2003 IBC Chapter 16

Seismic Design Diaphragms

SCOPE
Diaphragm Design
Diaphragm System Review Load Combinations Vertical Distribution of Horizontal Loads Diaphragm Loads Diaphragm Design Openings in Diaphragms

Wall Anchorage
Wall Support Sub-diaphragms
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Lateral Force Resisting Diaphragm System

Lateral Force Resisting System

Diaphragm System
Diaphragm design depends on type of diaphragm

Flexible Diaphragm

Computed maximum in-plane deflection of the diaphragm itself is more than 2 times the average drift of the adjoining vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system Per Simplified Design Section 1617.5.3, untopped steel decking or wood panel diaphragms can be considered flexible

Rigid Diaphragm

Diaphragm System

Flexible Diaphragms
Load is transferred to lateral resisting elements based on tributary width

Flexible Diaphragms

q = wL/2W
q = diaphragm shear w = lateral load to diaphragm L = length of diaphragm W = depth of diaphragm

Rigid Diaphragms
Rigid Diaphragm Analysis includes torsional moments with accidental torsion
Rigid Diaphragms using Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure in SDC C, D, E or F with Type 1 torsional irregularity per Table 9.5.2.3.2 must have the accidental torsional moment, Mta, multiplied by Ax,

Ax

;max 1.2;avg

Ax need not exceed 3.0

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Rigid Diaphragms
Load to vertical lateral resisting elements is based on the rigidity of the elements R= 1/ Must locate center of gravity And center or rigidity

xr

Riy x i Riy

yr

Rix y i Rix
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Rigid Diaphragms
Distance between center of mass and center of rigidity, e, produces a torsional moment under seismic lateral load

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Rigid Diaphragms

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Rigid Diaphragms
The lateral force is distributed to vertical lateral force resisting elements accounting for direct shear and torsional shear using the equations:

Vy
Vx

Riy
i

Riy

Fpy

Riy x' Jr

Fpy e x

Rix Fpx Rix

Rix y' Fpx e y Jr

Jr = relative polar moment of intertia = (Rixy2+Riyx2)

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Load Combinations
Section 1605
1605.2 Strength Design 1605.3 Allowable Stress Design 1605.3.3 Alternate Basic Load Combinations
ASD Load Combination Increase in allowable stress permitted

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Load Combinations
1605.3.2 Alternate Basic Load Combination D+L+S+E/1.4 0.9D+E/1.4 1605.4 Special Seismic Load Combinations 1.2D+f1L+Em 0.9D+Em

Em = Maximum effect of horizontal and vertical forces (1617.1) f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, live loads in excess of 100 psf and parking garage live loads = 0.5 for other live loads 15

Load Combinations
1617.1 E = QE + 0.2SDSD E = QE - 0.2SDSD

= Redundancy Coefficient (1617.2) 1.0 for design forces for diaphragms and wall anchorage QE = Effect of horizontal seismic forces SDS = Design spectral response acceleration at short periods
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Load Combinations
1617.1, Maximum Seismic Load Effect Em = QE +0.2SDSD Em = QE 0.2SDSD
= System Overstrength Factor (Table 1617.6.2)
An allowable stress increase of 1.7 (not to be combined with 1/3 allowable stress increase due for wind or seismic loads) is permitted for ASD designs Term QE need not exceed force that can be transferred to the element by the other elements of the lateral force resisting system
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Load Combinations
For designs utilizing ASCE 7, Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure, the Special Seismic Load is E = QE +0.2SDSD E = QE 0.2SDSD This E is then used in the load combinations from ASCE 7 (Same as Strength Design or basic ASD combinations from IBC) An allowable stress increase of 1.2 is permitted for ASD designs
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1. Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure

ASCE 7-02 Section 9.5.5

Analysis Method

2. Simplified Analysis
Permitted for: Seismic Use Group I structures if
1. Buildings of light framed construction not exceeding 3 stories in height 2. Buildings of any construction not exceeding 2 stories with flexible construction at every level

