You are on page 1of 287

.

XuJ uMH WUIK wMu fK: UbB WdN WOUI V WKK

c
ba
ABCDEFG
38

ac
b

XuJ uMH WUIK wMu fK: UbB WdN WOUI V WKK


38

dd
1981

ABCDEFG

 

M
M
M
M

:


:


<

< <

.
<

<
c b<a b

.

<
. <

<
< .


<

<
- .
a
b <
5

< . <.
.
-


c b


.
a
a b

.


< .
a
<

<
.
<

<
< <
.

.
<
7


<
c .
<
< .

.
< a

.
<
<

<
< .b

b
.
<
<-b- <
.
; <
<

.
<
.
b
c .
8

<
c.

< < .
< <
<
. <

< .
b
.
.
< .
< <
<.
.
< < .


.
<
<.
<.

10



.

< <
.



<
<


.





11

. <


<

.

< .


)(


< b .
<
. <
<
.

< <
. <
<
.
b

.

.
<
12

c .

.

.
.
b
< .

.
<- -


.
<

6
a

. .
.
b


.
< :
? : .
<

13

< a .
<
.
c
. b
b < .
< a :
< .
< .
.
< < .
):(
< < <
.


<
<
<
.
c :
-
:
-
-
-
(1) McMullan, J.T, Morgan, R.Murray. R.B.Energy Resource and Supply
John Wiley and Sans. London England 1976, PP, 66- 93, 342-344.

14

-< < <


.
-
< .


.
c a
<
.
)
(b <
b b .
b <
.
<
< :
-:


.
<
. :
-:
a
.
< <
% < <.
15


b . <
<
.
<
.
c <
) (%c %
.
- :

< <
<

) (
% %
< b .
- :

%- <
< <
<

c
% < %
b %
.
-:

16

<

<



. <
.

b
< <
<
b .b
<

<
<
.
c b
. b

<

6
.


.

17


<
<

) b
( <
c %
< < %
< <
.
- :
<
% <

<




.
<
. < b
b

< <
< ) (.
c
% < %
.%
18

% < . < b
.

< < <


<
a
<



< <
.
< a


<
.

< b
<

.
<
< < b<
<
%-<
%
.
19

< <
<
<
<
<.
< b
% %
% b
.
< <
) (% .
< <
< <
. <
<
.

<
.
b
<


<
.
< < -
-b
- b
20

b b
.-


a
< <
).(
< < Moderators

<

< < <

<
<
<
.
< <
< < <

. <
--



<
<

(2) Foley, G., The Energy Question, Penguin Books, London, England PP,163- 93

21

<


b

.
<

.
< <

< <
c
<
).(


<
< .
< b
<
< a
<
c < <
<
<
< < <
) ( < )(
.-

22



< .

):(

<
)
.
< % <
% ) (
< . )(
< <.
<; 1 " :
 # 
$%&'
+
,
- 
 /4
1975 " 1965
) !  
 
   *(










 

1965


30.6
12.9
33.9
4.5
0.13
82.03



37.3
15.8
41.3
5.4
0.2
100

1975


54
22.2
37.8
7.2
1.8
123



43.9
18
30.7
5.9
1.5
100

*     !" #!$


) ( .

23

) (
a % - b
a
< <
b <


< .
-
- <
< b
b < %
.

<
.
2 ; ?/4 @AB
!"#$% &'  + , 
- / !"#$ 4:
> 1975 ; 1965 <=#
)         *(



 
 
   
 

  


1965

49.2
23
9.9
82.1

* (

 
! "# $% & '%

24

  

60
28
12
100

1975

69.4
36.3
17.3
123

  

56.4
29.5
14.1
100

) ( <
?
?
.
.


.
% .

< < <
<

b
b
< b
. c
< b
< <
a .
< < b <
b
.
<
<


.

25


.
<
?
< <
<

.
) ( <
<


.Caltex
*' & 3 %
+"  ,-/ +
" 4- $67:
2000 % 1985
) (       !" # $

 





 



1985

51.4
85.3
33.6
12.4
9.4
192.1

  

26.7
44.4
17.5
6.5
4.9
100

2000

81
125.7
49
29.5
17.3
302.5

  

26.8
41.6
16.2
9.7
5.7
100

) ( <

< < - <
26

a %a <
<
%a < <
%
<

<
<
% .
) (




<
.
:
b
?
.

):()(

:


< c - .
(5) Kenward,M.,Potential Energy, Cambridge University Press, London U.K., 1976, PP. 15-23.
(6) Ion, D.C Availability of World Energy Resources, Graham& Tratman ltd, London, U.K.,1975,PP.2950

27

< c
.
< < a
<
b c
<
<
<
<

<

<.b
<
< a <
a

<
< < < <

< < <
< <
b< <
.

<

<
.
28

'& 4 $ %
  
1  8
&
 ' *+& ,
) 
&  -/
(01 8
:; <=
>? @ A

 




"#

  
91.5
51.5
400
543

 
2.5
1.36
2.08
5.94

 
)!(
37
38
192
267

)('&        ! "#$ % :


* )*  "  *) +,) -/) 1020 ";
 *) * 1.48

) (
b
b <
<




.
) (
<
<
<

29

.
?.
c
<
<?

b b
< b b b
b< < a
< c < <
. <

c.
b < < b
< c
b<
b <
b b b
<

< b b
<
.
b < < b
< c
< c
< <.
c < < :
30

- 
:

<

<

<
< <
a
).(


<
b c
()b)(
< <

.
(

)
-  :

a <
. a c
< <
<
.
(7) Foley, G., Op, Cit. P, 189
) ( < )(
.-

31

< <
< <.
- b
) (
- b
< .b


. ) (

.


< <
.
<

<
< : <
.


.
b .


b ..
?

32


b

<


<

: < ?
.
<
a -- b b
<
c
<
< <
< .
<
< <
<
< < <
6

< <
<
< <
<
.

33

< <

< a
. < <
< < :
-
.
- .
- .
- .

