datum change

Counter bore height 220.1 - 180.05 = 40.15 To get the shank height (reverse) 220.1 - 40.15 = 180.25 So, 180.25 , The Tolerance exceeds

Theory of datum change Check whether Datum change is possible 180.05 = 220.1 4 Datum change is not possible, so redesign the Tolerance X2 values of 22 and 4 X1 i.e to get 180.05 change the change the Tolerance of 22 and 4 Take Tol22 = 0.06 and Tol4 = 0.04

Hence Tol18 = 0.06 + 0.04 = 0.1 Values are 220.03 and 40.02

 0.1 E - 0.1 P 14 H8(25)

(6H8) c H8

0.1

AH8

D- 0.5 0.05 B 40 60 0.02 F

0.02 E

LOCATION

CAN WE CHANGE DATUM ?

20

80

0.1

112

0.05

20

- 0.05

X1 12 X2 0.1 (80 )

0.5

ABC

0.5

ABC

15 8x 105 R SR S CR * * May be filled or not filled ST or

15 8x 105 R SR S NONE NONE NONE or