3. Dynamic Analysis
ASCE 7-02 Sections 9.5.6, 9.5.7 or 9.5.8
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Analysis Method
For structures designed using the Simplified Analysis Procedures, the requirements of Sections 1620.21620.5 (IBC) must be met. Exception: Structures in SDC A For structures designed using the Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure, the requirements of 9.5.2.6 (ASCE 7) must be met
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Simplified Procedure
1617.5.1 Seismic Base Shear

1.2SDS W R

(EQ. 16-56)

R = Response modification factor (Table 1617.6.2) W = Effective weight of structure

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Simplified Procedure
1617.5.2 Vertical Distribution of Horizontal Forces

Fx

1.2SDS wx R

(EQ. 16-57)

wx = Portion of effective weight of structure, W, at Level x.

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Simplified Procedure
1620.2.5 Diaphragms Designed to resist force:

Fp = 0.2IESDSwp + Vpx (EQ. 16-60)

wp = weight of diaphragm and other elements attached to diaphragm Vpx = portion of seismic shear force required to be transferred to lateral force resisting elements through diaphragm from other lateral force resisting elements due to offsets or changes in stiffness of the lateral force resisting elements above or below the diaphragm 23

Simplified Procedure

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Simplified Procedure
1620.4.3 Diaphragms in SDC D
n

Fpx

i x n i x

Fi wi

wpx

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Simplified Procedure
Level Ground 1 2 3 Roof 4 Weight, wi w1 w2 w3 w4 Fi = Fx Zw1 Zw2 Zw3 Zw4 Fpx

1.2SDS R
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Simplified Procedure
n

Fpx

i x n i x

Fi wi

wpx

Fp1

Zw1 Zw2 Zw3 Zw 4 w1 w1 w2 w3 w4 Z(w1 w2 w3 w 4 ) w1 (w1 w2 w3 w 4 ) Zw1

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Simplified Procedure
Level Ground 1 2 3 Roof 4 Weight, wi w1 w2 w3 w4 Fi = Fx Zw1 Zw2 Zw3 Zw4 Fpx** Zw1 Zw2 Zw3 Zw4

1.2SDS R

** Fpx max = 0.4SDSIEwpx Fpx min = 0.2SDSIEwpx

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Simplified Procedure
IE If R > (# below), then Fpx min controls 6 4.8 4 If R < (# below), then Fpx max controls 3 2.4 2

1.0 1.25 1.50

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Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure

ASCE 7 9.5.5.2 Seismic Base Shear V = CsW SD1 SDS need not be Cs Cs T(R/I) R/I greater than but not less than C s 0.044SDSI and for SDC E 0.5S1 and F not less than C s

R/I

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Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure

9.5.5.4 Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces

Fx

C vx V

C vx

wh
n i 1

k x x k i i

wh

Cvx = vertical distribution factor wi and wx = portion of total gravity load, W, assigned to Level i or x hi and hx = height from base to Level i or x k = 1.0 if period, T = 0.5s or less = 2.0 if T = 2.5s or more 31 use linear interpolation for periods between 0.5 and 2.5

Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure

9.5.2.6.2.7 Diaphragms Must resist the larger of
1. The portion of the design seismic force at the level of the diaphragm that depends on the diaphragm to transmit forces to the vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system 2. Fp = 0.2SDSIwp + Vpx
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Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure

9.5.2.6.4.4 Diaphragms in SDC D
n

Fi Fpx
i x n

w px wi

i x

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Diaphragm Design Example

3 story CMU bearing special reinforced shear wall building with 3 foot parapet Level 2 and 3 concrete diaphragms on metal deck Roof steel roof deck diaphragm SDS = 0.50 R = 5.0 (Table 1617.6.2) SDC D T = 0.4 seconds I = 1.0 No plan irregularities Floor DL = 60 psf Roof DL = 15 psf Wall DL = 80 psf Wall Rigidities R1 = .2 R3 = .1 R2 = .1 R4 = .3

Analysis for Diaphragm Design 1. Cannot use Simplified Analysis per section 1616.1; we don't have light framed construction and we exceed 2 stories