34

2

<

<


<
.
b
<

< b
b b
<




<
b

35


<

.


c
.a
b
b
b
.
b
) .(

b <
c
b


b
a <

b < <

b <
< b
(1) Carr, D. E. Energy and the Earth Machine.
W.W. Norton and company,N.Y,USA,1976 P.116

36

<
b




< < .
<
.



c .
b

b <

.
<
<
<


< b
b
b

< b
<.
37





<

b <
6 <


a

.



c ?

b .

b) (
b



b

(2) Mcveigh, J,C.Sun Power, Pergamman Press, London, U.K. 1975.

38

b
< b

b
< .



< b


b
b

.

b
<
< <
<
b b

b


b

< b
b
39

b


<
<
< a
<
.

a

.
b <
b <
.

<

.

<
- ).(


< < .


(3) Boyle,G., Living on the Sun, Marion Boyars, London, U.K. 1977,P.61.

40

?

< b

b

< < <
<
< <
<
.
b
<
< < <
b

a

b


.

<

b

b
b
41

<
<

< .
c
.
< .




a
c
< . b

a

a .



c
< <
c <


):(
(4) Hickok,F., Handbook of Solar and Wind Energy, Cahners Publishing Company, Inc.Ma. USA,
1975, P.58.

42

= x / x .
.
= x.

.
=  x.

< :
= x / x x
< <
<

.
< <
<
<
c
<

b
< <
< b
< <
c
<


<
.
43

b <
- ) - ( .
a <
.
- ) - (
<



<.
):(
< c
.
.


< .

.
c b
<
.

<


<
(5) Simmons, Wind Power, Noyes Data Corp., London England, 1975, P.5.

44

< <

<
b

b

.

:
- 6 c

< <.
- 6
<

.
- 6< < b
.
< b

<
<.

a :

- :

< ) ( <

45


<

<
< <
< b<
b
b




c .
<
c
b
< c <
. <

<
<
. b )(
) ( <.

- :


. <

a
46

< <
b
<



< .
- -
<
.

- :

<

<


< <
b a
b
< .
< <
<

< < <
.
<

<
47

c - - <
<


< < < <
<
. ) ( < < .
  ) ( 1
 "!        





  

  
 

  & %

  #$%

/
1.4
2.4
2.7
1.5
2.6
1.7
4.1

   /
3.25
5.4
6.1
3.4
5.9
3.8
9.2

/
4.6
5
6.3
4.4
5.9
5.6
4.1

   /
10.4
11.3
14.2
10
13.3
12.6
9.2

 World Meteorological organization, U.N. Conference, August 1961. :


<

<

.
48


) :( <

< -

49

) (
) :(

50



< b<

.


< <


<.

b
6 b

.
<
.
<
<
)(
< <

< b
a
<
.
<
c
51

<


c


< c
<
- b .



< <

c
b

< .

52








.


.
b
<
<
-
- .


< <
53

.
<

<



b c .


. <
.

?




< b b<
<

.b


<

<
<
54

<
< <
<

<


.

b


<
< b
<
b <

<
<
<
< <


.

<

<

55




<


b <
.


<


< <

<
<.

<
b <

< c
<
<.


b
<
56

< <
b
b
< b


.

<

.


<
. - <
) (
< <

b
< <
.
< .
< - <
<
<

<

(1) Hagen, A.W. Thermal Energy From The Sea Noyes Data Corporation London,1975,P.3.

57


<

b
).(



) ( <
<

< b


<

.

<

) (
c
a a


b
(2) Herman, S.W.(Energy Futures), Ballinger Publishing Co, Cambridge, Mass, U.S.A,1977,P.152.
(3) Hagen, op.Cit p2.
(4) Herman, S.W.op.cit. P.150.

58

()b
<
<
b a b
< .
b< <
< <
< b
< < .

< <
b <
< b
< .
<.
b
- ) (
- <
b bb

<

<
- <
b b
.
b
) (<
) (<

59

b
. b
.
b

) (

< ).(



< <

< <
<

<
<

<


<.

b


) (<

60

< %-
%
a

<

c
< b< <
b o o
< <

< b
b
b <
.

< :
-
.


a

<

<


< .
61

< <
) ( .



) :(

<

. <
<


<

<
- -
<
< b


62

< < .
- < -
<
<

.

<

<
<

<
<
b
a

<.

<

<
<
6
<
<
b <

<
63

<

<

a b .





.


<
b b
c
b

a b
< b
.

b < < <
.

<
< b
b <
<
64

< <
c
< . <
.
<
. <

.

< <


<
a . < b
<
<

.


< <

< < <.

<
b
< <
< .
65

<
< <
b a
b b
<
< < b
.

< <
<
< < <

< < b
< <
<
< < .
< < < < < <
<
<.
<
%
<
b
b :
 - 

<
< <
<
66

<
< ) < <
< ( <
b <
:
)(+) - (+
)(+
=/
= %
< <
<
<
a
<


< <
%
<.
c
<
<

.% -

< <.

- :

<
67

< < <


< )
( <
< <
< ) (
< <
< <
< < <



<
.

) ( <.
b
< )
(
<
< . b
< b
a
< . c
b
< <
< <
.
< <
< . <
68

<

<
b

)(
<

<

<


<

69

.
<
.
< . <
<
< .

- :

< < c <


b< < c
<
< <
<
<.
<
<
<

< <
< ) <
( . b<
<
.
< b
b
< <
. ) ( <.
< <
< )< <( <
70

<
%
b< <
< <
<
).(
<

<
)(
<

(8) Denton, J.C. and Afgan, N., Future Energy Production Systems vol.11,Academie Press, London,
England, 1976, P.702.

71

< <
< < <

<
<
<

<
b< <

<
<
) (
< <
< <
< <
.


- <
<
<

<
.
b

b .

(9) Denton, J.C.& Afgan, N.op, cit, 702.

72

< <
c <



b <
<
< ).(


.
) (

<
.

-
.

<
<
) ( -
) ( -
b <
- <
. b
b -
) (
(10) Energy, E.O., Bulletin of American Association of Petro, Geol, 1956.
(11) Enomoto, Y., Bulletin Tokai Regional Fish Res. Lab., TOKYO, Japan,1971.
(12) Transactions of the Tokyo Society of Fisheries, NO. 1, TOKYO JAPAN, 1974.

73



<
b c b
b
<
: .
  ) ( 1
<>

"!  1969


! 1970 #$
'&%
)(

!*
)

 +,
-/
):

=< ; 

74


  
 


    
  2010


 


 

20.5  18.0
16.5  15.5
18.8  16.0
21.3  20.5
25.2  22.8
27.5  26.5
26.7  25.8
31.0  28.5
30.8  30.3

27.2  26.5



18.5  17.0
18.7  18.5
22.0  21.5
25.2  23.5
26.3 24.5
30.0  28.0
30.0  28.9

26.6  26.5

4
<
<


<


<
< b<
<
< .

<



<
< .

<

75

< < <


.

b.
<
<
<

< <
<
< < < < -
<
a < .
<
<
< .
< .
b b < <


b < b < . < <

.
c .
b
< -
<- <
b b
< b
76

b
b < <
<
b b
<).(
b
b
< < .
<
< <
<
< .
<
<
<
< <
<
< < <
<
<



b
<

< <
<
(1) Carr, D.E. Energy and the Earth Machine, W.W. Nortan and company. N.Y., U.S.A, 1976.

77

< < <


).(
<


<b
b
.
<
< <
< <
<
< <

< b <
<
<
< < .

< < <
< <b
b b <

< <b
b <
b <
< b b
.
(2) Michelsohn, D.R. The Oceans in Tomorrows World, Juliour Messner, N.Y. U.S.A, 1972.

78

< b

b . b
<
<
).(
<
) (
<
< < b<
< .


b b b
< b
.

b
b b <
b <
<
<
.

.
< b
(3) Thirring, H., Energy for Man, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, U.S.A, 1976, P.284.
(4) Carr, D.E., OP. cit,

79

  )(1
!    
 






/
33
10 1.971
25
10 7.347
27
10 5.983

     
/
11
10 1.495
8
10 3.844


.



< < b
) (
< .
< b
b <
< b
b <


b
b b b

b
<
80

< .

<
c
< b

<
< < b
< < b
<

<.
<
<
< )! (

<
<
<
< <
<
< <
<
.

< Equilibrium Tide b b
b b
(5) Duxbury, A.C. The Earth and its Oceans Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, London, U.K.,
1977, P,316.

81

) (
. <
b <
< <
.

< a b b
b
< a

< . < <
.
b % .

<
<
bb
<
<
b< b b < b
< < <

) (
b <
b b
< <
< b b
b
< <
82

< < b
<
.
< <
<
)(
.













 

 

   
   1

<
< <


.
83

/ +
<
.
/
b
/ +
b

b

b .
b < <
<
<
<
< a
<
.
< <



b
. < <
b
<
.<
<
<
84

<


< < b
<


< b
<
< < a <
<
< <
.
< a
< <
<
< <
<
<
< <


- b
<
a .

<

85

< <
c .
c <
< <

< < <
< < <

<


.
<


< <

<
<
<
< <
< <
< <
<
<.
< :
- b < < .
-
a .
86


*  BC %# "D= EC >F+ "DB


 


   )(

 
!   


"#
 $%
'
&
* +,
" - $
. /0
 1%2 3
 4
5
'6

'&

6.4
9.8
10.7

83
117
23

5.9

750

9.8

70

8.4

22

 '7#  8

8.4

610


%

9 54

3.6

125

:6 
 9;0
!= < %

2.4


>0 ?+

5.65

2000

@%

6.6

140

* **@ ?! " #$% .  &' ()* !)+, -/  :'$  ;<=> -/& $
        
  .

<
< <
< a
<
< < <
87

<
< b
< < <
< <
< < .
b <
<
< a
<
< < <
< < .



<
a b
.

< < a

<.
<
<

<



.
88


< <
<

c


< .
<
<








<


.
< <
):(

- :


(6) Gray, T.J. and Gashus, O.K. Tidal Power, Plenum Press, N.Y., 1972, P.8.

89


<
< < b < <
< <

. b b <

b
< b< b
b <


b b
< b
< <
<
< b
< <
< <
<
< <
< <
< .
b <
<

<


90

- :


< b

<

a b <.

< b
b
< <
< b
<

b
b <


<
b <
<
b<.b
<

< <
b
b < <
91


<
<
b <
<
< .b

- :

c

< <

.
<
b
b
. b b
b <
a <
< <
.
<
< < <
<
< .

<
< b
< b <
92


< b
< <

< b .
b
<
b < <
< b
< .
b
<.
b <

< .
<
< <
< <
<

< < <
.


<
<
< <
<
93



<
< < <
< - b .
.
<
< < b

. <
<
. ) (
< ).(

b
<
b
< % <
).(

<
< .

) ( < < < < .

94


1972     
     !" #
$

  

21

3.2

23

0.3

46

27

13

3.3

46

13

20

19

1.0

54

19

0.9

35

3.1

12

3.0

0.6

26

0.7

14

3.4

16

14

3.4

26

20

0.8

56

20

0.8

50

2.8

33

2.6

47

0.9

12

1.1

34

14

3.4

56

14

3.5

28

21

0.8

22

0.8



1






  





59

3.2

0.5
3.3



2

95



  

24

2.4

41

1.3

15

24

15

3.4

57

15

48

22

0.9

47

23

1.0

17

1.0

18

2.1

..

2.2

59

10

1.8

12

2.0

40

16

3.3

40

17

3.1

..

0.9

0.7

10

2.4

49

10

2.7

42

13

2.1

15

15

2.0

10

19

3.0

49

20

3.1

54

0.5

33

0.3

22

11

2.9

50

11

3.1

27

16

1.7

24

17

1.3

22

3.2

23

3.3

3.4

10

0.2

46

0.2

17

12

3.3

42

12

0.5

12

18

0.9

57

18

0.6



7

11

13

12

14

16
15

96

24

2.2

10

1.5
3.4

10
9






  







  

52

3.4

20

0.3

55

13

3.6

33

13

39

19

0.3

22

20

0.2

33

3.1

28

2.9

30

0.7

0.9

..