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Diaphragm Design Example

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Diaphragm Design Example

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Diaphragm Design Example

2. Using the Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure from ASCE 7-02, find the base shear V = CsW (Eq. 9.5.5.2-1)
Weight tributary to level 1 = 80psf*12'/2*(2*40'+2*60') = 96,000 pounds Weight tributary to level 2 and 3 = 80psf*12'*(2*40'+2*60') + 60psf*(40'*60')= 336,000 pounds Weight tributary to level 4 = 80psf*(12'/2+3)*(2*40'+2*60') + 15psf*(40'*60') = 180,000 pounds

Cs = SDS/(R/I) = .50/(5/1) = 0.10 CHECK OTHER Cs EQUATIONS

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Diaphragm Design Example

Level Ground 1 2 3 Roof 4 Weight, w Height, h 96,000 0 336,000 12 336,000 24 180,000 36 948,000 wihi Cvx Fx Fpx

V = CsW=0.10*948,000 = 94,800 pounds

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Diaphragm Design Example

3. Determine the vertical distribution of Seismic Forces Fx = CvxV k = 1 (T<0.5)
i 1

w
vx n

xh

k x k i

w ih
Height, h 0 12 24 36 w ih i 0 4032000 8064000 6480000 18576000

Level Ground 1 2 3 Roof 4

Weight, w 96,000 336,000 336,000 180,000 948,000

Cvx 0 0.2171 0.4341 0.3488

Fx 0 20577 41153 33070

Fpx

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Diaphragm Design Example

4. Determine forces to diaphragm at each level
n

Fi Fpx
i x n

w px wi

Fpx (max) = 0.4SDSIwx Fpx (min) = 0.2SDSIwx Fp3 = {(F3+F4)/(w3+w4)}w3

i x

Level Ground 1 2 3 Roof 4

Weight, w 96,000 336,000 336,000 180,000 948,000

Height, h 0 12 24 36

w ih i 0 4032000 8064000 6480000 18576000

Cvx 0 0.2171 0.4341 0.3488

Fx 0 20577 41153 33070

Fpx 9600 37386 48331 33070

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Diaphragm Design Example

5. Determine diaphragm shears to design diaphragm Level 4 Flexible Diaphragm Diaphragm Shear due to Y direction load q1 = q3 = (Fp/2)/b = (33070/2)/40 = 413 plf (Ultimate) ASD Load Combinations: E/1.4 q1 = 413/1.4 = 295 plf
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Diaphragm Design Example

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Diaphragm Design Example

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Diaphragm Design Example

Level 3 Rigid Diaphragm Center of Rigidity xr = Ryixi/ Ryi = (R1(0)+R3(60))/(R1+R3) = (0.20*(0)+0.10*(60))/(0.20+0.10) xr = 20 feet yr = Rxiyi/ Rxi = (R2(40)+R4(0))/(R2+R4) = (0.10*(40)+0.30*(0))/(0.10+0.30) = yr = 10 feet Center of Mass = center of diaphragm ex = 30-20 = 10 feet plus 5% accidental torsion ex = 10 +0.5*60 = 13 feet

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Diaphragm Design Example

Direct Shear Vyit = (Ryi/ Ryi)Fpy Vy1t = (0.20/(0.20+0.10))*48331 = 32221 pounds Vy3t = (0.10/(0.20+0.10))*48331 = 16110 pounds

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Diaphragm Design Example

Shear due to torsion Vyir = (Ryix'/( Ryix'2+ Rxiy'2))Fpyex Ryix'2 = 0.20(20)2+0.10((60-20)2 = 240 Rxiy'2 = 0.10(40-10)2+0.30((10)2 = 120 Vy1r = (0.20*20/(240+120))*48331*(13) = 6981 pounds Vy3r = (0.10*(60-20)/(240+120))*48331*(13) = 6981 pounds

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Diaphragm Design Example

Substituting Rxiyi for Ryixi in above equation to find shear in wall 2 and 4 from torsional shear due to load in Y-direction Vy2r = (0.10*30/(240+120))*48331*(13) = 5236 pounds Vy4r = (0.30*10/(240+120))*48331*(13) = 5236 pounds
X-direction load will likely control shear for wall lines 2 and 4 Do not decrease shear in wall due to negative torsional shear
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Diaphragm Design Example