14

3.8

31

14

3.8

21

0.1

55

21

0.2

32

2.7

50

2.5

46

1.2

32

10

1.5

15

3.7

51

15

3.6

51

22

0.4

0.5



17

19

21

23

25






  





42

3.3

0.4
3.7



18

20

22

37

0.7

24

23

2.5

49

2.3

31

11

1.8

51

12

2.0

45

16

3.3

59

17

3.0

10

0.6

17

0.6

54

2.9

43

10

3.0

30

14

2.0

57

15

1.7

52

19

2.9

40

21

2.9

26

97



  

0.6

22

11

2.3

54

59

16

1.4

47

17

49

22

3.0

38

23

3.0

19

0.7

20

3.0

19

12

3.3

46

0.8

27

18

0.9

39

12

3.3

19

0.7

57

3.0

0.9

52

12

3.3

33

19

0.6



27

29

31

98






  





47

0.0

11

3.3
1.1



28

30

5
:


b b
<





<
b

b
<



< c

.

99

b <

<

< <
c

.b


b .


<
.
<
a

<
c

<


<




100

<

< .

<


<


< <

.

<
< <
< <
<

< b
< <


.


< b b

101


) .(

):(
-- - %
- b

.
-- c
%
.
- - c .
- <- <
.
% .
.
<



<

b
<
<.
:
(1) Davis, S.N etal, Geology: Our Physical Environment, McGraw-Hill Book Company, London, U.K.,
1976, P.17
(2). Davis etal, P. 18

102





<
c <
< b
.
b


<
<
< <
.

)(

c :
-
<

<

.
- < < .
<
<
<
(3) Berman, E., (Geothermal Energy), Noyes Data Corp., London, U.K., 1975.

103

< <
<
b <
< < <
c
. < <
< .

<
b
. <

b

< <
.
-

. <

<

c
< .
<
.
<

<
104

.

<

<







.

<

<
b
< .
<



<
< <

<
c
105

):(
- < b
< < <

< <
<

.
-
<
b< -

<
<

.
- < <
< .
<

<
.
<
<

<.

<
(4) Berman, E. Op. cit, P.21.

106


.

<
< b
% <
c
.




< <
<

< b
<
a .

<.
<
< <
<
<

<


107


<
<





.
<
< < b
<
- <
b <
<
.
<
<
<
:
- b
<
< .
- <


<

.
108

-
< <
< .
-
< <
.
-
c <

.
-
< <
<.


< <

- b

<
<

< <
c

<


<
109




-.




<

c <
<
.

.


<
< <


<
< <


< <

.
110



.

c b
< <
<
.
c b
b:
- :


<

).(
(1) 3& 45
* &6
7 &8$ 9
  :#





 

/
70.0

 


5.8


  !"#$ %

522




420.6

'&

60.0

(!

2.8

*
)(!

202.2

+
$

78.5


,

0.5

-.

1362.4

(5)Armstead, H.C.H., Geothermal Energy, John Wiley and Sons, N.Y., U.S.A.,1978,P.143.

111

) (

<

<
<

:
<
<
b


.
- :
<
. <
%
<
% %

<

< <
< < <

< b
< <
< <
112


<
.
<

< <

c <
<
< <




.
< <

.
<

. ) (
).(
< b <

<
<
< <
<
(6)Geothermal World Directory 1975/76, K.F. Meadows, California, U.S.A., 1976,P.173.

113

% %
<
% < %
< .%
2 () *+,
 -. )  / 0 13  &45
 ) 6+ ! 7



 


 

 






339.57

628.79

56.78

27.68

1052.82

  

233.71

116.03

11.44

71.04

432.22

  

5.6

0.39

8.33

14.32

 

0.6

0.60

 !"#

125.39

232.49

21.06

10.24

389.18

"

39.95

17.72

254.04

311.71



"
$

43.33

32.23

75.56

'&%

744.82

977.7

150.33

403.56

2276.41


<
<
< <

<

<


114



<
c
< < .

< < <
<

< <
.

- .
< <
<
<

<




<
<
<
< <
< <
<.
115

- :
<
<
<




. <
a
<

c
<
<.
- :
< a <
<
.
<
< <
b

<
<
<
.
- :
<
116

: <

% -
<
b <
< b

<


<
<

<
<.

< <


< <
< .
< <




<
< <
117


6 .
<
<
<
<
<


< .
b

<

< <

.

.


.
<
< b < <
c

<
<
.
118



< <

.
< <


<


<
a
< .

< <) .(

<

.

(7) Mortensen, J.J., Energy, Vol. 3, 1978, P. 639.

119

120

6
<

<

<
<

<
.


c
b <
<


b b
<

<
<
121

<
b
b.b

a b
<
b.

c <
b b :

b b
.


< < <
b b
b
b . <
.
:
+ + ___ +r


%
.()%
(1)- Quercia, I.F.(Bio Couversion of Solar Energy), First International Symposium an non-Convertional
Energy, Trieste, Italy, 1979.

122




.()

.




< <
.

.

.
) (
.- -
. .
<
.
<
< ) (Cassava .
<
c
.

<
) (< .

123




 



 











/02

(1) ,- '.


 !" #$% # &"  '( )#


c <
<
<

<

c
<
< .
:
124

- .
- .
- .

< a c
. b <
<

. b




b< <

c
.
c
<
< c
.




<
.
<
125

< < <


a
.

<




)
( .
b


% <
% .()

<
< <
< <
<
b <
<
.

< . c

<
(3) Internal Power Generation, Vol. 2 No.1,1979.

126

< <
< <) (

) ( .
) (
< )( <

< . <
< c
. b
<
< <

b


c .

< ):(
C6 H12 O6 ---------- 2C2 H2 + 2 CO2
+




<

) ( Quercia, I. F., George, S, How the other half Dies Pelican Books, England, 1979.
(5)- Otvos, J.W., (Production of Biomass by photo synthesis and others), First International Symposium
on non-Conventional Energy, Trieste, Italy,1979.

127

11636

16550

1635

15136

11883

8883

10814

  

4667

2753

4226

! 

31686

13271

36297



International Power Generation, Vol. 2 No. 1, 1979.

15040



11830

'

17550





19856

13271

18747



+/ 

+/ /,-%

21257

9!%&

/,-%/   ; #<

 
 ; =$ & #<


        

(1)  

3775

2523

3564

 / 

 

 


'

14.5

54

 /

  

 


*

()

$%&



" #

 

128




c

) (
.




b
.


a
<
< <
< <
<.

b b b <
< b


< c .
<
<
129


<

< b<
b
)<(
<

<
b
< c

.
<
.Anaerobic Digestion
b
b
<
< .
< -

b
< <
.%- b
b

< c
.

130



) (
.
(2) , -.
0  013 "#  4
.- 5    013 "# 0 & 46
 

 


     



 

  ! / "#

&$ %

1200

%59

22

('

140

%68

25

)

%68

25

 

 International Power Generation, Vol. 2, No. I, 1979.

b <
<
b b <


<
< .


<

.
131

b



. <

<
<
< <
<

.
<
<


a
<
<
- <

< .
c
b
%
. <
< : %
<
132

.
<
<
% <

%
- -
- -


b< <.
:

- :


b< c
.

<




< < < <
.
<
< c
b<

133


. c
.

- :

<

b
. b
b b b
b .

<
< <
- - b .
b
.
b




b b

.

- :

b
< <
134

<

.
<

<
< .
b<
b
. b
b
.

< .
.

<
<
c <
.

b
< -

b
b b

c
135

?
< < ?
.b
b < a <
b
.

b

b
b
b
c
.
b < c

< b . b c

.
c b
b
b c

b
b
.
<


136

b

< < .
< c
<

c .
b b b <
< <
c



c
b <
b
< b
<
c .
b
a <
< . c b

< < <


<
<
<
137

b <

b <
c
.
< b
:b


< c

<

<
.
b b
b

b <
b < . < b
b b

b< b
< .

. b
<
b .
b b b
138

. b <

. b
<
b
b .
c b
b
b
b

b c
a .
b

b
b
< b c
! b
.
b .

c ? b

- :
< <
b .b
% b
139

b
b .%
b

b
<
b < b
b
<.
b
c . b

< <

b <
b< <
b
<
b
a


b
.
- :
< <
< b.b
b

140

b
<
b b

< < <
< < <


< < .
- -:
<
b
< <
< b b <
< c
b
<

<



.
<
<
)(FeCl < .
) (Fe3 O b b

.
141


) (FeO )(Fe Cl<
b

b
) (Fe Cl )(Fe Cl
< b
b )(Fe Cl
- :

< b .b
b b <
b


b
b <
.b
b
<
b
< .
%-
.% <
b
. <


b
142




.% -
- :

< b .b

<
.
< .
b b
.

b <

b
< .
b :
- :
c b < <
<
b c b
b c . b
b< <
b . bb
<
b
143

<
<
% < b

.
- :
b <
<
< b
)
( . b
<

b
.
- :
b
.
b b

< <
.
- :
b
. c
.

144

< b


b
b
.
b
b
HYDRIDES
b < b
<
< b
< b

<.
b b <
<

b
< b
b
a
b
c

:
+ r = +
+ = + r
c <
145

< .
b
.

b

< .
b <
b
b
b
b
b
.

b
.
c b
a
< <
b b
. b


. b

.
b<

146

<
a < b


c .
< b

b

:
b ? <
< b
b a .

147

148

7
:


<


< <
.



.
<



6


.


149






.
a < <

.

< . <
<



< b .
<


.


b c
< .
b

<
<

150

<



<
< b

<


.


<
) .(

<
< . <

<
< b <
.
< <

< < .



) ( . . -

151









.

a
6
<
< <

.
< c
< .
<


b




.%
.

152

<
<

< <
<


.


< <
<
< < <

<
Thermocouples b <
.

<



<
<
<



<
153

<
.

< .
b
< .

< <



.




< <

.

b<
<


.
a
c
.

154





<
< a



<
.

a <
a

<
a b
b < b<
.

<
a

c
c .
< <
<
<.

155





<
< .




< <
.
.

%
.

< b ).(

b
.
b b
% % <
b
b b
c b
.
(2) Kopal,Z, The Solar System, Oxford University Press, London, U.k, 1972 PP. 6- 9

156


)(

b

.

a
.
b
b
).(



%




.
):(


(3) McMullan, J.T, Morgan, R, and Murray, R.B. Energy Resources and Supply, John Willey and
sons, London, U.K. 1976, PP.12- 19.
(4) Meniel A.B and Meniel, M.P., Applied Solar Energy. Adison-Wesley, Publishing Co. London,
U.K. 1976,P.40.

157

.

c


.


< <
<
< < b b

.
< b
< .
) ( < b
)(
. % b

< <.

c .

b .

% ).(
(5) Kreith, F,and Kreider, J.F, Principles of Solar Engineering, Hemisphere Publishing Corp, London,
U.K,1978,P.39- 42.

158


<

< <
< -
<
. ) (
.


b < .
b
<
. <
b<

<



<
b
.
c <
b b Solar
Altitude Angle .()Solar Azimuth Angle
b b
(6) Threlkeld, J,L, Thermal Envinomental Engineering, Prentice-Hall Inc., London, U.K, 1970- 294.

159


< -

< c
<
b < < b
< b .
b ) ( .
) :(

160




< < <

vector c
b
.

.
< latitude
Angle Declination Angle Hour Angle
).(
) :(

161

b b
<
<
.o
o c
b b
< < <
c
<
<



<

< b
)
( )
(
) (




.< b
.
<

< < b b
162

b
b
b
b
<



a
<
< .

c

< ) .(

b b


a b

)c ( < :
)( = )( )( )( )( +)( )(
)( = )( )( )(
= Altitude Angle
= Latitude Angle
= Declination Angle
Hour Angle
=
= Azimuth Angle
=
=

163

b
<).(

<
<
<
< < b
b
< ) b
b b ( <

<
<
) ( < <
<
< <
< . c
< :
)( = )( (-
)( = )( (-

= .
= - b
)(.
<
< ) (- ) ( ) (
b

.
<

.

164

<
<
:
 = )
- (.
< <
) (- <
< + <

a b
.
a .
< :
 = (-) -
= +
b < .
<
. <

.
b b . b
< a Equation of Time
c b <:
=  +
< .
) (
).(
c
(9) Threkeld, Op. Cit.P.286.

165

.
a <
b ).(
<;(1) :  03
  =>. ? @  
AB ;A -
 -





  


 
  


12

9


  

15

 14

!  


14

9

"#  
$

15

0

!
  


44

0.09

 0.0

('  

45

5

!)*$+  ,

35

4

-./  012

29

#.  034 56

59

13

-  
 56

29

15


 -$  034

13

&   %




b

b .
) ( < < .

166

O3 c
.