V1 = Vy1t + Vy1r = 32221 pounds q1 = V1/W = 32221/40 = 806 plf (Ultimate) ASD Load Combinations: E/1.4 q1 = 806/1.4 = 576 plf V3 = Vy3t + Vy3r = 16110+6981 = 23091 pounds q3 = V3/W = 23091/40 = 577 plf (Ultimate) ASD Load Combinations: E/1.4 q3 = 577/1.4 = 412 plf
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Diaphragm Design Example

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Diaphragms with Openings

Analysis of diaphragms with large openings assumes diaphragm behaves similar to Vierendeel Truss. Example:

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Diaphragms with Openings

Step 1 Analyze Diaphragm as though no openings existed
Line 1 V1 = wL/2 = 400(60)/2 = 12,000 # q1 = V1/W = 12,000/40 = 300 plf Line 2 V2 = w(L/2-x) = 400(60/2-10) = 8000 # q2 = 8000/40 = 200 plf M2 = (wx/2)*(L-x) = (400*10/2)*(60-10) = 100,000 #ft T=C=M/d F2@a = 100,000/40 = 2500 # C F2@d = 2500 # T Line 3 V3 = 400(60/2-15) = 6000 #; q3 = 6000/40 = 150 plf M3 = (400*15/2)*(60-15) = 135,000 #ft F3@a = 135,000/40 = 3375 # C; F3@d = 3365 # T Line 4 V4 = 400(60/2-20) = 4000 #; q4 = 4000/40 = 100plf M4 = (400*20/2)*(60-20) = 160,000 #ft F4@a = 160,000/40 = 4000 # C. F4@d = 4000 # T Line 5 V4 = 400(60/2-30) = 0 #; q4 = 0 plf M4 = (400*30/2)*(60-30) = 180,000 #ft F4@a = 180,000/40 = 4500 # C. F4@d = 4500 # T

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Diaphragms with Openings

Step 2. Determine the shears and chord forces at the edges of the openings using free-body diagrams for each segment Segment A V4(ab)=V4/2=4000/2= 2000 # q4(ab)=V4(ab)/15=2000/15= 133 plf V3(ab)=V4+400(5)=2000+2000 = 4000 # q3(ab)=4000/15= 267 plf F4@a M3b=-3375(15)-2000(5)400(52/2)+F4@b(15) F4@a=4375# C F4@b Fx=-4375+3375+F4@b F4@b=1000# T

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Diaphragms with Openings

Segment B V2(ab)= V3(ab)+400(5)=4000+2000 = 6000 q2(ab)=6000/15= 400 plf F2@a M3b=-F2@a(15)+3375(15) +400(52/2)-6000(5) F4@a=1708# C F4@b Fx=-3375+1708+F4@b F4@b=1667# T
4375# 4000# 2000# 1000#

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Diaphragms with Openings

Segment C V4(cd)=V4/2=4000/2= 2000 # q4(cd)=V4(ab)/15=2000/15= 133 plf V3(ab) Fy V3(ab)= 2000 # q3(cd)= 133 plf F4@c=V4(cd)(5)/15=2000(5)/15 = 667 # C F4@d=3375+667= 4042 # T
1708# 4375# 6000# 4000# 2000# 1000#

1667#

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Diaphragms with Openings

Segment D V2(cd) Fy V2(cd)= 2000 # q2(cd)= 133 plf F2@c=V4(cd)(5)/15=2000(5)/15 = 667 # T F2@d=3375-667= 2708 # T
1708# 4375# 6000# 4000# 2000# 1000#

1667#

667#

2000#

2000#

4042#
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Diaphragms with Openings

Step 3 The net change in the chord forces caused by the openings is determined by adding the results of step 2 to that of the diaphragm without openings, these net changes must be dissipated into the diaphragm

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Diaphragms with Openings

Chord Force (lbs) Diaphragm Force Location F2@a F2@b F2@c F2@d F4@a F4@b F4@c F4@d Without Openings 2500 C 0 0 2500 T 4000 C 0 0 4000 T With Openings 1708 C 1667 C 667 T 2708 T 4375 C 1000 T 667 C 4042 T Net Change Due to Openings 792 T 1667 C 667 T 208 T 375 C 1000 T 667 C 42 T
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Diaphragms with Openings