<
< < c



<
b
<




b

.
<

b a
<

b b:
- c O3
<
.
-
167

<


.
) (
.
b
:
- <
.
- <
.


)
= (

) :( <

168

b
<
<
b
Vector
<


:
- < <
b
c




.
- <

b <






<

169

<
b < <
c
:
 = 
- < <
b
< <
<
.
- b< <
b .

<
Solar
Collectors

<
<
.

<
: <
c


< <
< a <
170

<

b
<

c
.
a

< <


.
<
Extra
terrestial Radiation < b



c

< c
<
<

.
:
=

171


< <


) (

<

) :(

172


b


< <
.





.

b <
b
<
b <

c <
:
< =
) (
.
<
b b<
< < . b
<

b <
173



)( < :
= x


a : =
<
<
< < .
< <

< <


<
: <
= < x .
< c

<
< .


c <
b < <

.
b
174

<


<

: - x
.
c
<
< < b
<
<
) ()(

)
(
) (

< c <
)(

c
< <



)( < .
) ( < :

175

c b

.
<

<
< <
<



.

<
.
) (
<
< < <
.
-
- <
a
< <
a

).(

<
<
176


560
600
600
660
660
650
610
610
550
550
670
600
590
540
650
600
600
530
540


  
 
560 480 400 300
660 610 500 425
640 580 500 400
660 550 420 350
660 560 450 350
660 600 470 400
640 540 440 325
630 575 475 400
550 520 420 340
650 600 520 440
670 580 450 350
660 610 500 425
650 620 520 440
600 550 550 500
640 540 440 325
600 500 400 300
660 610 500 425
580 580 530 475
580 580 530 480

A P Z/' W3WC /\ ] :


 
600 450
650 620
640 670
720 710
710 710
700 710
710 710
710 660
600 650
600 580
720 730
650 620
600 600
520 550
710 710
700 650
650 600
510 530
500 530

2
225
360
300
290
275
320
250
300
250
380
290
360
375
425
250
200
360
410
420

/,  <?O P Q*=O R< S4 T' E Q3E U , V Q' :CW % 2 X? Y

2  1  
1
200 250 350 450
300 380 480 560
280 340 450 550
250 310 460 560
250 320 450 550
280 360 470 650
240 300 400 500
280 300 400 500
220 280 370 480
340 400 500 550
260 320 450 570
310 390 480 560
330 400 480 560
400 450 500 530
240 300 450 550
200 250 350 450
320 400 480 560
410 480 510 530
410 500 510 540
G.I.T., Atlants, U.S.A., 1979.


!"
%
() *
-./
 34
56
7/
8/9

/
:*'
>*

@ 
A9B
DE'8F
GH /
L ,M
4

Williams. J.R. Debs A.S. and Fadel, G.M. "Solar Energy Technology and Commercialization Assessment For Kuwait". 


!"
#$ 
&'
+,
-0
56
  
 
.
 34
;<=
<?
-,
-
C
8F
 '0
(J) #3
(N) #3

177

452

557

185

148

348

76

32

470

501

169

107

292

47

18

112

158

464

243

202

624

449

1

243

251

547

316

254

645

464




392

354

624

366

338

800 

456



500

406

679

439

336

512





517

441

746

446

303

580



467

406

676

426

343

784

619

 

308

346

606

363

312

781

627



201

206

497

259

274

701

633



78

108

367

191

231

617

538

29

56

307

122

190

532

460

  2


 "
$
' 
&)
&)
&+'




 #
%&


(
!


!*

, '
-
.
%/

Meinel. A.B. and Meinel, M.P. "Applied Solar Energy". AddisonWesley Publishing Company London. England. 1977. P. 51:

2

1!

6
 7 8') %9%/ /;
 :


- @ C) D%E F( ) 7 >GHI JK LM

,) = >9= ? @A >)


 B/
%

3 04 5

178

<
<
<
<
<
.

< <.

Solar Collectors :


)
(








:
-
< <

Solar Collectors



179

.
- ) (

<

<
<



.
-
<
b .
b
<

.



<

< <
< .

<.
<
180

c


<
<
. :
=  + 

. <
< .
<
. b :
 =  x x
:
= x x
<
.
. <

b
. :
 = x x
r
:
=
< <

< a :
=  x
181


=
:
=+
:

+
=

/ <
/
b < c
/ b:
xx
= x
:


b
:

= + x

= -


<
:
= -

<
) x/(.
182




< <
b :b
< < b
<
:
-
<
< .
- <

.
- < <
< ) ( c
< .
< :
- <

<
< <
<
<
.
- < <

<
183

<.


< < <

:
- :
<
<


< -

<



b<
< -

-
<

< b<
<
.

<
184


- b
< <

< <
c
<.


<


) :(

185

<
<
<

< <

< <
< <


< ).(

186

- :

<
- -

< b
b

< <
< %-
.

<

< <

<

< <

) (Green House Effect


<
<
<
<

.

187

<
<
< b

< b
b b


b
<

b < .



< <


<
.

- :

<
< <

< .
<
<
<
188


<
<
< < %
. %

< < <

<
b
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
b.
< <
< <

< <
< ) (
< b bb
c <

< b
< < <
c
189

b

.

) :( < <

190

< <
b
< < <
<
<
<
<
) <
( . b <

b

b <
< ) (
) ( .

<
<
<
b
Selective Surfaces <
<
.

. - b

- :

< b <

191


<


<
<

< <
< <
<
- b . < <
< <

c <
c



< < .
<

<
b<
b
< b<


b<
.
192


<
< <
c

<
<

< <
< <

<
b <

<

<
<

.



<.

- Solar Concentrating Collectors :

<
c
< .
193

<



< <
<
c <
<
< b

<


c
< .
< <
< <
<
b

<
<
<
< <
< .
< :
-
<
.
194

- < <
<
< < <
c <
.
-
< .
< < )
( < Parabola
<

< < <.
< < <

< .
<
<
<
< .
< <a
.
<

c
< :

- Compound Parabolic Concentrator :

< < b
b <
195

c
<
Acceptance Angle b b
b <
) (
<
b

< <
-.
< < <
b

<

< <

< c .
< b b b
.
< < <
c
< <


< b <.

- :

<

196

< < )(

< c
<





.
<

<

.

- :

< c
) .(

<

b.
- b
< < )-
(.
<
< <
.
197

c
.

< <

<

<

) :( <

198

- :

<
<
< <
b

.
< <
<



< <
<
< .
< <

<

<
b
< <
<
< <
< %- <.
<
<
)
(.
199

< <
<
<
<
<
< :
-  r :r
b b <




b b
< .
c
<


<
) ( .
-  :
c
< <



< <
) ( .
<
200

<

< bb

) :( <

201

<
b <

<
< )(

<
<

<
< <
<

<
a
< .


< < <
b
b
< <


< b
< .
<
<
202

< a
< b
<
<

<
< <
< b<
<
<
< c
c
<
.

) - (
< <
<
<
< <

< a <
.
b b
< <

<
< ) (

203

< <
<

< b



.
<

< <.
< b < <
<
< <.
<

b <.
c <
-
<
< <
.



<
b
< < b<
204

<

< < <
< <

. .

.

- :

b <
< .
b< <
<
<
a <
<
< .
b<
< < b
<
<
< <
b<
< b
<

< < . ) (
.b
205

- b
) :( b<

206


< a -
. b <
< < <

b



<
.
b < < b
<
c
< b< <
.
b<
< <
< <
< < <
b <
<

a
.
< < <
< .


207

b
< a
.
b<
.
a
b


b .

.

-:


<
< <
<
<
.

< b

<
b < b<
< <
<
<
<
208

< .
< b
< < <
<
b<
< <
<.
< < <
b< b

b <

<
< <
<
< <
- .
) ( c
<
b ) (



.

- b )
( .
<

209

<
< b

b

.

- <
) :(

210


c

< c
< a

) (
.
<
<

b <
b<
) ( <
b .
<
<
<




< <
c 6
.



.
211

- :

c
b



.
) (Compressor bb
)<(
< )<( <


<
<
.


< .
.Absorption Cooling
<
Generator< Absorber< Condenser< .Evaporator<

< <

< <.
< <
<
<
< < <
212


< <
<


< <




<.


< a .
< < <
< c
< < <
) - ( . <
< < < -
< <
< <
- <
< <
<
<
< < <
< <
< < < <
<
213

< <
< < < <
< <
< < a
< <
< ) ( .


a
.
< :
-< < < <
< < <
<.
-< < <
< < < <
.
- < <
<
.
- < < <
<
.
< :
  +  =
 + .
b ) (
<
b< < <
214

<


) :(

215

< <

< <
a b<
< < <
< < <
<.
< )(
< b< <
< <
< <
< <
.
< <
< <
<
.
<
<




< <
<

< <
.
< <
216




<
<
< .

- :

.

< <
.
< <


< :
- < <.
- <
<
<

.
c
< )<( <

< <

< <
<
217


< <

.
. b <

b
< < . b b

< <.
<
<

c
<
<

< < <
<
<

.
b
<
<
< < a
<
<

218


<
.

<
< <
<
< <
<


< <
< .

- :

<
<
<

<

<
<
< <
< <
<
< < .
<

219

<
< .
< < <
< < .

< a
<
.
< <


< <
.
<
< < <

< <
< <
.
< < <
<
<
< <.
< <
Solar Still <
< <Multi-Stage Flash Evaporation
< <
<
.
220

<

< <
)c .( <
<

<


<
<
.
<

< b <
<
< <
b <
<
<
< < .

<

<

.<
.
221

) :(

<

222

< < b
<

<

.
<
a %- b < <
%-

<
:
=  
+
+  .
< <
%-
.%- < %-
< <
<
< .
<
<
< <

c < < <
b <
<
< b < <
223

< <
< < <
<
< .
<
< <
<
<
<
< <
<
<
.

<
<


.


Rankine Cycleb ) (


<
< < b
< b

224

b
b a <
.

) :( b

< <

.

<
a

< b


.

:
225

b
< <

.

):(

) :(

<

226

-
- .
- b .
-.
- .
- .
<


:
- Central Receiver :
< < <

<
< c
<
b
b
b
<
c
c

<
b
< .
-  Dispersed Concentrators :
< <
<
227

<
) (
c
<
<

<
b
.
< <
c

b .
<

< .
< < b



< <
b
<
< .

< < <.

< <

228


<

< .


<



.

a
<





< < <
<
.


<


a
229



.
<
b b

<
< b .


< <

.

).(
- :
< <
)<
( < <



.
<
< c
.
- :
.
(11) Meinel and Meinel. OP. Cit. P,526- 532.

230


< b

<
a <
< b
<
< < <

.

<






< .
<
<


<
% -
%
<
<
231

% .


<


.

a
.

< . b
<

<

< <.
()Semi-Conductors

<

a
b< < <
< < <
.< <
< <
< . <
< ) - (
) ( . < -

232



.
b < <
<
<


<
< .

b <

< <

<
.
<
< <
<
<

< <

< <
< < <
<
< <

233

Solar Cell :

)(

<

b
< b <
. <
-
c
<
< <

< b .
<





.

<
<
<
<
%- b
(13) Godfrey,D,L. Photovoltaic Power Generation Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.,London, U.K.,
1979,PP.66- 70

234

% - b
<
%- .()% -

< <


<
-
.
):(
<
<

<

<
%
:

=

 :
- b
.

< <
(14) Meinel and Meinel, Op. cit. P.528 .
(15) Kreith and Kreider, op. cit, P.567

235

- b




%
%
< .
- < :
) (





<
% < % .
- .
<
<

b
<
% <
< <
% %
.
-

236

<
< %

% .

<


< %
%
) ( )< < (
%.

c
c

<
<
c
c
<.
<
)( < <
<
< < .
<

a
237




.
<
<
<
< < <
<


b < <
<


< bb
b

<
.
) (

<
<
) (Inverters
<
< .

<
238


 

 

 





 

!  
 "#

         ! "#$ % 16



  

< <
)
(

<



< .

< <

. < <
.

239



<


< .


<



< .

240

:
= ) (-

) (
< <
.

.


< <.

- :
:
)( = )()()( +)()(
b b .
. < :
= )( )()( +)()(
:
)(=-)()(

<
.
:
.
) ()()( =
)() (=
=

=

241



.
: -
=

:
=

.