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Diaphragms with Openings

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Diaphragms with Openings

Step 4 Determine resultant shears in diaphragm by combining the net shears due to openings to the shears for the diaphragm without openings

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Diaphragms with Openings

Shear (plf) Diaphragm Shear and Location V1 @ a to b V1 @ b to c V1 @ c to d V2 @ a to b V2 @ b to c V2 @ c to d V4 @ a to b V4 @ b to c V4 @ c to d V5 @ a to b V5 @ b to c V5 @ c to d Without Openings 300 300 300 200 200 200 100 100 100 0 0 0 Due to Openings -79.2 +87.5 +20.8 -79.2 +87.5 +20.8 -37.5 +62.5 -4.2 -37.5 +62.6 -4.2 Resultant Shear +220.8 +387.5 +320.8 +120.8 +287.5 +220.8 +62.5 +162.5 +95.8 -37.5 +62.6 -4.2
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Diaphragms with Openings

Step 5 Determine forces in the framing members in the direction perpendicular to the applied load by adding the shear forces at the edge of the opening

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Diaphragms with Openings

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Other Considerations
Must verify plan and vertical irregularities (Tables 1616.5.1.1 and 1616.5.5.2) Verify diaphragm requirements specific to material being used

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Collector Elements
Collect force from diaphragms and transfer them to shear walls (drag struts)

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Collector Elements
SDC B and C Must have design strength to resist the special load combinations of 1605.4 Exception: Structures that use light framed shear walls entirely Note: Collector need not be designed for a force that exceeds the force that can be transferred to it from other members
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Collector Elements
SDC D, E and F Must have design strength to resist the special seismic load combinations Must resist forces in accordance with diaphragm forces required for SDC D Exception: Structures that use light framed shear walls entirely Note: Collector need not be designed for a force that exceeds the force that can be transferred to it from other members

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Collector Element Example

Diaphragm 1

Diaphragm 2

68

Collector Element Example

Fpx

Tearing at Discontinuity

Fpx

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Collector Element Example

Tearing at Discontinuity

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Collector Element Example

Design of Collector for Forces in Y-Direction
1. Determine diaphragm shear for large component along line of collector For given Fpy1=100 k, qy1 = 100k/2/200 = 250 plf 2. Determine diaphragm shear for small component along line of collector For given Fpy2=300 k, qy2 = 30k/2/100 = 150 plf 3. Determine load in collector QE = (250+150)*100 = 40,000 # = 40 k

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Collector Element Example

4. Collectors required to be designed per load combinations for special seismic loads (determined from ASCE 7 or IBC for procedure used in design) For IBC, Em = QE +0.2SDSD For given = 2.5, the lateral load to the drag strut for design is Em = 2.5*40k = 100 k 5. If the drag strut carries dead loads, the additional seismic portion of the dead load must be added to the load combination 1.2D+f1L+Em = (1.2+0.2SDS)D + 100k(Em) 0.9D+Em = (0.9-0.2SDS)D + 100k(Em) An allowable stress increase of 1.7 can be used with these load combinations Note that this example meets the definition of Plan Structural Irregularity #2 per Table 1616.5.1 and therefore per section 1620.4.1, the design forces shall be increased 25% for connections of diaphragms to vertical element and for collectors to vertical elements except if using special seismic load combinations 72

Collector Element Example

Design of Collector for Forces in X-Direction
1. Determine diaphragm shear for small component along line of collector (wall with slip connection) For given Fpx2=20 k, qx2 = 20k/2/100 = 100 plf 2. Determine load in collector QE = (100)*100 = 10,000 # = 10 k

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Collector Element Example

3. Collectors required to be designed per load combinations for special seismic loads (determined from ASCE 7 or IBC for procedure used in design) For IBC, Em = QE +0.2SDSD For given = 2.5, the lateral load to the drag strut for design is Em = 2.5*10k = 25 k 4. Develop this drag force into the larger diaphragm. This example meets the definition of Plan Structural Irregularity #2 per Table 1616.5.1 but we are using the special seismic load combinations For given diaphragm capacity of 400plf, must extend drag strut into diaphragm length, L = 25*1.33/.4/1.7 = 47.8 Say extend into main diaphragm 48
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Collector Element Example