-
< b
<
b
< .

.



.

- :
< <
<
c
<
.
<
<
<
<
< <

b
.
:

.
< :

242



=


=


=

)() + ()()(
=
)(
+
=

=

=
< :
)( )( )(
=
)(
)( )( )(
=
/
=

-  .

- :


<


<
. c

:
- b c - -.
- a
.
-
) ( c
.
- c
b < ) (
.
- b <
b
b <
b <

243



.
- b c
c <
.

b

- - - -
- b b - -
- - -

.
) ( b <
b <
b <
c

c :
+ =
c

<
< .
b

-:
= - <

.
<
)(
.

244


-
-

245

246

8

a

<






b

< .
<
b


< <



247

.

< <



<.
<

<
<

<

< < <
< .

<
< a
< c

< <

<
.


<
<
248

c
< <
<


< .

.


<
.
< <
< b :b


<
< .
- <-
< b



.

< <



249



c
.

<
.

<





<
<
.
- <-
<


<


c
< .

<
250

b


<
a <
b b

.
b


.

<


< <
b

<



.
a
.
)(
b
b
(1) Lovins, A. B. Soft Energy Paths, Penguin Books, England, 1977, P8

251

b

):(
  )(1
    !"  #$
'  %&' *+ ,!- .-


 ) 
10 ( /


 1500

157

1800

1900

1950

1975

17


2 3!4 6 3 :; < +! =
 >?@ AB ; C! @ D& EC
AF+C 
E G.  >?@ 
&; .DH 6
  '  #$


b

<
- b

) (
<



) (<

252







.

< <


.

b ):(
?
?
?
?
?
< c
b

b

< <
.

< b
) (<

253

< <

..



.



< <

< b
< <
b<
<
<
b<
<
<


b
<
<


. <

254

b<

< < <
b



< <

b
< b
< b .



.


)<(
<
. b
<
<
a
< .
<
<
<
255

<

b

< <
b b
:
- .
- .
< b<

<
< a

<
<
< a <
b 6
< <.
:
?
< 6
<
< <
b< b< .
c
<

< <
256

< < .
b
<
b
<
% -
.
<
<
% -



< .
) (
).(
) ( <
% <


< b<
% b

.%-

<
< a
<
<
) (<

257


(2) E$ F;G
H/ B F C : < IC 
 $ I J -  ,
)< 
( K


 





 



  

1973

1973

1975

1975

1975

76

64

65

 )(

58

69

37

55

100 !" #$%

35

39

50

&200'100

19

&200 !" *%

17

11

20

"() + ,

38

27

20

;#- ./ :

31

>= < %

24

18

27

10

31

30

26

27

? @ A B

  C :

100

100

100

100

100

D>% / B


  C


< b
<
< <
< <
<
<



258


<



.






.
<
<
<






< .
c
; b
<



b
259




b

.

c




: ? ? ?

< < b

< b a
c

.
b
<
) ( <

<


) < ( b
< <
<
260

b<
b<.
< <


:
<
% <
% <
<
%


%-

.


<
<

- / )
< (
/ .
/
) / x(


%
261

/
<

/
<
) ( .

.

?
c 6 <
<

<

.
<



b



.
< . .
)(
. <

262

<
).(
<


c
< b <
b<

- -

<

.
<

<- -
<
.

< <
.


.


< c
(5), Carr, D.E. Energy and the Earth Machine, W. W. Norton and company, N.Y., U.S.A 1976

263

< .

? b b
?

c

.

<
c <
<
b
)
a (
<
c c
< <

b

< <

.
<

<

<
264



<
.






b

<


< b

<
<.
< b <




b
c .


<
265

<


<
b
?
<
) (
)
(.

<


< b

<.

< 6
< <

.


) (
.
c
b
<
266



<



a
c

< b

.
<


<


c .
<
<
b < <


c ?
<


<
267

< <.


<
)( .


< <



<


.





.



<
< b
. <

268

.
< <
<

< .
<

<
<

.



.


. b

<

<
.
< b <
.



- .
269

<
b b <

.%
% c
< c
.
<

b
a
% -
<




b <

).(

c <

%

a % <
(6)Abdul Rahim Irshaid, Effects of Thermal Insulation and Means of Heat Rejection an Air conditioning
Loads and Their Reflection on Total Building coast in countries of Hot Climates. First Regional
Symposium on Thermal . Insulation in The Gulf States, 30. 31 Jan. 1979. Kuwait

270


< .
b <
<

.




< ) b (
b
a
<
<.
<
<

%
.% )( % -
b
< c
.



<

271

<

b
.

< <



< .

272

9

<
c

<
<
<
<
<


<

< <

<
< .

c

< <
273



<
< .

<

<


< b

< <




.
<
<




<
b

< < a

274

<
< <
.

<
<

< <

<
.

<
<
c <
a <

b <

b .


<



< < <

275

<
<
< <
< <
:
- <








<
b


< -
-
.
- -
<
.

c
.
- c <

276

.

< .





< b


<
c
.
<
b
<


a

c
c
c
<


<

277

b

<
.
- <
<
<

.
a

< < ) (
< <


b

<
< %-
a < <
b
.

<
< <
%-
< %
a
< .

278



b

) ( %

<
.
<
< b
< < <
- b <
< .%-
-

< <




.

<






279

b.

<
c
) ( c
) <
(.

c
<

<
<

b .
- <
<



<
<


< <

%
<
< <
280

) (
< <
.
b <

< b

b
<
<

.

<
.
<.

<


< <
<


< < <
< <
<

281



<
< :
- < < <
< < c
< <


< . <

b
< < <

< <
a



b
b

<
a .
-



b
282

<
.

b <
< <

< c

- b
.



< b <
<
<




.

<
-:
- . <

.
-
<
283

.
- b
.
- < Fly Wheel


<

.
- < <

<

b <
< <
<
<
b .
a

<

<

<

<

<
284

<
<
<

.



<

c < b
<
b

<
< <
< c
<
<
<

<

c <:
- <
<
<
% -
285

% < b

b
.
- <
c
<

< <

<
b

- b .
- b < <

.
.

.
<


<
b b
6 <
.

286

<
.
b b .
<
<
.
a .

:

- .
< < -
.


)

.(

: .
: .
:

287

You might also like