5. Design the larger diaphragm for Fpx of that diaphragm and add in the additional force caused by the drag strut from the smaller section. For a given Fpx1=90 k, qx1 = qx3 = 90k/2/200+10/2/48 = 329 plf

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Bearing and Shear Wall Anchorage

Simplified Analysis SDC B Same force as used in wall design: Fp = 0.40IESDSww ww = weight of wall

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Wall Anchorage
Simplified Analysis SDC C Must meet requirements of SDC B and For concrete or masonry walls supported by flexible diaphragm Fp = 0.8SDSIEww Supported by rigid diaphragm

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Wall Anchorage
Simplified Analysis SDC C Supported by rigid diaphragm

Fp

0.4apSDSWp R p /Ip

z 1 2 h

With component amplification factor, ap = 1.0 and component response modification factor, Rp = 2.5 z = height to point of attachment h = average roof height

Fp (max) = 1.6SDSIpWp Fp (min) = 0.3SDSIpWp

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Wall Anchorage
Simplified Analysis SDC C Additional Requirements Continuous ties or struts must be provided to transfer wall anchorage forces into diaphragm Metal deck cannot be used as tie or strut perpendicular to deck span Wood sheathing cannot be used as tie or strut Steel elements used for wall anchorage shall have the strength design forces (ultimate) increased by 1.4

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Simplified Analysis SDC D Must meet requirements of SDC C and Concrete and masonry walls anchored to flexible diaphragms must also Be designed for the forced induced by the eccentricity of wall anchorage connections by elements that are not perpendicular to the wall Be designed for additional forces collected by pilasters in the wall
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Wall Anchorage

Wall Anchorage
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure SDC A Fp = 0.133SDSww or minimum of Fp = 0.05ww Concrete or masonry walls Minimum E = 280 lbs/liner foot of wall
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Wall Anchorage
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure SDC B Must meet requirements of SDC A and Concrete or masonry walls Fp = 0.4SDSIwc or minimum of Fp = 0.10wc or minimum of E = 400SDSI lbs/liner foot of wall
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Wall Anchorage
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure SDC B Additional Requirements Connections must have sufficient ductility, rotational capacity or strength to resist shrinkage, thermal changes, and differential foundation settlement when combined with seismic forces Walls must be designed for bending if anchorage spacing exceeds 4 feet
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Wall Anchorage
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure SDC C Must meet requirements of SDC B and For concrete or masonry walls supported by flexible diaphragm Fp = 0.8SDSIwp Supported by rigid diaphragm

Fp

0.4apSDSWp R p /Ip

z 1 2 h

Fp (max) = 1.6SDSIpWp Fp (min) = 0.3SDSIpWp

Same equations as Simplified Analysis SDC C requirement except no 1.4 increase for anchor bolts and reinforcing
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Wall Anchorage
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure SDC C Additional Requirements Same as those required for SDC C and SDC D in Simplified Analysis

85

Wall Anchorage
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure SDC D, E and F No additional requirements regarding wall anchorage forces

86

Wall Anchorage Example

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Wall Anchorage Example

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Wall Anchorage Example

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Wall Anchorage Example

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Wall Anchorage Example

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Wall Anchorage Example

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Sub-diaphragms
Continuous ties or struts must be provided between main diaphragm chords to transfer wall anchorage forces to the diaphragm Chords may be added to form sub-diaphragms with maximum length to width ration of 2.5/1 (may be less for wood diaphragms) Wood diaphragm sheathing shall not be considered effective as providing the ties or struts In metal deck diaphragms, the metal deck shall not be considered effective as providing the ties or struts in the direction perpendicular to the 93 deck span

Sub-diaphragms

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Sub-diaphragm Example

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Sub-diaphragm Example

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Sub-diaphragm Example

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Sub-diaphragm Example

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Seismic Design Diaphragms

QUESTIONS?

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